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Géopolitique Du Nigéria

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Géopolitique Du Nigéria GÉOPOLITIQUE IEP 4e année Préparation du contrôle écrit* À l'aide des informations contenues dans le dossier ci-joint (et exclusivement celles-ci), vous préparerez et apprendrez des fiches en vue de traiter (si la matière est tirée au sort) le sujet suivant : GÉOPOLITIQUE DU NIGÉRIA - Vous lirez attentivement la documentation et vous étudierez les cartes pour recenser, conformément à la méthode d’analyse présentée et illustrée en cours, les facteurs permettant d’expliquer la situation au Nigéria. - Vous prendrez garde de n'oublier aucun domaine important. - Vous préparerez et apprendrez des fiches regroupant et commentant les informations retenues en vue de l’exercice de synthèse qui vous sera proposé ultérieurement si la matière est tirée au sort. ----------------------------------------------------------- * Les étudiants étrangers prépareront tous ce travail et ils seront interrogés à l’oral sur ce dossier NIGÉRIA :! QUELQUES CARTES POUR AIDER À COMPRENDRE! Atlas de l'Afrique, Paris, 2011, Éditions du Jaguar, p. 186! http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/! http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/! Atlas du Nigeria, Paris, 2003, Éditions Jeune Afrique, p. 65! Atlas du Nigeria, Paris, 2003, Éditions Jeune Afrique, p. 67! Atlas de l'Afrique, Paris, 2011, Éditions du Jaguar, p. 188! Atlas de l'Afrique, Paris, 2011, Éditions du Jaguar, p. 189! Atlas du Nigeria, Paris, 2003, Éditions Jeune Afrique, p. 101! Atlas du Nigeria, Paris, 2003, Éditions Jeune Afrique, p. 123! Atlas de l'Afrique, Paris, 2011, Éditions du Jaguar, p. 187! Alain Dubresson, Jean-Yves Marchal, ! Jean-Pierre Raison, ! Les Afriques au sud du Sahara, ! Géographie universelle, Paris 1994, Belin p. 96! Population & Avenir, n° 682 (mars-avril 2007)! http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/images/! http://www.artheos.org/! http://www.cosmovisions.com/Nigeria-Carte- Ethnographie.htm! Atlas du 21e siècle, Paris, 2009, Nathan p. 120! http://ddc.arte.tv/cartes/252! http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16510922! http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16510922! http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16510922! Amaël Cattaruzza, Atlas des guerres et conflits : Un tour du monde géopolitique, Paris, 2014, Autrement, p. 63! Amaël Cattaruzza, Atlas des guerres et conflits : Un tour du monde géopolitique, Paris, 2014, Autrement p. 62! http://www.arcre.org/2014/05/06/boko-haram-veut-traiter-les-lyceennes- enlevees-en-esclaves/! Baga ! avant et après! l’attaque de ! Boko Haram! Georges Duby (s. d.), Atlas historique mondial, Paris, 2011, Larousse, pp. 258-259! Georges Duby (s. d.), Atlas historique mondial, Paris, 2011, Larousse, p. 278! Georges Duby (s. d.), Atlas historique mondial, Paris, 2011, Larousse, p. 279! Atlas du Nigeria, Paris, 2003, Éditions Jeune Afrique, p. 73! Atlas du Nigeria, Paris, 2003, Éditions Jeune Afrique, p. 74! Nigel Dalziel, The Penguin Historical Atlas of the British Empire! London, 2006, Penguin, p. 72! Nigel Dalziel, The Penguin Historical Atlas of the British Empire! London, 2006, Penguin, p. 73! Atlas des esclavages p. 24 & p. 36! Nigel Dalziel, The Penguin Historical Atlas of the British Empire! London, 2006, Penguin, p. 31 ! Atlas des guerres et des conflits p. 62! Atlas des guerres et des conflits p. 42! Atlas des esclavages pp. 82-83! G E O G RAP HI E T]I\IVE RS E LLE SOUS tA DIRECTION DE ROGER BRUNET Les Afriques ru sud du S ahata ALAII\ DT]BRESSON JEAN-YVES MARCHAL JEA]\-PIERRE RAISON ATTENTION : LES CHIFFRES SONT ANCIENS ACTUALISEZ AVEC LE DOCUMENT SUIVANT F; rt tlq q PT]BLIÉ AVEC LE COI\COURS D U CEI{TRE 1\ATIOI\IAL DU LIVRE BELIl\ I RECLT]S I\igeia: l'Afrtque du nombre Riche à lui seul d'un cinquième de la population totale de l'Afrique noire, le Nige4a est un géant ümograpbique. Espace tripolaire subtilemenT gouuerné, grâce à un systèmefédéral com,plexe, le pays a connu. dans les années 1970, la ricbesse par le pétrole, qui a donné I'illusion du deueloppement mais a surtout engmdré une crise finAnci,ère, alimentaire et urbaine dont les conséquences sont difficiles à géru, «Ceux qui rendent impossible le changement pacifique Seul le pays yoruba, construit sur des cités-États, présente, sauf danq rendent inévitable le changement violent». l'Edo, une grande homogénéité ethnique. Côté nord, les Haoussa Wole Sovtnrn vivent à l'ombre de leurs conquérants fulani (peul) et ne sont majori- taires que dans moins de la moitié des États. Côté sud-est, les Igbo sont majoritaires dans quatre États (Abia, Anambra, Enugu et Imo) epuis sa création en l9l4,1e Nigeria connaît différentes tensions mais sont en butte à l'hostilité de leurs voisins, qui les gênent dans entre les enracinements multiples des groupes et la volonté de leur désir d'expansion. Mis à part le pays ibibio (État d'Akwa Ibom), construire une nation. Il oscille en permanence entre la culture des les périphéries moins denses sont devenues autant de zones de colo