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Rapporto Sulla Campagna Antartica Estate Australe 1995 - 96 Undicesima Spedizione PROGRAMMA NAZIONALE DI RICERCHE IN ANTARTIDE Rapporto sulla Campagna Antartica Estate Australe 1995 - 96 Undicesima Spedizione PROGETTO ANTARTIDE ANT 96/07 PROGRAMMA NAZIONALE DI RICERCHE IN ANTARTIDE Rapporto sulla Campagna Antartica Estate Australe 1995 -96 Undicesima Spedizione A cura di M. Chiara Ramorino e Anna Pignocchi PROGETTO ANTARTIDE ENEA - Progetto Antartide Via Anguillarese,301 c.p.2400,00100 Roma A.D. Tel.:06-30484816,Fax:06-30484893,E-mail [email protected] INDICE pag. PREMESSA ............................................................................................................................................................... v PARTE PRIMA LA SPEDIZIONE A BAIA TERRA NOVA 1. Struttura ed evoluzione geologica del Continente Antartico e dell'Oceano Meridionale .................................. 1 Progetto 1a Struttura ed evoluzione della litosfera della regione del Mare di Ross ...................................... 3 1a.1 Evoluzione proterozoica e paleozoica del margine pacifico dell'Antartide ................................ 3 1a.2 Struttura profonda della litosfera nell'area del Mare di Ross ..................................................... 6 1a.4 Cartografia geologica, geomorfologica e geofisica della Terra Vittoria .................................... 6 Progetto 1b Bacini periantartici e margini della placca antartica ................................................................... 9 1b.8 Sismologia a larga banda nell'Arco di Scotia .............................................................................9 1b.12 Depositi sedimentari giganti ad opera di correnti di fondo ...................................................... 12 2. Global Change ....................................................................................................................................................... 13 Progetto 2a Glaciologia e paleoclima .......................................................................................................... 15 2a.1 Processi glaciali connessi ai cambiamenti globali ................................................................... 15 2a.2 Monitoraggio dei cambiamenti in atto nei ghiacciai ................................................................ 17 2a.3 Acquisizione di serie di dati paleoambientali contenuti nei ghiacci terrestri e marini (íce coring) ....................................................................................................................20 2a.4 Fisica del ghiaccio e prospezioni geofisiche .............................................................................20 2a.5 Meteoriti nei ghiacci antartici ...................................................................................................28 2a.6 Cartografie tematiche da telerilevamento ..................................................................................30 Progetto 2b.1 Fisica e chimica dell'atmosfera antartica ...................................................................................33 2b.1.1 Fisica dello strato limite planetario . ..........................................................................................33 2b.1.4 Gas serra e costituenti minori atmosferici .................................................................................36 2b.1.5 Fisica e chimica della stratosfera . .............................................................................................39 Progetto 2b.2 Sistema climatico e rapporti mare-ghiaccio-atmosfera ............................................................ 43 2b.2.2 Esperimento polynya (Polynex) ............................................................................................... 43 Progetto 2c.1 Relazione Sole-Terra .................................................................................................................47 2c.1.2 Interazione vento solare-magnetosfera, ionosfera .....................................................................47 2c.1.3 Raggi cosmici ............................................................................................................................50 Progetto 2c.2 Ricerche Astrofisiche ................................................................................................................53 2c.2.1 Astronomia infrarossa e sorgenti variabili ................................................................................53 2c.2.2 Raggi cosmici ............................................................................................................................53 2c.2.3 Osservazioni della radiazione cosmica di fondo ........................................................................55 Progetto 2d.1a Meccanismi fisiologici, biochimici e molecolari dell'adattamento ...........................................57 2d.1a.1 Trasporto dell'ossigeno . ............................................................................................................58 2d.1a.2 Enzimi e metabolismo ...............................................................................................................60 2d.1a.3 Proteine con funzione di trasporto ............................................................................................61 2d.1a.4 Membrane cellulari . ..................................................................................................................62 2d.1a.5 Immunoglobine e proteine da stress ..........................................................................................62 i 2d.1a.6 Sviluppo e crescita . .................................................................................................................. 62 2d.1a.7 Caratteri adattativi e non adattativi e caratteristiche morfofunzionali ...................................... 62 Progetto 2d.1b Ecofisiologia ed ecotossicologia . ............................................................................................. 65 2d.1b.1 Effetto delle radiazioni UV-B sull'apparato fotosintetico e adattamento all’ambiente antartico ............................................................................................................... 65 2d.1b.2 Caratterizzazione ecologico-funzionale di ecosistemi terrestri antartici e studio dei flussi degli elementi essenziali e tossici nelle catene trofiche (BIOTEX 1) ....................... 65 2d.1b.3 Studio di bioindicatori e sviluppo di biomarkers in relazione alla presenza di agenti fisici e chimici di origine naturale e antropogenica ....................................................... 65 Progetto 2d.1c Aspetti ecologici e genetici del differenziamento delle popolazioni ........................................ 71 2d.1c.1 Biodiversità e speciazione ........................................................................................................ 71 2d.1c.2 Meccanismi e strategie dell'adattamento .................................................................................. 73 2d.1c.3 Struttura e dinamica di microecosistemi antartici .................................................................... 73 Progetto 2d.2 Ecologia e biogeochimica dell'Oceano Meridionale ................................................................ 77 2d.2.1 ROSSMIZE costiero e 2421 - CS-EASIZ ................................................................................ 77 Progetto 2d.3 Contaminazione ambientale . .................................................................................................... 91 2d.3.1 Processi di diffusione e trasporto di inquinanti a livello planetario ......................................... 91 2d.3.2 Distribuzione di inquinanti in matrici marine e lacustri ........................................................... 92 2d.3.4 Banca campioni ambientali antartici (BCAA) ......................................................................... 95 Progetto 2d.4 Biologia umana e medicina ...................................................................................................... 97 2d.4.l Studio dei meccanismi micro e macro circolatori dell'adattamento a breve e medio termine alle condizioni climatiche antartiche ................................................................ 97 3. Osservatori, informazioni geografiche e varie . .................................................................................................... 99 Progetto 3a Osservatori, rilievi idrogeografici e cartografici . ................................................................... 101 3a.1 Geofisica della terra solida ..................................................................................................... 101 3a.2 Climatologia ........................................................................................................................... 109 3a.3 Meteorologia e radiopropagazione ......................................................................................... 113 3a.4 Oceanografia .......................................................................................................................... 114 Progetto 3b Telerilevamento, GIS, banche dati e idrografia ..................................................................... 123 3b.1 Telerilevamento ..................................................................................................................... 123 Progetto 3c Aspetti giuridici, storici, geografici e ambientali ................................................................... 125 3c.3 Valutazione di impatto ambientale ........................................................................................
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