Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report
Project Number: 36188 November 2008
NEPAL: Preparing the Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project (Financed by the: Japan Special Fund and the Netherlands Trust Fund for the Water Financing Partnership Facility)
Prepared by:
Padeco Co. Ltd. in association with Metcon Consultants, Nepal Tokyo, Japan
For Department of Urban Development and Building Construction
This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.
TA 7182-NEP PREPARING THE SECONDARY TOWNS INTEGRATED URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
V o l u m e 18: BIRGUNJ INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
in association with
Environmental Assessment Document
Draft Initial Environmental Examination Document Stage: Draft for Consultation Project Number: 36188 March 2010
Volume 18
Nepal: Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project – Birgunj Subproject
Prepared by Department of Urban Development and Building Construction, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, Government of Nepal
The initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ADB – Asian Development Bank AP – affected persons BPL – below poverty level CBO – Community Based Organizations CDC – Compensation Determination Committee CDO – Chief District Officer CFC – Compensation Fixation Committee CPR – Community Property Resource DDC – District Development Committee DOR – Department of Roads DSC – Design and Supervision Consultants DUDBC – Department of Urban Development and Building Construction EA – Executing Agency GON – Government of Nepal GRC – Grievance Redress Committee HA – Hectares H&S – Health and Safety HH – Households IA – Implementing Agency IP – Indigenous People IR – Involuntary Resettlement LA – Land Acquisition LA Act – Land Acquisition Act MoPPW – Ministry of Physical Planning and Works NGO – Non-Government Organizations NRs – Nepalese Rupees O&M - Operations and Maintenance PCO – Project Coordination Office PD – Project Director PH – Physically Handicapped PIU – Project Implementation Unit PLI – Poverty Level Income PM – Project Manager PPTA – Project Preparatory Technical Assistance PSA – Poverty and Social Assessment RP – Resettlement Plan R&R – Resettlement and Rehabilitation TA – Technical Assistance ToR – Terms of Reference VDC – Village Development Committee WHH – Women Headed Households
2 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
d - day ha - hectare km - kilometer KV - kilovolts l/pppd - liters per person per day m - meter mg/L - milligrams per liter pH - acidity/alkalinity ppm - parts per million s - second sq. m - square meter sq. km - square kilometer t - ton yr - year
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 01 March 2010)
Currency Unit –
NRs 1.00 = $1.00 =
NOTE
In this report, “$” refers to US Dollars.
3 TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Introduction ...... 6 A. Purpose of the Report...... 6 B. Extent of the IEE Study...... 6 C. Key Policies Affecting the Project ...... 8 1. ADB Policy ...... 8 2. Government of Nepal Environmental Policy ...... 9 3. Multilateral Environmental Requirements...... 11 II. Description of the Subproject ...... 12 A. Project Proponent ...... 12 B. Subproject Components ...... 12 C. Environmental Categorization ...... 22 D. Estimated Cost ...... 22 III. Description of Existing Environment ...... 23 A. Physical, Biological and Socio-economic Conditions ...... 23 1. Geophysical ...... 23 2. Ecological profile ...... 24 3. Social and economic development ...... 24 4. Quality of life values ...... 27 B. Environmental Issues ...... 27 1. Industrial effluent ...... 27 2. Inundation, drainage and river flooding ...... 28 3. Air pollution ...... 28 4. Solid Waste Management ...... 29 5. Water Quality ...... 29 IV. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 30 A. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 30 B. Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures ...... 72 V. Analysis of Alternatives ...... 73 A. Project Sites ...... 73 B. Project Design, Technology Selection and Operation ...... 74 C. No Project Options ...... 74 VI. Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation...... 74 VII. Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 76 A. Mitigation ...... 80 B. Monitoring...... 104 1. Compliance Monitoring ...... 105 2. Impact/Effects Monitoring ...... 106 C. Implementation Arrangement...... 111 1. Institutional Arrangement ...... 111 2. Responsibilities for Mitigation and Monitoring ...... 112 3. Skills Needs and Institutional Strengthening ...... 113 4. Cost Estimates ...... 114 5. Reporting and Review ...... 115 6. Feedback and Adjustment ...... 115 IX. Findings and Recommendations ...... 116 X. Conclusions ...... 117 A. Results of ADB Environmental Assessment ...... 117 B. Nepali Environmental Clearance ...... 117
4
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Projects Requiring IEE or EIA per Nepal Environment Protection Regulations of 1997 ...... 10 Table 2: Summary of Components and Subcomponents ...... 13 Table 3: PM10, TSP, SO2, NO2, CO, and Pb Measurements ...... 28 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj ...... 31 Table 5: Summary of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures - Drainage and Sanitation Component ...... 81 Table 6: Summary of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures – Roads and Lanes Component ...... 88 Table 7: Summary of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ...... 94 Table 8: Environmental Monitoring Plan and Performance Indicators ...... 107 Table 9: Cost Estimates ...... 114
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Location of Municipalities ...... 7 Figure 2: Location of Proposed Stormwater Drainage Improvement in Birgunj ...... 15 Figure 3: Location of Proposed Sewer Improvement in Birgunj ...... 16 Figure 4: Location of Proposed Wastewater Treatment Plant and SWM Facilities in Birgunj .....17 Figure 5: Location of Proposed Roads and Lanes Improvement in Birgunj ...... 18 Figure 6: Location of Proposed SWM Facilities in Birgunj ...... 19
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Features of Identified Waste Water Treatment Plant at Chhapkaiya ...... 118 Appendix 2: Solid Waste Management Facility...... 119 Appendix 3: List of Resource Persons Consulted During Field Visits between 9-12 September and 21-24 September in Birgunj, Sidharthanagar and Ramgram Municipalities ...... 121 Appendix 4: National Standards and Codes ...... 122 Appendix 5: Maps……………………………………………………………………………………...136
5 I. INTRODUCTION
A. Purpose of the Report
1. The Secondary Towns Integrated Urban Environmental Improvement Project (STIUEIP) aims to improve quality of life and to help achieve higher and socially inclusive economic growth in key regional centers in Nepal through improved and affordable municipal services delivered effectively, efficiently and reliably by accountable local bodies. Out of 13 candidate towns, the three municipalities, namely, Biratnagar, Birgunj and Butwal, have been carefully selected on the basis of (i) economic growth potential, (ii) demands for urban services, and (iii) urban management capacity. Each town is the main urban centre of an industrial corridor and of importance in external trade.
2. The STIUEIP will be implemented over five years from 2010-2015 supported by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) through project loans. The Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (MPPW) will be the Project’s executing agency (EA). Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC) will be the main implementing agency (IA) which is responsible for implementing the bulk of the activities. A project coordination office (PCO) will be established under the DUDBC with project implementation units (PIUs) at municipality levels.
3. The subprojects in Birgunj (Figure 1) will consist of (i) drainage and sewerage improvement; (ii) solid waste management (SWM); and (iii) community development programs. The overall objective of this subproject is to improve urban environment and health and hygiene of the people through development of basic infrastructure services and promotion of sanitation awareness.
4. This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Report for Birgunj Subproject has been prepared to meet the Asian Development Bank’s (ADB) requirements for environmental assessment process and documentation following the procedures in ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009), Operational Manual Section F1 (OM F1, 2010), and Government of Nepal (GoN) Environmental Protection Act (EPA, 1997) and Environmental Protection Rules (EPR, 1997).
B. Extent of the IEE Study
5. This IEE Report (i) reviews the potential impacts of the physical and institutional components of the project; (ii) identifies appropriate environmental safeguards; and (iii) outlines a relevant environmental monitoring program for inclusion in the project’s EMP.
6. This IEE Report is based on (i) data generated by the project preparation technical assistance (PPTA) team fielded from May 20091, (ii) meetings in Birgunj with representatives from the water, waste, and environmental management sectors and with other stakeholders, including beneficiaries and affected people, (iii) secondary data from previous project reports and other sources, (iv) fieldwork at the project locations, and (v) public disclosure. The environmental assessment was conducted according to ADB’s SPS (2009) and Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003).
1 The environmental work was carried out through the PPTA by PADECO in association with METCON Consultants and with public consultations in Birgunj Municipality on 2-5 September and another on 5-7 October 2009.
6
Figure 1: Location of Municipalities
7 C. Key Policies Affecting the Project
1. ADB Policy
7. ADB’s Environment Policy requires the consideration of environmental issues in all aspects of the Bank’s operations, and the requirements for Environmental Assessment are described in Operational Manual Section F1: Environmental Considerations in ADB Operations. This states that ADB requires environmental assessment of all project loans, program loans, sector loans, sector development program loans, loans involving financial intermediaries, and private sector loans.
8. The nature of the environmental assessment required for a project depends on the significance of its environmental impacts, which are related to the type and location of the project, the sensitivity, scale, nature and magnitude of its potential impacts, and the availability of cost-effective mitigation measures. Projects are screened for their expected environmental impact are assigned to one of the following four categories:
(i) Category A. Projects could have significant adverse environmental impacts. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is required to address significant impacts.
(ii) Category B. Projects could have some adverse environmental impacts, but of lesser degree or significance than those in category A. An IEE is required to determine whether significant environmental impacts warranting an EIA are likely. If an EIA is not needed, the IEE is regarded as the final environmental assessment report.
(iii) Category C. Projects are unlikely to have adverse environmental impacts. No EIA or IEE is required, although environmental implications are reviewed.
(iv) Category FI. Projects involve a credit line through a financial intermediary or an equity investment in a financial intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply an environmental management system, unless all subprojects will result in insignificant impacts.
9. ADB requires public consultation in the environmental assessment process. For category-A and -B projects, the borrower must consult with groups affected by the proposed project and with local non-government organizations (NGOs). The consultation needs to be carried out as early as possible in the project cycle so that views of affected groups are taken into account in the design of the project and its environment mitigation measures. Such consultation will also take place during project implementation to identify and help address environmental issues that arise.
8 2. Government of Nepal Environmental Policy
10. Legal provisions for the protection of environment have been made in different Acts, Regulations, and Guidelines.2 Similarly, there are more than 20 rules and regulations with legal provisions related to environment protection.3 Different Gazette Guidelines for the protection of environment have also been prepared.4
11. The Environmental Protection Regulations (EPR) (1997) and its amendment (2008) have provisions in screening projects for IEE or EIA requirements. The relevant provisions are summarized in Table 1. IEE is comparatively a simpler procedure that does not need to undergo a Scoping process whilst the important components of EIA process, among others, are conduct of scoping before writing EIA report; public hearing/consultation with local people as well as stakeholders, the Environmental Management Plan, and the Environment Monitoring Program. For projects requiring IEE, the proponent should prepare a Terms of Reference (ToR) following the format specified in Schedule 3 of EPR 1997 and submit to the Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (MPPW) through the Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC). The conduct of IEE study commences once the MPPW receives the approval letter for the ToR. The IEE report is then submitted to the MPPW through DUDBC for final approval.5
12. For projects requiring EIA, the process starts with the publication of a 15-day ”Public Notice for Scoping” in the national daily newspaper to inform affected people and stakeholders of the proposed project areas and to solicit their concerns and suggestions. The proponent prepares the Scoping document and ToR following the format specified in Schedule 4 of EPR, 1997 and submits to the Ministry of Environment (MOE) for approval. Upon approval of the Scoping document and ToR, the proponent undergoes the full-fledged EIA study. The project proponent will be responsible for preparing EIA reports and local consultation with the public, project-affected people, representatives of local governments, NGOs, key informants and other stakeholders. The proponent submits the EIA report to MOE which initially checks for the following two legal requirements: (i) Organization of a Public Hearing Session about the project
2 Relevant Acts include: Ancient Monuments Protection Act (1956); Civil Aviation Act (1958); Aquatic Animal Protection Act (1960); Plant Protection Act(1964); National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act (1987); Public Road Act (1974); Trust Corporation Act (1976); Tourism Act (1978); King Mahendra Nature Conservation Trust Act (1982); Soil and Watershed Conservation Act (1982); Nepal Petroleum Act (1983); Nepal Electricity Authority Act (1984); Mines and Mineral Act (1985); Pashupati Area Development Trust Act (1987); Solid Waste (Management and Resource Mobilization Act (1987); Town Development Act (1988); Kathmandu Valley Development Authority Act (1988); Nepal Water Supply Corporation Act (1989); Pesticides Act (1991); Village Development Committee Act (1991); District Development Committee Act (1991), Municipality Act (1991); Water Resources Act (1992); Forest Act (1992); Electricity Act (1992); Motor Vehicle and Transportation Management Act (1992); Labor Act (1992); Industrial Enterprises Act (1992); Nepal Tourism Board Act (1996); and Environment Protection Act (1996). 3 Relevant Rules include: National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Rules (1973); Plant Protection Rules (1974); Wildlife Reserve Rules (1977); Himalayan National Park Rules (1979); Mountaineering Rules (1979); King Mahendra Nature Conservation Trust Rules (1984); Petroleum Rules (1984); Khaptad National Park Rules (1987); Ancient Monuments Protection Rules (1989); Solid Waste (Management and Resource Mobilization) Rules (1989); Water Resources Rules (1993); Pesticides Rules (1993); Labor Rules (1993); Electricity Rules (1993); Forest Rules (1994); Buffer Zone Management Rules (1995); Royal Bardiya National Park Rules (1996); Conservation Area Management Rules (1997); and Environment Protection Rules (1997). 4 Relevant guidelines includes: National Environment Assessment Guidelines (1993); Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines for the Industry Sector (1995); Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines for the Forestry Sector (1995); and Urban Environment Management Guidelines (2009). 5 Note that IEEs are approved by the respective Ministries but EIAs are approved by the Ministry of Environment, (MOE).
9 in the area of the appropriate Village Development Committee (VDC) or municipality, as well as collection of comments and suggestions. (ii) Submission of the recommendations of the concerned VDC or municipality. After reviewing and examining the reports, it forwards the reports with comments and suggestions to MPPW. After examining and reviewing the EIA report, along with the comments/suggestions, will be forwarded to MOE for the final approval. Then the MOE publishes a public notice in a national daily newspaper inviting concerned public and stakeholders to provide comments on the report within 30 days. For accessibility of the public to the reports, MOE places EIA reports in concerned VDC and District Development Committee (DDC) offices, central libraries and at other significant public places. During that period, if the public provides substantial valid comments on the report, MOE may instruct the proponent to address them. MOE then, convenes an EIA Report Review Committee meeting to review the EIA report and the comments and suggestions received in response to the public notice. On the basis of the suggestions made by the Review Committee, MOE then, approves the report within 60 days as per the law, provided that the report is of appropriate quality. In some instances, when the report has not incorporated all the pertinent issues or if the report is of inferior quality, the proponent will be asked to revise the report and resubmit the Final EIA report to the MOE.
Table 1: Projects Requiring IEE or EIA per Nepal Environment Protection Regulations of 1997 SN Sectoral Criteria IEE EIA 1 Overriding criteria Any development projects, physical activities, land use change activities 50,000,000 to > 250,000,000 involving cost (Rs) 250,000,000 Any activities in areas (historical, cultural and archeological significance; Yes national park, wildlife reserve, wetland and conservation area and sources of public drinking water supply). Clear felling or rehabilitation of national forests (ha) < 5 > 5 2 Drinking water (water supply and sanitation) Rainwater harvesting area (ha) < 200 > 200 Safe yield of 1 cusec of surface water resources with % of water < 50 % 50-100 % supplied during dry period Water purification with capacity liters per second > 25 Underground water resource development with % of recharge of total < 50 % > 50 % aquifer Drinking water supply project needing construction of tunnel < 1 Drinking water supply project displacing people 25-100 > 100 Drinking water supply project needing resettlement of people upstream of 500 > 500 water sources Drinking water supply projects for people 5,000-50,000 > 50,000 Drinking water supply projects linking new source for people 10,000-100,000 > 100,000 River training and diversion (length in km) > 1 Drinking water supply project with treatment and drainage system Yes Extraction of underground water (point and non-point sources) Yes Implementation of multipurpose project requiring water supply (liter per > 25 second) 3 Solid Waste Management Waste management work servicing 2,000-10,000 >10,000 Land filling of waste (tons per year) 1,000-5,000 > 5,000 Dumping of solid wastes in urban areas for people > 10,000 Selection, segregation, management and reuse of waste using chemicals, 5-10 > 10 equipments or biological methods covering area (ha) Compost plant covering area (ha) 5-10 >10 Drainage/sewerage work with investment (NRs) > 5,000,000 Any kind of work for harmful waste management (building of waste Yes disposal mechanism; construction of waste recovery plant; construction of land area filling, deposition and cover of waste; construction of waste storage place; construction of waste treatment facilities) 4. Housing Building and Urban Development
10 SN Sectoral Criteria IEE EIA Construction of residential, commercial, and their combination buildings 5,000 -10,000 >10,000 (buildup area or floor area in m2) Construction of Cinema Hall, Theater, Community Hall, Stadium, Concert, 1,000-2,000 > 2,000 Spot Complex with flow of people at a time Development of housing for families (number) or area in (ha) 50 or 1-4 > 50 or > 4 Implementation of land development project (area in ha) 10-100 > 100 Hard surface pavement – dry port, bus par, parking lot etc (area in ha) > 10 Site development through mining and dumping of soil (m3) 20,000 Construction of building (number of storeys or height in m) 10 -16 or 25 -50 >16 or > 50 5 Roads Construction of roads District and National urban highways and main feeder roads Improvement of the standard, rehabilitation and reconstruction of National National highways and highways, main feeder roads. feeder roads
13. In addition to these provisions, the Forest Act, Article 68 mentions that in order to implement any project with priority status and with no other alternatives than to use the forest, only in such situation and condition that there will not be any adverse environmental effects by implementing such schemes, government of Nepal may give permission to use some part of forest (conserved forest/community forest/ leasehold forest) to implement such projects. The regulation also requires that all the costs related to the clearing off the forest, its transportation to the approved location and works related to environmental mitigation shall be borne by the project itself. It is mandatory to plant 25 saplings for every tree cut and maintain them for 5 years. The forest cutting clearance process starts with an application from the proponent to the District Forest Office of the concerned district. The application should include all the details pertaining to the project. It should also include the “measurement/dimension” of area to be cleared off from trees, number of trees to be cut down and all cost related to mitigation. The District Forest Office will review the proposal and if satisfied, it may forward it to the Ministry of Forest along with its recommendation. The ministry will forward the proposal to the cabinet for the final clearance, unless the district forest office plans to clear off rotten trees and define some area for this (demarcation) and proposed project activity is within the boundary of such demarcated area, in which case the clearance can be obtained by the district forest office. Depending on the case, IEE or EIA report must be enclosed with the proposal. If more than 5 ha of forest are cut, EIA is required. If the project is located in defined protected area, IEE/EIA is required.
3. Multilateral Environmental Requirements
14. Nepal is also a signatory to many international agreements and conventions related to environmental conservation. These include Plant Protection Agreement for Asia and the Pacific Region (1956); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES, 1973), Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention) (1972); International Tropical Timber Agreement (1983); Convention on Biological Diversity (1992); Convention on Wetland International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention, 1973); UN Convention to Combat Desertification in those Counties Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification Particularly in Africa (1994); UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992); Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985); Basel Convention on the Control of Trans Boundary Movement of Hazardous Waste (Basel Convention, 1989); Kyoto Protocol;
11 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. As a signatory of international agreements, Nepal has to follow the environment conservation provisions made in these agreements.
II. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECT
A. Project Proponent
15. The project proponent is the Government of Nepal. The Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (MPPW) is the executing agency (EA) and Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC) is the implementing agency (IA). A Project Coordination Office (PCO) responsible for coordination and monitoring will be established at DUDBC. The subproject will be implemented by the Birgunj Municipality.
B. Subproject Components
16. There are three components for the Birgunj Subproject – (i) drainage and sewerage improvement; (ii) solid waste management (SWM); and (iii) community development programs. The summary of the components and respective subcomponents identified by DUDBC are given in Table 2. The locations of structures are given in Figures 2 to 6.
17. Drainage and sanitation component. Storm-water drainage systems will be improved together with wastewater management systems, as storm water drainage is currently being used as open sewers, causing bad odors, health risks and pollution of the watercourses. Wastewater treatment plants will also be constructed. Urban roads and lanes will be reinstated or upgraded where drainage and sewerage pipe networks work will be undertaken.
18. SWM component. This component will adopt an integrated approach for solid waste management, with review and improvement of the entire system from segregation and collection, through 3R including focus on composting of organic waste, to transportation and final disposal at the sanitary landfill, and thus include procurement of necessary equipment and vehicles and the construction of a sanitary landfill site in each municipality. Preliminary assessment has been made about the potential for utilizing the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) for composting, and further studies will be undertaken during the detailed design stage.
19. Community Development Programs component. This subcomponent will mainly consist of (i) health and hygiene education programs in communities and schools6, in particular targeting women and vulnerable groups including the poor, (ii) promotion of household and/or community level 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) activities with a focus on organic waste composting, (iii) skills training mainly for the poor, and (iv) investment in small-scale facilities such as public, school, and community toilets and communal water taps, in accordance with the priorities set by communities, with an aim at achieving social inclusiveness and improved sanitation in Birgunj.
6 The program will follow community-led total sanitation (CLTS) and/or school-led total sanitation (SLTS) approach.
12 Table 2: Summary of Components and Subcomponents Components and Function Description of the activities Quantification of Location Subcomponents /purpose construction items / activities 1. Drainage and Sanitation Component 1.1 Combined Develop basic Construction and rehabilitation Construction of Right of way sewerage and infrastructure for of drainage including manholes, 24,334 m of primary of the existing storm water the culverts, bridges, manholes, catch sewer line roads drainage (core improvement of drain, diversion channel, culvert slab Construction of area) urban covers and tree plantation, turfing 20,000 m secondary environment and landscaping of new recreational sewer line and health and park Construction of hygiene of the 630 manholes people 1.2 Storm water Develop basic Construction of diversion Construction of Right of way drainage (east and infrastructure for channels, culverts and outlets 13,183 m in eastern of the existing north) the structures; and northern areas roads improvement of Upgrading of road and foot path urban associated with storm water environment diversions and health and hygiene of the people 1.3 Waste Develop Construction /upgrading of Construction of Privately stabilization infrastructure for access roads, side clearance and waste stabilization owned paddy treatment plant the treatment of surface dressing, pond in 6.72 ha land fields at waste water and Excavation of pond Chhapkaiya reduce Construction of surface environmental drainage, manholes, collection risk associated champers, boundary wall, with health administrative and laboratory hazard buildings, generator house, watchmen quarter, workers changing room, parking lots, transformer yard, pump operation and control panel building, overhead tank, hand dug well, water supply distribution network, and Tree plantation, turfing and landscaping 1.4 Sanitation Develop basic Construction of public toilets Construction of 12 Public and (100% coverage) level sanitation with water connection and safe public toilets, private land and associated waste water disposal; Construction of 8 (sites yet to water supply Construction of domestic toilets; school toilets; be decided) facilities to Construction of school toilets; Subsidies for target groups – Construction of tube well drilling 2,000 families to urban poor, and hand pumps; and construct private visitors and Software promotion (awareness improved toilet students and program) /ablution units; promote Construction of sanitation hand pumped wells awareness and/or community among local water schemes in poor people areas 1.5 Roads and Improve Road Resurface/upgrade full width Resurface 30% Public RoWs Lanes environment, on Drainage Lines and Improved (7m wide) Blacktopped in core areas, health and Access: Roads of combined stormwater hygiene of the sewer lines (39,968 diversion people reducing Resurface Roads full width sqm) areas, east- the risk of (Combined sewerage in Core Area) west highway adverse Diversion 12 & 13:
13 Components and Function Description of the activities Quantification of Location Subcomponents /purpose construction items / activities environmental Road Development (Blacktop) Access Road, 4.42km - impacts associated with Stormwater adjacent to By-pass; associated with Diversions Diversion 13A, adjoins establishment of drain (7 m wide), basic drainage Road Development (Blacktop) of access route to landfill facility and Connection Roads (West-East) site; Footpaths & kerbs providing two sides of Access improved Poor Neighborhood Access Road section (67,146 access Improvement sqm)
From Ghantaghar Link Rd chowk 1.68 km thru Canal Rd to Outfall (7 m wide with 600 mm fill); From Canal Road near Inarwa Rd chowk 0.82km m to Outfall (7m wide with 600mm fill); Access road to Chapkaiya treatment plant (blacktopping existing road) (24,500 sqm)
Resurface 30% (7m wide) Blacktopped Roads of combined sewer lines (30,000sqm) 2. SWM Component Solid Waste Establish basic Construction of boundary wall, Construction of solid Privately Resource level solid waste processing shed and watchmen waste resource owned paddy Processing Facility management quarter and workers changing processing centre in 10 land at and Sanitary system and rooms/shower, waste deposit area; ha land Masaharwa in Landfill improve urban Construction of receiving ramps Bara district environment and loading bays, tree plantation, turfing and landscaping at solid waste transfer points; Improvement of access roads; Site clearance and surfacing dressing, excavation; Construction of boundary wall, waste deposit area, administrative buildings, watchmen quarter and generator house, workers changing rooms, segregation and processing shed, separate dedicated pit for medical waste, parking lot, water supply distribution network, well, leach ate drainage collection sump tanks; installation of site lights and fire extinguishers; Tree plantation, turfing and landscaping in solid waste processing site. River training and bank protection in Bangari river (if that site is not rejected)
14
Figure 2: Location of Proposed Stormwater Drainage Improvement in Birgunj
15
Figure 3: Location of Proposed Sewer Improvement in Birgunj
16
Figure 4: Location of Proposed Wastewater Treatment Plant and SWM Facilities in Birgunj
17
Figure 5: Location of Proposed Roads and Lanes Improvement in Birgunj
18
Figure 6: Location of Proposed SWM Facilities in Birgunj
19
20 21 C. Environmental Categorization
20. Environmental examination indicates that the proposed Birgunj Subproject falls within Category B7 of the ADB’s environmental categorization of projects. The planned subproject components would only have small-scale, localized impacts on the environment and can be mitigated.
21. Although primarily a Category B project under ADB environmental categorization, the sanitation and SWM components trigger a requirement for an EIA under EPR 1997 and its amendments. During detailed design phase, scoping document and ToR will be formally suMUNICIPALITYitted to the principal regulatory authority (i.e., MoE) by the proponent to initiate the approval process.
D. Estimated Cost
22. A summary of cost estimates for the drainage and sanitation component is given below.
Birgunj Municipality Total Project Costs No Particulars Solid waste Total cost Drainage & sanitation Roads & improved access management Foreign Local Total Foreign Local Total Foreign Local Total Foreign Local Total $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1 Land8 0.000 2.791 2.791 0.000 1.451 1.451 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.340 1.340 2 Civil works 6.738 20.213 26.951 5.715 17.146 22.861 0.708 2.123 2.830 0.315 0.945 1.260 3 Equipment/Vehicles 0.301 0.100 0.401 0.023 0.008 0.031 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.278 0.093 0.370 4 Training program 0.010 0.030 0.040 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.010 0.030 0.040 5 EIA 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Annual operating 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 6 costs 0.000 0.000 0.000 Sub Total 7.049 23.135 30.183 5.739 18.605 24.343 0.708 2.123 2.830 0.603 2.408 3.010 Project 7 management 0.951 2.853 3.804 0.800 2.399 3.198 0.076 0.229 0.306 0.075 0.225 0.300 8 Total Base Cost 8.000 25.988 33.987 6.538 21.003 27.541 0.784 2.352 3.136 0.677 2.632 3.310 Physical 9 Contingencies: 0.800 2.599 3.399 0.654 2.100 2.754 0.078 0.235 0.314 0.068 0.263 0.331 Base Cost + Phyisical 10 contingencies 8.799 28.586 37.386 7.192 23.104 30.296 0.862 2.587 3.449 0.745 2.896 3.641 Price 11 Contingencies 0.176 2.859 3.035 0.144 2.310 2.454 0.017 0.259 0.276 0.015 0.290 0.304 12 Total Contingencies 0.976 5.457 6.433 0.798 4.411 5.208 0.096 0.494 0.590 0.083 0.553 0.635 13 Total Cost 8.975 31.445 40.420 7.336 25.414 32.750 0.880 2.846 3.725 0.760 3.185 3.945 14 Total cost with VAT 10.142 35.533 45.675 8.289 28.718 37.007 0.994 3.216 4.209 0.859 3.599 4.458
7 This category includes projects judged likely to have some adverse environmental impacts, but of less significance than Category A projects. Accordingly, there is a need for an ADB IEE during project preparation to determine whether any impacts are likely to be sufficiently significant to warrant further studies or an ADB EIA. 8 Land costs are detailed in Resettlement Plan for Birgunj and the estimated total costs is Rs 209,734,000.
