THE MAGAZINE OF SOUTH CAROLINA san a er. MARCH• 1970 One Dollar •

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Old masters in the art of investing. READERS COMMENTS

Sandlapper welcomes letters to the editor on matters of general in­ terest. We ask that the letters be held to 150 words or less. Excerpts from this month's letters are pre­ sented below.

Of all the nice stories I have read \~' in "Sandlapper," I think "A Barrel ll ' of Flour" by Patricia G. McNeely ~ =- takes the cake. ~. ; ;: f{-J ... I envy Miss Gray, even with ~--·-· ___..... __"- .. __....__ ~ all her hardships. She must be a The Robinson-Humphrey Company. very happy and grand person. Charleston and Columbia J. D. Roberts Raleigh, North Carolina

There was an article [in the Decem her 1969 "Sandlapper"] 182nd about Brattonsville, in York County, and pictures of the old Consecutive Bratton home. This was very inter­ esting to me, as I was born and s ® reared near there, and Bethesda SONOCO Dividend Presbyterian Church, where the Brattons worshiped and are buried, many of them in the adjoining The Board of Directors, on February 18, 1970, declared churchyard. I am 72 years old, and a regular quarterly dividend of $ .15 per share and an when I was a small girl, my mother extra dividend of$ .05 per share on the common stock took me and spent the day with of the company payable March 12, 1970, to share­ Mrs. N .B. Bratton who was then liv­ holders of record at the close of business on February ing in the old brick home. 26, 1970. Checks will be mailed. Alma C. Syphrett Fort Myers, Florida SONOCO PRODUCTS COMPANY I would like to call atention on General Offices, Hartsville, S.C. your January issue. On the Pal­ metto Quiz page 72 number 11. Plants from coast to coast Summerville, the "flower town," is the county seat of which county Chesterfield, Lee, Dorchester. Neather one of the countys is right.

2 Sand lap per THE MAGAZINE san_ apper.OF SOUTH CAROLINA

READERS COMMENTS 2 NEXT MONTH 6 RESTORATION OF THE SANTEE CANAL 8 Jack Leland I REMEMBER HATTIE 14 Arianna D. DuBose BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: GOOD NEWS FOR HOSPITAL PATIENTS 16 Elaine S. Stanford Pafmeffo WOFFORD COLLEGE LIBRARY 21 Frank J. Anderson SCANDINAVIA, U.S.A. 25 Jackie Odom Y.nferiorj A TOMB CAN BE RIGHT COZY 28 Edith Bell Love A TRADITIONAL EASTER BREAKFAST 30 Nike Middleton STATEBURGH: _Antiq,uej · (/i/tj THE CAPITAL THAT ALMOST WAS 31 Russell Maxey SCRIMSHAW ARTIST NORWOOD MARLOW 37 Joan Inabinet Jnterior ::/)e:1i9n

ONE MAN'S EFFORTS 1000 GERVAIS STREET TO BEAUTIFY SPARTANBURG 40 Nancy C. Yates EGGSHELL ART 43 AS FINE AS EVER FLUTTERED 46 John Bigham MISS CLAUDIA PHELPS 47 Kay Lawrence PALMETTO QUIZ 51 SHAD FISHING ON THE EDISTO 52 E.0. McMahan SANDLAPPER BOOKSHELF 56 SANDLAPPER BOOKSTORE 58 SOUTH CAROLINA: A SYNOPTIC HISTORY FOR LAYMEN 60 Lewis P. Jones EVENTS 66 PUBLISHER'S PONDERING 69 LIMESTONE COLLEGE 73 B. G. Moss THE STATE FLOWER: A POISONOUS BEAUTY 80 Beth Causey It took us 300 INTERESTING, UNUSUAL years to build ITEMS AND SERVICES 80 something different: COVER: SCENE ALONG THE SANTEE CANAL Gary LeCroy

