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Diplomarbeit / Diploma Thesis DIPLOMARBEIT / DIPLOMA THESIS Titel der Diplomarbeit / Title of the Diploma Thesis “Representation of Irish-American Identity in American and Irish-American Literature in Selected Works by James T. Farrell and Stephen Crane” verfasst von / submitted by Sophie Seidenbusch angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, 2019 / Vienna, 2019 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 190 299 344 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Lehramtsstudium UF Psychologie und degree programme as it appears on Philosophie UF Englisch the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Emer. o. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Waldemar Zacharasiewicz Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. i List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ i 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 2. Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................... 4 2.1. Methodological Framework ........................................................................................ 4 2.2. (Ethnic) Identity ........................................................................................................... 4 2.3. Stereotypes ................................................................................................................... 8 2.4. The Hyphenated Self ................................................................................................. 10 3. Socio-historical Background of Irish Immigration ..................................................... 13 3.1. Pre-Famine Immigration ............................................................................................ 13 3.2. An Gorta Mór and the Post-Famine Generation ........................................................ 15 3.2.1. Settling Down in America .................................................................................. 16 3.2.2. American Nativism ............................................................................................ 18 3.2.3. Irish Americans’ Perception of African Americans ........................................... 20 3.2.4. Irish-American Politics ...................................................................................... 20 3.2.5. The Catholic Church .......................................................................................... 21 3.3. Early 20th Century and Second World War Period.................................................... 22 3.3.1. The Irish-American Occupational Structure and Living Conditions ................. 23 3.3.2. The Catholic Church, Irish-American Politics, and American Nativism ........... 24 4. Irish-American Identity in Literature .......................................................................... 27 4.1. Irish-American heterostereotypes of the 19th Century ............................................... 28 4.2. The Stage Irishman .................................................................................................... 30 4.3. Moralising Immigrant Fiction ................................................................................... 31 4.4. Irish-American Realism in the Late 19th Century ...................................................... 33 4.5. Irish-American Amnesia in the Early 20th Century ................................................... 34 4.6. Irish-American Local Realists in the 1930s and 1940s ............................................. 34 5. Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl of the Streets ............................................................. 36 5.1. Stephen Crane’s Life and Literary Works ................................................................. 36 5.2. Narrative Techniques in Maggie: A Girl of the Streets ............................................. 42 6. James T. Farrell’s Studs Lonigan Trilogy ..................................................................... 46 6.1. James T. Farrell’s Life and Literary Works ............................................................. 46 6.2. Narrative Techniques in the Studs Lonigan Trilogy .................................................. 54 7. Analysis of Maggie: A Girl of The Streets ..................................................................... 59 7.1. Irishness in Maggie .................................................................................................... 59 7.2. Heterostereotypes Applied In Maggie ....................................................................... 60 7.2.1. The “Stage Irishman” ......................................................................................... 61 7.2.2. Animalism .......................................................................................................... 62 7.2.3. Contamination and Corruption ........................................................................... 65 7.2.4. Brogue ................................................................................................................ 66 7.3. Morality and Respectability ....................................................................................... 69 7.3.1. Maggie as Moralising Fiction ............................................................................ 69 7.3.2. The Irish Americans’ Struggle for Morality and Respectability ........................ 70 7.4. The Irish-American Home in the Urban Bowery ...................................................... 75 7.5. Irish-American Femininity and the Matriarch ........................................................... 79 7.6. Irish-American Masculinity ....................................................................................... 83 7.7. Alcohol and Violence ................................................................................................ 87 7.8. Religion ..................................................................................................................... 90 7.9. Heterostereotypes about Other Ethnicities ................................................................ 92 7.10. Self-identification and Assimilation ...................................................................... 94 8. Analysis of the Studs Lonigan Trilogy ........................................................................... 98 8.1. Community and Conformity in an Irish-American Neighbourhood ......................... 98 8.2. Middle-class Morality, Respectability, Appearances .............................................. 103 8.3. The American Catholic Church ............................................................................... 106 8.4. The Irish-American Family and Home .................................................................... 111 8.5. Femininity and the Matriarch .................................................................................. 115 8.6. Masculinity, Performance, Popular Culture ............................................................ 120 8.7. Americanization and the Hyphenated Self .............................................................. 125 8.8. Other Ethnicities and Irish-American Racism ......................................................... 130 9. Comparative Analysis .................................................................................................. 137 10. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 142 11. References ..................................................................................................................... 144 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Univ.-Prof. Dr. Zacharasiewicz, for all his guidance, support, and knowledge. Dr. Zacharasiewicz’s feedback allowed me to improve my thesis in style, structure, and content, and his patience with regard to my extensive research and writing process offered me the possibility to thoroughly immerse myself into the thesis’ subject matter. Moreover, I am sincerely grateful to all the amazing friends I made during my time at university. Dear *akis, thank you for accompanying me through those last months of thesis frustrations and hard work. Our lunch and coffee breaks, mutual mental support, academic discussions, and pep-talks prevented me from losing hope and made my whole writing and university experience so much more productive and enjoyable. Our sessions at ‘the office’ will be deeply missed. Lastly, I would like to thank my family. Johanna and Felix, thank you for always supporting me and being there for me and for distracting me from any worries I have through our loving banters and teasing. Thank you, dear grandparents and aunt Christine, for serving as an inspiration on how I would like to live my life and shape my future. Finally, Mama and Papa: without your constant support I would not stand where I am today. Not only your financial contributions but more your emotional support, patience, and unconditional love allowed me to study what I have already dreamed of as a little child. i LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS MGS Maggie: A Girl of the Streets YL Young Lonigan YMSL The Young Manhood of Studs Lonigan
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