22 E. Implementation Schedule
23. The Birgunj Subroject will be implemented over 5 years. Implementation is expected to commence in 2010 and end 2015. The project is providing capacity development support9 in advance of the Project implementation.
III. DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT
A. Physical, Biological and Socio-economic Conditions
1. Geophysical
24. Location, Topography, Geology and Soils. Birgunj municipality, with a total area of 21.17 sq. km., is located in the Terai plain (northward extension of Indo-Gangetic plain). It lies in Parsa district of Narayani zone in Central Development Region of Nepal. There are 19 wards in this municipality. Geographically, it is located between 260 57’45’’- 270 02’30’’ north latitude and 840 52’ 15’’ 840 55’00’’east longitude. The eastern part of this city is bordered by another district – Bara whereas the southern and south western part by Bihar State of India. Birgunj is one of the major gateway towns to India and more than 50 % of total foreign trade is carried out via this town.
25. Birgunj Sub-metropolitan city has elongated shape with a maximum north-south length of 8 km and east-west width of 4 km. The altitude ranges from about 78 m in the south near border area to 87 m in the north. However, there is a high micro-topographical variation. The area consists mainly of quaternary sediments. It is composed of very fertile soil mixed of clay, silt and sand. No further information on soil properties is available.
26. Climate. The climatic condition is sub-tropical monsoon with very hot and wet summer. The mean annual temperature ranges from 23.80C to 24.50C. The maximum extreme daily temperature recorded is 41.60C in May and minimum is 4.50C in January. The annual rainfall ranges from about 1300 mm to 2800 mm with an average of 1800 mm. More than 82 % precipitation occurs in 4 summer months (June to September). Average sunshine duration ranges from 7.26 -7.50 hr/d and average wind speed ranges from 1.95-2.31 km/hr.10
27. Surface and ground water. The area is drained by two rivers – Sirsiya in the west and Singaha in the east. Sigaha river originates about 4 km upstream from the northern border of the municipality whereas Sirsiya originates from far northern area. These rivers are flooded during summer monsoon and river bank cutting particularly at the meander bend during flooding is common. The water in these rivers during dry winter period is very low. Groundwater table depth is estimated to be between 9-15 m deep with 1-2 m fluctuation during wet and dry season.
9 Capacity development technical assistance (CDTA) for strengthening the capacity of three municipalities in the fields of (i) financial management including revenue enhancement, (ii) technical capacity for urban service delivery, and, (iii) development of geographic information system-based urban mapping was approved in September 2009. The consultants will be mobilized in April 2010. ADB. 2009. CDTA to Nepal for Institutional Strengthening of Municipalities. Manila. 10 Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Climatological Records (various volumes and years).
23 2. Ecological profile
28. Flora and Fauna. Almost all the area within the municipality is under cultivation and built up area. There is no natural forest area with considerable size except a few patches of orchard and nurseries scattered in different places. The flora species found in Birgunj area are Sisau (Dalbergia sissoo), Siris (Albizia procera), Kadam (Anthocephalus chinensis), and groves of Bamboo (Dendrocalamus hamiltoni). Groves of bamboo are common found in the area. Exotic species such as Sapeta (Eucalyptus spp.) is also found in different parts. Kans (Saccharum spontaneous) and Narkat (Phragmatis kharka) are also found in the flood plain and banks along the river.
29. Mammals reported from the project area are Nyauri (Herpestes auropunctatus), Syal (Canis aureus) and Musa (Rattus rattus). Major bird species reported are Battai (Turnix suscitator), Bhangera (Passer domesticus), Saras (Ciconia episcopus), Suga (Psittacula himalayana), Koili (Cacomantis merulinus), Parewa (Columba livia), Dhukur (Streptopelia chinensis), Dangre (Acriotherus tristis) and Kauwa (Corvus splendens).
30. Protected areas. There is no protected areas in Birgunj. The Parsa Wildlife Reserve is located about 23 km north from Birgunj municipality.
31. Land use and land cover. The dominant land use type is still agriculture. Nearly 73 % area is under cultivation followed by residential area (11 %), rural residential area (2.1 %), business mixed with residential area (4.3 %), industrial area (3 %), institutional area (4.3 %), open land (0.7 %), and ponds (0.4 %).
3. Social and economic development
a. Population, communities and occupation
32. According to Population Census of 2001, Birgunj municipality had a total population of 112,484 with annual growth rate of 5.01%.11 Male comprises about 54.2% and female 45.8%. There are more than 70 caste/ethnic groups. Among them 20 caste/ethnic groups have population size more than 1% in the total population. Those are Muslim (17.4%), Kanu (7.3%), Hill Brahamin (7.3%), Kurmi (5.9%), Newar (5.6%), Kalwar (4.5%), Marwadi (4.4%), Sonar (4.1%), Chhetry(3.9%), Baniya (3.3%), Kayastha (3.3%), Yadav (2.7%), Terai Brahamin (2.7%), Teli (2.4%), Tharu (1.8%), Koiri (1.7%), Rajput (1.4%), Badhae (1.4%), Dhanuk (1.3%) and Nuniya (1.2%).
33. About 52% of the population above 10 years of age is economically active. Majority of the economically active population is engaged in agriculture followed by trade, service and labor. Total literacy rate is 69.5%, comprising of 79.21% among male and 57.72% among female. The town is experiencing a high level of in-migration. This has resulted into the emergence of squatter settlement in several areas of the town.
11 The population growth rate of the urban area as distinct from the municipality is higher than this because much the urban expansion is taking place to the north of the municipal boundary.
24 b. Health and sanitation
34. Birgunj has 8 hospitals, 2 institute of medical sciences, 2 Nursing Homes and one clinic. Those hospitals are Narayani zonal hospital, A.M.C hospital, Sabottam Maternity home, Kediya eye hospital, Shiva hospital, Shree Ram hospital, national medical hospital, and M.B. Kediya dental hospital.
35. The common diseases reported are gastroenteritis and diarrhea. It may be due to poor water quality, lack of proper surface drainage systems and solid waste management.
36. According to Municipality Profile (2007), there are approximately 4.70 main and 40.54 km tributary drains for storm water discharge. These existing drains are not adequate. So, inundation and flooding during rainy season are common.
37. There is no centralized sewerage collection and disposal system in Birgunj. The present system of the sewage disposal is the on-site sanitation with septic tank and soak pits. The Municipality Law requires each household to construct a toilet and a septic tank. About 51% households do have modern toilet, additional 22% households have ordinary toilet but 25% households do not have toilet. Though most of the houses do have septic tank, but very few have soak pits for soaking away the effluent of the septic tank. The disposal of the septic tank effluent directly to the open road-side drains is causing serious environmental and health hazard. During the dry period, the situation is worst due to absence of diluting storm water. The municipality does not have facilities for the collection and disposal of the septic tank solids. Generally the private operators provide these kinds of services and were fond to dispose the solids in the road side drains or the vacant land. As a result the possibility of infecting from water borne diseases including germination of mosquito in the region is very high.
c. Solid waste management.
38. Solid waste is collected by Birgunj municipality. It provides waste collection and sweeping services. The containers/bins are placed at different strategic locations which are used by households, institutions and the commercial sector in the town. There is no organized door-to-door collection system in Birgunj. Majority (78 %) of the households dispose their waste still in public places and only 10.5 % households use fixed places or containers. Waste is transported using tractors and open trailers. In the absence of a permanent sanitary dumping site, a daily estimated 45 tons of garbage is being dumped haphazardly along river banks, ponds, by-pass road and open spaces. Nearby areas of those places are prone to serious health hazard. Though a sanitary landfill site was proposed in ward no 16, but because of strong opposition from local residents it could not utilized for this purpose.
d. Industries
39. According to district profile (2007), more than 155 different type of industries are located within the municipality. The major types are soap, plastic, textile, garment, metal, leather, distillery, pharmaceutical etc. There are many big and small industries located along Birgunj- Simara Highway in the upstream area. Many industries do not have affluent treatment facilities and it is directly disposed to local streams. As a result, local streams downstream from the site
25 of such industries are polluted. Sirsiya river which is frequently flooded in the western part of the municipality is highly polluted from effluent directly discharged in the river. It has increased the risk of health hazard.
e. Agricultural development
40. Agriculture is still the major source of family income of majority of people living outside the city core. Paddy, wheat, maize, jute, sugarcane, potato are the major crops grown in this area. Lentils and peas are also grown. The fruits commonly grown are mango, leechi, pineapple, banana and lemon. Similarly, vegetables like cauliflower, cabbage, lady finger are also grown.
f. Mineral development
41. No mineral deposit has yet been reported from Birgunj area.
g. Infrastructure facilities
42. Water supply. The main source of drinking water in Birgunj is the deep tube well ground water. At present there are four pumping stations operated by Nepal Water Supply Corporation that supply 8 million liters of water to the sub-metropolitan city. Nearly 6,067 households have piped water supply facility, 1,210 households have drinking water facility from public shallow tube wells and 7,819 households have drinking water facility from shallow tube wells. The water quality from deep tube wells is reported to be safe for drinking water but from shallow tube wells is usually contaminated by surface water and seepage of wastewater.
43. Communication. Birgunj has good communication system. More than 13,800 telephone line has been distributed. There are three post offices, four FM radios, 6 currier services and quite a few internet facilities within the municipality. More than 199 daily, weekly, monthly and quaterly newspapers are published.
44. Transportation. Birgunj is quite accessible. It is linked with different places via the Tribhuvan and East-West highways. There are 115 km of black toped road, 83 km graveled and 82 km earthen roads and trails within the municipality. Simara Airport is located about 22 km to the north. There are more than 5200 Riksa, 313 Tempu and 456 Tanga in Birgunj providing transportation services.12 Traffic congestion particularly in the city centre is observed.
45. Electricity. Electricity supply operated by NEA is from the national power grid. There are more than 15245 service connections in which 14,100 is for the purpose of domestic use, 860 for industrial, 50 for commercial and 8 for drinking water.
46. Electricity is mainly used by the majorities for lighting purpose whereas wood is still found to be major source of energy for overall domestic purposes i.e cooking and boiling.
12 Birgunj Mahanagar Palikako Nagar Profile, 2067 (Profile of Birgunj Municipality, 2000). Unpublished document, Birgunj Municipality, Birgunj.
26 Kerosene and dung patch/cake are also used by large number of people. It shows the higher possibility of infection from the indoor pollutions.
47. Institutions. Birgunj is also an administrative centre. There are more than 70 regional and district level administrative offices located within this municipality. There are more than 48 primary schools, 7 lower secondary, 40 secondary, 3 higher secondary schools, 10 campuses and 15 technical and computer training institutions within this municipality. Many INGOs and NGOs are working in the Municipality.
48. Items of significance. Maisthan, Birta, Balakhiya, Gita, Mahabirsthan temple, Bhisma stupa are historically and religiously important places in the municipality. The nearest world heritage site i.e Chitawan National Park is located more than 35 km far from this area.
4. Quality of life values
49. The proposed sub-projects are not expected to adversely affect any cultural or recreational resources but will increase the existing quality of life values due to the improvement in hygiene and health. Several mitigation measures have been proposed in order to reduce adverse environmental impacts wherever it is necessary.
B. Environmental Issues
1. Industrial effluent
50. Management of effluents from the industry is an important environmental issue Birjung. Many industries are located upstream from the municipality. There are 17 types of industry with a total of 218 establishments in Parsa district. Most of them are located along Tribhuvan Highway between Jitpur-Parwanipur-Simara sector a few km upstream from Birgunj.
51. The problem of the industrial wastewater discharge exists north of the municipal boundaries of Birgunj, where large industries e.g pharmaceuticals, chemical industries are discharging wastewater laden with chemicals and heavy metals into the Sirsiya River. Water in Sirsiya river is highly polluted. During flooding this river water spread over the area of the municipality. Many settlements located downstream from industrial zone in the Birgunj municipality such as Shripur, Ranighat, Adarshanagar, Radhemaitole, Tejarattole, Pragatinagar, Bidyapatinagar and Chhapkaiya are flooded with the waste water discharged from these industries.
52. Quite a few industries do have their own waste water treatment facilities. However, they are not operating well. For example, the Birgunj Sugar Factory which has its own treatment facilities and outlet to the river, but it is out of order often and was found to be unused. Due to high cost involved in waste water treatment and weak enforcement of Acts and Regulation, industries are not more interested to develop treatment facility.
53. Nationwide study of 22 different industries shows that almost all industries are violating the effluents standards prescribed by the government all the times and polluting nearby rivers
27 and soils. The implementation of the Environment Protection Act (1996) and the Environment Protection Regulations (1977) and Standards prescribed there are not complied in many of the industries.13 Environmental guidelines are pending approval and the project will assist in its implementation (see appendix)
54. Unless and until waste water and solid waste generated by those industries are managed properly as per the standard of the government, it is not possible to control river water pollution and its risks to human health.
2. Inundation, drainage and river flooding
55. Draining storm water inundated during wet monsoon period is the environmental issue. The land is very gentle and the infiltration rate is very low as the soils are mixed with silt and clay. Moreover, the construction of infrastructures such as roads without adequate drainage provision has exacerbated the problem of inundation.
56. Since, the present system of the sewage disposal is the on-site sanitation with septic tank and soak pits, black water is rarely discharged into open drains and rivers. However; the grey water is discharged directly to the drain and rivers. The water from those rivers is used for washing utensils, cloths and vegetables and for bathing and animal feeding. So, the discharging of grey water without further treatment has increased the risk of health hazard.
57. Flooding and river bank cutting is common problem. Bank cutting in different reaches of Sirsiya River in Birgunj has threatened settlements, infrastructures and cultivated land located in near the river bank.
3. Air pollution
58. Information on air quality is scanty. The only available data is 8-hour survey conducted in 2000 (Table 6). It shows a very high concentration of particulate matters less than 10 microgram and total suspended particulates in the air in Birgunj as compared to the national standard and the standards fixed by WHO. Birgunj had higher carbon monoxide and lead concentration in the air as compared Pokhara municipality located in the middle hills.
Table 3: PM10, TSP, SO2, NO2, CO, and Pb Measurements Site Altitude Date Time Parameters (masl) PM10 TSP SO2 NO2 CO Pb (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) Pokhara 827 26/11/2000 10:00- 90.20 118.5 74.00 9.10 NA 0.11 18:00 Birgunj 091 30/11/2000 10:00- 482.90 567.80 63.00 23.00 378.00 0.27 18:00 Biratnagar 125 04/12/2000 08:00- 961.40 1,024.3 68.70 24.50 1,145.4 0.24 16:00 0 8 Butwal 205 19/12/2000 07:00- 1,076.6 1150.20 140.50 21.38 229.09 0.09 15:00 0 Nepalgunj 144 26/12/2000 07:00- 2,104.8 2,222.5 68.66 17.78 1,445.4 0.23 15:00 0 0 8
13 Sah, R. C. nd. Compliance Monitoring of Industrial Effluent Standards in Nepal. Kathmandu: Pro Public, Nepal.
28 Site Altitude Date Time Parameters (masl) PM10 TSP SO2 NO2 CO Pb (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) National standard 120 230 70 80 WHO guideline 70 120-230 125 150 0.5-1.0* Note: Data were collected using high volume air sampler. Source: Nepal Health Research Council and Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services(P) Ltd.(Transport Sector Air Pollution Survey, at Nine Major Urban Cities of Nepal, the World Conservation Union, Sept. 2001), Nepal Gazette B.S. 2060/4/19(4 August, 2003)
59. Many families in these municipalities are using fuel-wood and dung-cakes for cooking. Indoor air pollution is another environmental problems associated with health hazard.
4. Solid Waste Management
60. Solid waste management is another problem. There is no organized door-to-door collection system. The waste segregation system at the source has not yet been strictly adapted by majorities of people. There is no permanent sanitary landfill site. Collected wastes are dumped haphazardly along river banks, ponds, by-pass roads and open spaces. Nearby areas of those places are prone to serious health hazard.
61. Selection, development and operation of sanitary landfill site have become a major challenge not only in these three municipalities but also in other municipalities in the country. It is mainly due to improper management of the already existed landfill sites. People do not easily accept solid waste to be dumped in their localities mainly because of bad odor coming from solid waste as a result of improper handling and management during collection, transportation and processing.
62. Selection of landfill site is a problem. Birgunj municipality had proposed landfill site in ward no 16 near Sirsiya River. But because of strong opposition from local residents it could not utilized for this purpose. Birgunj has to find another site for landfill.
63. Keeping in view the very low volume of solid waste generated in each municipality in Nepal and management problem due to inadequate financial resources, a model of regional sanitary landfill was proposed in Biratnagar area under the project “Strengthening of Environmental Administration and Management at the Local Level (SEAM-N)” with support from Finland Government. The acquisition of land and assessment of the environmental impacts is currently in process. Though the model for solid waste collection, transportation and processing is in the process of development. Some of the strategies and methods developed for Biratnagar by SEAM-N could be applied in Birgung municipality.
5. Water Quality
64. Groundwater. The quality of ground water in many parts of the county, including Kathmandu, Butwal, Birgunj an Dhanusha, has been found to have a level of arsenic concentration that is unsafe for drinking. Arsenic concentration in the ground water is said to be much higher than the level prescribed by the World Health Organization. Besides arsenic
29 concentration, there are other chemicals such as fluoride, manganese, iron, nitrate, chlorine and ammonium in the ground water.
IV. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
65. This section of the IEE reviews possible subproject-related impacts, in order to identify issues requiring further attention and screen out issues of no relevance. ADB SPS require that impacts and risks will be analyzed in the context of the project’s area of influence. This area of influence encompasses (i) the primary subproject sites and related facilities that will be developed or controlled, i.e, SWM facilities, roads and lane, borrow pits and disposal areas, and construction camps; (ii) associated facilities that are not funded as part of the subproject and whose viability and existence depend exclusively on the project and whose goods or services are essential for successful operation of the subproject; (iii) areas and communities potentially affected by cumulative impacts from further planned development of the subproject, other sources of similar impacts in the geographical area, any existing project or condition, and other subproject-related developments that are realistically defined at the time the assessment is undertaken; and (iv) areas and communities potentially affected by impacts from unplanned but predictable developments caused by the subproject that may occur later or at a different location. The area of influence does not include potential impacts that might occur without the subproject or independently of the subproject. Environmental impacts and risks are analyzed for all relevant stages of the project cycle, including preconstruction, construction, operations, decommissioning, and postclosure activities such as rehabilitation or restoration.
A. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
66. As mentioned in Section II, the main subproject components for Birgunj municipality are (i) drainage and sanitation improvement; (ii) solid waste management (SWM); and (iii) community development programs. The drainage and sanitation program together with the roads and lanes component will have environmental benefits through reduction in pollution by a) sealing of the roads and lanes and b) providing better access facilities for solid waste collection. The SWM component will bring substantial environmental, community, and workers health and safety benefits to the Birgunj and the surrounding communities by providing an adequate and affordable municipal solid waste management, including a new sanitary landfill. The subproject will also generate employment opportunities to the local people thus will improve local economic and livelihood conditions.
67. However, construction and operation of the drainage, sanitation components, roads and lanes , SWM facilities, and sanitary landfill may be associated with a number of adverse environmental, social, community and workers health and safety impacts. The anticipated adverse environmental impacts and risks, duration, and magnitude related to the subproject proposed mitigation measures and institutions responsible for implementation are given in Table 7.