PUBLISHER Robert Pearce Wilkins EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Delmar L. Roberts gJ:JARlifi~JFBI2 EDITORIAL ASSIST ANT Albert Davis (SOUTH CAROLINA) EVENTS EDITOR Beth Littlejohn And much of old Charleston still re­ STAFF ARTIST Michael F. Schumpert mains ... preserved in its original ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVES E.G. Cope, Heyward Fort form . Tight little streets. Cobble­ CIRCULATION MANAGER Rose T. Wilkins CIRCULATION ASSISTANTS Harry D. Hull, Kathryn F. Little stones. Gracious gardens. Stately Celia S. Truesdale, Anne Watson mansions. Historic forts. A sight­ STAFF ASSIST ANT Mona Simpson seer's paradise. For the family: fab ­ ulous foods, fishing, boating, SANDLAPPER is published monthly by Sandlapper Press, Inc., Robert Pearce Wilkins, president; swimming, miles of uncluttered Dan K. Dukes Jr., vice president and general manager; Edward T. O'Cain, vice president printing; beaches teeming with shells. Delmar L. Roberts, vice president editorial; Rose T. Wilkins, vice president and secretary. Charleston is as it was. The South's SANDLAPPER-THE MAGAZINE OF SOUTH CAROLINA, March 1970, Volume 3, Number most graceful jewel. See it this year 3. Published monthly by Sandlapper Press, Inc. Offices and printing plant located on U.S. 378, ... during our Tricentennial ... West Columbia, s.c. MAILING ADDRESS: All correspondence and manuscripts should be ad­ dressed to P.O. Box 1668, Columbia, S.C. 29202. Return postage must accompany all manuscripts, and see something truly different. drawings and photographs submitted if they are to be returned. Query before submitting material. No responsibility assumed for unsolicited materials. Second-class postage paid at Columbia, S.C. Write, Charleston Trident Subscription rates: $9 a year in the United States and possessions; foreign countries, $12. Add 4% Chamber of Commerce ~ sales tax for South Carolina subscriptions.@1970 by Sandlapper Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No P.O. Box 975, Dept. 8-1 "'" "'" part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission. Sandlapper is a registered Charleston, South Carolina 29402~ V trademark.

March 1970 3 Saint George is the county seat of Dorchester.

Gary Clark Banks III (age 9) Summerville, South Carolina

You and dozens of other observ­ ant readers are correct: "Neather one" would be the proper answer. We apologize for this oversight and plan to feature an article on "St. George-the County Seat of Dor­ chester County" in the near future. Perhaps this will help rectify our error. Our only consolation from our mistake is that we found many readers are interested in "Palmetto Quiz." Ed.

Let me state initially that it is not the intent of this letter to criti­ cize or judge the quality of speech correction offered in the schools of Horry County. The fact remains that there are errors in the article [November 1969, "Them Purty Words"] which I feel, in fairness to all speech clinicians in our state, should be corrected. These errors deal with the history of speech cor­ rection in South Carolina and the establishment of the Speech Cor­ sandlapper rection Program in the State De­ partment of Education. The author's report does not agree with Sa'\?e Your Copies In well established and documented This Handsome Binder facts in these areas. The article states on page 65 Each sturdy blue binder is fitted " ... not long afterward (meaning with 12 removable rods, allowing after 1952) Governor Byrnes signed easy insertion or removal of any the measure creating the new de­ of the year's issues of Sandlapper. partment.... " The State Speech The publication, volume and year are stamped in gold on the Correction Program was established binder. in 1949 with Mr. Norman Lambries Pleclse state whether you desire as speech clinician and in 1952 had a binder for Volume I ( 1968), Vol­ three certified speech clinicians ume II ( 1969) or Volume 111 ( 1970). who held biweekly clinics over the The binders are $4.00 each post­ state (none of which happened at pc1id. S. C. residents add 4% sales tax. that time to be in Horry County). Mr. Lambries wrote a history of the Hearing and Speech Correction Program for his master's thesis at Marquet University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1954. Speech Correction is relatively

4 Sandlapper Sometimes building money is as scarce as hens' teetli. Sometimes at some places. But not at Cameron-Brown. We're the largest mortgage banker operating exclusively in the Southeast. Twelfth largest in the country. And we got where we are by being a lot more than just friendly. After all, we're not in business to give builders a hard time. We're in business to make money. We make land acquisition, development and construction loans, as well as long-term permanent financing. We provide real estate counseling and market research services. We help with interpretations of, and compliance with, involved agency regulations and proce­ dures. We take care of the money. You take care of the building. For more information, write: Cameron-Brown Company /900 Wade Avenue/ Raleigh, North Carolina 27605. (Cameron-Brown Company is Investment Advisor to Cameron-Brown Investment Group.) Cameron-Brown @ THE CHARLESTON SYMPHONY ASSOCIATION PRESENTS Next Month m sandlapper

