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Home , Ahmed III, Congress of Verona, Damat, Dragoman of the Porte, Effendi, Mahmud I

Index

Abdulaziz, 146 bailo, the Venetian 36, 38–40, 42–3, Abdulkerim 50, 56, 63 48, 117, 120, 126–7, 130 Abdülbaki Han, Iranian Balkan revolt, the 144–5 Ambassador 49 Balkan Wars 146 Abdülhamid II 137, 144–7 , the 37, 71, 92, 104, 138, Abdülmecit, Sultan 142–3 141, 184 abode of 7 Barbarigo, Paolo 43 abode of war 7, 89 Barbaro, Ermolao 74 Adriatic Sea 79 Baron d’Herbert 119, 127 Afro-Eurasian system 24, 34 Baron Miltitz 160 Ahdnames, the 15, 25, 28, 37–8, 41, Barton, Edward 38, 60 170–1, 174, 186 Basbakanlik Arsivleri 168–70, 174, see also capitulations 185–6 Ahmed Azmi Effendi 176–7, 189 Bega river 97 Ahmed III 43, 54 Beglerbegi 49 Ahmed Resmi Effendi 50–1, 63, 79, 99–100 176–7, 189 Belgrade, Treaty of 49, 54 Ainslie, Robert 116, 118, 120, berat 41, 43, 122, 174 128, 134, 182 Berridge, G.R. 30 Akif Efendi, Reis-ül-küttab 137 Beyazid I 69 79 Beyazid II 16, 22, 30, 56–8, 62, 66 Alexander VI, Pope 22, 68, 75 and his agreement with Innocent 18 VIII 72–80 Ali Pasha 137, 139, 143, 147 and his instructions to Antonios amân, the 15–17, 20, 25, 37, 41, 47 Ciritho 70–1 Amcazade Hüseyin Pasa 108 Beylikçi Kalemi Defterleri 170 Amedi Kalemi Defterleri 170 Beys of the Danubian Amedi Kalemi Evraki 171 principalities 115 Amedi Office 170–1 Bihac, fort 112 Anderson, M.S. 7–8, 11, 30 Bismarck, Chancellor 145 Anderson, Sonia 122 Blanchefort, Guy de 74, 77 Anglo-Turkish trade agreement 142 Bocciardi, Giorgio 78–9 Antonovich, Ivan 54 Bon, Ottavio 39 Armenian Question, the 146 Bonaparte, Napoleon 44, 147 d’Aubusson, Pierre 56–7 Bosnia- 100, 104, 112 August II, 101 Bosphorus, the 168 Austrian wars 44, 50 Braudel, F. 169 Ayas Beg 81 Bretagne 70 bretonis 38 Bab-i Ali Evrak Odasi Defterleri 172 British 152, 156 Bab-i Asafi Evraki 171 anglicization of 152, 157–60 Babinger, Franz 74, 77 British embassy in 4 Baçka 99 British Parliament 24

194 Index 195

Brod, fort 91, 99 Corinthian gulf 104 Bulgakow 119–20, 128 Corvinus, Matthias 70–2, 78, 84, 86 Bull, Hedley 11, 13, 24 cottimo 41 Burton, Edward 180 Count Marsigli 92 Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin de 45 Count Ötingen 92 16–17, 138 Count Schlick 92 Count Stanislas Malachowski 92, Caliph 67 102, 112 Calvinists 23, 38 Count Vozhnitsin 93, 103, 112 Cânibî Ali Pasha 49 couriers 115–16, 124 Canning, George 182 Cretan Question, the 145–6 Canning, Sir Stratford 153, 160–1, Crimea 45, 102 179, 182 18, 20, 47 Canovi, Philippo 71 Crimean War 139, 143 Capitulations, the 2–3, 8, 15, 17, 23, Crusade 69–74, 76–7 25, 28, 37–9, 41–3, 46, 60, 122, Crusader 37, 72 186 Czobor, Emerich 78 legal superiority of 42–3 Çiçek Khatun 83 Castlereagh, Lord 154, 156–8 24, 119 D’Aubusson, the