30 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj
Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts A. Location and Design – Drainage and Sanitation Component 1. Drainage and Sanitation Component 1.1 Sewer line Risk of health hazard due to Permanent and Consider the installation of separate sewer DSC/PIU overflows and flooding of moderate systems for domestic wastewater and storm waste water. Overflows water runoff in the overall planning and design of occur when the collection new sewerage systems; system can not manage the Limit the sewer depth where possible (e.g., volume of wastewater, for by avoiding routes under streets with heavy example due to high flows traffic). For shallower sewers, small inspection during rain events or as the chambers can be used in lieu of manholes; result of power loss, Use locally available materials for sewer equipment malfunctions, or construction. Spun concrete pipes can be blockages. appropriate in some circumstances but can suffer corrosion from hydrogen sulfide if there are blockages and/or insufficient slope; Ensure sufficient hydraulic capacity to accommodate peak flows and adequate slope in gravity mains to prevent buildup of solids and hydrogen sulfide generation; Design manhole covers to withstand anticipated loads and ensure that the covers can be readily replace if broken to minimize entry of garbage and silt into the system; Equip pumping stations with a backup power supply, such as a diesel generator, to ensure uninterrupted operation during power outages, and conduct regular maintenance to minimize service interruptions. Consider redundant pump capacity in critical areas; Risk of nuisance to Permanent and Provide cover drains to reduce odors. DSC/PIU neighboring areas due to moderate odor Risk of environmental Permanent and Do not locate sewers and chambers near DSC/PIU pollution/pollution of significant from a public drinking water supply well or a domestic water (infiltration) private drinking water supply well; due to interception Horizontal Separation: Whenever possible, chambers and sewer sewers should be laid at least ten (10) feet horizontally from any existing or proposed water line; Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj
Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts Vertical Separation: Whenever a sewer must cross under a water main, the sewer shall be laid at such elevation that the top of the sewer is at least 18 inches below the bottom of the water main. When the elevation of the sewer cannot be varied to meet the above requirement, the water main shall be relocated to provide the separation or reconstructed with ductile iron pipe for a minimum distance of ten (10) feet on each side of the sewer. At least one (1) full length of water main should be centered over the sewer so that both joints shall be as far from the sewer as possible; When it is impossible to obtain proper horizontal and vertical separation as stipulated, both the water main and the sewer shall be pressure-tested to assure water tightness Health hazard to workers Permanent and Design manholes considering man-entry DSC/PIU involved in sewerage significant inspection; system maintenance Develop Standard Health and Safety Manual for Sewerage System Maintenance; Provide atmospheric monitoring equipment (oxygen concentration, flammable gas/vapors, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon monoxide) which sounds an audible alarm in addition to visual readout; Provide personal protective equipment. Clearing of vegetation Permanent and Trees fall under the management of the DSC/PIU moderate District Forest Office and Ministry of Forest who issue forest clearances). (i) During the detailed design stage, a cutting and replanting program has to be developed and approved by the
32 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj
Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts compulsory plantation for each felled tree, 25 trees of similar floral function/type; (iv) Disallow introduction of exotic species or species with known environmental setbacks (e.g. Eucalyptus, Prosopic). 1.2 Storm water Risk of nuisance and loss of Permanent and New systems shall be designed to cope with DSC/PIU drainage properties to neighboring moderate the design storms of at least the Annual areas due overflow and Exceedance Probability (AEP), with an allowance flooding of drain water as a for effects of climate change. Primary and result of increasing secondary flows, shall be increased to allow for frequency of extreme climate change over the asset life (engineers to precipitation event in the consult government on recent studies to context of climate change determine appropriate adaptation, potentially 20% flow increase). The design of storage / attenuation and treatment systems shall also include this increase in flow. Risk of nuisance to Permanent and Consider the installation of separate sewer DSC/PIU neighboring areas due to insignificant systems for domestic wastewater and storm over flows and flooding from water runoff in the overall planning and design of drain new sewerage systems; Limit the sewer depth where possible (e.g., by avoiding routes under streets with heavy traffic). For shallower sewers, small inspection chambers can be used in lieu of manholes; Use locally available materials for sewer construction. Spun concrete pipes can be appropriate in some circumstances but can suffer corrosion from hydrogen sulfide if there are blockages and/or insufficient slope; Ensure sufficient hydraulic capacity to accommodate peak flows and adequate slope in gravity mains to prevent buildup of solids and hydrogen sulfide generation; Design manhole covers to withstand anticipated loads and ensure that the covers can be readily replace if broken to minimize entry of garbage and silt into the system; Equip pumping stations with a backup power supply, such as a diesel generator, to ensure
33 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj
Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts uninterrupted operation during power outages, and conduct regular maintenance to minimize service interruptions. Consider redundant pump capacity in critical areas; Risk of nuisance to Permanent and Provision of cover of drain particularly in city DSC/PIU neighboring areas due to insignificant core area and other densely populated areas odor Clearing of vegetation Permanent and During the detailed design stage, a cutting DSC/PIU/contractor moderate and replanting program hs to be developed and approved by the < District Forest Office and Ministry of Forest who issue forest clearances and included in contract specifications; (ii) Require Contractors to limit cutting and to consult with the District Forest Office and Ministry of Forest who issue forest clearances when necessary; (iii) Incorporate technical design to minimise removal of roadside plantation; (iv) Apply flexibility in decision as which side to be widened; (iii) Plan for compensatory and compulsory plantation for each felled tree, 25 plants of similar floral function/type; (iv) Disallow introduction of exotic species or species with known environmental setbacks (e.g. Eucalyptus, Prosopic). 1.3 Waste water Rejection of the location by Permanent and A RP was prepared for private land DSC/PIU/Birgunj Municipality (BM) treatment plant affected families as well as significant acquisition with compensation and assistance. the local community Ongoing consultation to enhance transparency and accountability and fostering good governance. Consultation includes disclosure of information and consults with its stakeholders so as to promote better awareness and understanding of its strategies, policies and operations Loss of agricultural land, Permanent and A RP was prepared for private land PIU/DSC crops and properties moderate acquisition with compensation and assistance. Risk of pollution of river Permanent and Primary and secondary flows, shall be increased PIU/DSC water due to overflows and moderate by 20% (DSC to check with PCO and flooding of raw sewage government on climate studies to confirm this adaptation) to allow for climate change over the
34 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj
Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts asset life. The design of storage / attenuation and treatment systems shall also include this increase in flow. Risk to structure and public Permanent and New systems shall be designed to cope with DSC/PIU health due to inundation and significant the design storms of at least the Annual flooding in the context of Exceedance Probability (AEP), with an allowance climate change for effects of climate change. Primary and secondary flows, shall be increased by 20% (DSC to check with PCO and government on climate studies to confirm this adaptation) to allow for climate change over the asset life. The design of storage / attenuation and treatment systems shall also include this increase in flow. Risk of hazard to public Permanent and Provision for the use of high quality materials PIU/DSC health due to failure of significant in construction structure of stabilization pond Risk of pollution of ground Permanent and Provision of a clay liner or geo-membrane DSC/PIU water or river water due to significant liner at the bed seepage from the bed Risk of inadequate buffer Permanent and Provision of 50 – 100 m buffer zone DSC/PIU zone around pumping and moderate treatment plant to alleviate nuisances and protect facilities Temporary silt runoff due to Temporary and The first priority shall be to re-use excess DSC/PIU mismanagement of spoils moderate material in the construction works. from excavation and Stockpiling of earth fill shall in most cases uncontrolled runoff from not be permitted during the rainy season unless storage piles covered by tarpaulins or plastic sheets. Stripped material shall not be stored where natural drainage will be disrupted. Protection of materials from erosion prior to rainy season. Storage on private property will be allowed only if written permission is obtained from the owner or authorized lessee. Pre-determination of disposal sites that will not promote instability and result in destruction of
35 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj
Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts property, vegetation irrigation, and drinking water supply systems. Extreme care shall be taken to avoid disposal near wetlands or in areas that will inconvenience or deprive local residents of their livelihood. Acidic and saline spoil shall not be spread onto agricultural land. If feasible, spoils may be disposed of in an abandoned quarry or borrow pity as means to help retrore original contours. Risk of air pollution due to Temporary and Provision for sprinkling water on gravel and PIU/DSC vehicle operation during insignificant unpaved roads construction Public health hazard due to Permanent and Proposed site is in cultivated land away from PIU/DSC location moderate residential area and other receptors but needs vegetative buffer and fencing the structure. Health hazard to workers in Permanent and Provision of water supply, sanitation and PIU/DSC treatment plant significant lighting facilities Risk of water pollution due Permanent and In case effluents and dried sludge, which are PIU/DSC to disposal of treated significant to be applied to crops, the magnitude of pollutant effluent and sludge removal or standard will be applied to prevent crop contamination. Clearing of vegetation Permanent and District Forest Office and Ministry of Forest who PIU/DSC moderate issue forest clearances (i) During the detailed design stage, a cutting and replanting program has to be developed and approved by the
36 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj
Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts 1.4 Sanitation (100per Public toilet may not be Permanent and Selection of sites with due consideration of PIU/DSC cent coverage) used due to inconvenient significant the users; location Location of toilets should not be too remote from main traffic area to avoid long distance walking; It has to be easily accessible for those with urgency and for better personal safety for the user. Risk of nuisance to Permanent and Design for the provision of water supply for PIU/DSC neighboring areas due to significant cleaning; odor Toilet cleaners should be properly trained and certified to perform the task well. Supervisors should also be trained with the right knowledge and skills to effectively supervise the cleaners. Risk of public health due to Permanent and Locate wells away from sources of potential PIU/DSC drinking of polluted water significant water pollution such as sewer line and waste from the tube wells water disposal site Public toilet may not be Permanent and Materials used should be durable and PIU/DSC used due to misuse and significant resistant to vandalism and neglect. breakdown Carefully select durable materials to minimize maintenance and prevent misuse. It is highly desirable that painted finishes are avoided, together with any materials, which are affected by moisture or corrosion (e.g. woodchip products and ferrous metals); Floor finishes must be sufficiently durable to withstand the anticipated traffic levels; Use colors to brighten the toilet, create interest, and produce a conducive environment Environmental risks and Permanent and Design of methods, mode, and materials for PIU/DSC public health may not significant communication of sanitation issues and improve due to unimproved environmental risks. practices Clearing of vegetation Permanent and District Forest Office and Ministry of Forest who PIU/DSC moderate issue forest clearances (i) During the detailed design stage, a cutting and replanting program has to be developed and approved by the
37 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj
Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts specifications; (ii) Require Contractors to limit cutting and to consult with the District Forest Office and Ministry of Forest who issue forest clearances when necessary; (iii) Incorporate technical design to minimise removal of roadside plantation; (iv) Apply flexibility in decision as which side to be widened; (iii) Plan for compensatory and compulsory plantation for each felled tree, 25 plants of similar floral function/type; (iv) Disallow introduction of exotic species or species with known environmental setbacks (e.g. Eucalyptus, Prosopic). 1.5 Roads and Lanes Risk health hazard due to Permanent and Provision for drainage and culverts, and for PIU/DSC impoundment of water and moderate debris collection structures; increased soil erosion due Design road drainage according to the to alteration of surface water probability of occurrence of an expected peak hydrology of water ways discharge during the design life of the installation; Risk of dust pollution from Temporary and Identification and approval of spoil disposal PIU/DSC spoils from road surface insignificant areas; clearance for blacktopping Use will be limited for non-productive area, reclamation purposes, and will not be used in areas near wetlands or protected bodies of water) Risk of land degradation Permanent and Pre-determination and inclusion in the PIU/DSC due to excessive mining of significant design documents of quarry site locations; filling materials Clearing of roadside Permanent and District Forest Office and Ministry of Forest PIU/DSC vegetation moderate who issue forest clearances (i) During the detailed design stage, a cutting and replanting program has to be developed and approved by the
38 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj
Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts each felled tree, 25 plants of similar floral function/type; (iv) Disallow introduction of exotic species or species with known environmental setbacks (e.g. Eucalyptus, Prosopic). Erosion and landslide Permanent and Consider water collection, conveyance, PIU/DSC eventually affecting the moderate disposal of surface water runoff; stability of the road itself Consider drainage width, depth, slopes, road from concentrated water alignment and protective treatment; from the road outlets Join all drainage with the natural drainage system in order to avoid possible gully formation at different location Small irrigation channels (kulo) along the alignment shall be preserved, where road crosses them, cross drainage shall be provided to facilitate irrigation. A. Location and Design – SWM Component 2. SWM Component 1. Solid Waste Risk of rejection of location Temporary at the initial Land is private land and a draft Resettlement PIU/DSC Resource Processing by cabinet and local phase and significant Plan was prepared and to be updated based on Facilities and Landfill community detailed design be prepared. Degradation of aesthetic Permanent and Inclusion in the design and tender PIU/DSC and property value loss significant documents: plantation and landscaping around Nuisance to neighbor areas Permanent and the disposal site PIU/DSC due to foul odor and influx of significant Inclusion in the design and tender insects, rodents, etc. documents: provision for lining and compacting; Inclusion in the design and tender documents: provision of at least 500 m buffer zone between settlement and the site General scouring of river Extraction of rocks gravel and sand from PIU/DSC beds resulting in small rivers or streams shall be discouraged. endangerment of bridges If extraction is necessary, then the extraction and continuous degradation points shall be spread out along the length of the of river regime. river to minimize disruption in river flow and to prevent instability to embankments. Extraction points shall not be near bridges or river training structures. The depth of material removal at any one location shall be limited, and extraction areas shall be selected ehere there is
39 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj
Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts little fine material to be carried downstream. Local residents and water users shall be consulted to ensure that irrigation intakes, bunds, and local fishing are not adversely impacted. Risk to community health Permanent and Impermeable liner including clay and PIU/DSC and safety due to pollution significant geomembrane of surface and ground water Detailed study of soil and ground water as a result of leakage of quality before or during full EIA process. leachate from land disposal Inclusion in the design documents regular system monitoring of surface and ground water Private or public drinking, irrigation, or livestock water supply wells located downgradient of the landfill boundaries should be further than 500 meters from the site perimeter, unless alternative water supply sources are readily and economically available and their development is acceptable to regulatory authorities and local communities Areas within the landfill boundaries should be located outside of the 10-year groundwater recharge area for existing or pending water supply development. Perennial stream should not be located within 300 meters downgradient of the proposed landfill cell development, unless diversion, culverting or channeling is economically and environmentally feasible to protect the stream from potential contamination. Temporary silt runoff due to Temporary and The first priority shall be to re-use excess PIU/DSC mismanagement of spoils moderate material in the construction works. from excavation and Stockpiling of earth fill shall in most cases uncontrolled runoff from not be permitted during the rainy season unless storage piles covered by tarpaulins or plastic sheets. Stripped material shall not be stored where natural drainage will be disrupted. Protection of materials from erosion prior to rainy season. Storage on private property will be allowed
40 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj
Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts only if written permission is obtained from the owner or authorized lessee. Pre-determination of disposal sites that will not promote instability and result in destruction of property, vegetation irrigation, and drinking water supply systems. Extreme care shall be taken to avoid disposal near wetlands or in areas that will inconvenience or deprive local residents of their livelihood. Acidic and saline spoil shall not be spread onto agricultural land. If feasible, spoils may be disposed of in an abandoned quarry or borrow pity as means to help retrore original contours. Risk of loss of flora and Permanent and Project only impacting 0.6% of total forest PIU/DSC fauna with high biodiversity significant area. Forest is second growth regeneration with value due to clearance of common species and no critical habitat. forest Risk to occupational and Permanent and Inclusion in the design documents provision PIU/DSC community health and significant for strengthening the capacity of municipality in safety due to inadequate the management of landfill site, collection, and management of land fill transportation of the wastes Health and safety hazards Permanent and Inclusion in the design and bid documents: PIU/DSC to people involved in solid significant The Contractor shall be required to (i) develop waste management and implement a Health and Safety Program (H&S) documenting procedures to be followed for all site activities. All site personnel shall undergo H&S Training; (ii) provide basic facilities, quarters, drinking water, sanitation, electricity and safety equipment for the workers; (iii) monitor and record effectiveness of prevention and control of exposure to occupational hazards, and (iv) maintain accident and incident investigation reports on file. Nuisance to local Permanent and Inclusion in the design and bid documents PIU/DSC community associated with significant provision for the use of special vehicle with cover transport of wastes to the facility in transporting solid waste disposal site or treatment facility
41 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj
Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts B. Construction impacts – Drainage and Sanitation Component Drainage and Sanitation Component 1.1 Sewer line Nuisance to pedestrian and Temporary and Plan transportation routes so that heavy PIU/DSC/contractor traffic congestion during moderate vehicles do not enter the urban area; construction Scheduling transport of spoils to avoid peak traffic periods and other important times; Do not use narrow local roads, except in the immediate vicinity of delivery sites; Do not block public roads; Do not deposit excavated soils/mud; on public roads; Drive vehicles in a considerate manner. (vii) Coordinate with Municipal Traffic Office for temporary road diversions; Provision of sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints; Minimization of the period of construction by increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools. Impacts on public/private Temporary and Full inventory of public utilities existing in PIU/DSC/contractor utilities, access to them or moderate construction sites by field surveys and damages due to vibration coordination with service providers to obtain depending on the methods layout plans; of construction used If required, preparation of relocation plans with service providers to be completed during construction; Plans for immediate attendance by the service providers to any damages to utilities during construction; Provision of satisfactory access to buildings, dwellings, or other activity areas if construction works and new facilities disrupt the existing access; Replacement of (or compensation payments to) public and private physical structures damaged due to construction or vibration;
42 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj
Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts Use of machines which adhere to standards for vibration; Keeping the site free from all unnecessary obstructions and storing or disposing of any contractor’s equipment or surplus material; and clearing away and removing from the site any wreckage rubbish and temporary works which are no longer required; Reinstate roads and lanes where sewerage pipe networks works will be undertaken; MUNICIPALITY shall report in writing that the roads and lanes have been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of the works. Risk of temporary silt runoff Temporary and Development and approval of a sediment PIU/DSC/contractor due to disposal of moderate and erosion control plan prior to land disturbance; excavated soil Removal of spoils as soon as it is excavated; Disposal of spoils in municipal-approved sites Nuisance to public due to Temporary and Reinstate road and footpath immediately PIU/DSC/contractor excavation of roads and moderate after construction of sewer line; path from where sewer lines Provision of sign boards for pedestrians to are to be constructed inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints; Increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools; Nuisance to public due to Temporary and Avoid noise-generating activities at night; PIU/DSC/contractor increased noise levels moderate Consult with the local community to inform during construction them of the nature, duration and likely effects of the construction work, and to identify any local concerns so that these can be addressed; Minimization of the period of construction. Clearing of vegetation Permanent and Trees fall under the management of the PIU/DSC/contractor moderate District Forest Office and Ministry of Forest who issue forest clearances). (i) During the detailed design stage, a cutting and replanting program has to be developed and approved by the 43 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts of agency> and included in contract specifications; (ii) Require Contractors to limit cutting and to consult with District Forest Office when necessary; (iii) Incorporate technical design to minimize removal of roadside plantation; (iv) Apply flexibility in decision as which side to be widened; (iii) Plan for compensatory and compulsory plantation for each felled tree, 25 trees of similar floral function/type; (iv) Disallow introduction of exotic species or species with known environmental setbacks (e.g. Eucalyptus, Prosopic). Risk of health and safety Temporary and Reduce dust by spraying stockpiled soil, PIU/DSC/contractor hazards to workers from significant excavated materials, and spoils; dust and other accidents Cover stockpiled construction materials with tarpaulin; Require Construction Contractor to produce and implement a site Health and Safety (H&S) Plan and this will include such measures as: (a) excluding the public from the site; (b) ensuring that all workers are provided with and use appropriate Personal Protective Equipment; (c) H&S Training for all site personnel; (d) documented procedures to be followed for all site activities; and (e) documentation of work-related accidents; The contractors will be responsible for employing their own medical staff and for operating a small ambulance at the work sites. The contractors will implement safety measures to secure all installations from unauthorized intrusion and accident risks. Loss of livelihood for Temporary and Leave spaces for access between mounds of PIU/DSC/contractor businesses due to moderate soil; (iii) Provision of walkways and metal sheets excavation works where required to maintain access across trenches for people and vehicles; (iv) Increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools; (v) Consult 44 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts businesses and institutions regarding operating hours and factoring this in work schedules, (vi) ) Provision of sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints; compensation for lost income for duration of impact. Risk of non adoption of Permanent and Supervision and immediate action PIU/DSC/contractor design standards and use significant accordingly; quality materials ADB is promoting the concept of environmentally responsible procurement (ERP)14 through the Bank’s new SPS (ADB 2009). Typically, suppliers are required to demonstrate compliance with an environmental quality-assurance standard such as the ISO 14000 series15. ERP is an admirable concept, but rigorous application of ERP to this relatively small subproject would necessitate a considerable administrative overhead and is not considered to be practical for all the Project’s procurement activities. Apart from obvious requirements such as avoiding asbestos and CFCs, it is recommended that ERP is limited to aspects of international procurements such as the pumps, and possibly to wood16. Selection for Work Camps.. Temporary and Avoid residential areas to protect the human PIU/DSC/contractor significant environment (i.e., to curb accident risks, health risks due to air and water pollution and dust, and noise, and to prevent social conflicts, shortages of amenities, and crime); Cultural Assets, Historical, There is no cultural/historical/ archaeological PIU/DSC/contractor and Archaeological Places.. place in the vicinity of the subproject right-of-way 1.2 Storm water Nuisance to pedestrian and Temporary and Plan transportation routes so that heavy PIU/DSC/contractor drainage traffic congestion during moderate vehicles do not enter the urban area; 14 ERP would cover, for example, the use of asbestos in subproject activities, or the use of CFCs and other chemicals banned under the Montreal Protocol in air- conditioning and refrigeration equipment. 15 Especially ISO 14001 concerning Environmental Management Systems (EMS), or the more rigorous European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS). 16 Wood should be sourced from sustainable sources, if feasible; the most rigorous system is that of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). 45 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts construction Scheduling transport of spoils to avoid peak traffic periods and other important times; Do not use narrow local roads, except in the immediate vicinity of delivery sites; Do not block public roads; Do not deposit excavated soils/mud; on public roads; Drive vehicles are in a considerate manner. Coordinate with Municipal Traffic Office for temporary road diversions; Provision of sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints; Minimization of the period of construction by increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools. Impacts on public/private Temporary and Full inventory of public utilities existing in PIU/DSC/contractor utilities, access to them or moderate construction sites by field surveys and damages due to vibration coordination with service providers to obtain depending on the methods layout plans; of construction used If required, preparation of relocation plans with service providers to be completed during construction; Plans for immediate attendance by the service providers to any damages to utilities during construction; Provision of satisfactory access to buildings, dwellings, or other activity areas if construction works and new facilities disrupt the existing access; Replacement of (or compensation payments to) public and private physical structures damaged due to construction or vibration; Use of machines which adhere to standards for vibration; Keeping the site free from all unnecessary obstructions and storing or disposing of any 46 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts contractor’s equipment or surplus material; and clearing away and removing from the site any wreckage rubbish and temporary works which are no longer required; Reinstate roads and lanes where storm drainage networks works will be undertaken; MUNICIPALITY shall report in writing that the roads and lanes have been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of the works. Risk of temporary silt runoff Temporary and Development and approval of a sediment PIU/DSC/contractor due to disposal of moderate and erosion control plan prior to land disturbance; excavated soil Removal of spoils as soon as it is excavated; Disposal of spoils in MUNICIPALITY- approved sites Nuisance to public due to Temporary and Reinstate road and footpath immediately PIU/DSC/contractor excavation of roads and moderate after construction of sewer line; path from where drains are Provision of sign boards for pedestrians to to be constructed inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints; Increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools; Clearing of vegetation Permanent and Trees fall under the management of the moderate District Forest Office and Ministry of Forest who issue forest clearances). (i) During the detailed design stage, a cutting and replanting program has to be developed and approved by the 47 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts Prosopic). Risk of health and safety Permanent and Reduce dust by spraying stockpiled soil, MUNICIPALITY/ Construction hazards to workers from significant excavated materials, and spoils; Contractor dust and other accidents Cover stockpiled construction materials with tarpaulin; Require Construction Contractor to produce and implement a site Health and Safety (H&S) Plan and this will include such measures as: (a) excluding the public from the site; (b) ensuring that all workers are provided with and use appropriate Personal Protective Equipment; (c) H&S Training for all site personnel; (d) documented procedures to be followed for all site activities; and (e) documentation of work-related accidents; The contractors will be responsible for employing their own medical staff and for operating a small ambulance at the work sites. The contractors will implement safety measures to secure all installations from unauthorized intrusion and accident risks. Loss of livelihood for Temporary and Leave spaces for access between mounds of PIU/DSC/contractor businesses due to moderate soil; (iii) Provision of walkways and metal sheets excavation works where required to maintain access across trenches for people and vehicles; (iv) Increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools; (v) Consult businesses and institutions regarding operating hours and factoring this in work schedules, (vi) ) Provision of sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints; compensation for lost income for duration of impact. Risk of non adoption of Permanent and Supervision and immediate action PIU/DSC/contractor design standards and use significant accordingly; quality materials ADB is promoting the concept of environmentally responsible procurement 48 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts (ERP)17 through the Bank’s new SPS (ADB 2009). Typically, suppliers are required to demonstrate compliance with an environmental quality-assurance standard such as the ISO 14000 series18. ERP is an admirable concept, but rigorous application of ERP to this relatively small subproject would necessitate a considerable administrative overhead and is not considered to be practical for all the Project’s procurement activities. Apart from obvious requirements such as avoiding asbestos and CFCs, it is recommended that ERP is limited to aspects of international procurements such as the pumps, and possibly to wood19. 1.3 Waste water Risk of dust pollution due to Temporary and Water sprinkling on gravel roads; MUNICIPALITY/ Construction treatment plant the flow of construction insignificant Scheduling transport of spoils to avoid peak Contractor vehicle traffic periods and other important times; Do not use narrow local roads, except in the immediate vicinity of delivery sites; Do not block public roads; Do not deposit excavated soils/mud; on public roads; Drive vehicles in a considerate manner. Risk of temporary silt runoff Temporary and Development and approval of a sediment PIU/DSC/contractor due to disposal of moderate and erosion control plan prior to land disturbance; excavated soil Removal of spoils as soon as it is excavated; Disposal of spoils in MUNICIPALITY- approved sites Clearing of vegetation Permanent and Trees fall under the management of the PIU/DSC/contractor moderate District Forest Office and Ministry of Forest who issue forest clearances). (i) During the detailed design stage, a cutting and replanting program has to be developed and approved by the 17 ERP would cover, for example, the use of asbestos in subproject activities, or the use of CFCs and other chemicals banned under the Montreal Protocol in air- conditioning and refrigeration equipment. 18 Especially ISO 14001 concerning Environmental Management Systems (EMS), or the more rigorous European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS). 19 Wood should be sourced from sustainable sources, if feasible; the most rigorous system is that of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). 