Public Kindergartens: A New Dimension in South Carolina Education

By Maxcy O'Tuel

Music by libretto by GEORGE GERSHWIN DuBOSE HEYWARD lyrics by DuBOSE HEYWARD and IRA GERSHWIN Based on the Plav " PORGY" by DOROTHY and OuBOSE HEYWARD Entire Production Directed by ELLA GERBER The McClendon Serendipity CHARLESTON MUNICIPAL And Pottersville AUDITORIUM JUNE 26 thru JULY 8 Evening performances, 8 :30 By Thomas G. Smith Matinees (June 27, July 4), 2 :00

Tickets: Orchestra & Mezzanine, $5 Under balcony, $4 Upper balcony, $3 Tickets available at Charleston Country Club of South Carolina Municipal Auditorium Box Of­ fice, or use coupon below to By Roy Graham ------,order. I I C -...S-6 II . I Cl) Cl) QJ I Darlington Arts Festival I I ~c~ I c:c6E I I I <>15..c::'C I By Virginia Ravenel I a...>-ro~ I -~u:!:: I l i :e I Old Ft. Dorchester I ~ § ~ ~-; ~ l ~~-:~::=] I By Frances C. Yarbrough ~ 1 ! ! :s uJ !~~ i I ~ ~ : ~ ~E~~ I E E fj ~ "E -~-g, .c: I - ~ .c I O ~N:=! I 0 cu "' ..:s:: c.. ...,_ I ~:gc::::,Ow . ;:: I i :5 ~ I I E::v.,£ I CALENDAR OF EVENTS C..) Q) ~ I ~~ g; I -~ E ~ (..) I I ~ :~2i - ~ I • Art • Theatre • Tours "O :::J .e C ~ ~§"t;-o I • Music • Sports • Fairs j ~ I -~ i ~ ~ >- ~!~ i I ~ ~ ~ ~ g :2 ~ S ~ ~t3 ~ I • Lectures • Dance • Horse Shows ------Sandlapper new in South Carolina but not quite as new as this article leads the FOR THOSE reader to believe. The year the clin­ ician of the article began working WHO DESIRE toward state certification as a EXCELLENCE speech clinician there were already 32 speech clinicians in the public schools of our state and the year @,afrau'n she completed the requirements VISIT HISTORIC and became fully certified by the 1\utique ~ullrrirs State Department of Education there were 92 speech clinicians. FORT This does not include the number 11 who were working exclusively in LARGEST COLLECTION SUMTER the Speech and Hearing Centers in the CAROLINAS NATIONAL MONUMENT over the state. CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA The article was well written and Objects of Art quite interesting, however, I feel Period furniture-Paintings ,.~[".--~m::'. '":'.~ Oriental Rugs - ·,~------the author should have confined A colorful boat trip is your introduction her report to the Conway area or Customed designed to this famous fort where the Civil War reproductions to order began. A guided tour is conducted by else checked the records more National Park Historians. Only tour boat thoroughly. I find no record that to Fort Sumter. Leaves Municipal Marina she checked with the State Depart­ 11 daily. ment of Education, the South Caro­ Write for brochures or call l in a Speech and Hearing Asso­ AUCTIONEERS APPRAISERS Fort Sumler Tours P. 0 . Box 59 ciation, or any of the directors of 926 GERVAIS ST. Charleston, South Carolina the six Speech and Hearing Centers PHONE 252-7927 Phone (803) 722-1691 over the state. This can only make one question the source of her in­ formation. I hope "Sandlapper" will see fit to publish in the near future a re­ port of the wonderful work of all ORIGINAL GIFT the speech clinicians in our state. (Unique Record Book - Gift of a Life Time) Each member of the South Carolina Speech and Hearing Association, this writer included, would be most happy to cooperate in formulating RESIDENTIAL such a story. Van C. Porter, Member SALES AND RENTALS South Carolina Speech and Hearing Association Ballentine, South Carolina RECORD COMMERCIAL PROPERTIES YOUR FAMILY HISTORY Anyone can follow this simple plan for com­ piling a family history on prepared charts which include six generations. This S4-page Member of It will be good to see and read set also contains biographical data sheets, family history record forms, space for coat-of Multiple [in "South Carolina History Illus­ arms, photographs and other pertinent ma­ trated"] of the history that South terials. Li sting Immediate shipment via 1st class mail @$3.95 Carolina is so noted for. And es­ ppd. or via air mail @ $4.75ppd. Service pecially now when this state has the Send check or money order. An Ideal Gift for Chrlstmai or Tricentennial chance to observe the 300th year of Year. its existence .... Order from 1400 Laurens Road THE OLD SOUTH CO. Box 8244 - Station A Mrs. Frederick J. Schultz Sr. P.O. BOX 392 UNION,$. C. Phone 803 - 239-1346 Abbeville, South Carolina Greenville, South Carolina 29607

March 1970 7 -Photos by Gary Lecroy The Santee

Canal By Jack Leland

n 1786 when the young state of South Carolina granted a charter for a navigable canal between the Santee and Cooper rivers, the project was Iregarded by many as foolhardy. But it was to prove successful and its creation was to change the cul­ tural, political and economic life of the scate. It also was to lead eventu­ ally to a source of electric power that brought light and prosperity to an economically depressed area.