Grand Master 71–7, 84 3 Dalmatia 104 centrality 18 Daltaban Mustafa Pasa 90, 108 Cevdet Tasnifi 174 Damat Ibrahim Pasha 116 Chabert, Francis 154, 159–60 , river 78, 99 Chamber of Interpretation 45 Dar al-Harb 2–3, 6, 8–9, 15, 24, 29, see also Translation Department 37, 41, 89, 132 chargés d’affaires 136, 149 Dar al-Islam 2–3, 6, 8–9, 15, 24, 29, Charles V 22–23, 38 37, 41 Charles VIII 22, 56–8, 72, 77, 84 Dâr al-Sulh 15, 37, 41 Charrière, Ernest 39 defter 169–71 Chief of the Porte 152 Defterdar 49 Chinese Empire 18 Defterdar Pasa 108 Christendom 11–12, 15, 24, 28, 67, Dehio, L. 22 70, 114, 117, 123 Dellak 68 Christian Europe 6, 9, 23 Derschwam, Hans 45 and cooperation with Muslim Dervish Mehmed Efendi 63 69–70 Devlet-i Aliyye’yi Muhammediyye 14 Christian world 7, 37, 39, 44, 57, 71 dhimme 37 Christianity 15, 36, 66 dhimmîs 40 Cibo, Francesco 75 Diplomacy 2 Cibo, Niccolò 75, 78 as an institution of European/modern Ciritho, Antonios 57, 62, 70 states system 2, 4–5, 7, 10–12, Cold War 121 26, 167 Collier, Jacobus 93, 96, 123 definition of 10, 131 37, 139 historical development of 10–12, Congress of Berlin 145 25–6, 31–2 Congress of 141 diplomatic corps, Istanbul 120, 124 11, 26, 140 170 conventional diplomacy 2, 4, 12 see also Imperial Chancery 196 Index

Divan-i Hümayun Defterleri 170 42–3, 49 djaiz 69 Fitzmaurice, Gerald 160 Djelal Beg 81 Florence 38, 70 Djem see Djem Sultan Florentines 23, 25 Djem Celebi see Djem Sultan Foreign Office Documents (FO) 181–2 Djem Sultan 56, 66–88 Forét, Jean de la 39 and his claim to the sultanate 68–9 Foscarini, Antoino 38 see also Jem Francis I, King 18, 22–3, 30, 38–9 Dnieper, river 103 Frederick the Great 16, 177 Doge, the 104 13–14, 138–9, Dominican Leonardo 74 146, 148 see also Fra Leonardo Fuat Pasha 137, 139, 143–7 dragoman system 121, 123, 154 Dragomans, the 3–4, 41–4, 135–6, Galata 78 151–3 General Directorate of State Dubrovnik 37, 45, 47 Archives 170, 172, 185 Düveli Ecnebi Defters 170, 186 Genoese, the 16, 23, 25, 41 Gentile, Giovanni-Battista 73–4 Eastern Question, the 139 George III, King 19, 178 Ebubekir Ratib Effendi 49, 176–7, Germiny, de 47 190 ghaza 14, 131 elçi hazînesi 50 see also jihad , Queen 23, 180 ghazis, the 14 Elliot, Robert Liston 158–9 ghulam 82 embassy doctors 152 Ghurbetname-i Sultan Djem 66, 81 Emirs 18 Gibbons, Herbert A. 13 English plan, the 123 giovanni di lingua 152–3, 155, 159 Enlightenment, the 29–30 Glover, Thomas 180 Elgin, Lord 155 Goffman, Daniel 24–5 Esseg, fort of 91 Grand Master of the Hospitallers 67 European colonial empires 21 14, 17 European Public Law of Nations see also Sheik ul-Islam 9, 36 Grand 2, 39, 42, 46–7, 50, 93, European states system 1, 4–5, 120, 126, 185 9–12, 21 Great Britain 133 development of 13, 26, 32 Great Mogul 126 the institutions 12–13, 26 