49 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts of agency> and included in contract specifications; (ii) Require Contractors to limit cutting and to consult with District Forest Office when necessary; (iii) Incorporate technical design to minimize removal of roadside plantation; (iv) Apply flexibility in decision as which side to be widened; (iii) Plan for compensatory and compulsory plantation for each felled tree, 25 trees of similar floral function/type; (iv) Disallow introduction of exotic species or species with known environmental setbacks (e.g. Eucalyptus, Prosopic). Risk of health and safety Permanent and Reduce dust by spraying stockpiled soil, MUNICIPALITY/ Construction hazards to workers from significant excavated materials, and spoils; Contractor dust and other accidents Cover stockpiled construction materials with tarpaulin; Require Construction Contractor to produce and implement a site Health and Safety (H&S) Plan and this will include such measures as: (a) excluding the public from the site; (b) ensuring that all workers are provided with and use appropriate Personal Protective Equipment; (c) H&S Training for all site personnel; (d) documented procedures to be followed for all site activities; and (e) documentation of work-related accidents; The contractors will be responsible for employing their own medical staff and for operating a small ambulance at the work sites. The contractors will implement safety measures to secure all installations from unauthorized intrusion and accident risks.. Risk of non adoption of Permanent and Supervision and immediate action PIU/DSC/contractor design standards and use significant accordingly; quality materials ADB is promoting the concept of 50 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts environmentally responsible procurement (ERP)20 through the Bank’s new SPS (ADB 2009). Typically, suppliers are required to demonstrate compliance with an environmental quality-assurance standard such as the ISO 14000 series21. ERP is an admirable concept, but rigorous application of ERP to this relatively small subproject would necessitate a considerable administrative overhead and is not considered to be practical for all the Project’s procurement activities. Apart from obvious requirements such as avoiding asbestos and CFCs, it is recommended that ERP is limited to aspects of international procurements such as the pumps, and possibly to wood22. 1.4 Sanitation (100per Environmental risks and Permanent and Identification of target group, communication PIU/DSC/contractor cent coverage) public health may not significant media, sufficient materials and skilled trainers, improve without improved manageable size of participants, healthy and practices comfortable venue Risk of non-cooperation of Permanent and Good rapporting and involvement of local PIU/DSC/contractor local people in construction significant people/user groups works such as toilet, ablution block, tube wells Impacts on public/private Temporary and Full inventory of public utilities existing in PIU/DSC/contractor utilities, access to them or moderate construction sites by field surveys and damages due to vibration coordination with service providers to obtain depending on the methods layout plans; of construction used If required, preparation of relocation plans with service providers to be completed during construction; Plans for immediate attendance by the service providers to any damages to utilities during construction; Provision of satisfactory access to buildings, 20 ERP would cover, for example, the use of asbestos in subproject activities, or the use of CFCs and other chemicals banned under the Montreal Protocol in air- conditioning and refrigeration equipment. 21 Especially ISO 14001 concerning Environmental Management Systems (EMS), or the more rigorous European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS). 22 Wood should be sourced from sustainable sources, if feasible; the most rigorous system is that of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). 51 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts dwellings, or other activity areas if construction works and new facilities disrupt the existing access; Replacement of (or compensation payments to) public and private physical structures damaged due to construction or vibration; Use of machines which adhere to standards for vibration; Keeping the site free from all unnecessary obstructions and storing or disposing of any contractor’s equipment or surplus material; and clearing away and removing from the site any wreckage rubbish and temporary works which are no longer required; Reinstate roads and lanes where construction works will be undertaken; MUNICIPALITY shall report in writing that the roads and lanes have been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of the works. Clearing of vegetation Permanent and Trees fall under the management of the PIU/DSC/contractor moderate District Forest Office and Ministry of Forest who issue forest clearances). (i) During the detailed design stage, a cutting and replanting program has to be developed and approved by the 52 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts dust/suspended particulate scrubbers to reduce the level of dust emissions; matter Surface treating or sprinkling water across diversion tracks; Ensuring that haul trucks carrying aggregate fill materials are kept covered with canvass sheet to help contain construction material being transported between sites; Enforcing the National Air Quality Standards applicable to gaseous emissions generated by construction vehicles, equipment and machinery; Provision of dust mask to the workers. Inconvenience to Temporary and Plan transportation routes so that heavy PIU/DSC/contractor travelers/vehicle due to road moderate vehicles do not enter the urban area; blockages Scheduling transport of spoils to avoid peak traffic periods and other important times; Do not use narrow local roads, except in the immediate vicinity of delivery sites; Do not block public roads; Do not deposit excavated soils/mud; on public roads; Drive vehicles are in a considerate manner. Coordinate with Municipal Traffic Office for temporary road diversions; Provision of sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints; (ix) Minimization of the period of construction by increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools. Clearing of vegetation Permanent and Trees fall under the management of the MUNICIPALITY/ Construction moderate District Forest Office and Ministry of Forest who Contractor issue forest clearances). (i) During the detailed design stage, a cutting and replanting program has to be developed and approved by the 53 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts cutting and to consult with District Forest Office when necessary; (iii) Incorporate technical design to minimize removal of roadside plantation; (iv) Apply flexibility in decision as which side to be widened; (iii) Plan for compensatory and compulsory plantation for each felled tree, 25 trees of similar floral function/type; (iv) Disallow introduction of exotic species or species with known environmental setbacks (e.g. Eucalyptus, Prosopic). Land degradation due to Permanent and Quarry sites shown in the design documents MUNICIPALITY/ Construction excessive quarrying significant are provided only as a guide. It is the Contractor Contractor’s responsibility to verify the suitability of all material sources and to obtain the necessary permits/clearance. Use of blasting material will expedite the work. However, the use of blasting material will trigger landslides (which is the fundamental reason) and other adverse impacts on environment such as noise, air pollution and safety. The LEP approach of green road construction prohibits the use of blasting materials during road construction. Clearing of trees and other desirable vegetation shall be discouraged; Stripped material should be stored so as to not disrupt atural drainage and shall be protected to prevent erosion and migration of soil particles into surface waters; (iii) temporary ditches and/or setlling basins shall be dug to collect runoff water and to prevent erosion and contamination of surface water; Prevent undesirable ponding of water through temporary drains discharging to natural drainage channels; Restore sites after construction activities have ceased; (vi) sites shall be left in a stable condition and without steep slopes; Stripped material shall be spread to stable contours in order to promote percolation and re- 54 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts growth of natural vegetation; Sites should be drained and no standing water shall remain; Land utilized for river bed extraction and quarry site access roads shall be restored; Exposed areas shall be planted with suitable vegetation at the earliest opportunity; The Contractor shall follow the recommendations specified in the publication entitled “Vegetatation Structures for Stabilizing Highway Slopes – A Manual for Nepal” and subsequent publications on bio-engineering; Conduct site restoration work before spreading equipment is allowed to leave the sites MUNICIPALITY shall report in writing that the necessary environmental restoration work has been adequately performed before acceptance of work; Borrow/open pits excavation Permanent and Obtain necessary permits must be obtained MUNICIPALITY/ Construction may cause land disputes, moderate for any borrow pits from the competent Contractor soil erosion, loss of potential authorities; cropland, loss of vegetation, no excavations should be allowed within a landscape degradation, and distance of 100 meters of the right-of-way; damage to road in borrow pits, the depth of the pits should be embankments regulated so that the sides of the excavation will have a slope not steeper than 1: 4; soil erosion along the borrow pit should be regularly checked to prevent/mitigate impacts on adjacent lands; surface area of borrow pits shall be minimized; stripped materials shall be stored so as to not disrupt natural drainage and shall be protected so as to not be eroded into surface waters; topsoil shall be stored in specific piles and the utilization of excess topsoil shall be discussed with local residents; 55 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts ponding of surface water shall be prevented through adequate drainage; sites shall be restored after construction activities have ceased; MUNICIPALITY shall report in writing that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre- project conditions before acceptance of the works. Nuisance to public due to Temporary and Reinstate road and footpath immediately MUNICIPALITY/ Construction excavation of roads and moderate after construction of sewer line; Contractor path from where drains are Provision of sign boards for pedestrians to to be constructed inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints; Increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools; Risk of health and safety Permanent and Reduce dust by spraying stockpiled soil, PIU/DSC/contractor hazards to workers from significant excavated materials, and spoils; dust and other accidents Cover stockpiled construction materials with tarpaulin; Require Construction Contractor to produce and implement a site Health and Safety (H&S) Plan and this will include such measures as: (a) excluding the public from the site; (b) ensuring that all workers are provided with and use appropriate Personal Protective Equipment; (c) H&S Training for all site personnel; (d) documented procedures to be followed for all site activities; and (e) documentation of work-related accidents; The contractors will be responsible for employing their own medical staff and for operating a small ambulance at the work sites. The contractors will implement safety measures to secure all installations from unauthorized intrusion and accident risks. Loss of livelihood for Temporary and Leave spaces for access between mounds PIU/DSC/contractor businesses due to moderate of soil; 56 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts excavation works Provision of walkways and metal sheets where required to maintain access across trenches for people and vehicles; Increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools; Consult businesses and institutions regarding operating hours and factoring this in work schedules, Provision of sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints. Risk of non adoption of Permanent and Supervision and immediate action design standards and use significant accordingly; quality materials ADB is promoting the concept of environmentally responsible procurement (ERP)23 through the Bank’s new SPS (ADB 2009). Typically, suppliers are required to demonstrate compliance with an environmental quality-assurance standard such as the ISO 14000 series24. ERP is an admirable concept, but rigorous application of ERP to this relatively small subproject would necessitate a considerable administrative overhead and is not considered to be practical for all the Project’s procurement activities. Apart from obvious requirements such as avoiding asbestos and CFCs, it is recommended that ERP is limited to aspects of international procurements such as the pumps, and possibly to wood25. Increased waste generation Temporary and Containment of wastewater effluent from MUNICIPALITY/ Construction at contractors work camp significant contractor’s workshop and equipment washing Contractor resulting to unhygienic yards; 23 ERP would cover, for example, the use of asbestos in subproject activities, or the use of CFCs and other chemicals banned under the Montreal Protocol in air- conditioning and refrigeration equipment. 24 Especially ISO 14001 concerning Environmental Management Systems (EMS), or the more rigorous European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS). 25 Wood should be sourced from sustainable sources, if feasible; the most rigorous system is that of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). 57 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts conditions, health risk to Training of working force in the storage and work force and general handling of materials and chemicals that can public potentially cause soil contamination; Solid waste generated during construction will be safely disposed in demarcated waste disposal sites and the contractor will provide a proper waste management plan; Sanitary wastes generated from labour camps must be disposed off in environment friendly manner, i.e. provision of septic tank etc. for toilet wastes; and Aggregate waste material of existing road will be reused in up-gradation of road. Surface water might get Temporary and Surface and groundwater reserves must be contaminated due to the moderate protected from any source of contamination such disposal of construction as the construction and oily waste that will waste generated degrade its potable quality; Solid waste will be disposed off in designated landfill sites to sustain the water quality for domestic requirements; Regular water quality monitoring according to determined sampling schedule; Contractor to ensure that construction debris do not find their way into the drainage or irrigation canals which may get clogged; Work on irrigation canal areas will be kept to a minimum, protective walls be (reconstructed); prohibit washing of machinery and vehicles in surface waters, provide sealed washing basins and collect wastewater in sedimentation/retention pond; construction work close to the streams or other water bodies will be avoided, especially during monsoon period; construct temporary or permanent devices to prevent water pollution; and wastes must be collected, stored and taken to approved disposal site. 58 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts 2. Construction Impacts - SWM Component SWM Component Solid Waste Resource Quarrying and borrow/open Permanent and Necessary permits must be obtained from PIU/DSC/contractor Processing Facility pits excavation may cause moderate the competent authorities by the Contractor for land disputes, soil erosion, any quarries/ borrow/open pits loss of potential cropland, The clearing of trees and other desirable loss of vegetation, vegetation shall be discouraged; landscape degradation, and Stripped material shall be stored so at to not damage to road disrupt natural drainage and shall be protected to embankments prevent erosion and surface water siltation; Temporary ditches and/or settling basins shall be dug to collect runoff water and to prevent erosion and contamination of surface water. The undesirable ponding of water shall be prevented through temporary drains discharging to natural drainage channels. The site is to be restored after construction activities have ceased. The site shall be left in a stable condition, without steep slops. Stripped material shall be spread to stable contours in order to promote percolation and re-growth of natural vegetation and natural drainage. The site shall be drained, and no standing water shall remain. Land utilized for river bed extraction and quarry site access roads shall also be restored. Exposed areas shall be planted with suitable vegetation at the earliest opportunity. Site restoration work shall be conducted before spreading equipment is allowed to leave the site. The Project Engineer/environmental specialist shall report in writing that the necessary environmental restoration work has been adequately performed before acceptance of works. If trees or vegetation has to be removed, then the cost of replanting and maintenance for a 12-month period shall be included in the Bill of Quantities. The Contractor must provide a full- 59 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts time watch man on-site during this period. As an alternative, the contract for replanting and maintaining the trees or vegetation can be awarded to local people or an NGO. Extraction of rocks gravel and sand from small rivers or streams shall be discouraged. If extraction is necessary, then the extraction points shall be spread out along the length of the river to minimize disruption in river flow and to prevent instability to embankments. Extraction points shall not be near bridges or river training structures. The depth of material removal at any one location shall be limited, and extraction areas shall be selected ehere there is little fine material to be carried downstream. Local residents and water users shall be consulted to ensure that irrigation intakes, bunds, and local fishing are not adversely impacted. Clearing of vegetation Permanent and If trees or vegetation has to be removed, then the PIU/DSC/contractor moderate cost of replanting and maintenance for a 12- month period shall be included in the Bill of Quantities. The Contractor must provide a full- time watch man on-site during this period. As an alternative, the contract for replanting and maintaining the trees or vegetation can be awarded to local people or an NGO. Conflict between local Permanent and The camp shall be operated within a self- MUNICIPALITY/ Construction community workers and significant sufficient infrastructure. Contractor construction workers from To prevent local inflation and the use of local other areas firewood supplies critical food items and alternate fuel for cooking shall be provided by the Contractor. The Contractor shall prohibit employees from poaching wildlife and cutting trees. The Contractor will be responsible for the action of their workers. All temporary structures, including sleeping quarters, cooking and food storage structures, and sanitation facilities shall be removed to 60 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts prevent encroachment within the road right-of- way. The site shall be restored to near natural or stable condition. Exposed areas shall be planted with suitable vegetation. The Project Engineer shall report in writing that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of the works. Degradation of land due to Temporary and Stockpiling of earth fill shall in most cases PIU/DSC/contractor increased sediment loads in significant not be permitted during the rainy season unless the gullies and rivers and covered by tarpaulins or plastic sheets. siltation in fertile cultivated Stripped material shall not be stored where land downstream and air natural drainage will be disrupted. pollution as a result of Protection of materials from erosion prior to inappropriate management rainy season. of spoils from excavation in Storage on private property will be allowed the site only if written permission is obtained from the owner or authorized lessee. Surface treating or sprinkling water on stockpiled materials during dry season. Immediate removal of spoils to the designated site with proper management after disposal Impacts on public/private Temporary and Full inventory of public utilities existing in PIU/DSC/contractor utilities, access to them or moderate construction sites by field surveys and damages due to vibration coordination with service providers to obtain depending on the methods layout plans; of construction used If required, preparation of relocation plans with service providers to be completed during construction; Plans for immediate attendance by the service providers to any damages to utilities during construction; Provision of satisfactory access to buildings, dwellings, or other activity areas if construction works and new facilities disrupt the existing access; Replacement of (or compensation payments to) public and private physical structures 61 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts damaged due to construction or vibration; Use of machines which adhere to standards for vibration; Keeping the site free from all unnecessary obstructions and storing or disposing of any contractor’s equipment or surplus material; and clearing away and removing from the site any wreckage rubbish and temporary works which are no longer required; Reinstate roads and lanes. MUNICIPALITY shall report in writing that the roads and lanes have been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of the works. Inconvenience to Temporary and (Plan transportation routes so that heavy PIU/DSC/contractor travelers/vehicle due to road moderate vehicles do not enter the urban area; blockages Scheduling transport of spoils to avoid peak traffic periods and other important times; Do not use narrow local roads, except in the immediate vicinity of delivery sites; Do not block public roads; Do not deposit excavated soils/mud; on public roads; Drive vehicles are in a considerate manner. Coordinate with Municipal Traffic Office for temporary road diversions; (viii) Provision of sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints; Minimization of the period of construction by increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools. Increased waste generation Temporary and Containment of wastewater effluent from PIU/DSC/contractor at contractors work camp significant contractor’s workshop and equipment washing resulting to unhygienic yards; conditions, health risk to Training of working force in the storage and work force and general handling of materials and chemicals that can public potentially cause soil contamination; 62 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts Solid waste generated during construction will be safely disposed in demarcated waste disposal sites and the contractor will provide a proper waste management plan; Sanitary wastes generated from labour camps must be disposed off in environment friendly manner, i.e. provision of septic tank etc. for toilet wastes Loss of livelihood for Temporary and Leave spaces for access between mounds PIU/DSC/contractor businesses due to moderate of soil; (iii) Provision of walkways and metal excavation works sheets where required to maintain access across trenches for people and vehicles; (iv) Increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools; (v) Consult businesses and institutions regarding operating hours and factoring this in work schedules, (vi) ) Provision of sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints; compensation for lost income for duration of impact. Nuisance to public due to Temporary and Avoid noise-generating activities at night; MUNICIPALITY/ Construction increased noise levels moderate Consult with the local community to inform Contractor during construction them of the nature, duration and likely effects of the construction work, and to identify any local concerns so that these can be addressed; Minimization of the period of construction. Risk not to adopt design Permanent and Supervision and immediate action PIU/DSC/contractor standards and use of significant accordingly; recommended quality of ADB is promoting the concept of materials during environmentally responsible procurement construction (ERP)26 through the Bank’s new SPS (ADB 2009). Typically, suppliers are required to demonstrate compliance with an environmental 26 ERP would cover, for example, the use of asbestos in subproject activities, or the use of CFCs and other chemicals banned under the Montreal Protocol in air- conditioning and refrigeration equipment. 63 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts quality-assurance standard such as the ISO 14000 series27. ERP is an admirable concept, but rigorous application of ERP to this relatively small subproject would necessitate a considerable administrative overhead and is not considered to be practical for all the Project’s procurement activities. Apart from obvious requirements such as avoiding asbestos and CFCs, it is recommended that ERP is limited to aspects of international procurements such as the pumps, and possibly to wood28.Intensive supervision and monitoring of the construction work and immediate action as necessary Risk of health and safety Temporary and The Contractor shall be required to develop PIU/DSC/contractor hazards to workers from significant and implement a Health and Safety Program dust and other accidents (H&E) documenting procedures to be followed for all site activities. All site personnel shall undergo H&S Training. Hazardous materials shall not be stored near surface waters. Workers shall be trained of operators on release prevention, including drills specific to hazardous materials as part of emergency preparedness response training. Locations of hazardous materials and associated activities shall be identified on an emergency plan site map. Suitable personal protection equipment (PPE) (footwear, masks, protective clothing and goggles) shall be provided. Monitoring and record-keeping activities, including audit procedures designed to verify and record the effectiveness of prevention and control of exposure to occupational hazards, and maintaining accident and incident investigation 27 Especially ISO 14001 concerning Environmental Management Systems (EMS), or the more rigorous European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS). 28 Wood should be sourced from sustainable sources, if feasible; the most rigorous system is that of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). 64 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts reports on file. All used lubricants and oils shall be collected and recycled or disposed off-site. Plastic sheeting shall be placed under hazardous material storage areas to collect and retain leaks and spills. Contaminated runoff from storage areas shall be captured in ditches or ponds with an oil trap at the outlet. Contaminated and worn plastic sheeting shall be packed into drums and disposed off-site. Risk of non-cooperation of Permanent and Good rapporting and involvement of local PIU/DSC/contractor local people in construction significant people/user groups works Selection for Work Camps.. Temporary and No trees shall be cut and removal of PIU/DSC/contractor significant vegetation shall be minimized. Water and sanitation facilities shall be provided for employees and workers. Used oil and lubricants shall be recovered and reused or removed from the site by Contractor. Solid wastes shall be managed according to the following preference hierarchy: reduce, reuse, recycling, burial, or burning. When feasible, local residents shall be encouraged to scavenger non- hazardous solid wastes that are no longer usable to the project. At conclusion of the project, all wreckage, rubbish or temporary works that are no longer required shall be removed or given to local residents. All temporary structures, including office buildings, shelters, and sanitation facilities shall be removed to prevent encroachment within the road right-of-way. The site shall be restored to near natural or stable condition. Exposed areas shall be planted with suitable vegetation. The Project Engineer shall report in writing that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre- project conditions before acceptance of the 65 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts works. Surface water might get Temporary and Surface and groundwater reserves must be PIU/DSC/contractor contaminated due to the moderate protected from any source of contamination such disposal of construction as the construction and oily waste that will waste generated degrade its potable quality; Solid waste will be disposed off in designated landfill sites to sustain the water quality for domestic requirements; Regular water quality monitoring according to determined sampling schedule; Contractor to ensure that construction debris do not find their way into the drainage or irrigation canals which may get clogged; Work on irrigation canal areas will be kept to a minimum, protective walls be (reconstructed); Prohibit washing of machinery and vehicles in surface waters, provide sealed washing basins and collect wastewater in sedimentation/retention pond; Construction work close to the streams or other water bodies will be avoided, especially during monsoon period; Construct temporary or permanent devices to prevent water pollution; and Wastes must be collected, stored and taken to approved disposal site. Temporary silt runoff due to Temporary and Development and approval of a sediment PIU/DSC/contractor construction activities significant and erosion control plan prior to land disturbance; Removal of spoils as soon as it is excavated; Disposal of spoils in MUNICIPALITY-approved sitesAvoidance of construction work during monsoon season C. Operations and Maintenance - Drainage and Sanitation Component 1. Drainage and Sanitation Component 1.1 Sewer line Risk of pollution of ground Permanent and Quality of effluent and river water need to be Birgunj Municipality and river water due to significant regularly monitored seepage of waste water Risk of health and safety Permanent and (i) Preparation and implementation of a site Birgunj Municipality 66 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts hazards to workers from significant health and safety plan ensuring the workers use hazardous material which protective equipments; (ii) Training for all may be contained in waste employees so that they understand the system water and know what action to take in particular circumstances such as during times of peak flow or accidental releases of untreated effluent. Blockage of drainage by Temporary and (i) Building of public awareness; (ii) Timely Birgunj Municipality people throwing waste moderate supervision and monitoring 1.2 Storm water Risk of nuisance to Permanent and (i) Regular cleaning of drain; (ii) Promotion of Birgunj Municipality drainage neighboring areas because moderate public awareness and practices about solid waste of overflow and flooding due management and sanitation issues to blocking by solid wastes 1.3 Waste water Risk of damages to sewer Permanent and Control industrial and medical waste discharge MUNICIPALITY/ Ministry of treatment plant system and danger to significant into drain without treatment enforcing existing Environment/Ministry of Industry worker due to discharge of legal provisions hazardous waste from the industries and hospitals Risk of pollution of ground Permanent and Quality of effluent and river water need to be Birgunj Municipality and river water due to significant regularly monitored and immediate action need to seepage of waste water be taken accordingly Risk of health and safety Permanent and Preparation and implementation of a site health Birgunj Municipality hazards to workers from significant and safety plan ensuring the workers use hazardous material which protective equipments may be contained in waste water Nuisance to neighboring Permanent and Regular operation and maintenance (and lime Birgunj Municipality areas due to odor, insects moderate spreading on the bed) and rodent Removal and disposal of Permanent and Sludge will need to be cleared on a regular basis Birgunj Municipality sludge moderate and should be disposed of by the MUNICIPALITY or reputable contractor within their designated sludge handling facility. Possible use as fertilizer after laboratory testing 1.4 Sanitation (100per Risk of unsatisfactory raw Permanent and Monitoring and immediate action accordingly Birgunj Municipality cent coverage) water supply significant Risk of poor management of Permanent and Involve local community/users to regularly Birgunj Municipality public structures such public significant monitor and take action accordingly toilets, school toilets, ablution blocks 67 Table 4: Potential Adverse Impacts of Proposed Activities, their Mitigation Measures and Responsible Institution in Birgunj Potential Adverse impacts Duration and Mitigation Measures Responsibility Magnitude of Impacts 1.5 Roads and Lanes Risk of nuisance due to Permanent and Regular supervision and cleaning and Birgunj Municipality blocking drains and culverts, insignificant maintenance and dust pollution due to dismantle of road 2. Operations and Maintenance - SWM Component SWM Component Solid Waste Resource Risk of disturbances by Permanent and Use of special vehicle with cover facility in order Birgunj Municipality Processing local people in significant to avoid nuisance due to foul odor transportation of wastes to the sanitary landfill site Involvement of local community with provision for Birgunj Municipality the use of waste disposal facility and priority in employment Risk to community health Permanent and Lining and compaction immediately after disposal Birgunj Municipality and safety from odor and significant diseases transmitted by flies, insects, birds and rats Risk to health and safety of Permanent and Construction of boundary wall, quarters and Birgunj Municipality workers and landfill site significant provision of lighting and fire extinguishers, safety equipments such as gloves, boots etc. and first aid Risk of nuisance to Permanent and Provision of adequate water supply and sanitary Birgunj Municipality neighbors and not moderate equipments and powders functioning of toilet due to lack or inadequate supply of water 68 68. The environmental mitigation measures are to be integrated into the project design and tender documents. Using this approach, the mitigation measures will automatically become part of the project construction and operation phase. By including environmental mitigation measures in the contract or in specific items in the Bill of Quantities, monitoring and supervision of mitigation measures will be covered under the normal engineering supervision provisions of the contract. 69. Project Design. To the extent possible, environmental mitigation measures shall be integrated in the design specifications and plan drawings. Quarry sites and borrow/open areas shall be tentatively identified during the feasibility stage, confirmed in the final design, and then located on the final design drawings and maps. To reduce the requirement for stone and aggregate, locally produced construction materials shall be used where feasible. During design, the amount of excess and waste materials shall be estimated, and tipping areas for the safe disposal of spoil materials shall be designated on project drawings. The siting criteria mentioned in Table 10 shall be used when identifying quarries, borrow/open pits, and spoil disposal areas. 70. Location of Waste Stabilization Pond. Locating appropriate site for waste stabilization treatment plants is a big challenge. There are many issues associated with this. Those are i) local people living nearby area do not easily accept it unless and until they are ensured that nuisance from odor and the risk of health hazard associated with the transportation of waste by animals and birds and diseases from flies, insects and rats are totally controlled during the operation of those activities, ii) very high land value with high potentiality of further increase due to urban expansion as a result of high rate of in-migration from other areas, iii) location of city core close to international boundary, and iv) more or less homogenous land and land use pattern. 