tenoirs et celle des cités, entre une vision rurale bornée par un horizon nisation pour les trois pôles, quand ceux-ci ont connu des phases local ou régional et une tradition marchande internationale. Construit d'expansion politique ou économique: une colonisation qui a suscite sur le modèle d'un fédéralisme en trompe-l'æil, le Nigeria malaxe sans résistances, replis sur soi, acculturation ou alliances défensives avec anêt son espace politique de peur de le figer dans un mouvement tantôt le pôle le plus éloigné contre le plus proche. girondin, tantôt jacobin, aidé en cela, depuis 1913, par l'argent du pétrole, quelque peu tari aujourd'hui. La fédération affiche une inso- Si l'espace nigérian est divisé par l'«Y>> Niger-Bénoué, grande voie lente capacité à construire petit à petit, par-delà les aléas d'une histoire fluviale navigable qui traverse le pays sur plus de 1 500 km, les berges récente chaotique, un tenitoire, base de son affirmation nationale. Si le des fleuves, quasi désertes, ne l'ont en aucune façon structuré. Il aélé passé n'avait été si prégnant dans la vie politique et culturelle façonné par les constructions politiques anciennes, qui se sont préoc- actuelle, on pourrait consid *w que la classique césure zonale cupées de tenir les routes marchandes tenestres, qu'il s'agisse des commandée par les précipitations détermine seule les subdivisions du États ayant affronté les conquérants britanniques (royaumes yoruba. tenitoire nigérian. Les constructions politiques précoloniales et la empires de Sokoto et du Bornou) ou de leurs anciens vassaux conune référence ethnique ne constitueraient pas des horizons en apparence les quat orzeÉtats haoussa, le royaume nupé ou encore celui du Bénin indépassables si les colons britanniques et leurs héritiers n'en avaient Rebutés par une côte basse à lagunes et à mangrove, pff une bane fait un usage inconsidéré pour consolider leurs visées hégémoniques délicate à franchir, les populations nigérianes et le colonisateur britan- plus que pour forger un tenitoire national. Ce qui divise, ce qui exclut nique n'ont pas donné, sur la côte orientale, un nouveau souffle aur ou ce qui unit est à rechercher dans ce passé revisité. cités fluvio-maritimes esclavagistes du delta du Niger, de la Cross River ou de l'empire aro, florissantes au xxe siècle, mais ont préféÉ créer, de toutes pièces, des villes nouvelles à f intérieur: Onitsha ['esp îce tripolaire Enugu, Aba, Oweni ou Port Harcourt. Peuplées par les anciens esclaves igbo, plus prolifiques et plus dynamiques sous la colonisation epuis fort longtemps, 1'espace nigérian est organisé par trois que d'autres peuples, celles-ci sont devenues dominantes au détriment pôles ayant chacun centre et périphérie: le Nord centré sur le de Calabar, capitale du protectorat nigérian à l'aube de la conquête pays haoussa, le Sud-Ouest sur le pays yoruba et le Sud-Est sur le britannique, qui n'a plus d'arrière-pays depuis qu'en 1961 la Came- pays igbo. Mal reliés entre eux, ces pôles sont loin d'être homogènes. roons Provinc e a été rattachée à la fédération camerounaise. UA Nlgeria: l'Afrique du nambre Tr- NTGER Loc Tchad I3.1 - Les trois pôles ethniques du Nigeria Entre les trors noyaux dense5 haoussa-peul, yoruba et igbo, héritiers d' organ sations pol fttq ues ayant su maîtnser le milieu et capitalser /es hommes, et chacune de leurs périphériet se forgent BENIN alliances et oppositions qui consoldent ou écartèlent le Nigeria. CAME ROU N Limite d'Etot - Limite de l'Étot fédérol pôles Villes les trois milliers d'hobitonts ethniquei Logos {en } Wcæur (,rooo O Yorubo Océon Atlantique () @ lsbo 5oo t/ @ Hoousso-Peul O 200 100 ffiPériphérie Ainsi le Nigeria a-t-il tourné le dos à la mer pendant que la «chefferie C'est ainsi que les communautés païennes des savanes se sont réfu- traditionnelle» a réussi à peser sur la vie politique et à occuper des giées sur les plateaux, inselbergs ou montagnes qui émaillent le positions de pouvoir en vue dans l'appareil administratif et écono- Nigeria central, conservant leurs institutions, leurs rites et leur mode mique. Le califat de Sokoto ne fut-il pas l'un des plus puissants États de vie communautaire dans une grande frugalité, au prix de mille de l'ère précoloniale, avec un tenitoire de plus de 400 000 km2, innovations. À leur pied s'étendent des espaces vides où la végé- s'étendant de I'actuel Burkina-Faso au Cameroun central, diffusant tation est une niche écologique pour les glossines qui rendent la f islam par ses prédicateurs (mallams) et permettant le commerce à Middle Belt insalubre tant aux animaux qu'aux hommes sur de longue distance de la cola et des objets artisanaux produits dans les vastes étendues. De même, dans la forêt, les Igbo, cible favorite des villes passées sous son autorité? Comment construire le Nigeria intermédiaires de la traite, n'ont eu d'autre issue que de s'enfoncer contemporain sans donner leur part aux descendants des cavaliers loin des fleuves, d'où venaient les chasseurs d'esclaves, dans les d'Usman dan Fodio et à ceux de la civilisation d'Ife? formations végétales denses.
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