Greek Phanariote 44 the rules of 12–13 see also Phanariot Europeanness 138 Greek revolt 136, 140–1 extraterritoriality, principle of Grey, Sir Edward 182 9–10, 25 evraks, the 169 Habsburg , the 89, 91, 103, 105 Faroqhi, Suraiya 181 Habsburgs, the 22–3, 95, 177 Fawkener, Sir Everard 120 Haci Ahmed Pasha 63 Fazil Ahmed Pasa 109 Haci Zaganos 187 Ferrante 72 hadjib al-hudjdjab 67 fethnames, the 14 Haga, Cornelis 39–40, 47, 50, 62 fetva, the 14, 16, 44 Hakim al-Din Idris al-Bidlisi see Idris Index 197 hakim-i Rodos see Grand Master of the Italian Peninsula 12 Hospitallers 21 Hakluyt, Richard 180 Ibrahim Pasha 49, 51 Hakluyt Society 180 idolatry 23 Halife-i Ru’i Zemin 19 Ishak 148 Halil Pasha, 47 Hamilton, Terrick 157–9 Jem 16, 56–8, 62 Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph von 80 , the city of 71 Hammond, Edmund 159 jihad 7–8, 14–16, 29, 37, 40 Harbourne, Sir William 27, 39 jizya 40–1 Hasht Bihisht 67 Hatt-i Hümayun 171, 174, 185 Kaiser, the Habsburg 90–4 Hatt-i Hümayun Tasnifi 171 Kamenets-Podolsk, fort 91, Hattî Mustafa Effendi 50 101–2, 106 havadisnames 175 kapi kethüdasi 47 Haydar Beg 80 kapidji-bashi 67 Henri III 115 Kapicibashi Mehmed Agha 54 Hizir Beg 46, 62 Kapidjibashi Mustafa 58, 74–8, Hijaz 18 82, 88 Holy League 39, 91–2 see also Mustafa Pasha Holy League Powers 89, 105 Karlowitz 89, 116 hudud mollasi 48 Karlowitz mission, the Ottoman 90, Hungarians, the 79 96, 106 92, 100–1 Sultan’s directive to 93–4 Hurewitz, J.C. 6, 44, 132, 134 Karlowitz negotiations hükms 174 conclusion of 104–7 Hünkar Iskelesi 142 conduct of 93–104 Hüseyin Beg 57, 64 mediation by Britain and Holland at 93, 103 Iberian Peninsula 93 mediators at 96–7, 102 Ibn-ül Emin Tasnifi 174 Ottoman proposals for 91–2 Idris 67–8, 77, 79–83 study of 109 Ilok, fort 91, 99 the Habsburg delegation threaten to Imperial Chancery 43, 45–6, 49 leave 94 imperial systems 18–20, 29 Tsar’s reluctance for 92 Inalcik, Halil 14–16, 186 Karlowitz, Treaty of 42, 53 Innocent VIII, the Pope 16, 56–8, Kasim Chavush 58 66–7, 72 Kayitbay, Sultan of Egypt 70–1, 84 and his custody of Djem 69–76 Kendall, John 74 Irades 171, 185 Kerch, fort 103, 106 Iskerletzade Alexander, Chief Kinross, Lord 125 Dragoman 93–4, 98, 110 Knights 71, 85 see also Mavrocordato Koçi Bey 19 Islahat Fermani 143 Köprülü Mustafa Pasa 109 Islam, distinguished from Köprülü, Mehmed Fuat 13 Christianity 9–10 Kuran, Ercüment 9 Ismail Beg 57 Kutuzov, General 53, 56 Italian city-states 5, 11–12, 25–7, Küchük Kainarja, Treaty of 38, 79 53, 64 198 Index