71. Unlike sanitary landfill, there are no many alternatives for the selection of site for waste stabilization treatment plant in general because it has to be located in nearby areas of the natural drainage which is controlled by the orientation of the topographic gradient of the terrain. At the beginning, the criterion developed for the selection of waste water treatment site were that (i) the site should be at least 300 m far from the settlement/building having possibility of providing treatment facility to major portion of the municipality; (ii) marginal land (avoidance of forest and fertile agricultural land and areas with high potential for urban growth) but with high water holding capacity; (iii) far from water sources, protected areas, areas with high biodiversity value and heritage site; and (iv) located along the natural drainage with access road. Birgunj being very close to the international boundary have limited scope for locating such sites particularly site located in far downstream areas providing waste water treatment facility to the major part of the municipality. Considering the locational disadvantage (without another alternative site for the treatment of waste water from the core area of the city) of Birgunj the site with high potential for urban growth at Chhapkaiya (draining only from the core area of the city) was selected. The features of proposed waste stabilization treatment pond are given in Appendix 1. 72. Location of Sanitary Landfill. Initially three alternative sites were identified for landfill. Those were Inaruwa, Masaharwa and Managadawa. Birgunj Municipality had decided to develop solid waste resource processing centre at Masaharwa which is located in Bisrampur and Itayahi Village Development Committee in Bara district near the eastern boundary of Birgunj municipality in Parsa district. Site characteristics and likely impacts of each site are given in Appendix 2. 73. The proposed landfill site at Masaherwa is bordered by Singaha river in the west, road from Nagawa to Barainiya in the south, irrigation canal in the east, agricultural fields in the north. There is no vegetation except a few fruit trees and bamboo groves. The area is owned by 13 families. 74. There is no settlement within 500 m distance from the proposed site. However, irrigation canal passes nearby in the east of the landfill site. So, attention should be paid during the design ensuring that the leachate as well as the waste is controlled without having chance of entering into irrigation canal in the east Singaha river in the west. 75. Construction. In the case of this project (i) most of the individual elements are relatively small and involve straightforward construction and operation, so impacts will be mainly localized and not greatly significant; (ii) most of the predicted impacts are associated with the construction process, and are produced because the process is invasive, such as involving excavation or other earthworks. However the routine nature of the impacts means that most can be easily mitigated and the impacts are clearly a result of the construction process rather than the subproject design or location, as they would not occur if this did not involve excavation or other ground disturbance. As the potential negative environmental impacts are associated with the activities of the construction contractor(s), the potential for adverse impacts can be significantly reduced by including environmental management clauses in the individual contract documents. All safety provisions equally apply for subcontractors. 76. Operations. At the wastewater treatment plants, sewage sludge will need to be removed from the active treatment ponds every four or five years and provided to farmers (after laboratory testing) and/or deposited at landfill site after permission from municipal authorities. This is a simple process that does not require a Sludge Management Plan. Ponds are allowed to dry out naturally and the solid sludge is removed by manual digging. The treatment and drying processes kill enteric bacteria and pathogens, and because of its high content of nitrates, phosphates and other plant nutrients the sludge is an excellent organic fertilizer and farmers are normally allowed to remove the dry material for application to their land (after laboratory testing). This should be preceded by rigorous bacteriological tests to confirm that the treatment methods render all dried sludge and effluent free from enteric bacteria and pathogens, so that it is safe to humans, animals and crops. Thus regular removal of sludge from the treatment ponds should also have no environmental impacts, and if tests show that the drying procedure removes bacterial contamination the material should be sold to farmers to fertilize soil, as this will provide an environmental gain and some cost recovery. 77. One of the concerns is health and safety risk to the workers.29. Workers involved during the construction period of all the infrastructures are likely to expose to environment pollution such as dust and noise and to potential accidents. Workers involved in waste water treatment plant during operation period are likely to be exposed to physical, chemical and biological hazards. Such health and safety risks are due to falls into pond; inhalation of volatile organic compounds, gasses, chemicals, bioaerosols and methane; contact with pathogen and vectors and use of potentially hazardous chemicals. Odors from treatment facilities can be nuisance to workers. Such health and safety risk can be minimized through controlling hazardous waste at the source; designing of safe work systems; provision of appropriate personal protective 29 World Bank Group, 2008. Environmental Health and Safety General Guidelines. The World Bank, Washington D.C. 70 equipments such as gloves, safety glass, plastic hamlets, safety shoes, gowns, face mask and first aids in conjunction with training on the use and maintenance of equipments; training on safe work procedures; and emergency preparedness response such as warning and evacuation. All safety provisions equally apply for subcontractors. 78. Another concern is the health and safety risk to the communities living in the nearby areas. Odors from treatment facilities can be nuisance to the communities. Overflow and seepage of untreated waste water may pollute surface and ground water. Such health and safety risk can be minimized through controlling hazardous wastes at the source. Exposure of the communities will be minimized by provision of buffer zones and structural safety such as fencing and gates. 79. Contract Language. The Construction Contractor shall be bound by the environmental conditions contained in the contract, and final acceptance of the completed works shall not occur until environmental clauses have been satisfactorily implemented. Contract language shall also be included to cover significant environmental problems that may occur during construction activities. If environmental monitoring or supervision activities reveals a serious existing or imminent environmental hazard, remedial actions will be implemented and contract amended accordingly as necessary and found appropriate by project management team (provided that the environmental problem was not caused due to negligence or non-compliance by the Contractor). 80. Bill of Quantities. Contractors are to include the cost for implementing environmental management plans and procedures in their rates. To overcome the tendency of Contractors’ unwillingness to reflect environmental costs in their labor or material charges, a line item may presented in the Bill of Quantities explicitly describing the environmental management and restoration work to be performed. This strategy makes environmental mitigation more visible and accountable and will further ensure that environmental management is not lost in material supply or labor rates that do not adequately reflect realistic environmental compliance costs. To implement this strategy, the Project Engineer (PCO Environment Specialist) will be required to prepare detailed technical specifications for the implementation of the environmental management requirements. The Contractor will have to prepare a cost estimate for each item using the technical specifications prepared by the Project Engineer (PCO Environment Specialist). The Project Engineer will also list in the Bill of Quantities the following items for which the prospective bidder would have to include a rate: (i) disposal of xx cubic meters of spoil and excess material in accordance with the Project’s EMP; and (ii) (if applicable) planting and maintenance of xx sq. m. of specified vegetation or trees in accordance with the Project’s EMP. 81. To overcome the tendency of Contractors’ unwillingness to reflect environmental costs in their labor or material charges, a second strategy employs a more explicit accounting of environmental mitigation costs. Under this strategy, a line item is presented in the Bill of Quantities explicitly describing the environmental management and restoration work to be performed. This strategy makes environmental mitigation more visible and accountable and will further ensure that environmental management is not lost in material supply or labor rates that do not adequately reflect realistic environmental compliance costs. 82. To implement this strategy, the Project Engineer (PCO Environment Specialist) will be required to prepare detailed technical specifications for the implementation of the environmental 71 management requirements. The Contractor will have to prepare a cost estimate for each item using the technical specifications prepared by the Project Engineer (PCO Environment Specialist). The Project Engineer will also list in the Billof Quantities the following items for which the prospective bidder would have to include a rate: (i) disposal of xx cubic meters of spoil and excess material in accordance with the Project’s EMP; and (ii) (if applicable) planting and maintenance of xx sq. m. of specified vegetation or trees in accordance with the Project’s EMP. B. Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures 83. Enhancement measures are measures not at present incorporated in the proposed Project but which, for a small additional cost, would give significant social and/or environmental benefits. For the proposed subproject, potential enhancement measures identified by the PPTA team include: (i) Hard and soft landscaping to improve the appearance and attractiveness of the all sites, including visual screening by urban trees. (ii) Training of trainers in construction health, safety and environmental management practices: informal observation of construction activities in Nepal indicates a significant need for upgrading all aspects of H&S in the construction sector. (iii) Pilot project to explore the feasibility of energy recovery (heat) from sludge digestion: sustainability factors require that system planning take every opportunity to lower net energy usage. Heat pump technology is advancing rapidly, and it may be possible to recover energy from the wastewater stream, although this would have to be converted to electricity to power the pumps; alternatively, the study could investigate on-site gas generation from sewage, which could obviate the need for backup power (standby generators). 84. Involvement of key stakeholders in different stages - planning, design, construction and operation is necessary for successful implementation proposed activities and improving environment, health and hygiene of the people in sustained way. In order to achieve inclusive, active and meaningful participation, it is also necessary to create/promote public awareness on environmental pollution and sanitation and its linkage with health and hygiene on the one hand and appropriate methods and technologies effective for the improvement of environment and sanitation. For this the Birgunj municipality should work closely with the community organization and carry out awareness programmes. 85. Solid waste resource processing. Mutual cooperation among municipalities located in nearby areas in the region should be enhanced in order to develop and manage regional sanitary landfill. Biratnagar with the support from SEAM-N has already adopted regional concept. Three municipalities – Birgunj, Bhairahawa, and Ramgram and other small towns and Village Development Committees located along the roads can easily participate in the development and management of proposed regional sanitary landfill sites. This may open the new opportunity for the development of CDM and contribute to mitigate climate change in the future. The possibility of waste resource processing through public-private partnership should be explored. 72 86. Sufficient human resources should be trained in maintaining sewer system. System of supervision during the construction and monitoring during operation should be established. Awareness programme on sanitation and solid waste management is also necessary for smooth operation of the sewer system. Dismantling of cover slab and blockage of sewer discharge due to solid waste thrown in the drain were commonly observed during field visits. 87. Sufficient human resources should be trained in maintaining water drainage system. System of supervision during the construction and monitoring during operation should be established. 88. Sufficient human resources should be trained in maintaining water drainage system. System of supervision during the construction and monitoring during operation should be established. The efficiency of the treatment plant should be well recorded through regular monitoring the affluent and effluent characteristics. The possibility of discharging hazardous waste from industries, hospitals and nursing home should be totally controlled by enforcing existing legal provisions. 89. The main objective of this sub-component is to create/promote public awareness on sanitation with a few activities focusing on urban poor and disadvantaged group designed keeping in view the inclusiveness and equity. Different awareness creation models should be designed each targeting particular group of people – women, caste/ethnicity, urban poor, civil society etc. 90. Community mobilization and people’s participation in health and sanitation program is also necessary. Training and awareness programs focusing on the 3 R – reduction, reuse and recycling including the needs and methods of separation of solid waste at source should be carried out. 91. Technical staffs in the municipality should be trained on solid waste management and landfill site management. V. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES A. Project Sites 92. The sewer line and storm water drain are aligned within the right of way of the existing roads. No significant adverse environmental impacts are found with present location of the project activities. The waste stabilization treatment pond is proposed in agricultural fields at Chhapkaiya which is located about 300 m far from the settlement and 600 m north from the international boundary between Nepal and India. There are no many alternatives for the selection of site for waste stabilization pond since it is guided mainly by the topographic gradient required for the waste water drain and distance from the main settlement. The team explored the possibility of another site about 500 m downstream of the presently proposed site. But this site was too close with international boundary and a hospital located in India. Finally, Chhapkaiya site was selected. 73 93. Initially three sites were identified and assessed by a team of consultants for solid waste resource processing centre (sanitary landfill). Those were Inarwa, Masaharwa and Managadawa. All these sites are more or less uniform in terms of topography, soils and current land use and land cover. However, Managadawa has locational advantage (centrally located along Birgunj-Kalaiya road) for developing a Solid waste processing centre incorporating Kalaiya municipality also. A team of consultants with one staff member from Birgunj Municipality visited Kalaiya Municipality on October 6, 2009 in order to discuss the possibility for developing Managadawa as a Solid waste processing centre. The Kalaiya Municipality during the discussion had shown keen interest to participate and cooperate for it. But later Birgunj Municipality preferred and finally decided the site at Masaharwa for landfill. B. Project Design, Technology Selection and Operation 94. Different strategies and approaches have been adopted in designing project activities, selecting the technologies and operational procedures after reviewing best practices, guidelines and standards. While designing the project activities, emphasis was given to urban environment improvement with due consideration on integration among project components and concentration of investment in few localities; inclusiveness and equity in participation with focus to urban poor and disadvantaged groups; public-private partnership; and demand from the proponent i.e municipality. Sewer line, storm water drainage, waste water treatment plant and solid waste processing centre are well integrated with the improvement of roads and are focused on urban core areas. Keeping in view the sustainability of the proposed activities, the construction and operation costs have been proposed (see Volume 2 for detail alternative analysis of design standards). Priorities have been given to labour intensive technologies and community led basic sanitation for all with gender consideration. The working procedures proposed are participatory one. Awareness creation and skill development activities for the improvement of environment, health and hygiene have also been integrated with the development of basic infrastructure facilities. The project will use local materials as far as possible. C. No Project Options 95. Traffic congestion and atmospheric pollution due to poor road condition, flooding and inundation due to poor drainage and incidence of health hazard due to lack of proper management of waste water and solid waste are some of the main environmental problems in Birgunj. Such problems are likely to be intensified in the future. Implementation of the proposed project will improve the environmental condition of the city and health and safety of the community by reducing environmental pollution on the one hand and awareness creation on the other. It will also help to improve economic condition and livelihood of the poor communities by providing employment opportunities in the project activities. Ultimately, it will help to improve the quality of life of the people living in the municipality. The implementation of the proposed project will have more positive impacts. However, adverse impacts should be minimized through implementation of proposed mitigation and monitoring measures. VI. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION 96. For this subproject, consultations were carried out at two levels: (i) municipality level with participation of representatives of political parties and administrative and technical staffs in the 74 municipality; and (ii) local level at the site where major infrastructures such as waste water treatment plants have been proposed. 97. During the IEE process two consultation field visits were organized- one on 2-5 September and another on 5-7 October 2009 in order to identify appropriate sites and discuss possible environmental risks. The authorities of the respective municipality as well as officials from DUDBC, counter part of this project, not only visited the locations of various project components, but also discussed with consultants about the viability of components and environmental risk (see Appendix 3 for the list of persons consulted in the field). 98. Local level consultation was limited to informal discussions with only a few local leaders and land owners. It is necessary to have active involvement of the local bodies’ (i.e. respective municipality for this project) in order to organize meetings for intensive consultation with key stakeholders including people likely to be affected from the project implementation. However, the consultants were advised by the authorities to carry out formal consultation later. The reasons behind it were that i) there are no elected representatives of the local bodies over the last four years and the authorities of the municipality could not take risk to go ahead for public consultation process and ii) likely inflation of land value, conflict between land owners and municipality, and risk of the disturbances by the local people in organized way before acquisition of land for the project. It was risky to hold intensive consultation with all the people likely to be affected independently by the consultants themselves without having full support from the local body. However, information about socio-economic condition at household level of the people likely to be affected due to acquisition of land particularly for treatment plant and sanitary landfill were obtained with the assistance of local enumerators by interviewing landowners. It is in this context that intensive formal consultation with local communities should be a part during EIA processes and detailed design stage. 99. Finalization of EMP. This outline EMP will be disclosed in Birgunj as part of the public consultation process necessary for completion of the subproject’s main IEE. Comments received will form an input to EMP finalization following subproject start-up. Further public consultation may be undertaken if required by the MoE as part of its project approval conditions. 100. Implementation – Construction. During construction the primary stakeholders affected will be local residents at and near construction sites, and the traveling public. Local residents will be informed about planned activities prior to construction by MUNICIPALITY. The Project will establish a grievance redress mechanism and ensure that this is adequately budgeted. 101. Commercial enterprises in areas to be affected by civil works will be informed in advance, together with full details of the compensation entitlements and application procedures. 102. Implementation - Operation and Maintenance. The key component of the subproject’s public consultation mechanism during operation and maintenance will be MUNICIPALITY PIU which will be set up under the Project. Amongst other tasks, the unit will receive, record, track and respond to complaints from customers and the general public. 75 VII. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 103. Government Grievance Mechanism and Redress Process. The EPR 1997 has given authority to the Chief District Officer for grievance and compensation processes. According to this regulation, in case anyone wishes to realize compensation from any individual, institution or proponent, he may submit an application to the Chief District Officer of the concerned district mentioning the type of action taken by the concerned individual, institution or proponent, the type of loss suffered by him as a result thereof, and the amount of compensation sought by him. The Chief District Officer shall conduct investigations into it, as well as into the actual situation prevailing at the concerned place, as required, and also seek the opinions and suggestions of the concerned office in the district, as well as of the Inspector, if any, deputed to the district, and thus evaluate the actual loss suffered by the applicant. If, for any reason, the loss cannot be evaluated, the Chief District Officer shall forward the application to the concerned body for its suggestion on the matter within 30 days from the date of receipt of the application. The concerned body shall conduct necessary investigations in that connection, study the actual situation prevailing at the concerned place as required, and send back the application to the concerned Chief District Officer along with its opinion and suggestion. In case the loss has been evaluated, the Chief District Officer shall determine the amount of compensation accordingly, and in case the suggestion of the concerned body has been sought, the Chief District Officer shall do so after receiving the suggestion. 104. In case an application for compensation has been forwarded to the concerned body, the Chief District Officer shall take a decision in respect to payment of compensation within 15 days from the date of receipt of suggestion from the concerned body, and in case the application for compensation has not been so forwarded to the concerned body, the Chief District Officer shall do so within 60 days from the date of receipt of the application for compensation. In connection with the determination of the amount of compensation, the Chief District Officer shall have the powers to summon the concerned individual, institution or proponent, record his/its statement, order the submission of any document, equipment, machinery, etc., and enter into and investigate the place from where pollution, noise, heat or waste has been created or emitted. The amount of compensation determined by the Chief District Officer under this Rule shall be appropriate and reasonable. 105. Within 30 days from the date of determination of the amount of compensation, the concerned individual, institution or proponent will be required to pay the amount to the concerned individual or institution. In case the concerned individual, institution or proponent submits an application for an extension of the time-limit prescribed explaining appropriate reasons for his/its failure to pay the amount of compensation within that time-limit, and in case the reason mentioned in the application is found to be appropriate, the Chief District Officer may extend the time-limit by not more than 30 days for one time. In case the concerned individual, institution or proponent fails to pay the amount of compensation within the time-limit prescribed later the individual or institution which is to receive compensation may submit an application to the Chief District Officer within three months from the date of expire of the said time-limit with a request to have the amount of compensation realized, identifying the property belonging to such individual, institution or proponent. In case an application is received, the Chief District Officer shall auction the property of the individual, institution or proponent who is to pay the amount of compensation in accordance with the existing laws, cause to pay the amount of compensation, and handover the balance to the concerned individual, institution or proponent if he/it approaches him for the 76 106. As per the Local Governance Act 1998, the municipal council is responsible to evaluate the development and construction works within the municipality and give necessary direction. The municipality is empowered to hear and settle at first instance for complaints relating to compensation for damage of crops, forced labour and wages, water bank (ghat) and security of public properties, hidden and unclaimed properties, forcefully entering and staying into others house, pasture, fodder and fuelwood. It can form arbitration board to hear and settle the case filled in the municipality for the complaints mentioned above. The Municipality shall form an arbitration board to hear and settle the cases filed in the Municipality appoint three persons as agreed upon between the parties to a case from amongst the persons enlisted in the list of arbitrators. For the purpose of hearing and settling the cases filed under this Act at first instance, the Municipality shall, immediately after the constitution of the Municipality, prepare a list of arbitrators, setting out their names, surnames and addresses as well, comprising such persons from among the local persons, social workers and legal experts, as are deemed appropriate, with the consent of such persons, and shall publish it in the Municipality Office for public information. The three arbitrators shall collectively exercise the jurisdiction of arbitrators and the opinion of majority shall be deemed the decision of the arbitrators. The arbitrators shall, to the extent possible, cause the concerned parties to negotiate with each other on the case submitted to them and have the case compromised. In case the arbitrators fail to have compromise, they shall exercise their powers and decide the case. Any party not satisfied with a decision made may appeal to the concerned District Court within thirty-five days of the hearing or knowledge of the decision. 107. Project Formulated Grievance Mechanism. The project formulated grievance mechanism will be split into three phases: In the first phase, a GRC chaired by EO will come up with remedial measures. Only if the complainant is not satisfied with this decision, the issue will be brought up to the municipal board, as the second phase. If the person is still not satisfied, then he/she can go to either the court or MPPW, as a third phase. This is illustrated in the figure below. 108. The project manager of the PIU is to activate the project GRC. This process is not to supersede or impeded on the country's formal grievance processes. The GRC will meet as needed to determine the merit of each grievance, and resolve grievances within a month of receiving the complaint. The GRC with a minimum of three members will be headed by the Executive Officer. Members of the committee may also include local government representative (VDC, DDC), representatives of APs with one male and one female, a representative of vulnerable people’s organisations active in the area concerned, social safeguards consultant, the NGO, and a representative from the Project. The Committee thus appointed should be sanctioned by the municipal board. The time bound GRC process is illustrated in the figure below. 109. Complaints should be addressed to the PIU or municipality. The PIU will keep records of all grievances received including: contact details of complainant, date the complaint was received, nature of grievance, agreed corrective actions and the date these were effected, and final outcome. The GRC should provide the concerns of the complainants on issues relating to negative and physical impacts that they conceive would occur by the implementation of the particular project sub-component. All complaints should be signed with complete information on name, contact address, phone number if any so that the person can be contacted when required. An acknowledgement to the effect that the complaint has been received by the coordinator’s office should be promptly sent to the complaints. All complaints received should be 77 first registered, categorized and prioritized. They should be analyzed and assessed the concerns raised by the affected parties and have discussion and consultation with them. Records of all such proceedings should be maintained, for future reference, and the attendance of all participants with their signature, in particular the complaints and affected groups should be recorded. If grievances cannot be addressed, the matters are brought to higher authorities (which could be the municipal board, court or central government). 78 Flow Diagram for Conflict Resolution and Grievance Redress Mechanism D A Y Affected Party/Group S Complaint 0 (0 Days) Phase 1 7 Initial Assessment by GRC chaired by EO (7 Days) 14 Discussion with AP and AG (7 Days) Finalize the Initial Inform the AP/AG 21 Assessment Ineligible about Ineligibility (7 Days) (7 Days) Eligible Complaint 28 Formulating Remedial Cases beyond Jurisdiction Measures (7 Days) of Municipality (7 Days) 31 Discussion with APs to Inform Decisions (3 Days) 38 Municipal Board Consideration (7 Days) Phase 2 Cases beyond Jurisdiction Remedial Refer the Case Refer the Case Action to Higher to Higher Phase 3 40 & Authorities Authorities Monitoring (2 Days) (2 Days) (2 Days) ------Keep Municipal Board Informed79 VIII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN A. Mitigation 110. Summary of the anticipated environmental impacts and mitigation measures for the drainage and sanitation components are presented in Table 8. Some of the impacts and measures shown in Table 7 have been consolidated to avoid repetition, and there has been some re-ordering to present together those measures that relate to the same activity or site. The table also shows how the mitigation will be implemented, who will be responsible for the monitoring, evaluation, and reporting, and the estimated cost of implementation. 