March 1970 9 Left: The left side of lock no. 3, viewed from the Santee River end of the lock. This unique canal lost its usefulness with the coming of the railroad to South Carolina.

dent of the South Carolina Repub­ lic before the Union was formed and later governor, was a spokes­ man. His brother, Edward; Gen. Francis Marion, the legendary Swamp Fox; Thomas Sumter, the mid-country's Gamecock; Nathaniel Russell, the Rhode Islander whose magnificent mansion on Charles­ ton's Meeting Street bespoke his acumen; John Foucheraud Grimke, the brilliant judge and father of the famous Grimke abolitionist sisters-these and others guaranteed the canal's success. Senf's plan was daring, ingenious and it worked-until the rains ceased. That came in the years be­ tween 1816 and 1820. This year the Berkeley County sary to have catch-basins to store Frederick A. Porcher, Berkeley Tricentennial Committee has re­ rainwater in a location high enough County historian, planter and man opened a section of the nearly for gravity to feed it into the locks. of letters, wrote of it: "The time 200-year-old canal as part of its That fact and the periodic long came when the bed of the canal was 300th birthday anniversary pro­ droughts that occur in the South­ dry from White Oak Lock to Black gram. Barge boats, of the kind used east spelled disaster for the canal. It Oak, a distance of 14 miles. This from 1800 until the 1840s when survived until the 1840s when its never could have happened had the the canal went out of business, will owners went into receivership. engineer made a practical use of the ride the waters of the canal once The Santee Canal planning board natural water courses." more, this time carrying sightseers included some of South Carolina's Despite its eventual failure, the instead of freight. most able minds and also had the Santee Canal was to have several They will float along the same advice of George Washington. The long-lasting effects on the state. It watercourse that brought the Up first President had long been an ad­ assured safe freightage to Charles­ Country's cotton to Charleston for vocate of canals (he surveyed the ton for the burgeoning cotton crop export and carried back up-state Dismal Swamp waterway) and, with in the Up Country. That economic some of Charleston's ideas regard­ William Tatham, a Virginia geog­ factor alone caused a realignment ing architecture, business, society rapher and tobacco authority, laid of political forces as the Up­ and politics. down plans for a canal connecting Country planters became more af­ The Santee Canal was unique in Little River, South Carolina, with fluent. America in that it depended on the Cape Fear River and central And the stabilized society at rainwater to fill catch-basins that North Carolina. Charleston, reaping cotton dollars supplied water for its top-level It might have been these plans from the red-clay uplands, sent locks. That was necessitated be­ that caused the South Carolina back up the muddy Santee some of cause of the canal's route, one se­ group to build the Santee Canal. Its its culture, some of its architecture lected by Col. Christopher Senf, a visionary planners dreamed of a and some of its learning. For the Swedish-born engineer who had waterway extending up the Santee Santee Canal became the chief link fought with the Americans in the system into western North Carolina between tidewater country and hill­ Revolution and who was hired to and connecting overland with the country where the Scotsmen, build the canal. Tennessee River, affording a gate­ Scotch-Irish and immigrants from Senf's route sent the canal over a way to the West. northern Europe were busily creat­ high ridge of land southwest of the Among the financial backers and ing a society of their own. Santee swamps instead of over a planners were the state's leaders of Construction began in 1793 and more circuitous route through the time. John Rutledge, South the work was plagued from the natural swamps. This made it neces- Carolina's "Dictator John," presi- start. Malaria, lack of labor and the