Lancome, de 47 Mehmed II 15–16, 33, 38, 41, 56, Lale Devri ( Era) 176 68–9, 78, 117 Latins, the 16 see also Mehemed the Conqueror layihas 175 Mehmed III 180 Lebanese settlement 143–4 Mehmed Said Efendi 62 Leonardo, Fra 73 45, 59, 68–9 Leopold, 52 Mehmet Ali Pasha, the insurrection Lepanto 38–9, 42, 47 of 141–3 Levant, the 38–9, 114 Merkez Arsivi 172–3, 186 Levant Company 41, 151–60 Messir Francesko Levantines, the 160 Mesrutiyet 144 Lewis, Bernard 7 Metternich, Chancellor 141 Liddell, George 154 Mihal-oghlu Ali 79 Liston, Robert 152, 154–61 mihmandar 51 London Convention 142 system, the 20 Louis XI 26, 57 millet-i sadika 146 Louis XIII 52 Milli Kütüphane 179 Louis XIV 90, 109 Minotto, Girolamo 127 Louis XV 126 mirahur 46 Lugoj, fort 97 Ebul Hasan Han 190 18, 45, 47, 91, 101–3, Macartney, Lord 27 106, 126 Maggi, Ottoviano 24, 34 Monastir 79 43 Montenegro 79 Mahmud Pasha, 104 43, 46 Moresini, Giovanni Francesco 38 Mahmud Raif Effendi 176–7, 187 Morier, David 155, 161 Mahmut II 136–7, 141, 148–9 most favoured nation clause, the 47 Mahomet Bey 45 mulk 69 Mallet, Sir Edward 182 multilateral conferences 2 Mamluks, the 16, 58, 69–72, 83 Murad III, Sultan 66, 180 Manchu 118 Murad IV, Sultan 46 Mansell, Philip 28 Mures river 97–8 Marcello, Bartelemi 39 Muscovy 22, 89 Mariani, Paulo 128 musta’min 41 Mattingly, Garret 11–12, 22 Mustafa Beg 77 Mavrocordato, Alexander 110, Mustafa Nazifi Efendi 63 126, 130 Mustafa Effendi 176–7 Maximilian, Emperor 22, 70, 72 Mustafa Pasha 67–8, 82 68 Mustafa Rasih Pasha 56 Meclis-i Vala (Meclis-i Vukela) 172, 186 Nadir 63 Mecmua-i Muahedat 174, 186 Naff, Thomas 8–9, 24, 115 Medici, Lorenzo de’ 57, 70, Name-i Hümayun 171 75, 84 Name-i Hümayun Defterleri 171, 186 Mehmed Agha 63 nameres 48 Mehmed Arif 80–1 names 175 Mehmed Emni Pasha 51, 54–5, 63 nationality 18, 20 Mehmed Hilmi nation-state 17–19 Index 199 nation states 7, 20, 22–3 as a composite polity 3 native dragomans, the 151–2 as a nomadic empire 14 Navarin, port of 141 as an imperial system 17–21, Nazir137 25, 27 Near East 139, 141 as an Islamic polity 2, 6, 8–9, Nemçe Chasari 42 13–15, 17 Nishanci (Nisanci) 49, 137 as continuation of Byzantine Nizam-i Cedid 132, 140 Empire 13, 32 nizam-i alem 69 as the other of Europe 29–30, 124 integration with the diplomatic Oriental secretaries 151, 157, 159 system of Europe of 114–15 Orthodox merchants 115, 124 nature of 4, 13, 43–4 Osman III 54 outside the European system Osmanli Disisleri-Hariciye Arsivleri 172 13, 138 108, 168–9, 183 within the Turkic tradition 13–14 Ottoman attitude toward Ottoman envoys 48–56, 187 diplomacy 4–35 at the foreign courts 52–6 as exclusive and repudiatory 5 preparations for 49–51 as dismissive and derisory 5, 25 purposes of 48 as favourable 25–9 Ottoman paleography 169 as negative 6, 10, 13 Ottoman resident ambassadors as positive 9 132, 134 Ottoman diplomacy and their role in westernization of ad hoc nature of 36, 41, 59, 190 167, 183 London as the first destination and collection of information 45–6 for 133–4 and diplomatic protocol 46–8 reasons for the failure of 