80 Table 5: Summary of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures - Drainage and Sanitation Component Potential Adverse impacts Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) A. Location and Design Clearing of vegetation Trees fall under the management of the District Forest Office DSC/PIU – M,R,E and Ministry of Forest who issue forest clearances). (i) During the detailed design stage, a cutting and replanting program has to be developed and approved by the 82 Table 5: Summary of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures - Drainage and Sanitation Component Potential Adverse impacts Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) flows and adequate slope in gravity mains to prevent buildup of solids and hydrogen sulfide generation; (v) Design manhole covers to withstand anticipated loads and ensure that the covers can be readily replace if broken to minimize entry of garbage and silt into the system; (vi) Equip pumping stations with a backup power supply, such as a diesel generator, to ensure uninterrupted operation during power outages, and conduct regular maintenance to minimize service interruptions. Consider redundant pump capacity in critical areas; Risk of inadequate buffer zone around pumping Provision of 50 – 100 m buffer zone DSC/PIU – M,R,E and treatment plant to alleviate nuisances and protect facilities Risk of nuisance and loss of properties to New systems shall be designed to cope with the design DSC/PIU – M,R,E neighboring areas due overflow and flooding of storms of at least the Annual Exceedance Probability (AEP), drain water as a result of increasing frequency of with an allowance for effects of climate change. Primary and extreme precipitation event in the context of secondary flows, shall be increased by 20% (to be verified at climate change detailed design based on available government or reputable studies) to allow for climate change over the asset life. The design of storage / attenuation and treatment systems shall also include this increase in flow. Risk of nuisance to neighboring areas due to (i) Design for the provision of water supply for cleaning; (ii) DSC/PIU – M,R,E odor Toilet cleaners should be properly trained and certified to perform the task well. Supervisors should also be trained with the right knowledge and skills to effectively supervise the cleaners; (iii) Provision of cover of drain particularly in city core area and other densely populated areas Risk of nuisance to neighboring areas due to over New systems shall be designed to cope with the design DSC/PIU – M,R,E flows and flooding from drain storms of at least the Annual Exceedance Probability (AEP), with an allowance for effects of climate change. Primary and secondary flows, shall be increased by 20% (to be verified at detailed design based on government or other reputable studies) to allow for climate change over the asset life. The design of storage / attenuation and treatment systems shall also include this increase in flow. Risk of pollution of ground water or river water Provision of a clay liner or geo-membrane liner at the bed DSC/PIU – M,R,E due to seepage from the bed Risk of pollution of river water due to overflows Flow shall be increased by 20%% (to be verified at detailed DSC/PIU – M,R,E and flooding of raw sewage design based on government or other reputable studies) to allow for climate change effects. Risk of public health due to drinking of polluted Locate wells away from sources of potential water pollution DSC/PIU – M,R,E 83 Table 5: Summary of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures - Drainage and Sanitation Component Potential Adverse impacts Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) water from the tube wells such as sewer line and waste water disposal site Risk of temporary silt runoff due to construction (i) Development and approval os a sediment and erosion DSC/PIU – M,R,E control plan prior to land disturbance; (ii) Identification for spoil disposal sites at the time of detailed design Risk of water pollution due to disposal of treated In case effluents and dried sludge, which are to be applied to DSC/PIU – M,R,E effluent and sludge crops, the magnitude of pollutant removal or standard will be applied to prevent crop contamination. Risk to structure and public health due to Flow shall be increased by 20% % (to be verified at detailed DSC/PIU – M,R,E inundation and flooding in the context of climate design based on government or other reputable studies) to change allow for climate change effects. B. Construction impacts Clearing of vegetation District Forest Office and Ministry of Forest who issue forest DSC/PIU/Contractor – M,R,E clearances (i) During the detailed design stage, a cutting and replanting program has to be developed and approved by the 84 Table 5: Summary of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures - Drainage and Sanitation Component Potential Adverse impacts Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) material; and clearing away and removing from the site any wreckage rubbish and temporary works which are no longer required; (viii) Reinstate roads and lanes where storm drainage networks works will be undertaken; (ix) MUNICIPALITY shall report in writing that the roads and lanes have been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of the works. Loss of livelihood for businesses due to Leave spaces for access between mounds of soil; (iii) DSC/PIU/Contractor – M,R,E excavation works Provision of walkways and metal sheets where required to maintain access across trenches for people and vehicles; (iv) Increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools; (v) Consult businesses and institutions regarding operating hours and factoring this in work schedules, (vi) ) Provision of sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints; compensation for lost income for duration of impact. Nuisance to pedestrian and traffic congestion (i) Plan transportation routes so that heavy vehicles do not DSC/PIU/Contractor – M,R,E during construction enter the urban area; (ii) Scheduling transport of spoils to avoid peak traffic periods and other important times; (iii) Do not use narrow local roads, except in the immediate vicinity of delivery sites; (iv) Do not block public roads; (v) Do not deposit excavated soils/mud; on public roads; (vi) Drive vehicles in a considerate manner. (vii) Coordinate with Municipal Traffic Office for temporary road diversions; (viii) Provision of sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints; (ix) Minimization of the period of construction by increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools. Nuisance to public due to excavation of roads (i) Reinstate road and footpath immediately after construction DSC/PIU/Contractor – M,R,E and path from where drains are to be constructed of sewer line; (ii) Provision of sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints; (iii) Increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools; Nuisance to public due to increased noise levels (i) Avoid noise-generating activities at night; (ii) Consult with DSC/PIU/Contractor – M,R,E during construction the local community to inform them of the nature, duration and likely effects of the construction work, and to identify any 85 Table 5: Summary of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures - Drainage and Sanitation Component Potential Adverse impacts Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) local concerns so that these can be addressed; (iii) Minimization of the period of construction. Risk of dust pollution due to the flow of (i) Water sprinkling on gravel roads; (ii) Scheduling transport DSC/PIU/Contractor – M,R,E construction vehicle of spoils to avoid peak traffic periods and other important times; (iii) Do not use narrow local roads, except in the immediate vicinity of delivery sites; (iv) Do not block public roads; (v) Do not deposit excavated soils/mud; on public roads; (vi) Drive vehicles in a considerate manner. Risk of health and safety hazards to workers from (i) Reduce dust by spraying stockpiled soil, excavated DSC/PIU/Contractor – M,R,E dust and other accidents materials, and spoils; (iii) Cover stockpiled construction materials with tarpaulin; (ii) Require Construction Contractor to produce and implement a site Health and Safety (H&S) Plan and this will include such measures as: (a) excluding the public from the site; (b) ensuring that all workers are provided with and use appropriate Personal Protective Equipment; (c) H&S Training for all site personnel; (d) documented procedures to be followed for all site activities; and (e) documentation of work-related accidents; (iii) The contractors will be responsible for employing their own medical staff and for operating a small ambulance at the work sites. The contractors will implement safety measures to secure all installations from unauthorized intrusion and accident risks.. Risk of non adoption of design standards and use (i) Supervision and immediate action accordingly; (ii) ADB is DSC/PIU/Contractor – M,R,E quality materials promoting the concept of environmentally responsible procurement (ERP)30 through the Bank’s new SPS (ADB 2009). Typically, suppliers are required to demonstrate compliance with an environmental quality-assurance standard such as the ISO 14000 series31. ERP is an admirable concept, but rigorous application of ERP to this relatively small subproject would necessitate a considerable administrative overhead and is not considered to be practical for all the Project’s procurement activities. Apart from obvious requirements such as avoiding asbestos and CFCs, it is recommended that ERP is limited to aspects of international procurements such as the pumps, and possibly to wood32. Risk of non-cooperation of local people in Good rapporting and involvement of local people/user groups DSC/PIU/Contractor – M,R,E 30 ERP would cover, for example, the use of asbestos in subproject activities, or the use of CFCs and other chemicals banned under the Montreal Protocol in air- conditioning and refrigeration equipment. 31 Especially ISO 14001 concerning Environmental Management Systems (EMS), or the more rigorous European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS). 32 Wood should be sourced from sustainable sources, if feasible; the most rigorous system is that of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). 86 Table 5: Summary of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures - Drainage and Sanitation Component Potential Adverse impacts Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) construction works such as toilet, ablution block, tube wells Risk of temporary silt runoff due to disposal of (i) Development and approval of a sediment and erosion DSC/PIU/Contractor – M,R,E excavated soil control plan prior to land disturbance; (ii) Removal of spoils as soon as it is excavated; (iii) Disposal of spoils in MUNICIPALITY-approved sites Selection for Work Camps.. (i) Avoid residential areas to protect the human environment DSC/PIU/Contractor – M,R,E (i.e., to curb accident risks, health risks due to air and water pollution and dust, and noise, and to prevent social conflicts, shortages of amenities, and crime); Blockage of drainage by people throwing waste (i) Building of public awareness; (ii) Timely supervision and DSC/PIU/Contractor – M,R,E monitoring Nuisance to neighboring areas due to odor, Regular operation and maintenance (and lime spreading on DSC/PIU/Contractor – M,R,E insects and rodent the bed) Removal and disposal of sludge Sludge from the drying beds will need to be cleared on a DSC/PIU/Contractor – M,R,E regular basis and should be disposed of by the municipality or reputable contractor at landfill site or provided to farmers (after laboratory testing deems safe) Risk of damages to sewer system and danger to Control industrial and medical waste discharge into drain DSC/PIU/Contractor – M,R,E worker due to discharge of hazardous waste from without treatment enforcing existing legal provisions the industries and hospitals Risk of health and safety hazards to workers from (i) Preparation and implementation of a site health and safety DSC/PIU/Contractor – M,R,E hazardous material which may be contained in plan ensuring the workers use protective equipments; (ii) waste water Training for all employees so that they understand the system and know what action to take in particular circumstances such as during times of peak flow or accidental releases of untreated effluent. Risk of nuisance to neighboring areas because of (i) Regular cleaning of drain; (ii) Promotion of public DSC/PIU/Contractor – M,R,E overflow and flooding due to blocking by solid awareness and practices about solid waste management and wastes sanitation issues Risk of pollution of ground and river water due to Quality of effluent and river water need to be regularly DSC/PIU/Contractor – M,R,E seepage of waste water monitored and immediate action need to be taken accordingly Risk of poor management of public structures Involve local community/users to regularly monitor and take DSC/PIU/Contractor – M,R,E such public toilets, school toilets, ablution blocks action accordingly 87 111. Summary of the anticipated environmental impacts and mitigation measures for the roads and lanes component are presented in Table 9. The table also shows how the mitigation will be implemented, who will be responsible for the monitoring, evaluation, and reporting, and the estimated cost of implementation. Table 6: Summary of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures – Roads and Lanes Component Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) A. Location and Design Risk health hazard due to (i) Provision for drainage and culverts, and DSC/PIU– M,R,E impoundment of water and for debris collection structures; (ii) Design increased soil erosion due road drainage according to the probability of to alteration of surface occurrence of an expected peak discharge water hydrology of water during the design life of the installation; ways Risk of dust pollution from (i) Identification and approval of spoil DSC/PIU– M,R,E spoils from road surface disposal areas; (ii) Use will be limited for clearance for blacktopping non-productive area, reclamation purposes, and will not be used in areas near wetlands or protected bodies of water) Risk of land degradation (i) Pre-determination and inclusion in the DSC/PIU– M,R,E due to excessive mining of design documents of quarry site locations; filling materials Clearing of roadside District Forest Office and Ministry of Forest DSC/PIU– M,R,E vegetation who issue forest clearances (i) During the detailed design stage, a cutting and replanting program has to be developed and approved by the 89 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) will trigger landslides (which is the fundamental reason) and other adverse impacts on environment such as noise, air pollution and safety. The LEP approach of green road construction prohibits the use of blasting materials during road construction. Mitigation measures include: (i) clearing of trees and other desirable vegetation shall be discouraged; (ii) stripped material should be stored so as to not disrupt atural drainage and shall be protected to prevent erosion and migration of soil particles into surface waters; (iii) temporary ditches and/or setlling basins shall be dug to collect runoff water and to prevent erosion and contamination of surface water; (iv) prevent undesirable ponding of water through temporary drains discharging to natural drainage channels; (v) restore sites after construction activities have ceased; (vi) sites shall be left in a stable condition and without steep slopes; (vii) stripped material shall be spread to stable contours in order to promote percolation and re-growth of natural vegetation; (viii) sites should be drained and no standing water shall remain; (ix) land utilized for river bed extraction and quarry site access roads shall be restored; (x) exposed areas shall be planted with suitable vegetation at the earliest opportunity; (xi) the Contractor shall follow the recommendations specified in the publication entitled “Vegetatation Structures for Stabilizing Highway Slopes – A Manual for Nepal” and subsequent publications on bio-engineering; (xii) conduct site restoration work before spreading equipment is allowed to leave the sites; (xiii) MUNICIPALITY shall report in writing that the necessary environmental restoration work has been adequately performed before acceptance of work; (xiv) extraction of rocks, gravel, and sand from small rivers and streams shall be discouraged; (xv) if extraction is necessary, then the extraction points shall be spread out along the length of the river to minimize disruption in river flow and to prevent instability to embankments and shall not be near bridges or river training structures; (xvi) depth of material removal at any one location shall be limited, and extraction areas shall be selected where there is little fine material to be carried downstream; and (xvii) local residents and water users shall be consulted to ensure that irrigation intakes, bunds, and local fishing are not adversely impacted. 90 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) Borrow/open pits (i) Obtain necessary permits must be DSC/PIU/contractor– excavation may cause land obtained for any borrow pits from the M,R,E disputes, soil erosion, loss competent authorities; (ii) no excavations of potential cropland, loss should be allowed within a distance of 100 of vegetation, landscape meters of the right-of-way; (iii) in borrow degradation, and damage pits, the depth of the pits should be to road embankments regulated so that the sides of the excavation Borrow/open pits will have a slope not steeper than 1: 4; (iv) DSC/PIU/contractor– excavation may also soil erosion along the borrow pit should be M,R,E become potential sources regularly checked to prevent/mitigate of mosquito breeding and impacts on adjacent lands; (v) surface area may prove hazardous to of borrow pits shall be minimized; (vi) human beings, livestock, stripped materials shall be stored so as to and wildlife. This will also not disrupt natural drainage and shall be degrade hygienic condition protected so as to not be eroded into of the Subroject Area. surface waters; (vii) topsoil shall be stored in specific piles and the utilization of excess topsoil shall be discussed with local residents; (viii) ponding of surface water shall be prevented through adequate drainage; (ix) sites shall be restored after construction activities have ceased; (x) MUNICIPALITY shall report in writing that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of the works. Nuisance to public due to (i) Reinstate road and footpath immediately DSC/PIU/contractor– excavation of roads and after construction of sewer line; (ii) Provision M,R,E path from where drains are of sign boards for pedestrians to inform to be constructed nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints; (iii) Increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools; Clearing of vegetation District Forest Office and Ministry of Forest DSC/PIU/contractor– who issue forest clearances (i) During the M,R,E detailed design stage, a cutting and replanting program has to be developed and approved by the 91 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) tarpaulin; (ii) Require Construction Contractor to produce and implement a site Health and Safety (H&S) Plan and this will include such measures as: (a) excluding the public from the site; (b) ensuring that all workers are provided with and use appropriate Personal Protective Equipment; (c) H&S Training for all site personnel; (d) documented procedures to be followed for all site activities; and (e) documentation of work-related accidents; (iii) The contractors will be responsible for employing their own medical staff and for operating a small ambulance at the work sites. The contractors will implement safety measures to secure all installations from unauthorized intrusion and accident risks. Loss of livelihood for Leave spaces for access between mounds DSC/PIU/contractor– businesses due to of soil; (iii) Provision of walkways and metal M,R,E excavation works sheets where required to maintain access across trenches for people and vehicles; (iv) Increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools; (v) Consult businesses and institutions regarding operating hours and factoring this in work schedules, (vi) ) Provision of sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints; compensation for lost income for duration of impact. Risk of non adoption of (i) Supervision and immediate action DSC/PIU/contractor– design standards and use accordingly; (ii) ADB is promoting the M,R,E quality materials concept of environmentally responsible procurement (ERP)33 through the Bank’s new SPS (ADB 2009). Typically, suppliers are required to demonstrate compliance with an environmental quality-assurance standard such as the ISO 14000 series34. ERP is an admirable concept, but rigorous application of ERP to this relatively small subproject would necessitate a considerable administrative overhead and is not considered to be practical for all the Project’s procurement activities. Apart from obvious requirements such as avoiding asbestos and CFCs, it is recommended that ERP is limited to aspects of international 33 ERP would cover, for example, the use of asbestos in subproject activities, or the use of CFCs and other chemicals banned under the Montreal Protocol in air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment. 34 Especially ISO 14001 concerning Environmental Management Systems (EMS), or the more rigorous European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS). 92 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) procurements such as the pumps, and possibly to wood35. Increased waste (i) Containment of wastewater effluent from DSC/PIU/contractor– generation at contractors contractor’s workshop and equipment M,R,E work camp resulting to washing yards; (ii) Training of working force unhygienic conditions, in the storage and handling of materials and health risk to work force chemicals that can potentially cause soil and general public contamination; (iii) Solid waste generated during construction will be safely disposed in demarcated waste disposal sites and the contractor will provide a proper waste management plan; (iv) Sanitary wastes generated from labour camps must be disposed off in environment friendly manner, i.e. provision of septic tank etc. for toilet wastes; and (v) Aggregate waste material of existing road will be reused in up-gradation of road. Surface water might get (i) Surface and groundwater reserves must DSC/PIU– M,R,E contaminated due to the be protected from any source of disposal of construction contamination such as the construction and waste generated oily waste that will degrade its potable quality; (ii) Solid waste will be disposed off in designated landfill sites to sustain the water quality for domestic requirements; (iii) Regular water quality monitoring according to determined sampling schedule; (iv) Contractor to ensure that construction debris do not find their way into the drainage or irrigation canals which may get clogged; (v) Work on irrigation canal areas will be kept to a minimum, protective walls be (reconstructed); (vi) prohibit washing of machinery and vehicles in surface waters, provide sealed washing basins and collect wastewater in sedimentation/retention pond; (vii) construction work close to the streams or other water bodies will be avoided, especially during monsoon period; (viii) construct temporary or permanent devices to prevent water pollution; and (ix) wastes must be collected, stored and taken to approved disposal site. Risk of nuisance due to Regular supervision and cleaning and DSC/PIU/contractor– blocking drains and maintenance M,R,E culverts, and dust pollution due to dismantle of road 112. Summary of the anticipated environmental impacts and mitigation measures for the SWM component is presented in Table 10. The table also shows how the 35 Wood should be sourced from sustainable sources, if feasible; the most rigorous system is that of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). 93 mitigation will be implemented, who will be responsible for the monitoring, evaluation, and reporting, and the estimated cost of implementation. Table 7: Summary of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) A. Location and Design Risk of rejecting site The technical institute and local DSC/PIU/ M,R,E from the local people people living at nearby areas shall be and technical institute consulted and consent shall be located nearby area obtained because of nuisance Pre-identification and inclusion in from odor, flies and the design document of at least 500-m rodents buffer zone between the site of proposed technical institute and settlement and 100 m from the river. Degradation of Inclusion in the design and tender DSC/PIU/ M,R,E aesthetic and property documents: plantation and value loss landscaping around the disposal site Nuisance to neighbor Inclusion in the design and tender DSC/PIU/ M,R,E areas due to foul odor documents: provision for lining and and influx of insects, compacting; rodents, etc. Inclusion in the design and tender documents: provision of at least 500 m buffer zone between settlement and the site Disruption of natural Pre-determination and inclusion in DSC/PIU/ M,R,E land contours and the design documents of quarry site vegetation resulting in and/or borrow/open pits locations. It accelerated erosion, will be the Contractor’s responsibility landslides, disturbance to verify suitability of all material in natural drainage sources, and to obtain approval of the patterns, siltation of Project Engineer; surface waters, and Use of siting criteria such as water pollution. location away from population centers, drinking water intakes and streams, cultivable lands, and natural drainage systems. General scouring of Extraction of rocks gravel and DSC/PIU/ M,R,E river beds resulting in sand from small rivers or streams shall endangerment of be discouraged. bridges and continuous If extraction is necessary, then the degradation of river extraction points shall be spread out regime. along the length of the river to minimize disruption in river flow and to prevent instability to embankments. Extraction points shall not be near bridges or river training structures. The depth of material removal at any one location shall be limited, and extraction areas shall be selected ehere there is little fine material to be carried downstream. Local residents and water users shall be consulted to ensure that irrigation intakes, bunds, and local 94 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) fishing are not adversely impacted. Risk to community Impermeable clay and MUNICIPALITY/ health and safety due to geomembrane liner. independent pollution of surface and Detailed study of soil and ground consultants for full EIA ground water as a result water quality before or during full EIA following GoN EIA of leakage of leachate process. process from land disposal Inclusion in the design documents system regular monitoring of surface and ground water Private or public drinking, irrigation, or livestock water supply wells located downgradient of the landfill boundaries should be further than 500 meters from the site perimeter, unless alternative water supply sources are readily and economically available and their development is acceptable to regulatory authorities and local communities Areas within the landfill boundaries should be located outside of the 10-year groundwater recharge area for existing or pending water supply development. Perennial stream should not be located within 300 meters downgradient of the proposed landfill cell development, unless diversion, culverting or channeling is economically and environmentally feasible to protect the stream from potential contamination. Temporary silt runoff The first priority shall be to re-use DSC/PIU/ M,R,E due to mismanagement excess material in the construction of spoils from works. excavation and Stockpiling of earth fill shall in uncontrolled runoff from most cases not be permitted during storage piles the rainy season unless covered by tarpaulins or plastic sheets. Stripped material shall not be stored where natural drainage will be disrupted. Protection of materials from erosion prior to rainy season. Storage on private property will be allowed only if written permission is obtained from the owner or authorized lessee. Pre-determination of disposal sites that will not promote instability and result in destruction of property, vegetation irrigation, and drinking water supply systems. Extreme care shall be taken to avoid disposal near wetlands or in areas that will inconvenience or deprive local 95 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) residents of their livelihood. Acidic and saline spoil shall not be spread onto agricultural land. If feasible, spoils may be disposed of in an abandoned quarry or borrow pity as means to help retrore original contours. Risk of loss of flora and Inclusion in the design documents DSC/PIU/ M,R,E fauna with high Detailed inventory study of flora and biodiversity value due to fauna during full EIA study clearance of forest Risk to occupational Inclusion in the design documents DSC/PIU/ M,R,E and community health provision for strengthening the and safety due to capacity of municipality in the inadequate management of landfill site, management of land fill collection, and transportation of the wastes Health and safety Inclusion in the design and bid DSC/PIU/ M,R,E hazards to people documents: The Contractor shall be involved in solid waste required to (i) develop and implement management a Health and Safety Program (H&S) documenting procedures to be followed for all site activities. All site personnel shall undergo H&S Training; (ii) provide basic facilities, quarters, drinking water, sanitation, electricity and safety equipment for the workers; (iii) monitor and record effectiveness of prevention and control of exposure to occupational hazards, and (iv) maintain accident and incident investigation reports on file. Nuisance to local Inclusion in the design and bid DSC/PIU/ M,R,E community associated documents provision for the use of with transport of wastes special vehicle with cover facility in to the disposal site or transporting solid waste treatment facility Risk of nuisance to Design for the provision of water DSC/PIU/ M,R,E neighbors and not supply for cleaning; functioning of toilet due Toilet cleaners shall be trained to lack or inadequate and certified to perform the task well. supply of water Supervisors shall also be trained with the right knowledge and skills to effectively supervise the cleaners. Risk of health hazard to Provision of awareness DSC/PIU/ M,R,E workers from high noise programme to drivers and other level technicians on noise pollution B. Construction Quarrying and Necessary permits must be MUNICIPALITY/ borrow/open pits obtained from the competent Construction excavation may cause authorities by the Contractor for any Contractor/PIU M,R,E land disputes, soil quarries/ borrow/open pits erosion, loss of The clearing of trees and other potential cropland, loss desirable vegetation shall be of vegetation, discouraged; landscape degradation, Stripped material shall be stored and damage to road so at to not disrupt natural drainage 96 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) embankments and shall be protected to prevent erosion and surface water siltation; Temporary ditches and/or settling basins shall be dug to collect runoff water and to prevent erosion and contamination of surface water. The undesirable ponding of water shall be prevented through temporary drains discharging to natural drainage channels. The site is to be restored after construction activities have ceased. The site shall be left in a stable condition, without steep slops. Stripped material shall be spread to stable contours in order to promote percolation and re-growth of natural vegetation and natural drainage. The site shall be drained, and no standing water shall remain. Land utilized for river bed extraction and quarry site access roads shall also be restored. Exposed areas shall be planted with suitable vegetation at the earliest opportunity. Site restoration work shall be conducted before spreading equipment is allowed to leave the site. The Project Engineer shall/Environmental Specialist report in writing that the necessary environmental restoration work has been adequately performed before acceptance of works. If trees or vegetation has to be removed, then the cost of replanting and maintenance for a 12-month period shall be included in the Bill of Quantities. The Contractor must provide a full-time watch man on-site during this period. As an alternative, the contract for replanting and maintaining the trees or vegetation can be awarded to local people or an NGO. Extraction of rocks gravel and sand from small rivers or streams shall be discouraged. If extraction is necessary, then the extraction points shall be spread out along the length of the river to minimize disruption in river flow and to prevent instability to embankments. Extraction points shall not be near bridges or river training structures. The depth of material removal at any one location shall be 97 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) limited, and extraction areas shall be selected ehere there is little fine material to be carried downstream. Local residents and water users shall be consulted to ensure that irrigation intakes, bunds, and local fishing are not adversely impacted. Clearing of vegetation If trees or vegetation has to be MUNICIPALITY/ removed, then the cost of replanting Construction and maintenance for a 12-month Contractor/PIU M,R,E period shall be included in the Bill of Quantities. The Contractor must provide a full-time watch man on-site during this period. As an alternative, the contract for replanting and maintaining the trees or vegetation can be awarded to local people or an NGO. Conflict between local The camp shall be operated MUNICIPALITY/ community workers and within a self-sufficient infrastructure. Construction construction workers To prevent local inflation and the Contractor/PIU M,R,E from other areas use of local firewood supplies critical food items and alternate fuel for cooking shall be provided by the Contractor. The Contractor shall prohibit employees from poaching wildlife and cutting trees. The Contractor will be responsible for the action of their workers. All temporary structures, including sleeping quarters, cooking and food storage structures, and sanitation facilities shall be removed to prevent encroachment within the road right-of- way. The site shall be restored to near natural or stable condition. Exposed areas shall be planted with suitable vegetation. The Project Engineer shall report in writing that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of the works. Cultural Assets, There is no cultural/historical/ Historical, and archaeological place in the vicinity of Archaeological Places.. the subproject right-of-way Degradation of land due Stockpiling of earth fill shall in MUNICIPALITY/ to increased sediment most cases not be permitted during Construction loads in the gullies and the rainy season unless covered by Contractor/PIU M,R,E rivers and siltation in tarpaulins or plastic sheets. fertile cultivated land Stripped material shall not be downstream and air stored where natural drainage will be pollution as a result of disrupted. inappropriate Protection of materials from management of spoils erosion prior to rainy season. from excavation in the Storage on private property will be 98 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) site allowed only if written permission is obtained from the owner or authorized lessee. Surface treating or sprinkling water on stockpiled materials during dry season. Immediate removal of spoils to the designated site with proper management after disposal Impacts on Full inventory of public utilities MUNICIPALITY/ public/private utilities, existing in construction sites by field Construction access to them or surveys and coordination with service Contractor/PIU M,R,E damages due to providers to obtain layout plans; vibration depending on If required, preparation of the methods of relocation plans with service providers construction used to be completed during construction; Plans for immediate attendance by the service providers to any damages to utilities during construction; Provision of satisfactory access to buildings, dwellings, or other activity areas if construction works and new facilities disrupt the existing access; Replacement of (or compensation payments to) public and private physical structures damaged due to construction or vibration; Use of machines which adhere to standards for vibration; Keeping the site free from all unnecessary obstructions and storing or disposing of any contractor’s equipment or surplus material; and clearing away and removing from the site any wreckage rubbish and temporary works which are no longer required; Reinstate roads and lanes. MUNICIPALITY shall report in writing that the roads and lanes have been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of the works. Inconvenience to (Plan transportation routes so that MUNICIPALITY/ travelers/vehicle due to heavy vehicles do not enter the urban Construction road blockages area; Contractor/PIU M,R,E Scheduling transport of spoils to avoid peak traffic periods and other important times; Do not use narrow local roads, except in the immediate vicinity of delivery sites; Do not block public roads; Do not deposit excavated soils/mud; on public roads; Drive vehicles are in a 99 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) considerate manner. Coordinate with Municipal Traffic Office for temporary road diversions; (viii) Provision of sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints; Minimization of the period of construction by increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools. Increased waste Containment of wastewater MUNICIPALITY/ generation at effluent from contractor’s workshop Construction contractors work camp and equipment washing yards; Contractor/PIU M,R,E resulting to unhygienic Training of working force in the conditions, health risk to storage and handling of materials and work force and general chemicals that can potentially cause public soil contamination; Solid waste generated during construction will be safely disposed in demarcated waste disposal sites and the contractor will provide a proper waste management plan; Sanitary wastes generated from labour camps must be disposed off in environment friendly manner, i.e. provision of septic tank etc. for toilet wastes Loss of livelihood for Leave spaces for access between MUNICIPALITY/ businesses due to mounds of soil; (iii) Provision of Construction excavation works walkways and metal sheets where Contractor/PIU M,R,E required to maintain access across trenches for people and vehicles; (iv) Increase workforce in front of critical areas such as institutions, place of worship, business establishment, hospitals, and schools; (v) Consult businesses and institutions regarding operating hours and factoring this in work schedules, (vi) ) Provision of sign boards for pedestrians to inform nature and duration of construction works and contact numbers for concerns/complaints; compensation for lost income for duration of impact. Nuisance to public due Avoid noise-generating activities MUNICIPALITY/ to increased noise at night; Construction levels during Consult with the local community Contractor/PIU M,R,E construction to inform them of the nature, duration and likely effects of the construction work, and to identify any local concerns so that these can be addressed; Minimization of the period of construction. 100 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) Risk not to adopt design Supervision and immediate action MUNICIPALITY/ PIU standards and use of accordingly; M,R,E recommended quality of ADB is promoting the concept of materials during environmentally responsible construction procurement (ERP) 36 through the Bank’s new SPS (ADB 2009). Typically, suppliers are required to demonstrate compliance with an environmental quality-assurance standard such as the ISO 14000 series37. ERP is an admirable concept, but rigorous application of ERP to this relatively small subproject would necessitate a considerable administrative overhead and is not considered to be practical for all the Project’s procurement activities. Apart from obvious requirements such as avoiding asbestos and CFCs, it is recommended that ERP is limited to aspects of international procurements such as the pumps, and possibly to wood 38 .Intensive supervision and monitoring of the construction work and immediate action as necessary Risk of health and The Contractor shall be required MUNICIPALITY/ safety hazards to to develop and implement a Health Construction workers from dust and and Safety Program (H&E) Contractor/PIU M,R,E other accidents documenting procedures to be followed for all site activities. All site personnel shall undergo H&S Training. Hazardous materials shall not be stored near surface waters. Workers shall be trained of operators on release prevention, including drills specific to hazardous materials as part of emergency preparedness response training. Locations of hazardous materials and associated activities shall be identified on an emergency plan site map. Suitable personal protection equipment (PPE) (footwear, masks, protective clothing and goggles) shall be provided. Monitoring and record-keeping activities, including audit procedures designed to verify and record the effectiveness of prevention and control 36 ERP would cover, for example, the use of asbestos in subproject activities, or the use of CFCs and other chemicals banned under the Montreal Protocol in air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment. 37 Especially ISO 14001 concerning Environmental Management Systems (EMS), or the more rigorous European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS). 