10 Sand lapper Left: Lock no. 1-Evidence of physical dangerous ideas from the canal decay is the large crack which splits the boatmen passing through their remains of the lock wall. At the base of fields. Only two of the 35 land­ the crack is an opening in the floor of the lock. Below: Water tunnel located at the owners failed to complain before Charleston end of lock no. 2. The tunnel granting the necessary easements. is still open from one end to the other. The canal was 22 miles long, 35 feet wide at the water surface and 20 feet wide at the bottom. It was 51h feet deep and had a four-foot depth of water, sufficient to float the 22-ton cargo barges. A draw­ path along each side enabled mules and horses to tow the vessels. There were two double locks and eight singles. The masonry locks ( of locally fired brick) were 60 feet long and 10 feet wide with varying heights depending on the lift re­ quired. From White Oak Bluff on the Santee, three locks lifted laden barges 34 feet to the summit of the ridge between the rivers. Thence, seven locks lowered the barges to the tidewater limits of the Cooper. A reverse process took the empty barges back upstream. Within its course, the canal passed over swamp runs in masonry conduits with culverts below to allow free very obstinacy of Col. Senf himself Labor problems multiplied after flow of swamp water. cost dearly. Senf's critics granted Gen. William Moultrie planted the Boats were charged $21 toll each him engineering ability but they first large cotton crops at nearby way. The bargemen soon began decried his inability to delegate Northampton plantation. Planters building barges in two sizes, so that authority. were loath to hire out their slaves at one could be fitted into the larger, During construction 24 white low wages when cotton yields thus saving $21 on the upriver run. men died, among them, two physi­ promised riches. The drought that began in 1816 cians, two assistants, three com­ The canal cut through 35 plan­ closed the canal. Wagon trains had missaries, two master carpenters, tations and rights-of-way proved to be hired. Two newly developed three master bricklayers and two hard to obtain. The planters feared steam-powered waterpumps were head overseers. that their isolated slaves might get purchased but proved ineffectual.

March 1970 11 Above: Entrance locks on White Oak Bluff, where the canal began on the Santee. Left: Cypress timbers on lock no. 1, with nails still in place after almost 200 years. Cypress was used for its great resistance to decay. Right: Well-preserved portion of lock no. 1, with intricately cut brickwork.

The drought ended in 1820 and business returned to the canal. By 1830 the canal was moving more than 70,000 bales of cotton down-state each year. Most canal traffic occurred in the fall. From June to October, crews cleaned and repaired, an operation calling for 300 laborers. The building of a railroad from Charleston to Hamburg, signaled the end of the canal's operations.

12 Sand lap per Branches to Columbia and Camden oped. A private company surveyed earthmovers cleared the old canal effectively cut off the canal's the area after 1900 but decided of more than a century's accumu­ monopoly on the Up-Country against building a dam. lation of debris; banks were re- cotton crop and the end was in The Great Depression brought stored and a section of the canal sight. lowered land costs and wide un- readied. The perpetual charter was can­ employment. The federal govern- Guides will be on hand to tell the celed by a legislative act and, in ment resurrected the hydroelectric story of the old waterway and a 1850, the locks closed for the last power plant idea as a job-creating copy of an original canal boat will time. plan and work began in 1939 on float sightseers down the canal But the canal did not die. De­ the present Santee-Cooper system. under the moss-hung trees that to- spite removal of whole sections for Most of the Santee Canal's length day line its banks. brick, it remained navigable for was covered by the huge lake ere- The committee plans to carry its most of its lower reaches. Some ated for Santee-Cooper's power canal project to the upper end of points became favorite baptismal plant. But a fairly lengthy stretch is the canal as soon as practicable. spots for Primitive Baptist congre­ still in existence at the Santee end And so, 186 years after its incep­ gations who gathered to the strains and about a mile exists between the tion, the Santee Canal once more of "Shall We Gather at the River" Pinopolis Dam and the Cooper has come to life, a fitting reminder to perform wholesale dunkings. River at Stony Landing. of an idea of such grand scope that The variance in height between It is this lower section that the it changed the history of a people. the Santee River and the Cooper Berkeley County Tricentennial intrigued engineers after hydro­ Committee has selected for its first Jack Leland is a staff writer with electric power systems were devel- restoration work. Bulldozers and the Charleston Evening Post.