134–6 and European mediation 128–9 return of 137–8 and reciprocity 28 Ottoman resident embassies distinctive institutions of 3, 180 establishment of 132, 167, 175 Islamic basis of 40–1 see also permanent Turkish non-existence of 1, 131–2 embassies unconventional features of (Osmanlica) 2–3, 108 169, 184 unilateral character of 44, Ottoman-Venetian wars 46 114–15, 131 westernisation of 20, 36, 132 of Islam, the 14, 17 Ottoman Empire Paget, Lord William 93, 96, 113 acknowledgement of negotiation palangas 91 by 90 Palmerston, Lord 159 and its relations with Europe Pandolfini, P. 74, 84 1, 7–8, Pandone, Camillo 70 and the European states Papacy 22, 70 system 21–5, 32, 37–8, 114, Papal state 76 132, 143, 167 Paris Conference 36 and the ghazi thesis 14, 16, 32, Paris, Treaty of 139, 143–4 89–90 Passarowitz, Treaty of 49, 62 and the Inner Asian heritage Pastor, Ludwig 77 17, 33 Patriarchate 17 200 Index

Patrona Halil 43 resident ambassadors 2–3, 6, 9, 11, permanent ambassadors in 26, 123 Istanbul 118, 121–2 as Sultan’s guests in and their immunities 122, 129 28 hostage status of 120, 122 resident embassies 5–6, 10–11 permanent diplomacy in Ottoman Resit Pasa, Mustafa 137, 139, 147 Empire 132, 167 Rhodes 69–70, 72, 76 permanent embassies in Richelieu, Cardinal 124, 130 Istanbul 117–18, 120–1, 168 risales 175 as ‘mark of submission’ 118 Roe, Sir Thomas 117 permanent Turkish embassies 123–4 Rustem, Iranian Vizier 46 , 54, 103, 117 Ruzzini, Cavalier Carlo 93, Petrovaradin, fort of 91 104–5, 113 Petrovna, Elizabeth 54 Rycaut, Paul 161 Phanariot Greeks 136 Pindar, Paul 47 Sadaret Evraki Defterleri 172 Pisani, Bartholomew 159–60, 162 Sadeddin (Sa’d al-Din) 66–7, 80 Pisanis, the 154 safe conduct 42 Podolian province 101–2 Safvet Pasha 144 Pojejan 79 Sait Halet Efendi 136 Poland 3, 89, 91 Salnames 174 Poland-Lithuania 22 Sancak-begs 174 policy of balance, the Ottoman 37–9, Sanderson, John 128 140–1, 145 San Stefano, Treaty of 144 political dragoman 153 Save river 91, 100 Polish Kingdom-Republic 92, Sea of 103 101, 103 Second Holy League 3, 22 Ponsonby, Sir Henry 182 secretary of embassy 152 Pope, the 26, 38–9, 57, 66–7, 69 sefaretnâmes, the 3–4, 52, 54, 56, Protestants 23, 38 136, 187, 190 Public Record Office 181 as sources of Ottoman diplomacy 175–9 -names, the 15 Selaniki Mustafa Effendi 47, 60 Qianlong, Chinese Emperor 18 66, 81 and his letter to George III Selim III 4, 36, 44, 114, 132, 133–4, 19, 33 136, 148, 175, 177 Queller, Donald E. 116, 126, 189 separation between state and religion 9–10, 31 Ragusa 104 Seraglio 82, 119 Ragusans 23 Serm district 99 raison d’état 6, 11, 30 Setton, K. 77 Rami Mehmed Efendi 93–4, 98, Seven Towers, the 2–3, 43, 118–20, 128 108, 126 imprisonment of the ambassadors reciprocity, principle of 25–8 in 28, 35, 127 Reisülküttab 44, 93, 109–10, Severin 79 137, 170 Seyyid Ali Efendi 136 Relazione, the Venetian 176, 189 Shah Abbas 49 Renaissance Italy 10–12, 21, 132 Shaikh al-Islam or Sheik ul-Islam 14, Repnin, Russian Ambassador 53 44, 132 Index 201