38 Wood should be sourced from sustainable sources, if feasible; the most rigorous system is that of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). 101 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) of exposure to occupational hazards, and maintaining accident and incident investigation reports on file. All used lubricants and oils shall be collected and recycled or disposed off-site. Plastic sheeting shall be placed under hazardous material storage areas to collect and retain leaks and spills. Contaminated runoff from storage areas shall be captured in ditches or ponds with an oil trap at the outlet. Contaminated and worn plastic sheeting shall be packed into drums and disposed off-site. Risk of non-cooperation Good rapporting and involvement MUNICIPALITY/ of local people in of local people/user groups Construction construction works Contractor/PIU M,R,E Selection for Work No trees shall be cut and removal MUNICIPALITY/ Camps.. of vegetation shall be minimized. Construction Water and sanitation facilities Contractor/PIU M,R,E shall be provided for employees and workers. Used oil and lubricants shall be recovered and reused or removed from the site by Contractor. Solid wastes shall be managed according to the following preference hierarchy: reduce, reuse, recycling, burial, or burning. When feasible, local residents shall be encouraged to scavenger non-hazardous solid wastes that are no longer usable to the project. At conclusion of the project, all wreckage, rubbish or temporary works that are no longer required shall be removed or given to local residents. All temporary structures, including office buildings, shelters, and sanitation facilities shall be removed to prevent encroachment within the road right-of- way. The site shall be restored to near natural or stable condition. Exposed areas shall be planted with suitable vegetation. The Project Engineer shall report in writing that the camp has been vacated and restored to pre- project conditions before acceptance of the works. Surface water might get Surface and groundwater MUNICIPALITY/ contaminated due to the reserves must be protected from any Construction disposal of construction source of contamination such as the Contractor/PIU M,R,E waste generated construction and oily waste that will degrade its potable quality; Solid waste will be disposed off in 102 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) designated landfill sites to sustain the water quality for domestic requirements; Regular water quality monitoring according to determined sampling schedule; Contractor to ensure that construction debris do not find their way into the drainage or irrigation canals which may get clogged; Work on irrigation canal areas will be kept to a minimum, protective walls be (reconstructed); Prohibit washing of machinery and vehicles in surface waters, provide sealed washing basins and collect wastewater in sedimentation/retention pond; Construction work close to the streams or other water bodies will be avoided, especially during monsoon period; Construct temporary or permanent devices to prevent water pollution; and Wastes must be collected, stored and taken to approved disposal site. Temporary silt runoff Development and approval of a MUNICIPALITY/ due to construction sediment and erosion control plan Construction activities prior to land disturbance; Contractor/PIU M,R,E Removal of spoils as soon as it is excavated; Disposal of spoils in MUNICIPALITY- approved sitesAvoidance of construction work during monsoon season C. Operations Risk of disturbances by Use of special vehicle with cover Municipality local people in facility in order to avoid nuisance due transportation of wastes to foul odor to the sanitary landfill site Involvement of local community with Municipality provision for the use of waste disposal facility and priority in employment Risk to community Lining and compaction immediately Municipality health and safety from after disposal odor and diseases transmitted by flies, insects, birds and rats Risk to health and Construction of boundary wall, Municipality safety of workers and quarters and provision of lighting and landfill site fire extinguishers, safety equipments such as gloves, boots etc. and first aid Risk of conflict between Regular monitoring of the use of forest Municipality local communities and and its product, provision of enough 103 Potential Adverse Mitigation Measures Institutional impacts Responsibilities (M=monitoring, R=reporting, E=evaluation) workers due to illegal space and alternative energy for the use of forest products – workers fuelwood and fodder and construction houses Risk of nuisance to Provision of adequate water supply Municipality neighbors and not and sanitary equipments and powders functioning of toilet due to lack or inadequate supply of water Risk of health hazard to Awareness creation training/ Municipality workers from high noise discussion activities level 113. Tables 8 to 10 show that most mitigation activities are the responsibility of the Construction Contractors (CC) employed to build the infrastructure during the construction stage, or the O&M Contractors employed to conduct maintenance or repair work when the system is operating. Responsibility for the relevant measures will be assigned to the Contractors via the contracts through which they are appointed by the PIU during the detailed design stage), so they will be legally required to take the necessary action. B. Monitoring 114. Tables 8 to 10 show that most of the mitigation measures are fairly standard methods of minimizing disturbance from constructing in urban areas (maintaining access, planning work to avoid sensitive times, finding uses for waste material, etc), and experienced Contractors should be familiar with most of the requirements. Monitoring of such measures normally involves making observations in the course of site visits, although some require more formal checking of records and other aspects. There will also be some surveys of residents, as most of the measures are aimed at preventing impacts on people and the human environment. 115. A program of monitoring will be conducted to ensure that all parties take the specified action to provide the required mitigation, to assess whether the action has adequately protected the environment, and to determine whether any additional measures may be necessary. This will be conducted by a qualified Environmental Specialist from the PIU with assistance from DSC environmental specialist. The Environment Specialist will be responsible for all monitoring activities and reporting the results and conclusions to the DUDCB PIU, and will recommend remedial action if measures are not being provided or are not protecting the environment effectively. The Environment Specialist may be assisted by environmental specialists in particular technical fields, and junior or medium-level engineers who can make many of the routine observations on site. Post-construction monitoring will be 104 conducted by the Birgunj municipality to whom responsibility for the infrastructure will pass once it begins to operate39. 116. Tables 11 to 12 shows the proposed Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) for this subproject, which specifies the various monitoring activities to be conducted during all phases. The EMoP describes: (i) mitigation measures, (ii) location, (iii) measurement method, (iv) frequency of monitoring, and (v) responsibility (for both mitigation and monitoring). It does not show specific parameters to be measured because as indicated above, most measures will be checked by simple observation, by checking of records, or by interviews with residents or workers. The purpose of the environmental monitoring (physical, chemical and biological) will be (i) compliance monitoring – to check compliance with discharge and ambient standards (discharge to sewers, discharge to outfalls, inland surface water quality, coastal waters quality), i.e., and (ii) effects monitoring - to check system performance. 1. Compliance Monitoring 117. Environmental compliance monitoring will be carried out at four levels: (i) The financing agency (ADB) will monitor the compliance of the EA with the environmental provisions in the loan agreement by (a) reviewing regular progress reports, and (b) by periodic supervision missions; (ii) the MoE as principal environmental regulator 40 will monitor implementation by the Project of any conditions imposed on construction through the Nepali environmental approvals system; (iii) the PIU, through the supervision consultants, will monitor the work of the contractors responsible for the physical works, which will include enhanced health, safety and environment (HSE) provisions; and (iv) the contractors’ senior staff will undertake (a) internal quality control procedures, (b) frequent site inspections, and (c) the direct 39 In the operational period some infrastructure will be the responsibility of the Municipal Boards/Councils, whilst others will be the responsibility of the appropriate branch of the State government. 40 Rule 14 of the EPR, 1997 requires MoE to undertake an environmental audit of a project subjected to EIA after two years of the commencement of service. As per Rule, MOE is responsible for carrying out environmental auditing and maintain the updated records thereof. In addition, Schedule 6 of the EPR, 1997 requires the project proponent to develop auditing format in the EIA report. The National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 1993 has mentioned 6 types of audits. Those are decision point (effectiveness of EIA), implementation (consented condition), performance (effectiveness of project implementation and management), project impact (environmental change), predictive technique (accuracy and utility of prediction) and EIA procedure (method and approaches). Preparing auditing format should be part of the detail EIA processes. 105 supervision of workers, in order to implement appropriate HSE practices on site. 2. Impact/Effects Monitoring 118. The selection of indicators and the design of monitoring programs require careful consideration to (i) minimize the effort and resources required whilst ensuring that potentially significant issues are covered; (ii) utilize and support the most appropriate institutions; and (iii) ensure that the sampling and analysis exercises are linked directly to a management mechanism for evaluation of the findings. 119. Flow measurement monitoring. As a priority, the subproject will establish a system of flow measurement by installing meters at key points in the system. This data is essential for optimizing designs, forward planning, and (in conjunction with rainfall records) in checking the effectiveness of the program to separate the surface and wastewater drainage systems. 120. Water quality monitoring. Associated with the flow measurements system will be a program of water quality monitoring. This program will be specifically linked to wastewater management and will have both regulatory (compliance) and performance (effects and planning) aspects. It is therefore seen as the responsibility of the DUDBC rather than the regulator (MoE). Three categories of water quality monitoring will be the program’s focus: wastewater (discharges), groundwater, and inland waters. 121. Wastewater monitoring will start during the baseline study and eventually would involve regular grab sampling during construction and operational stages. In addition to pollutants (COD and BOD) concentration, it will also reflect hydrological events such as heavy rainfall or the connection of a new area to the system. The frequency of sampling and range of determinants would be greater at the beginning of the program to establish a formal baseline, and could be reduced once the normal variability has been determined. 122. Groundwater monitoring will involve existing tube wells and water supply sources. Similarly to establish a baseline, and subsequently at a lower frequency. 123. The inland waters sampling would involve regular grab sampling, again initially to establish a baseline, and subsequently at a lower frequency. 124. All analyses will be carried out by a quality-controlled lab, with results forwarded to the MoE on regular basis (at least every six months). Purpose- designed software packages are available for water quality analysis41,. 41 For example, the AARDVARK package from the UK’s Water Research Center. 106 125. Occupational health, public health and gender issues will be monitored as part of the Project’s overall monitoring system. DUDBC will maintain a database of standard operating parameters, occupational health and safety, and incidents such as overflows. Public health will be monitored through the usual system of public health statistical surveys and the reporting of notifiable diseases. The Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Unit will ensure that gender issues are incorporated in the program and surveys. 126. Public involvement in the monitoring system will be obtained through input of local information through DUDBC and associated surveys. Table 8: Environmental Monitoring Plan and Performance Indicators 107 Table 8: Environmental Monitoring Plan and Performance Indicators Indicators Parameters to be Monitored Targets Frequency Responsibility Remedial action Construction Stage Ambient air quality RPM, SPM, SO2, NOx, CO Government standards Once in a season (except Contractor Stricter implementation of emission monsoons) for the entire norms construction period Dust suppression No. of tankers for water No dust rising from Random checks PIU through DSC Increase in frequency of water sprinkling, Timing of sprinkling, construction site, No dust sprinkling Location of sprinkling rising from haul roads, Twice daily sprinkling Surface and ground pH, BOD, Faecal Coli form, Designated best use Twice a year (pre monsoon Contractor Identify source of contamination and water quality Free Ammonia, EC, SAR, parameters and/or and post monsoon) for the treat effluent before discharge into Boron government standards entire period of receiving waters. Instruct contractor construction against violation and in case of Silt runoff in water location of silt fencing Locate while working Throughout construction PIU through DSC continued non compliance invoke bodies close to water bodies period penalty clauses Working condition Maintain the geo textile Throughout construction PIU through DSC free from clogging period Effluent discharge TDS, TSS, pH, Hardness, Discharge standards of Twice a year (pre monsoon Contractor through from construction BOD, Faecal Coli form, Free government and post monsoon) for the approved Monitoring camps Ammonia, EC, SAR, Boron entire period of Agency construction Ambient noise Equivalent Day & Night Time Government standards Once in a season during Contractor Identify noise source and strictly Noise Levels construction stage regulate noise emissions. In case of continued non-compliance invoke penalty clauses against contractor Machinery noise Noise dB(A) <75 dB(A) at 1m free Once in a season during Contractor field from M/C construction stage Noise from Timings of construction Only day time at Continuous PIU through DSC construction settlements activities OHS Management Plan covers all activities Compliance with Continuous Contractor Identify non-compliance and modify Plan applicable labour laws plan Supply of PPE provision of PPE on site, Compliance with OHS Continuous Contractor Ensure adequacy as per plan and adequacy of equipment instruct contractor to comply. In case of continued non-compliance, invoke penalty clauses Training in H&S No. of sessions conducted, Compliance with OHS Continuous Percent attendance Establishing Installation of equipment Compliance with OHS Start of construction camp Medical facilities specified in OHS Plan Safety plan Reporting compliance Compliance with OHS Continuous Contractor Ensure compliance as per plan and implementation instruct contractor to comply. In case OHS Site maintenance, Medical Compliance with OHS of continued non-compliance, invoke Implementation facilities maintenance, Training penalty clauses record sessions Accident record No. of fatal accidents, No. of Compliance with OHS injuries, No. of disabilities Community Health Reporting compliance Compliance with OHS Continuous Contractor Ensure compliance as per plan and and Safety plan instruct contractor to comply. In case of continued non-compliance, invoke penalty clauses Dissemination of No of community health Compliance with OHS Community health dissemination sessions, issues dissemination mechanisms Health records No. of recorded cases of Compliance with OHS community health as respiratory illness, HIV/STD, Operation stage Physico-chemical pH, BOD, Faecal Coli form, Designated best use Continuous Municipality Identify source of contamination and characteristics Free Ammonia, EC, SAR, parameters treat effluent before discharge into Boron receiving waters 109 Effluent discharge TDS, TSS, pH, Hardness, Discharge standards of Twice a year (pre monsoon Municipality BOD, Faecal Coli form, Free government and post monsoon) for the Ammonia, EC, SAR, Boron entire period of construction Water quality Ca, Mg, Hardness, TDS, TSS, Government standards Three times a year (peak Municipality Identify source of contamination and pH, Hardness, BOD, Faecal of summer, winter and treat effluent before discharge into Coli form, Hg, Cd, Se, Ar, Cr monsoon) receiving waters Drainage Time required for draining Within 30m of rainfall Thrice a year, before, Municipality Assess need for drainage effectiveness stopping during and after the improvements, and if required provide Water logging / No of locations, extent of No waterlogging / monsoons addl facilities as per design flooding retention flooding recommendations. Economic Income levels, livelihood Equivalent to baseline Once a year, for five years Municipality Initiate detailed socio-economic indicators options, conditions from the completion of the studies. Identify reasons for economic project decline and correlation with study interventions. Solid waste Visual inspection of Visual inspection Twice a year (pre monsoon Municipality Ensure waste management is management municipality and SWM site and post monsoon) for the effective. Provide training and entire period of resources towards improving SWM. construction 110 C. Implementation Arrangement 1. Institutional Arrangement 127. The Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (MPPW) will be the Executing Agency (EA), working through its Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC), which will establish a project coordination office (PCO) for the Project headed by project director. Biratnagar, Birgunj and Butwal municipalities will be the Implementing Agencies (IAs) for the subprojects, each with a project implementation unit (PIU) headed by project manager. Another PIU will be established for the Kavre valley water supply subproject, comprising representatives from Banepa, Dhulikhel and Panauti municipalities. At the central level, a project steering committee (PSC) will be set up with the secretary of MPPW as the chair, and the director general of the DUDBC, the executive director of TDF, a senior representative from the National Planning Commission, joint secretaries of the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Local Development (MLD), and the Ministry of Environment (MOE), and the executive officers of relevant municipalities as members, and the project director as member secretary. The PSC will review overall progress and recommend key policy decisions. In each municipality, a municipal project management committee (MPMC) will be established in order to discuss project implementation issues, enhance collaboration among relevant departments and organizations, and expedite decision-making processes with an aim at achieving intended project output and outcome. MPMC will be chaired by the executive officer , and comprise relevant department heads of the respective municipality, chief of the divisional office of DUDBC, DWSS and other relevant government departments, a representative from district development committee, four members representing the local disadvantaged communities, NGOs, women's groups and the private sector, and the respective project manager working as secretariat . 128. The implementation arrangements are summarized in Table 11 and described in detail in the PAM. 129. Environmental Safeguards Implementation Arrangements. Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) were prepared for each municipality (Biratnagar, Birgunj, and Butwal) and for Kavre Valley subproject as part of the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) reports, and an Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF) was prepared to guide environmental assessment and reporting for subprojects to be defined after Board approval (e.g., public toilets in Biratnagar, Birgunj, and Butwal; and Butwal water supply). The following are institutional roles and responsibilities to ensure EMPs are implemented during design and construction stages: 130. Project Coordination Office. The PCO, with assistance from the project management support consultant is to (i) confirm IEEs/EMPs are updated based on detailed designs (ii) confirm whether EMPs are included in bidding documents and civil works contracts; (iii) provide oversight on environmental management aspects of the Project and ensure EMPs are implemented by PIU, DSC consultants, and contractors; (iv) establish a system to monitor environmental safeguards of the project including monitoring the indicators set out in the monitoring plan of the EMP; (v) facilitate and confirm overall compliance with all Government rules and regulations regarding forest and environmental permits and clearances as well as any other approved environmental guidelines, as relevant; (vi) supervise and provide guidance to the DSCs to properly carry out the environmental assessments as per the EARF; (vii) review, monitor and evaluate the effectiveness with which the EMPs are implemented, and recommend necessary corrective actions to be taken as necessary; (viii) consolidate quarterly environmental monitoring reports from PIU and submit annual monitoring report to ADB; and (ix) ensure timely disclosure of final IEEs/EMPs in locations and form accessible to the public. 131. Project Implementation Units. The four PIUs in Biratnagar, Birgunj, Butwal, and Kavre Valley, with the assistance of design supervision consultants, are to: (i) ensure IEEs and EMPs are updated by DSC during detailed design stage; (ii) ensure EMPs are included in bidding documents and civil works contracts; (iii) ensure compliance with all Government rules and regulations regarding forest and environmental permits and clearances; (iv) oversee implementation of EMPs including environmental monitoring by contractors; (v) take corrective actions when necessary to ensure no environmental impacts; and (vi) submit quarterly environmental monitoring reports to the PCO. 2. Responsibilities for Mitigation and Monitoring a. Mitigation 132. Institutional responsibilities for mitigation are noted in Tables 8 to 10. 133. During project design, the primary responsibility for mitigation will lie with the PCO, which must ensure that all identified and agreed mitigation measures are incorporated in the Project design and, importantly, in the tender documents for construction and for construction supervision. 134. During construction, primary responsibility for mitigation will lie with the contractor(s) who must implement the provisions in the contracts. Supervision and enforcement (compliance) will be undertaken by respective PIUs. 135. During operation, primary responsibility for mitigation will lie with the operators, DUDBC and respective municipalities under the terms of their performance agreements. b. Monitoring 136. Institutional responsibilities for monitoring are noted in Tables 11 to 12. 112 137. During project design, the primary responsibility for monitoring will lie with the PCO. 138. During construction, monitoring will be carried out at several different levels, by the contractor(s), by PIU, and by ADB. 139. During operation, the operators (DUDCB and respective municipalities) will undertake environmental monitoring of flows, overflows, other environmental pollution incidents, disposal of grit, pest control, and occupational hygiene topics (accidents, injuries, diseases). DUDBC will retain overall responsibility for environmental monitoring, and will have direct responsibility for some aspects of monitoring especially water quality and social and public health impacts. 3. Skills Needs and Institutional Strengthening 140. Mitigation skills needs will be included, by design, in the contractors’ and supervision consultant’s teams. 141. The Project’s water quality monitoring program will be specifically linked to wastewater management and will have both regulatory (compliance) and performance (effects and planning) aspects. It is therefore seen as the responsibility of DUDBC rather than the regulator (MoE). Some outsourcing may be possible, which is responsible for research in the field of water quality. The PCO environmental specialist will require: 142. Full time staff specialized in monitoring and evaluation (M&E); 143. Inputs from Environmental Specialists to draft the final, detailed version of the environmental provisions for the International Competitive Bidding (ICB) and local tender documents, assist in bid evaluation and ensure the agreed HSE provisions are incorporated in the contract documents, train local staff in environmental construction supervision, and finalize the environmental monitoring system; 144. Inputs from Social Specialists and Public Health Specialists to finalize the social impact monitoring system, establish the health baseline, and implement social impact monitoring. 145. These management and monitoring areas (M&E; environment, social, and health) will require support by international and local technical assistance. These inputs are considered a minimum in order to ensure that environmentally-related monitoring is carried out in a timely and effective manner. Terms of Reference for the recommended environmental consulting services are attached as Appendix 5. 113 4. Cost Estimates 146. Cost estimates for the mitigation measures identified in this IEE are given in Table 14. Note that most of the measures are designed into the Project and therefore already included in Project cost estimates. 147. The cost of upgrading the standards of health, safety and environmental management on site during construction is difficult to estimate. These could be considered standard items consistent with best practice, and therefore included in the unit rates for other items (i.e. a contractor’s overhead). In practice, unless there are both financial incentives for implementing best practice (pay items in the Bills of Quantities) and financial penalties for inadequate performance, and adequate professional resources for supervision, HSE can fail to receive adequate attention. The costs are unlikely to exceed 0.5% of total project costs, and may be much less, depending how the contracts are structured. 148. With respect to environmental monitoring, costs will depend on the ability of DUDBC to provide logistical support to the program from existing resources. The costs will be (i) transport, (ii) sampling equipment, (iii) any required lab upgrades, (iv) analyses, (v) quality assurance, and (vi) staff training (upgrades and continuing professional development). Provision will be made on a contingency basis for some equipment and supplies, with details to be confirmed following more detailed investigation by the Environment Specialist. The government Environmental Impact Assessment for Combined Sewerage and Sewage Treatment will cost approximately Rs 3 million and is budgeted into the overall project costs for the Birgunj project. Table 9: Cost Estimates Measure Additional Cost ($) Comment (excluding consulting services) Project Location Land acquisition for 1 WTP sites Nil PCO responsibility Consultation on detailed alignment of Nil PCO responsibility sewers Consultation on existing utilities Nil PCO responsibility Project Design Source control program Nil Project will establish pre- conditions for source control, for later implementation Control of all discharges Nil PCO responsibility Use of corrosion-resistant materials Nil PCO responsibility through tender documentation Construction Limit and control working hours, noise, Nil PCO responsibility through dust, vibration, construction traffic, tender documentation flooding through contract provisions Control of construction materials and Nil PCO responsibility through sources through contract provisions tender documentation Implement best practice waste Nil Standard best practice management during construction through contract provisions 114 Measure Additional Cost ($) Comment (excluding consulting services) Implement best practice health and Nil Standard best practice safety measures on site, through contract provisions Ensure adequate health, safety & Nil Specific supervision task, environmental supervision requires resourcing Schedule pipelaying in areas prone to Nil PCO responsibility, with flooding for dry season contractor Limit length of trench open at any one Nil PCO responsibility through time & control contractor’s pipelaying tender documentation activities & methods Provide incentives & disincentives to Nil PCO responsibility through encourage fast pipelaying & penalize tender documentation delays Provide compensation for loss of TBD PIU/DSC/Contractor to income to commercial enterprises ensure continued access to affected by loss of access during businesses. In the event construction income loss occurs, compensation for lost income by Municipality overseen by PIU. Control contractor’s potentially Nil PCO responsibility through polluting activities through contract tender documentation provisions Develop and implement safe working Nil Designed into Project practices for sewer cleaning, provide and use safety equipment Apply ERP to some aspects of ICB Nil PCO responsibility packages Operation Monitor noise and odor through Nil Designed into Project complaints system Develop and implement safe working Nil Designed into Project practices for system operation, provide & use safety equipment, develop emergency response procedures Prioritize non-lethal pest & vermin Nil Standard best practice control Water quality monitoring program Nil environmental monitoring program 5. Reporting and Review 149. The DSC is to submit monthly reports to PIU, and PIU is to take corrective actions where necessary. PIU is to submit quarterly reports to PCO. PCO to consolidate quarterly reports and submit to ADB annually. ADB will perform annual or biannual environmental reviews where environmental aspects of the Project will be reviewed together with project implementation. 6. Feedback and Adjustment 150. The feedback and adjustment process will take place following the reporting and review process. Therefore those charged with receiving and reviewing monitoring reports will be responsible for giving back their feedback to senders of the reports regarding appropriateness of monitoring methods, effectiveness of 115 impact mitigation measures, etc. Adjustments will be made if both the monitoring institution and the reviewing institution concur in the change. 151. During implementation, the EMP will be revised once construction and operational activities are well defined. Additional information will be provided on (i) the responsibilities for reporting, (ii) the work plan, (iii) the procurement plan, (iv) detailed cost estimates, and (v) mechanisms for taking corrective action. IX. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 152. The screening process carried out in the IEE has not identified any significant negative environmental impacts likely to be caused by the subproject. Environmental issues were considered throughout development of the subproject and necessary changes were made to the designs to reduce or avoid these impacts. Potential negative environmental impacts associated with construction activities are (i) mostly of the individual elements that are relatively small and involve straightforward construction and operation, so impacts will be mainly localized and not greatly significant; and (ii) mostly predicted impacts associated with the construction process which can be mitigated by the application of standard health, safety, and environmental clauses in contract documents, close supervision, and close attention to transparency in tendering, and to quality control and supervision on site. Mitigation measures for other impacts are provided in detail in the IEE. 153. One of the concerns is health and safety risk to the workers. Health and safety risk can be minimized through controlling hazardous waste at the source; designing of safe work systems; provision of appropriate personal protective equipments such as gloves, safety glass, plastic hamlets, safety shoes, gowns, face mask and first aids in conjunction with training on the use and maintenance of equipments; training on safe work procedures; and emergency preparedness response such as warning and evacuation. 154. Another concern is the health and safety risk to the communities living in the nearby areas. Exposure of the communities can be minimized by provision of buffer zones and structural safety such as fencing and gates. 155. The subproject components it will operate without major environmental impacts, providing DUDBC and the contractors follow the Operations Manual procedures prepared during the design stage. STIUEIP will provide DUDBC with training, and budgets to enable them to fulfill these responsibilities. 156. If budgetary resources permit, a number of activities which would give a high developmental return for a low investment could be added to the Project. These potential enhancement measures include: landscaping at pumping stations; investigation of best use of redundant pumping station buildings; training in construction health, safety and environmental management practices; pilot project to explore the feasibility of energy recovery from sewage (heat) and/or screenings (combustion or gasification) for sewage pumping. 116 X. CONCLUSIONS A. Results of ADB Environmental Assessment 157. The project is not expected to give rise to any significant negative environmental impacts, and therefore does not require an ADB Environmental Impact Assessment. 158. The subproject will significantly improve inland surface water quality, lower risks to public health from waterborne diseases, and improve quality of life. Therefore it will have significant positive environmental impacts. 159. Mitigation of minor adverse impacts can be carried out as an integral part of the subproject, during both the detailed design and implementation stages. Mitigation measures will be included in the tender documents for the civil works. B. Nepali Environmental Clearance 160. Although primarily a Category B subproject under ADB Environmental categorization, the subproject’s sanitation and SWM components trigger a requirement for an environmental impact assessment (EIA) under EPR 1997. Prior to commencement of detailed design and finalization of land acquisition, this IEE together with the scope and ToR will be formally submitted to the principal regulatory authority (the MoE), by the proponent (the DUDBC) as the “proposal” required under the regulations to initiate the approval process. 