March 1970 13 I I , I REMEMBER I

14 Sandlapper I--IATTIE By Ariana Du Bose

attie was her name. She came to with my love-of-the-moment and gas rumbling 'round in him at work for my mother when they having a very heated argument. Hat­ night.") Hwere both young women. There tie appeared at the door with her He was her hero but we called she remained for 45 or 50 years. A eyes full of tears. Her "Dolly, him her luxury. She supported him beloved, and loving, member of our please don't talk so ugly" cleared in style, without a murmur of re­ family. the air. prisal. He, like Bud, had a roving Hattie was the "cook" and Her temper was not always dor­ eye for the ladies. But he was al­ Mammy the "nurse." Mammy died mant, of course, and she and ways this old lady's darling. when I was just a baby and Cornelia Mother had many a "spat." On When Mother died in 1944, there came to be my nurse. Hattie and more than one occasion, in a digni­ was never a moment's doubt that Cornelia were usually "at daggers­ fied manner, Mother would "dis­ Hattie would ride to, and sit in, the points." One day Hattie said to miss" her. Unfailingly, that night church, side by side with her fam­ Mother, "Miss Bena, let that Cor­ Daddy would have to accompany ily, quietly grieving with us. Our nelia go. I'll bathe the baby and Mother ( on foot, we had no car) to joys and sorrows were her joys and take her out in the afternoons." So Hattie's house where the two sorrows; and our troubles, her be it. I became her baby and she women would tearfully embrace. troubles. Daddy sold our home and gave me the love-name of "Dolly." Hattie was always in our kitchen at moved into a small apartment. Hat­ (When serving dinner, she always seven o'clock the next morning. tie was right there "to take care of said, "Dip up, Dolly.") Her first husband was "Bud," a him" until he died in 1952. She never failed to reprimand debonair young blade. After some On Sept. 3, 1954, Hattie's niece any of the children, neighbors' in­ years of tempestuous life together, phoned to tell me that Hattie had cluded. She insisted on, and got, Hattie went on a 24-hour "ex­ died in her sleep and I went imme­ good behavior from all. cursion" to Charleston. The train diately to her home. There were lean times at home had about a 45-minute wait for When lazy, philandering, no-good when I was a preschooler. One day, lunch in Branchville. On her return Rufus (Her Man) heard that she had Hattie asked Mother's permission to she calmly announced to us, "I got passed away, ( in the words of Hat­ go to Main Street for a little while. a divorce in Branchville yesterday." tie's niece) he "fell out." When I On her return, she was bearing a (At that time South Carolina was last saw him, he was being put into new red tricycle for me. one of the few places where a di­ an ambulance bound for Veterans' A few years later fire broke out vorce was unobtainable.) Hospital. He died that night. at our house. Upstairs was a very World War I, via Camp Jackson, Two days later there was a large and heavy silver chest that brought her second husband, double funeral. two strong men found hard to lift. Rufus. He was much younger than Rufus was Her Man-and he Hattie-alone-dragged it to the she and swept her off her feet. He proved it. stair landing and lifted it to a win­ was sent to France, and returned * * * dow, where it fell safely in the her hero, literally. (Incidentally, he God love and keep you, my driveway below. was supposedly exposed to poison­ Hattie-bat. Well do I remember, as a teen­ ous gas and she often told us ager, going into the butler's pantry proudly that she could "hear that Ariana DuBose is from Columbia.

March 1970 15 In connection with research planting organs and tissue, c glass spheres are used to stu filtration rate of calf lympho is another application of gl Hargest, shown at work BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING Good News for Hospital Patients

By Elaine S. Stanford

ne of its least known success cation of the bed has been its use stories is an infusion pump for insomnia and emotional dis­ Owhich can provide ill persons orders, Hargest noted. with life-sustaining fluids without ' 'This was discovered through the use of gravity. observation of sleep patterns which The lower bunks of airplanes developed in early tests. All the carrying wounded American sol­ patients slept for extremely long diers from Vietnam to medical periods--18 to 20 hours per day facilities have sufficient space for over many consecutive days. The medics to hang gravity-flow bottles. sleep, induced whether or not they The top bunks have limited space were actually tired, was sound and and insufficient height to hang restful. Patients who previously re­ these bottles. The new infusion quired substantial amounts of drugs pump, which requires neither bat­ no longer needed any. teries nor electricity, can be placed "Dr. [R. Layton] McCurdy and beside the patient or between his Dr. [William C.] Miller of the De­ legs. partment of Psychiatry are now in­ One of the best known success This pump, developed at the Medical volved in a series of studies to eval­ University, can remove blood from the stories of the Medical University of body while putting in another fluid. uate this phenomenon." South Carolina Department of Hargest said that doctors at the Surgery's Engineering Development monofilament polyester. The weave medical university have not yet had Section-and its chief, Thomas S. adequately retains all the spheres a chance to study the bed's useful­ Hargest-is a 2,400-pound air­ within the bed but permits free pas­ ness in the treatment of burned fluidized bed. sage of air. patients because such experimen­ In this eight-foot bed, the patient The bed originally was designed tation would limit the number of floats in 100 billion minute ceramic for use in the care of seriously beds available for patient use. spheres of crown optical glass. The burned or bedridden patients, Har­ He pointed out, however, that ceramic spheres are supported by gest said, but tests now under way "the ability to control temperature multiple jets of air. Hargest, who indicate a much wider application and humidity should substantially conceived the idea for the bed, said of the equipment. Cited foremost reduce the stresses placed on the the ceramic spheres are isolated has been the use of the bed in the patient who no longer can tolerate from direct contact with the pa­ treatment of decubitus ulcers or the rapid changes which occur in tient by a sheet of square-weave bedsores. An unanticipated appli- present methods of treatment.

