194 Abdulaziz, Sultan 146 Abdulkerim Pasha 50, 56, 63 Abdülbaki Han, Iranian Ambassador 49 Abdülhamid II 137, 144–7 Abdülme
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Index Abdulaziz, Sultan 146 bailo, the Venetian 36, 38–40, 42–3, Abdulkerim Pasha 50, 56, 63 48, 117, 120, 126–7, 130 Abdülbaki Han, Iranian Balkan revolt, the 144–5 Ambassador 49 Balkan Wars 146 Abdülhamid II 137, 144–7 Balkans, the 37, 71, 92, 104, 138, Abdülmecit, Sultan 142–3 141, 184 abode of Islam 7 Barbarigo, Paolo 43 abode of war 7, 89 Barbaro, Ermolao 74 Adriatic Sea 79 Baron d’Herbert 119, 127 Afro-Eurasian system 24, 34 Baron Miltitz 160 Ahdnames, the 15, 25, 28, 37–8, 41, Barton, Edward 38, 60 170–1, 174, 186 Basbakanlik Arsivleri 168–70, 174, see also capitulations 185–6 Ahmed Azmi Effendi 176–7, 189 Bega river 97 Ahmed III 43, 54 Beglerbegi 49 Ahmed Resmi Effendi 50–1, 63, Belgrade 79, 99–100 176–7, 189 Belgrade, Treaty of 49, 54 Ainslie, Sir Robert 116, 118, 120, berat 41, 43, 122, 174 128, 134, 182 Berridge, G.R. 30 Akif Efendi, Reis-ül-küttab 137 Beyazid I 69 Albania 79 Beyazid II 16, 22, 30, 56–8, 62, 66 Alexander VI, Pope 22, 68, 75 and his agreement with Innocent Algiers 18 VIII 72–80 Ali Pasha 137, 139, 143, 147 and his instructions to Antonios amân, the 15–17, 20, 25, 37, 41, 47 Ciritho 70–1 Amcazade Hüseyin Pasa 108 Beylikçi Kalemi Defterleri 170 Amedi Kalemi Defterleri 170 Beys of the Danubian Amedi Kalemi Evraki 171 principalities 115 Amedi Office 170–1 Bihac, fort 112 Anderson, M.S. 7–8, 11, 30 Bismarck, Chancellor 145 Anderson, Sonia 122 Blanchefort, Guy de 74, 77 Anglo-Turkish trade agreement 142 Bocciardi, Giorgio 78–9 Antonovich, Ivan 54 Bon, Ottavio 39 Armenian Question, the 146 Bonaparte, Napoleon 44, 147 d’Aubusson, Pierre 56–7 Bosnia-Croatia 100, 104, 112 August II, King 101 Bosphorus, the 168 Austrian wars 44, 50 Braudel, F. 169 Ayas Beg 81 Bretagne 70 bretonis 38 Bab-i Ali Evrak Odasi Defterleri 172 British dragomans 152, 156 Bab-i Asafi Evraki 171 anglicization of 152, 157–60 Babinger, Franz 74, 77 British embassy in Istanbul 4 Baçka 99 British Parliament 24 194 Index 195 Brod, fort 91, 99 Corinthian gulf 104 Bulgakow 119–20, 128 Corvinus, Matthias 70–2, 78, 84, 86 Bull, Hedley 11, 13, 24 cottimo 41 Burton, Edward 180 Count Marsigli 92 Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin de 45 Count Ötingen 92 Byzantine Empire 16–17, 138 Count Schlick 92 Count Stanislas Malachowski 92, Caliph 67 102, 112 Calvinists 23, 38 Count Vozhnitsin 93, 103, 112 Cânibî Ali Pasha 49 couriers 115–16, 124 Canning, George 182 Cretan Question, the 145–6 Canning, Sir Stratford 153, 160–1, Crimea 45, 102 179, 182 Crimean Khanate 18, 20, 47 Canovi, Philippo 71 Crimean War 139, 143 Capitulations, the 2–3, 8, 15, 17, 23, Crusade 69–74, 76–7 25, 28, 37–9, 41–3, 46, 60, 122, Crusader 37, 72 186 Czobor, Emerich 78 legal superiority of 42–3 Çiçek Khatun 83 Castlereagh, Lord 154, 156–8 Catherine the Great 24, 119 D’Aubusson, the Grand Master 71–7, 84 Central Europe 3 Dalmatia 104 centrality 18 Daltaban Mustafa Pasa 90, 108 Cevdet Tasnifi 174 Damat Ibrahim Pasha 116 Chabert, Francis 154, 159–60 Danube, river 78, 99 Chamber of Interpretation 45 Dar al-Harb 2–3, 6, 8–9, 15, 24, 29, see also Translation Department 37, 41, 89, 132 chargés