117 Appendix 1: Features of Identified Waste Water Treatment Plant at Chhapkaiya Location Topography Flat Soil Mixed clay, very fertile Drainage A small gully Climate Subtropical monsoon Water table Not measured, Land use/land cover Paddy field Number of land owner Geographical Settlement/houses 200 m far Access road yes Major infrastructure Flood recorded no Adjacent to or within environmentally sensitive areas (cultural no heritage, protected areas, wetland, buffer zone of protected areas, special areas for protecting biodiversity) Impairment of environmentally sensitive areas/ historical/cultural no monuments/areas and loss/damage Interference with other utilities and blocking of access to building Less likely Nuisance to neighbor areas Less likely, settlement located 300 m far Dislocation of people no Impairment of downstream water quality due to inadequate Less likely, sewage will be sewage treatment or release of untreated sewage treated adequately Overflow and flooding of raw sewage Less likely, capacity will be adequate Environmental pollution due to inadequate sludge disposal Less likely Noise and vibration due to blasting or other civil works Insignificant, no blasting is necessary Discharge of hazardous materials into sewers, resulting in Less likely, enforcement of damage to sewerage system and danger to workers industrial affluent control is necessary Inadequate buffer zone around pumping and treatment plants No, electric pumps are used to alleviate noise and other possible nuisances Social conflicts between construction workers from other areas No, labor is locally available Road blocking and temporary flooding due to land excavation Insignificant, excavation is during rainy season often carried out during dry season Noise and dust from construction activities Insignificant Potential environmental impacts environmental Potential Traffic disturbances due to construction material transport and Insignificant, currently traffic wastes is very low in nearby areas Temporary silt runoff due to construction Insignificant, spoils will be used for road improvement Hazards to public health due to overflow flooding and ground Less likely, adequate water pollution due to failure of sewerage system diversion structure and bund Deterioration of water quality due to inadequate sludge Less likely disposal or direct discharge of untreated sewage water Contamination of surface and ground waters due to sludge No disposal on land Health and safety hazards to workers from toxic gases and No, nothing giving toxic hazardous materials which may be contained in sewage flow gases and exposure to pathogens in sewage and sludge 118 Appendix 2: Solid Waste Management Facility Item Singaha south east of Masaharwa Site 2 (Madgawa – Inaruwa regional) Topography Flat Flat Flat Soil Mixed clay Mixed clay Mixed clay Drainage Climate Subtropical monsoon – Subtropical monsoon – Subtropical monsoon – mean monthly mean monthly mean monthly temperature: 240C and temperature: 240C and temperature: 240C and annual rainfall: annual rainfall: annual rainfall: 1800mm 1800mm 1800mm Water table Not measured, 5-10 m Not measured, 8-12 m Not measured, 10-15 m Land use/land cover Cultivated – 50% area Cultivated paddy field Cultivated paddy field grass, 25% groves of bamboo, 25% paddy field Number of land owner Settlement/houses Settlement located 1 Settlement 500 m far A small portion is km far and temple 500 illegally occupied and Geographical m far settled by landless families Access road No, about 150 m far Available Available, Birgunj- from the road Kalaya road Major infrastructure No No No Flood recorded No No No, but river bank cutting noticed Environmentally sensitive No, Parsa wildlife No, Parsa wildlife No, Parsa wildlife areas adjacent or within the reserve about 25 km far reserve about 25 km far reserve about 25 km far site (cultural heritage, protected areas, wetland, buffer zone of protected areas, special areas for protecting biodiversity) Impacts due to transport No adverse impact if No adverse impact if No adverse impact if of wastes to the disposal properly handled properly handled properly handled site or treatment facility Impairment of no no no historical/cultural monuments/areas and loss/damage to these site Degradation of aesthetic no no no and property value of loss Nuisance to neighboring Insignificant, located 1 Insignificant, located See RP areas due to foul order and km far from the 500 far from the influx of insects, rodents settlement settlement etc. Dislocation or involuntary no no See RP resettlement Public health hazard from Insignificant, no Insignificant, no Insignificant, if the land order, smoke from fire and settlement within 1 km settlement within 500 is abandoned from diseases transmitted by buffer buffer illegal settlement flies, insect, bird and rats Deterioration of water Less likely because the Less likely because the Less likely because the quality as a result of land is used for flooded land is used for flooded land is used for flooded contamination of receiving paddy indicating very paddy indicating very paddy indicating very waters by leach ate from low infiltration and low infiltration and low infiltration and land disposal system leach ate treatment leach ate treatment leach ate treatment Potential environmental impacts environmental Potential facility will be provided, facility will provided, but facility will be provided, but needs further needs further but needs further investigation of soil and investigation of soil and investigation of soil and its infiltration capacity its infiltration capacity its infiltration capacity Contamination of ground Less likely because the Less likely because the Less likely because the and/or surface water by land is used for flooded land is used for flooded land is used for flooded leach ate from land paddy indicating very paddy indicating very paddy indicating very disposal system low infiltration and low infiltration and low infiltration and leach ate treatment leach ate treatment leach ate treatment facility will be provided, facility will provided, but facility will be provided, but needs further needs further but needs further 119 investigation of soil and investigation of soil and investigation of soil and its infiltration capacity its infiltration capacity its infiltration capacity Land use conflict No, landowners and No, landowners and No, landowners and settlements are far settlements are far settlements are far Pollution of surface and Less likely because the Less likely because the Less likely because the ground water from leach land is used for flooded land is used for flooded land is used for flooded ate coming from the site paddy indicating very paddy indicating very paddy indicating very low infiltration and low infiltration and low infiltration and leach ate treatment leach ate treatment leach ate treatment facility will be provided, facility will provided, but facility will be provided, but needs further needs further but needs further investigation of soil and investigation of soil and investigation of soil and its infiltration capacity its infiltration capacity its infiltration capacity Inadequate buffer zone Adequate, 200 m Adequate, 500 m Adequate, if … families around land fill site to are resettled alleviate nuisance Social conflicts between No, labor is locally No, labor is locally No, labor is locally construction workers from available available available other areas Road blocking and/or Insignificant, currently Insignificant, currently Insignificant, currently increased traffic during traffic flow is not high traffic flow is not high traffic flow is not high construction facilities Noise and dust from Insignificant, no Insignificant, no Insignificant, no construction activities blasting is needed blasting is needed blasting is needed Temporary silt runoff due Insignificant, spoils will Insignificant, spoils will Insignificant, spoils will to construction be used in road be used in road be used in road improvement and local improvement and local improvement and local demand for soil is high demand for soil is high demand for soil is high to fill low-lying areas to fill low-lying areas to fill low-lying areas Hazard to public health Less likely, but the Less likely, but the Less likely, but the due to inadequate capacity of the capacity of the capacity of the management of landfill site municipality should be municipality should be municipality should be caused by inadequate enhanced enhanced enhanced institutional and financial capabilities Emission of potentially toxic Less likely, hazardous Less likely, hazardous Less likely, hazardous volatile organic from land waste will be treated waste will be treated waste will be treated disposal site separately with special separately with special separately with special provision provision provision Surface and ground water Less likely because the Less likely because the Less likely because the pollution from leach ate land is used for flooded land is used for flooded land is used for flooded and methane gas paddy indicating very paddy indicating very paddy indicating very migration low infiltration and low infiltration and low infiltration and leach ate treatment leach ate treatment leach ate treatment facility will be provided, facility will be provided, facility will be provided, but needs further but needs further but needs further investigation of soil and investigation of soil and investigation of soil and its infiltration capacity its infiltration capacity its infiltration capacity Loss of deep rooted No, surrounded by No, surrounded by No, surrounded by vegetation from landfill gas cultivated paddy field cultivated paddy field cultivated paddy field Explosion of toxic response No, buildings are No, buildings are No, if the illegally from accumulated landfill located 1 km far located 500 km far developed houses are gas in buildings removed Contamination of air quality No, no provision for No, no provision for No, no provision for from incineration incineration incineration incineration Public health hazards from No, surface will be order, smokes from fire and covered by lining diseases transmitted by materials with flies, rodents, insects and compaction birds etc. Health and safety hazards No, use of safety to workers from toxic equipments such as gases and hazardous mask, spectacle, materials in the site gumboot, hamlet etc. 120 Appendix 3: List of Resource Persons Consulted During Field Visits between 9-12 September and 21-24 September in Birgunj, Sidharthanagar and Ramgram Municipalities Municipality Name Designation Issues Discussed Birgunj 1. Mr. Prakash Man Amatya Acting Chief, Prioritization of project Municipality Birgunj Municipality components and their Parsa locations, site visit, District environmental problems and issues 2. Mr. Shailendra Shrestha Engineer “ 3.Mr. Suresh Prasad Koiri Lecturer, Thakur Field data collection in Ram Campus different locations of the project 4. Mr. Shiva Kant Dube “ “ Kalaiya 1.Mr Madhav Prasad Yadav Sub –engineer , Location of regional land fill Municipality, Kalaiya Municipality site, solid waste management Bara District system at present, location and collaboration for the development of Solid waste processing centre. 2. Mr. Madhav Raj Regmi Kharidar( second “ class non-Gazetted Officer), Kalaiya municipality 3. Mr. Brij Bhusan Singh “ “ 4. Mr. Sanjit Kumar Adhikari “ “ Mr. Shiva Narayan Prasad Kaliaya Municipality “ Shah 121 Appendix 4: National Standards and Codes Tolerance Limits for Different Industrial Effluents Discharged into Inland Surface Water Characteristics Land Surface Water Public Inland Surface Water Sewerage Total Suspended solids, mg/l, Max 30-200 600 50 Shall pass 850-micron Particle size of total suspended particles Shall pass 850-micron sieve Sieve pH value 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 Temperature, 0C, Max Shall not exceed 40 degree C 45 Shall not exceed 40 in any section of the stream degree C in any section of within 15 meters downstream the stream within 15 from the effluent outlet meters downstream from the effluent outlet Total Chromium, mg/l, Max - 2 Sulphates (So4), mg/l, Max 500 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l, Max - 2100 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) for 5 50 400 50 days at 20 degree C, mg/l, Max Oils and grease, mg/l, Max 10 50 10 Phenolic compounds, mg/l, Max 1 10 1 Cynides (as CN), mg/, Max 0.2 2 0.2 Sulphides (as S), mg/l, Max 2 2 2 Radiocative materials Alpha emitters, c/ml, max 10-7 10-7 Beta emitters, c/ml, max 10-8 10-8 Insecticides Absent Absent Absent Total residual chlorine, mg/l 1 1 Fluorides (as F), mg/l, Max 2 10 2 Arsenic (as AS), mg/l, Max 0.2 1 0.2 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l, Max 2 2 2 Hexavalent chromium (as Cr,) mg/l, Max 0.1 0.1 Copper (as Cu), mg/l, Max 3 3 3 Lead (as pb), mg/l, max 0.1 0.1 0.1 Nickel (as Ni), mg/l, Max 3 3 3 Selenium (as Se), mg/l, Max 0.05 0.05 0.05 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l, Max 5 5 5 TDS, mg/l, max Chloride (Cl), Mg/l, max Solphate (So4), mg/l, max Mercury (as Hg), mg/l, max 0.01 0.01 0.01 Mineral oils, mg/l, max 10 Inhibition of nitrification test at 2000 ml/l <50% Sodium, % max Ammonical nitrogen, mg/l, max 50 50 50 Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/l, max 250 1000 250 Silver, mg/l, max 0.1 0.1 0.1 Source: Nepal Gazette, 2058/01/17 (30 April 2001) and 2060/03/09 (23 June 2003). 122 Generic Standard/Tolerance Limits for Different Industrial Effluents Discharged into Inland Surface Water Characteri Environmental Standard and Norms, 1/6/1999 stics Tanni Wool Ferme Pape Dairy Suga Cotto Soap Brick Kiln ng proces ntat r & Indus r n indus Industry indus sing industr pum try indus and try Suspen Heigh try industr y p try textil ded ts of y indus e particul Chim try indus ate ney try matter (Max. (Max. Limit) Limit) TSS mg/l 100 100 100 100 150 100 100 200 Particle size of TSS pH Value 5.5- 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 5.5- 5.5- 5.5- 5.5- 6.0- 5.5-9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.5 9.0 9.0 Temperatu 40 re 0C TDS, mg/l, 2100 max Color and Abse odor nt* BOD for 5 100 60 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 days at 200 0C, mg/l, max Oils and 10 10 10 10 grease, mg/l, max Cyanides (as C6. 101 (as CN), h5, OH) mg/l, max Sulphides 2 2 (as S), mg/l, max Radioactiv 5.5-10 e materials Total 61 residual Chlorine, mg/l Nickel (as 3 Ni), mg/l, max Chlorides 600 (as CI), mg/l, max Sodium, % 60 max Chemical 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 oxygen demand mg/l, max Total 2 2 Chromium (as Cr), mg/l, max Bull’s 600mg/ 17 Trench Kiln Nm3 Meter forced Draught 123 Characteri Environmental Standard and Norms, 1/6/1999 stics Tanni Wool Ferme Pape Dairy Suga Cotto Soap Brick Kiln ng proces ntat r & Indus r n indus Industry indus sing industr pum try indus and try Suspen Heigh try industr y p try textil ded ts of y indus e particul Chim try indus ate ney try matter (Max. (Max. Limit) Limit) (Mixed Chimney) Bull’s 600mg/ 30 Trench Kiln Nm3 Meter natural Draught (Fixed Chimney) Vertical 600mg/ 15 shaft Brick Nm3 Meter Kiln (VSBK) Hexavalent 0.1 chromium (as Cr), mg/l, max Phenolic 5 Compunds (as C6. C5, OH), mg/l Temperatu 40 re 0C Source: Nepal Gazette (2058/01/17 (30 April, 2001) and 2060/03/09 (23 June 2003)) Nepal’s Drinking Water Quality Standards Group Parameter Unit Maximum Concentration Limits Turbidity NTU 5 (10)** pH 6.5-8.5* Color TCU 5 (15)** Taste & Odor Would not be objectionable Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 1000 Electrical Conductivity µg/l 1500 Iron mg/l 03 (3)* Manganese mg/l 0.2 Physical Arsenic mg/l 0.05 Cadmium mg/l 0.003 Chromium mg/l 0.05 Cyanide mg/l 0.07 Fluoride mg/l 0.5-1.5 Lead mg/l 0.01 Ammonia mg/l 1.5 Chloride mg/l 250 Sulphate mg/l 250 Nitrate mg/l 50 Copper mg/l 1 Total Hardness mg/l 500 Chemical Calcium mg/l 200 Zinc mg/l 3 Mercury mg/l 0.001 Aluminum mg/l 0.2 124 Residual Chlorine mg/l 0.1-0.2* Micro Germs E-Coli MPN/100ml 0 Total Coli form MPN/100ml 95% in sample Note: *These standards ndicate the maximum and minimum limits. ** Figures in parenthesis are upper range of the standard recommended. Source: Ministry of Physical Planning (Nepal Gazette (B.S. 2063/03/12)). 125 Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Irrigation Water Microbiological Constituents: SN Parameter Name Target Water Quality Range Remarks 1 Coli forms (faecal) < 1 count/100 ml 1-1000 count/100ml could be used for plants for which edible parts are not wetted Physical constituents SN Parameter Name Target Water Quality Range Remarks 1 pH 6.5-8.5 Adverse effect on plants outside this range 2 Suspended Solids < 50 mg/l Above the limit problem with sedimentation and irrigation system 3 Electrical Conductivity < 40 mS/m Upto 450 mS/m depending upon sensitivity of crops Chemical Constituents: SN Parameter Name Target Water Quality Range Remarks 1 Aluminium < 5 mg/l Upto 20 mg/l max. acceptable conc. 2 Arsenic <0.1 mg/l > 2 mg/l creates severe problem 3 Berylium < 0.1 mg/l 0.1-0.5 mg/l max acceptable conc. 4 Boron < 0.5 mg/l Upto 15 mg/l depending upon species 5 Cadmium < 0.01 mg/l 0.01-0.05 mg/l max acceptable conc. 6 Chloride < 100 mg/l Upto 700 mg/l depending upon species 7 Chromium < 0.1 mg/l Upto 1.0 mg/l max. acceptable conc. 8 Cobalt < 0.05 mg/l Upto 5.0 mg/l max. acceptable conc. 9 Copper < 0.2 mg/l Upto 5.0 mg/l max. acceptable conc. 10 Fluoride < 2.0 mg/l Upto 15 mg/l max. acceptable conc. 11 Iron < 5.0 mg/l (no- toxic) > 1.5 mg/l creates problem in drip irrigation system 12 Lead < 0.2 mg/l Upto 2.0 mg/l max. acceptable conc. 13 Lithium < 2.5 mg/l For citrus < 0.75 mg/l 14 Maganese < 0.02 mg/l Upto 10 mg/l max. acceptable conc. 15 Molybdenum < 0.01 mg/l Upto 0.05 mg/l max. acceptable conc. 16 Nickel < 0.2 mg/l Upto 2.0 mg/l max. acceptable conc. 17 Nitrogen (inorganic) < 5 mg/l Higher concentration may affect sensitive plants and may contaminate ground water 18 Selenium < 0.02 mg/l Upto 0.05 mg/l max. acceptable conc. 19 Sodium Adsorption Ratio < 2.0 Upto 10 depending upon sensitivity of crops (SAR) 20 Sodium < 70 mg/l Upto 460 depending upon sensitivity of crops 21 Total Dissolved Solids (as < 40 mS/m Upto 540 mS/m depending upon sensitivity of EC) crops 22 Uranium < 0.01 mg/l Upto 0.1 mg/l max. acceptable conc. 23 Vanadium < 0.1 mg/l Upto 1.0 mg/l max. acceptable conc. 24 Zinc < 1.0 mg/l Upto 5.0 mg/l max. acceptable conc. Source: Department of Irrigation: Ground Water Project (Nepal Gazette (Number 10, BS, 2065-03-02) 126 Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Aquaculture SN Constituents Target Water Quality Range Remarks 1 Algae No criteria 2 Alkalinity 20-100 mg/l as CaCO3 High alkalinity reduces natural food production in ponds below optimal production 3 Aluminium < 30µg/L (pH > 6.5) Highly toxic to trouts (1.5 30µg/l < 10µg/L (pH < 6.5) is fatal to brown trout) 4 Ammonia (for cold 0-25 µg/L water fish) 5 Ammonia (for warm 0-30 µg/L water fish) 6 Arsenic 0-0.05 mg/L 7 Bacteria (E. Coli) < 10 counts of E. coli/g of fish flesh 8 BODs < 15 mg/l 9 Cadmium Hardness: 0-60 mg/l < 0.2 mg/l Cadmium toxicity depends Hardness: 60-120 mg/l < 08 mg/l upon hardness of water Hardness: 120-180 mg/l < 1.3 mg/l Hardness: >180 mg/l < 1.8 mg/l 10 Carbon dioxide < 12 mg/l, upto 75 mg/l for warm water fish 11 Chloride Value not recommended (fish can survive at < 600 mg/l Chloride but the production is not optimum) 12 Chlorine <2µg HOCI/L for cold water fish <10µg HOCI/L for warm water fish 13 Chromium (VI) <20µg/L 14 COD <40µg/L 15 Colour <100 Pt-Co Unit 16 Copper <5µg/L 0.006 and 0.03µg/L are upper limits for hard and soft water 17 Cyanides <20µg/L as HCN LC50 starts from 100 µg/L upwards 18 Dissolved oxygen 6-9 mg/l for cold water species 5-8 for intermediate water species 5-8 for warm water species 19 Fluoride <20µg/l 20 Iron <10µg/l 0.2-1.75 general lethal threshold for fish 21 Lead <10µg/l 30 µg/L max. conc. Limit for brook trout 22 Magnesium < 15 mg/l 23 Manganese <100 µg/l Above 500 µg/L increasing risk of lethal effect 24 Mercury <1 µg/l Bioaccumulation and biomagnifications occurs 25 Nickel <100 µg/l 26 Nitrate-N <300 µg/l 100 mg/l is below the 96-hour LC50 values for most fish 27 Nitrite-N g/l for cold water fish > 7 mg/L is LC50 for many fish species 0.06-0.25 mg/l for warm water fish 28 Nuisance Plant Less than 10% of the fish pond should be covered by aquatic plants 29 Oil and Greese < 300 µg/L (including petrochemicals) 30 PCBs No quantitative guidelines, should not be detected in fish 31 pH 6.5 – 9.0 Outside this range the health of fish is adversely affected 32 Phenols < 1 mg/l > 7.5 mg/l 24 hr. LC50 starts for most fish 127 SN Constituents Target Water Quality Range Remarks 33 Phosphorus < 0.6 mg/l as orthophosphate > 12.5 mg/l 96 hr. LC50 starts 34 Selenium (VI) < 0.3 mg/l for most fish 35 Sulphide as H2S < 0.001 mg/l > 0.002 mg/l long term health hazard for fish 36 Temperature 4-18 for cold water fish 16-32 for intermediate species 24-30 for warm water fish Mortality increases with 37 Total Dissolved Gases < 100 % for cold water fish increasing TGP as Total Gas Pressure (TGP) < 105 % for warm water fish 38 Total Dissolved Solids < 2000 mg/l 39 Total Harness as 20-100 mg/l In > 175 mg/l osmoregulation of CaCO3 fish is affected 40 Total Suspended Matter < 20,000 mg/l for turbid water species < 25 NTU for clear water species 41 Zinc, depends upon Hardness Cold water Warm water water hardness: mg/l 10 mg/l 0.03 0.3 dissolved Zn 50 mg/l 0.2 0.7 Warm water fish are more 100 mg/l 0.3 1 tolerant 500 mg/l 0.5 2 Pesticides: No guideline values provided Source: Source: Department of Irrigation: Ground Water Project (Nepal Gazette (Number 10, BS, 2065-03-02) 128 Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Livestock Watering SN Constituent Proposed concentration 1 Algae No visible blue-green scum 2 Aluminium < 5 mg/l 3 Arsenic < 0.2 mg/l 4 Berylium < 0.1 mg/l 5 Boron < 5 mg/l 6 Cadmium < 0.01 mg/l 7 Calcium < 1000 mg/l 8 Chloride 9 Chromium (VI) < 1 mg/l 10 Cobalt < 1 mg/l 11 Copper < 0.5 mg/l 12 Electrical conductivity < 1.5 mg/l 13 Fluoride < 2 mg/l 14 pH 6.5-8.5 15 Iron Not toxic 16 Lead < 0.1 mg/l 17 Magnesium < 500 mg/l 18 Maganese < 10 mg/l 19 Mercury < 10 µg/l 20 Molybdenum < 0.01 mg/l 21 Nickel < 1 mg/l 22 Nitrate/Nitrite < 100 mg/l as nitrate 23 Nitrite-N < 10 mg/l 24 Selenium < 0.05 mg/l 25 Sodium < 2000 mg/l 26 Sulphate < 1000 mg/l 27 Total Dissolved Solids Dairy Cattle < 7100 mg/l Sheep < 12800 mg/l Horse < 6400 mg/l Pigs < 4300 mg/l Poultry <2800 mg/l 28 Vanadium < 0.1 mg/l (FAO) 29 Zinc < 24 mg/l (FAO) Pathogens: 1 Faecal coliform count < 200 count/100 ml < 100 count for < 20 % of the samples Pesticides: Guidelines applicable for human beings Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: Guidelines for human beings apply Source: Source: Department of Irrigation: Ground Water Project (Nepal Gazette (Number 10, BS, 2065-03-02). 129 Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Recreation Biological Parameters: SN Parameter Name Full Contact Partial Contact Non Contact 1 Algae, macrophytes, Should not be present in excessive amount phytoplankton scum, etc Indicator Organism Total Coil form Bacteria Faecal coliform < 130 count/100ml < 1000 count/100ml No target value Escherichia coli < 130 count/100ml No target value No target value Entero cocci Faecal Streptococci < 30 count/100ml 0-230 count/100ml No target value Coliphase < 20 count/100ml No target value No target value Schistosoma/Bilharzia No snails capable of acting No snails capable of acting No target value as the intermediate host of as the intermediate host of the bilharzias parasite the bilharzias parasite Nuisance Plants Swimmer should not be Boats should not be entangled entangled Chemical Irritant The Criteria are qualitative and no specific irritant and quantitative measures are given Chemical Parameters pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 No target value Physical Parameters Clarity > 1.6 (Sechchi disc depth No target value No target value Metres) Colour 100 Pt-Co units 100 Pt-Co units No target value Floating Matter and refuse Free of floating or No target value No target value suMUNICIPALITYerged debris Odour No objectionable or No objectionable or No unpleasant odour unpleasant odour objectionable or unpleasant odour Residual Chlorine 0.1 mg/l No target value No target value Surface films Should not be noticeable Should not be noticeable Should not be noticeable Turbidity 0.5 NTU Source: Source: Department of Irrigation: Ground Water Project (Nepal Gazette (Number 10, BS, 2065-03-02) Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for Industries SN Parameter Name Recommended Value Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 < 50 mg/l < 120 mg/l < 300 mg/l < 1200 mg/l 2 COD < 10 mg/l < 15 mg/l < 30 mg/l < 75 mg/l 3 Chloride < 20 mg/l < 40 mg/l < 100 mg/l < 500 mg/l 4 Iron < 0.1 mg/l < 0.2 mg/l < 0.3 mg/l < 10 mg/l 5 Manganese < 0.01 mg/l < 0.1 mg/l < 0.2 mg/l < 10 mg/l 6 pH 7.0-8.0 6.5-8.0 6.5-8.0 5.0-10.0 7 Silica < 5 mg/l 0-10 mg/l < 20 mg/l < 150 mg/l 8 Sulphate < 30 mg/l < 80 mg/l < 200 mg/l < 500 mg/l 9 Suspended solids < 3 mg/l < 5 mg/l < 5 mg/l < 25 mg/l 10 Total Dissolved Solids TDS: < 100 mg/l TDS: < 200 mg/l TDS: < 450 mg/l TDS: < 1600 mg/l EC: < 15 mS/m EC: < 30 mS/m EC: < 70 mS/m EC: < 250 mS/m 11 Total Hardness < 50 mg/l as CaCO3 < 100 mg/l as CaCO3 < 250 mg/l as < 100 mg/l as CaCO3 CaCO3 Source: Source: Department of Irrigation: Ground Water Project (Nepal Gazette (Number 10, BS, 2065-03-02). 130 Nepal Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Ecosystem SN Parameter name Target Water Quality Range Chronic Effect Value Acute Effect Value 1 Aluminium (mg/l) At pH <6.5:5 10 100 At pH <6.5:10 20 150 2 Ammonia (µg/l) <7 < 15 < 100 3 Arsenic (µg/l) <10 < 20 < 130 4 Atrazine (µg/l) <10 < 19 < 100 5 Cadmium Soft water (60 mg/l <0.15 0.3 3 CaCO3) Medium water 60-119 mg/l <0.25 0.5 6 Hard water 120-180 <0.35 0.7 10 mg/l Very hard > 180 mg/l <0.40 0.8 13 6 Chlorine (Residual) µg/L <0.2 0.35 5 7 Chromium (VI) µg/L 7 10 200 8 Chromium (III) µg/L <12 24 340 9 Copper µg/L Soft water (60 mg/l < 0.3 0.53 1.6 CaCO3) Medium water (60-119 mg/l) < 0.8 1.5 4.6 Hard water 120-180 mg/l < 1.20 2.4 7.5 Very hard > 180 mg/l <1.40 2.8 12 10 Cyanide µg/L 1 4 110 11 Dissolved Oxygen (% 80-120 > 60 > 40 saturation) 12 Endosulphan (µg/L) < 0.01 0.02 0.2 13 Fluoride (µg/L) < 750 1500 2540 14 Iron The iron concentration should not be allowed to vary by more than 10% of the background dissolved iron concentration for a particular site or case, at a specific time. 15 Lead µg/L Soft water (60 mg/l < 0.2 0.5 4 CaCO3) Medium water (60-119 mg/l) <0.5 1.0 7 Hard water 120-180 mg/l < 1.0 2.0 13 Very hard > 180 mg/l < 1.2 2.4 16 16 Manganese (µg/L) < 180 370 1300 17 Mercury (µg/L) < 0.04 0.08 1.7 18 Nitrogen (inorganic) Inorganic nitrogen concentrations should not be changed by more than 15% from that of the water body under local unimpacted condition at any time of the year; The trophic status of the water body should not increase above its present level, though a decrease in trophic status is permissible (see effect): The amplitude and frequency of natural cycles in inorganic nitrogen concentrations should not be changed 19 pH All aquatic ecosystems pH values hould not be allowed to vary from the range of the background pH values for a specific site and time of day, by > 0.5 of a pH unit, orby > 5% and should be assessed by whichever estimate is more conservative 20 Phenols (µg/L) < 30 60 500 21 Phosphorus (inorganic) Inorganic phosphorus concentration should not be changed by > 15% from All surface waters that of the water body under local, unimpacted conditions at any time of the year The trophic status of the water body should not increased above its present level, though a decrease in trophic status is permissible (see effect) The amplitude and frequency of natural cycle in inorganic phosphorus concentration should not be changed 22 Selenium (µg/L) < 2 5 30 23 Temperature Water temperature should not be allowed to vary from the background (All aquatic ecosystem) average daily water temperature considered to be normal for that specific site 131 SN Parameter name Target Water Quality Range Chronic Effect Value Acute Effect Value and time of day, by > 2 0C or by 10% whichever estimate is the more conservative 24 Total Dissolved Solids TDS concentrations should not be changed by > 15% from the normal cycle of (All inland water) the water body under unimpacted conditions at any time of the year The amplitude and frequency of natural cycles in TDS concentration should not be changed 25 Total Suspended Solids Any increase in TSS concentrations must be limited to < 10 % of the (All inland waters) background TSS concentrations at a specific site and time 26 Zinc (µg/L) < 2 3.6 36 Source: Department of Irrigation: Ground Water Project (Nepal Gazette (Number 10, BS, 2065-03-02). Emission Guidelines for “Hospital/Medical/Infectious Water” by Incinerator Pollutant Small Medium Large Particular matter (<= 91kg/h) (> 91-227kg/h) (> 227kg/h) 115 mg m3 69 mg m3 Carbon monoxide (Co) 40 ppmv 40 ppmv Dioxins/furans 125 mg/m3 125 mg/m3 125 mg/m3 Total CCD/CCF or Total CCD/CCF or Total CCD/CCF or 2.3 mg/ m3 TEQ 2.3 mg/ m3 TEQ 2.3 mg/ m3 TEQ Hydrogen Chloride (HCI) 100 ppmv or 100 ppmv or 100 ppmv or 93 % reduction 93 % reduction 93 % reduction Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 55 ppmv 55 ppmv 55 ppmv Nitrogen oxides 250 ppmv 250 ppmv 250 ppmv Lead 1.2 mg/m3 1.2 mg/m3 or 1.2 mg/mg/m3 or 70 % reduction 70 % reduction 70 % reduction Cadmium 0.16 mg/mg/m3 0.16 mg/mg/m3 0.16 mg/mg/m3 65 % reduction 65 % reduction 65 % reduction Mercury 0.55 mg/mg/m3 0.55 mg/mg/m3 0.55 mg/mg/m3 85 % reduction 85 % reduction 85 % reduction Source: World Health Organization (Safe Management of Wastes from Health Care Activities and National Health Care Waste Management Guidelines, 2002) Generic Standards, Tolerance Limits for Wastewater Discharged into Inland Surface Water from Combined Waste Water Treatment Plant SN Parameters Tolerance Limit 1 Temperature, 0C < 40 2 pH 5.5 - 9.0 3 Total Suspended Solids, (mg/l) 50, max 4 BOD5 at 20 0C, (mg/l) 50, max 5 Oils and Grease, (mg/l) 10, max 6 Phenolic Compounds, (mg/l) 1, max 7 Cyanides as CN, (mg/l) 0.2, max 8 Total Residual Chlorine, (mg/l) 1 9 Sulfides as S, (mg/l) 2, max 10 Fluorides as F, (mg/l) 2, max 11 Arsenic as As, (mg/l) 0.2, max 12 Cadmium as Cd, (mg/l) 2, max 13 Hexavalent Chromium as Cr, (mg/l) 0.1, max 14 Copper as Cu, (mg/l) 3, max 15 Leas as Pb, (mg/l) 0.1, max 16 Mercury as Hg, (mg/l) 0.01, max 17 Nickel as Ni, (mg/l) 3, max 18 Zinc as Zn, (mg/l) 5, max 19 Selenium as Se, (mg/l) 0.05, max 20 Ammoniacal Nitrogen, (mg/l) 50, max 21 Chemical Oxygen Demand, (mg/l) 250, max 22 Silver, (mg/l) 0.1, max Source: Nepal Gazette, 2060/3/9 Bs (2003), Country Environmental Analysis for Nepal, ADB 2004 132 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nepal 2003 Parameters Units Averaging Time WHO Concentration in Test Method Guideline Ambient Air, Maximum TSP (Total µg/m3 Annual 120-230 - HVS 24 hour sampling (one Suspended weak sample on 2 road side Particulates) 24-hours* 230 station 3 PM10 µg/m Annual 70 - Light Volume Sampling 24-hours* 120 Sulphur Dioxide µg/m3 Annual 125 50 Diffusive sampling based on 24-hours** 70 weekly average Nitrogen Dioxide µg/m3 Annual 150 40 Diffusive sampling based on 24-hours** 80 weekly average Carbon Monoxide µg/m3 8 hours** 100000 10,000 To be determined before 2005 15 minute 100,000 Indicative Sampler Lead µg/m3 Annual 0.5-1.0* 0.5 Atomic absorption 24-hours - spectrometry analysis of PM10 samples Benzene µg/m3 Annual - 20**** Diffusive sampling based on 24-hours - weekly average Note: *24 hourly values shall be met 95% of the time in a year. 18 days per calendar year the standard may be exceeded but not on two consecutive days, **24 hourly standards for NO2 and SO2 and 8 hours standard for CO are not to be controlled before MOPE has recommended appropriate test methodologies. This will be done before 2005, *** if representativeness can be proven, yearly averages can be calculated from PM10 samples from selected weekdays from each month of the year, **** To be re-evaluated by 2005. Source: Nepal Gazette B.S. 2060/4/19 (4 August, 2003). National Indoor Air Quality Standards, 2009 Pollutant Maximum Concentration Level Averaging Time Particulate Matter, PM10 120µgm3 24 – Hours 200µgm3 1 – Hours Particulate Matter, PM2.5 60µgm3 24 – Hours 100µgm3 1 – Hours Carbon Monoxide, CO 9ppm (10mg/m3) 8 – Hours 35ppm (40mg/m3) 1 – Hours Carbon Monoxide, CO2 1000ppm (1800mg/m3) 8 – Hours Source: National Indoor Air Quality Standards and Implementation Guideline, 2009; GoN, Ministry of Environment, Kathmandu Nepal. Nepal Vehicle Mass Emission Standard for Gasoline and Diesel Operated Vehicles Fuel Vehicle Type Model CO% HC, HSU,% Test Year ppm Four wheeler Up to 1980 4.5 1000 - Idle After 1981 3.0 Petrol Three Up to 1990 4.5 7800 Idle wheeler After 1991 3.0 Two wheeler All 4.5 7800 Idle LPG/CNG All categories - 3.0 1000 Idle Dissel Four wheeler Up to 1994 75 (Ka=3.22per Free meter) After 1995 65 (Ka=2.44per Acceleration meter) K = Coefficient of light absorptions for managing emissions from motor vehicles. Source: Urban Transportation and the Environment in Kathmand Valley, Nepal S hobhakar Dahal, 2006. 133 WHO Guideline Value on Noise Pollution (Sound level in dBA) Description Level of Hearing Threshold of hearing 0-10 Very peace sound 20-30 Peace Sound 50-60 Medium Sound 70-80 Very high sound 90-100 Uncomfortable sound 120-130 (Threshold of feeling) Source: World Health Organization cited in Batu Krishna Upreti, Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development, 2001. General Noise Level Standard for different land use/activities zone Noise Area Land Use Activity Day Time Night Average Day Classification Noise Time and Night Level (Ld) Noise (Ldn) dB (A) dB (A) Level (Ln) dB (A) 1 Sensitive area (School, Hospital) 55 45 50 2 Residential areas 60 50 50 3 Commercial and tourist areas 65 55 53 (residential hotels, cultural activities and nature exhibitions, resorts and group camps, cultural activities and recreational activities 4 Industrial areas 75 70 60 5 High traffic areas 65 55 56 Source: Draft of the Urban Environment Management Directives-2009 Nepal National Building Code, 2060 SN Building code Contents Remarks 1 NBC 000 Requirements for State of the Art Design: An Building for Foreign Donor Introduction Organization 2 NBC 001 Materials Specifications 3 NBC 002 Unit Weight of Materials 4 NBC 003 Occupancy Load (Imposed Load) 5 NBC 004 Wind Load 6 NBC 005 Seismic Design of Building > 1000 Sq. Ft Plinth Area and 7 NBC 006 Snow Load more than 3 Flats. Building 8 NBC 007 Provisional recommendation on first safety Designer and Monitoring by 9 NBC 008 Site consideration for seismic hazards Architecture Engineer 10 NBC 009 Masonry: Unreinforced 11 NBC 010 Plain and reinforced concrete 12 NBC 011 Steel 13 NBC 012 Timber 14 NBC 013 Aluminum 15 NBC 014 Construction safety 16 NBC 201 Mandatory rule of timber: Reinforced concrete buildings with masonry infill < 1000 Sq. Ft Plinth Area and 17 NBC 202 Mandatory rule of timber: Load bearing masonry less than 3 Flats. Building 18 NBC 203 Guidelines for earthquake resident building Designer and Monitoring by construction: Low strength masonry Architecture Sub-Engineer 19 NBC 204 Guidelines for earthquake resident building construction: Earthen Building (EB) 20 NBC 205 Mandatory rule of timber: Reinforced concrete buildings without masonry infill 21 NBC 206 Architectural Design Requirements > 1000 Sq. Ft Plinth Area and 22 NBC 207 Electrical Design Requirements for (Public Building) more than 3 Flats. Building 23 NBC 208 Sanitary and Plumbing Design Requirements Designer and Monitoring by Architecture Engineer Source: Department of Housing and Urban Development. 134 Appendix 4 Proposed Support in Finalizing and Piloting and the Urban Environmental Management Guidelines Main activities under the proposed support will include the following: 1. Review and finalize the draft urban environmental management guidelines(the Guidelines). 2. Review the existing institutional and legal frameworks in order to institutionalize/ enforce the guidelines at all levels and entities involved in licensing and enforcement of environmental regulations, such as 2.1. Municipalities (issuing of building and other permits), 2.2. Ministry of Industries (industrial licensing), 2.3. Ministry of Environment (clearing and monitoring EIAs/ IEEs, etc), and 2.4. District Development Committees. The consultants will make all necessary recommendations for amending the existing bye-laws, regulations, acts, etc, or introducing new ones, as appropriate in order to align and enforce the Guidelines at each of these level/ entities. 3. Conduct needs assessment at the Project municipalities/DDCs and a selected DDC, in terms of their existing capacities and resources available, in enforcing the Guidelines on a pilot scale on industrial wastewater pollutant; 4. Build the capacity of the municipalities in pilot enforcing the Guidelines, which will consist of the following tasks: 4.1. Map the major industrial polluters in and around the Project municipalities and the selected DDC42, 4.2. provide necessary software and hardware to the municipalities and DDC as appropriate in order to pilot the enforcement of the Guidelines on industrial wastewater pollution for one year, and 4.3. Train the relevant personnel involved at these entities. 5. Assist the municipalities/ DDC in setting up and enforcing the above for one year. 42 A GIS based map already exists, dated 2007, covering all industries around Biratnagar. GIS based map of similar nature is expected for the other municipalities. 135 Appendix 5: Maps D.1. Birgunj: Project proposed storm water diversion (priority works), showing population densities and built up areas D.2. Birgunj: Project proposed catch drain and diversion at head MD1 D.3. Birgunj: Project proposed closed combined sewers for core area, showing population densities and built up areas 136 137 138 139