March 1970 17 FABRIC FILTER SHEET ___

CERAMIC SPHERES DIFFUSER

AIR CHAMBER AIR FLUIDIZED BED t AIR DISTRIBUTION DUCTS - - t t -- t t

t t FILTER t t t t t t t t t t t ROOM AIR

"The reduction in pressure device have been made and their patient's kidneys are X-rayed, the points eliminates the need to turn evaluation continues. A Florida grid, a paper with letters and dots, the patient at regular intervals, thus firm began shipment of production is stuck to his back. The grid shows decreasing the pain and discomfort models of the air-fluidized bed a on the X-ray and allows the doctor associated with this procedure. The few weeks ago. to locate the kidney or cyst from potential for enriching the air Manufacturers in Michigan, Con­ which he wants to take a sample. stream with selected gases and necticut, New York, Indiana and -Developed the Ampligator, a drugs for topical treatment opens Florida are producing devices devel­ disposable hemostat-type clamp. new techniques which never have oped by Hargest and the surgery During surgery, this instrument al­ been investigated." department's mechanically oriented lows one person to do faster the In connection with the air­ engineering development section, in work which previously required fluidized bed, an operating table for cooperation with doctors at the two. infants and an X-ray therapy device medical university. -Developed the burntub, an aid are being developed. As an X-ray For instance, the engineering in the treatment of burn victims, therapy device, the air bed's appli­ development section: which is now manufactured by a cation would be reversed and the -Was responsible for the manu­ New York state firm. tiny ceramic spheres used, for ex­ facture of a burn dressing that will -Developed a pump which can ample, to hold a palsy victim not stick when applied to an open take blood or lymph out of the motionless while he is being wound. human body while putting in an­ treated. -Helped an Indiana company other agent. A special feature is Hargest said that experimenta­ develop an air-powered tool for use that it operates only when there is tion is continuing to develop a in removing skin to graft onto fluid to pump and that it stops better blower system for the oper­ burned areas. automatically when its job is done. ating table, one which will control -Developed the X-Grid, now The pump is manufactured by the the tiny patient's temperature dur­ produced by a Connecticut firm. Connecticut firm that produces the ing surgery. Prototypes of the The invention takes the guesswork kidney X-ray aid. operating table and X-ray therapy out of kidney biopsies. When a The engineering development

18 Sandlapper ..

2' & • 11 A + +' + + +.

8 .. + + + + ). 11 ~ + + . + + + ... I D + + + + + + + + + +

V,

Left: A diagram of the air-fluidized bed F + + + + + developed by the university's engineering ltO• MtOJCAi. t.NC, section. Right: The X-Grid takes the J~•Gftffl l).AJ,UU.UtY ,. coNth guesswork out of kidney biopsies. Be- ! ""f .. l'(Nf, low: This X-ray was made with an X- Grid stuck to the back of the patient.

section is about 41h years old. Ac­ cording to Hargest, working with physicians and surgeons in develop­ ing devices and systems for improv­ ing patient care is the section's main objective. Most of these developments are single-situation items, "some special catheter to do a certain thing for a certain patient," the engineering development section chief ex­ plained. In such cases, he said, a company can't justify manufacture of the items because of a low-use factor. Often the biomedical engineer has to mold or put together an item which never before has been made; for instance, an artificial bile duct which was developed for a cancer patient. The center section of a Y-shaped duct had to be cut away to remove a tumor. A replacement duct was created out of silicone rubber. The stubs left after surgery were connected to this implant. Because of the diversity of his work, Hargest found himself a member of one of three teams