Shari’a 2, 8–9, 14–15, 40, 44, 69 Timisoara, province of 91, 96–102 Shehdî Osman Efendi 54–6, 63 Tisza river 91, 97–9 Signoria, the 105, 113 Titel, Fort 91 Silihdar Mehmed Aga 108 Topkapi Palace 168, 175, 179 Simmons, Henry 160 Translation Department 4, 137–8 Sinan Beg 81 Transylvania 91–2, 94–6, 98–101 Slavonia-Petrovaradin 99 Treaty of Paris of 1856 13 son of the heaven 19 Treaty of Westphalia 26 sovereign territorial states 11 Trevisan, Domenico 73 sovereignty 17–18, 27 truces 37, 42 special envoys 115–16, 118, 124 Turco-Mongol world 68 spies 115, 124 Turkish Straits 142 Spinelli, Lorenzo 70 Tursun Beg 69 State Papers (SP) 182 Türkenkongress, the 71–2, 74 Steensgaard, Niels 128 Türk Tarih Kurumu 175, 179, 187 Strangford, Lord 153, 159 Streltsy Revolt 92 Ujlaki 78–9 Subdanubia 92, 103 Ukraine 101 4, 6, 20, 22, 27, 29, 17 44, 114, 125, 133–6 ulûfe günü 46 II 52, 126 Umur-u Hariciye Nezareti (the Ministry Suleyman I 66 of Foreign Affairs) 172–3, 186 Suleyman Pasha 79 establishment of 136–7 16, 18, Una river 91, 100, 112 37–9, 45, 59, 180, 186 Unat, Faik Re sit 50 and his letter to Francis I 19 unequal treaties 22 2–3, 6, 8, 14 unilateralism 6–8, 26–7, 125, 132 Sultan-iIklim-i Rum 17, 33 unilateral diplomacy 117 Sutton, Sir Robert 123 and the Ottoman Empire sehbenderlik 171 118–21, 128 sehbenders 171 and the Europeans 122–4 Sehbenderlik Defterleri 171 uti possidetis, the principle of 91–2, Seyhülislam Feyzullah Efendi 108 95–6, 100–1, 103–6, 109

Tadj al-Tawarikh 66 Valier, Christoforo 40 takrirs 175 Valori, Filippo 79 171–2 Varád 79 Tanzimat Firman 142 Vasvar, Treaty of 92 Tasra Arsivi 172–3, 186 Vatican 76 Tatar problem 102–3 Vaughan, D. M. 24 telhises 175 Vekayinüvises (vakanuvis) 174–5, Temesvár 79 179, 187 temliknames 174 Venetians, the 15–16, 25, 32, 38–9, Tercüme Kalemi Evraki 173 45–6, 74–5, 79, 121 Tercüme Odasi 137, 149 12, 25, 32, 39, 47, 72, 89, 91 see also Translation Department Virmondt, Graf 51 territoriality 18 Thuasne, L. 77, 80 wakf 69 Tilly, Charles 18 Waki’at-i Sultan Djem 66–7, 77, 80 202 Index

Wallachia 18, 45, 47, 125 3, 18 Watson, Adam 23 Yirmisekiz Çelebi Mehmed Wellesley, Lord 157, 182 Effendi 52, 62–3, 176, 188 Westphalian settlement 23 Yusuf Agah Efendi 30, 133, 148–9, Wicquefort, Abraham de 118, 126 176–7, 187, 189 Wieschnyakov 120 Wight, Martin 11 Zenta, the battle of 89–91 White, Sir William 179, 182 Zillulahi fi-l Arz 19 Wilhelm II 140 Zsitva-Törok, treaty of 42 Wittek, Paul 14, 180 Zulfikar 49 Wladislaw, King 79 Zülfikar Efendi (Pasha) Wood, George 155, 159 52, 126 Wood, Richard 160 Zvornik 79