d’affaires 136, 149 Dar al-Islam 2–3, 6, 8–9, 15, 24, 29, Charles V 22–23, 38 37, 41 Charles VIII 22, 56–8, 72, 77, 84 Dâr al-Sulh 15, 37, 41 Charrière, Ernest 39 defter 169–71 Chief dragoman of the Porte 152 Defterdar 49 Chinese Empire 18 Defterdar Mehmed Pasa 108 Christendom 11–12, 15, 24, 28, 67, Dehio, L. 22 70, 114, 117, 123 Dellak 68 Christian Europe 6, 9, 23 Derschwam, Hans 45 and cooperation with Muslim Dervish Mehmed Efendi 63 Egypt 69–70 Devlet-i Aliyye’yi Muhammediyye 14 Christian world 7, 37, 39, 44, 57, 71 dhimme 37 Christianity 15, 36, 66 dhimmîs 40 Cibo, Francesco 75 Diplomacy 2 Cibo, Niccolò 75, 78 as an institution of European/modern Ciritho, Antonios 57, 62, 70 states system 2, 4–5, 7, 10–12, Cold War 121 26, 167 Collier, Jacobus 93, 96, 123 definition of 10, 131 Concert of Europe 37, 139 historical development of 10–12, Congress of Berlin 145 25–6, 31–2 Congress of Verona 141 diplomatic corps, Istanbul 120, 124 Congress of Vienna 11, 26, 140 Divan 170 conventional diplomacy 2, 4, 12 see also Imperial Chancery 196 Index Divan-i Hümayun Defterleri 170 firman 42–3, 49 djaiz 69 Fitzmaurice, Gerald 160 Djelal Beg 81 Florence 38, 70 Djem see Djem Sultan Florentines 23, 25 Djem Celebi see Djem Sultan Foreign Office Documents (FO) 181–2 Djem Sultan 56, 66–88 Forét, Jean de la 39 and his claim to the sultanate 68–9 Foscarini, Antoino 38 see also Jem Francis I, King 18, 22–3, 30, 38–9 Dnieper, river 103 Frederick the Great 16, 177 Doge, the 104 French Revolution 13–14, 138–9, Dominican Leonardo 74 146, 148 see also Fra Leonardo Fuat Pasha 137, 139, 143–7 dragoman system 121, 123, 154 Dragomans, the 3–4, 41–4, 135–6, Galata 78 151–3 General Directorate of State Dubrovnik 37, 45, 47 Archives 170, 172, 185 Düveli Ecnebi Defters 170, 186 Genoese, the 16, 23, 25, 41 Gentile, Giovanni-Battista 73–4 Eastern Question, the 139 George III, King 19, 178 Ebubekir Ratib Effendi 49, 176–7, Germiny, de 47 190 ghaza 14, 131 elçi hazînesi 50 see also jihad Elizabeth I, Queen 23, 180 ghazis, the 14 Elliot, Robert Liston 158–9 ghulam 82 embassy doctors 152 Ghurbetname-i Sultan Djem 66, 81 Emirs 18 Gibbons, Herbert A. 13 English plan, the 123 giovanni di lingua 152–3, 155, 159 Enlightenment, the 29–30 Glover, Thomas 180 Elgin, Lord 155 Goffman, Daniel 24–5 Esseg, fort of 91 Grand Master of the Hospitallers 67 European colonial empires 21 Grand Mufti 14, 17 European Public Law of Nations see also Sheik ul-Islam 9, 36 Grand Vizier 2, 39, 42, 46–7, 50, 93, European states system 1, 4–5, 120, 126, 185 9–12, 21 Great Britain 133 development of 13, 26, 32 Great Mogul 126 the institutions 12–13, 26 Greek Phanariote 44 the rules of 12–13 see also Phanariot Greeks Europeanness 138 Greek revolt 136, 140–1 extraterritoriality, principle of Grey, Sir Edward 182 9–10, 25 evraks, the 169 Habsburg Monarchy, the 89, 91, 103, 105 Faroqhi, Suraiya 181 Habsburgs, the 22–3, 95, 177 Fawkener, Sir Everard 120 Haci Ahmed Pasha 63 Fazil Ahmed Pasa 109 Haci Zaganos 187 Ferrante 72 hadjib al-hudjdjab 67 fethnames, the 14 Haga, Cornelis 39–40, 47, 50, 62 fetva, the 14, 16, 44 Hakim al-Din Idris al-Bidlisi see Idris Index 197 hakim-i Rodos see Grand Master of the Italian Peninsula 12 Hospitallers Italian Wars 21 Hakluyt, Richard 180 Ibrahim Pasha 49, 51 Hakluyt Society 180 idolatry 23 Halife-i Ru’i Zemin 19 Ishak Bey 148 Halil Pasha, Admiral 47 Hamilton, Terrick 157–9 Jem 16, 56–8, 62 Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph von 80 Jerusalem, the city of 71 Hammond, Edmund 159 jihad 7–8, 14–16, 29, 37, 40 Harbourne, Sir William 27, 39 jizya 40–1 Hasht Bihisht 67 Hatt-i Hümayun 171, 174, 185 Kaiser, the Habsburg 90–4 Hatt-i Hümayun Tasnifi 171 Kamenets-Podolsk, fort 91, Hattî Mustafa Effendi 50 101–2, 106 havadisnames 175 kapi kethüdasi 47 Haydar Beg 80 kapidji-bashi 67 Henri III 115 Kapicibashi Mehmed Agha 54 Hizir Beg 46, 62 Kapidjibashi Mustafa 58, 74–8, Hijaz 18 82, 88 Holy League 39, 91–2 see also Mustafa Pasha Holy League Powers 89, 105 Karlowitz 89, 116 hudud mollasi 48 Karlowitz mission, the Ottoman 90, Hungarians, the 79 96, 106 Hungary 92, 100–1 Sultan’s directive to 93–4 Hurewitz, J.C. 6, 44, 132, 134 Karlowitz negotiations hükms 174 conclusion of 104–7 Hünkar Iskelesi 142 conduct of 93–104 Hüseyin Beg 57, 64 mediation by Britain and Holland at 93, 103 Iberian Peninsula 93 mediators at 96–7, 102 Ibn-ül Emin Tasnifi 174 Ottoman proposals for 91–2 Idris 67–8, 77, 79–83 study of 109 Ilok, fort 91, 99 the Habsburg delegation threaten to Imperial Chancery 43, 45–6, 49 leave 94 imperial systems 18–20, 29 Tsar’s reluctance for 92 Inalcik, Halil 14–16, 186 Karlowitz, Treaty of 42, 53 Innocent VIII, the Pope 16, 56–8, Kasim Chavush 58 66–7, 72 Kayitbay, Sultan of Egypt 70–1, 84 and his custody of Djem 69–76 Kendall, John 74 Irades 171, 185 Kerch, fort 103, 106 Iskerletzade Alexander, Chief Kinross, Lord 125 Dragoman 93–4, 98, 110 Knights Rhodes 71, 85 see also Mavrocordato Koçi Bey 19 Islahat Fermani 143 Köprülü Mustafa Pasa 109 Islam, distinguished from Köprülü, Mehmed Fuat 13 Christianity 9–10 Kuran, Ercüment 9 Ismail Beg 57 Kutuzov, General 53, 56 Italian city-states 5, 11–12, 25–7, Küchük Kainarja, Treaty of 38, 79 53, 64 198 Index Lancome, de 47 Mehmed II 15–16, 33, 38, 41, 56, Lale Devri (Tulip Era) 176 68–9, 78, 117 Latins, the 16 see also Mehemed the Conqueror layihas 175 Mehmed III 180 Lebanese settlement 143–4 Mehmed Said Efendi 62 Leonardo, Fra 73 Mehmed the Conqueror 45, 59, 68–9 Leopold, Emperor 52 Mehmet Ali Pasha, the insurrection Lepanto 38–9, 42, 47 of 141–3 Levant, the 38–9, 114 Merkez Arsivi 172–3, 186 Levant Company 41, 151–60 Messir Francesko Levantines, the 160 Mesrutiyet 144 Lewis, Bernard 7 Metternich, Chancellor 141 Liddell, George 154 Mihal-oghlu Ali 79 Liston, Robert 152, 154–61 mihmandar 51 London Convention 142 millet system, the 20 Louis XI 26, 57 millet-i sadika 146 Louis XIII 52 Milli Kütüphane 179 Louis XIV 90, 109 Minotto, Girolamo 127 Louis XV 126 mirahur 46 Lugoj, fort 97 Mirza Ebul Hasan Han 190 Moldavia 18, 45, 47, 91, 101–3, Macartney, Lord 27 106, 126 Maggi, Ottoviano 24, 34 Monastir 79 Mahmud I 43 Montenegro 79 Mahmud Pasha, Grand Vizier Morea 104 43, 46 Moresini, Giovanni Francesco 38 Mahmud Raif Effendi 176–7, 187 Morier, David 155, 161 Mahmut II 136–7, 141, 148–9 most favoured nation clause, the 47 Mahomet Bey 45 mulk 69 Mallet, Sir Edward 182 multilateral conferences 2 Mamluks, the 16, 58, 69–72, 83 Murad III, Sultan 66, 180 Manchu China 118 Murad IV, Sultan 46 Mansell, Philip 28 Mures river 97–8 Marcello, Bartelemi