March 1970 19 Left: This artificial bile duct was de­ vised for a cancer patient. Below: The Ampligator, a disposable hemostat-type clamp, al lows one operation attendant to do work which previously required two. which performed the first kidney transplant at the medical university. He described how one team of sur­ geons removed the donor kidney and another team of surgeons pre­ pared the recipient for the kidney. A third group, of which he was a member, cleansed the donor kidney and prepared it for the recipient. This included, he said, cooling it, flushing out any blood, and putting in a proper solution for maintaining it for a period of time. Other jobs of the engineering development section include evalu­ ating new products for use in the university's teaching hospital, and recently joined Hargest's staff. He bility are the physicians, but they keeping doctors advised of new de­ worked on a concept for an air­ have little insight into how engi­ vices available in related fields that abrasion system while in the design neering and other technology can might be applied to a medical prob­ course. Pearce and Bernard Matt are help," he said. "We don't know lem. The section also clinically tests both research assistants in the en­ what is being developed or have new products for manufacturers. gineering section. enough time to develop improved This is "similar to evaluating a The surgery department's en­ techniques. So I thought if we drug," Hargest explained. gineering development section came could combine a group of doctors In the area of education, a about when Dr. Curtis P. Artz ac­ with engineers, it might result in summer course is offered for in­ cepted the department's chairman­ less expensive, improved health dustrial representatives, aids in ship and brought a biomedical en­ care." teaching students at the medical gineer with him from Texas. Dr. In the opinion of Hargest, bio­ university are provided, and a de­ Artz believes that the tremendous medical engineering is a new con­ sign course is offered at Clemson technology available in our country cept in medicine that "may be the University. might be used to provide a better biggest field in engineering in the In fact, a Clemson graduate, means of delivering health care. next century." John A. Pearce, who as a senior "The people who know some­ took the biomedical design course, thing about patient care responsi- Elaine S. Stanford is from Charleston

20 Sandlapper OL6 l lf;J.lVW

i: A'MV'MHI'l

11 UOSJJPUV"f){Ul?Jt{Ag 3D3'l'l0J G'MOddOM ....•..t I II

room, also in this complex, is brary reception room-office, and No barriers exist between books and users; equipped with playback record the librarian's office. the collection is housed in open stacks. turntables and tape decks. The upper level houses books On the first level is a shipping and periodicals with current period­ of-town visitors are advised to room, and a workroom for the icals on face-out display in phone ahead to be assured that the bindery preparations and the print­ counter-height shelving. Lounge library will be open when they ar­ ing and duplicating department. furniture has been grouped in this rive. Here also are the staff lounge and area for the convenience of maga­ Sou th Carolinians may be justly two conference rooms. A small, zine and newspaper readers. The proud of the fine new library facil­ well-equipped kitchen serves both west wing on this level houses the ities mushrooming in campuses the staff lounge and the conference archives department with office across the state. The Wofford Col­ room. space for the archivist and his secre­ lege Library, like the others, makes In the stacks and readers' area, tary. The collection is housed on a strong statement about the ad­ one portion of the stacks is en­ shelves and in filing cabinets. Some ministration's attitude toward the closed with a carved wooden grille historical pieces of furniture are on importance of the library to the which provides security housing for display, as well as several glass cases college. the rare books and special collec­ for frequently changing exhibits. tions. These books now can be The archives users have been pro­ Frank J. Anderson is librarian of made available to scholars under vided with study tables and indi­ the Wofford College Library. controlled conditions. vidual study desks. The circulation desk and the re­ The east wing houses the various Schedule of the serve book complex are on the microprint reading machines and an Wofford College Library main level, adjacent to the entry. array of storage cabinets for the MONDAY - THURSDAY, 8 a.m. - This is the control point and book microforms collection. A coin­ midnight. FRIDAY, 8 a.m. - 5 p.m. charging area. The floor space con­ operated duplicating machine is and 7 p.m. - 10 p.m. SATURDAY, 10 tains book stacks and readers' also provided in this wing. a.m. - 5 p.m. and 7 p.m. - 10 p.m. spaces. The east wing of the main Visitors are welcome to tour the SUNDAY, 2 p.m. - 5 p.m. and 6 p.m. - level houses the reference room and college library. However, since the midnight. reference librarian's office, the li- schedule is sometimes altered, out-

24 Sand lap per SCANDINAVIA,

U.S.A. By Jackie Odom

t is amazing to native "Norwe­ gians" how many folks have Inever heard of Norway-South Carolina, that is. It isn't the only Norway in the United States; but surely it must be the only one with­ in nine miles of Denmark, Sweden and Finland.

The Denmark Hotel, where railroad passengers were served meals for many years. -Photos by Jackie Odom

March 1970 25 r

Many people, hearing for the times: Pruitt, Hix and then back to Masons. For many years the edifice first time of "Scandinavia," South Norway. Because of its proximity was the tallest on U.S. 321 between Carolina, quite naturally assume to North, South Carolina, the simi­ Columbia and Savannah, and to the that it was settled by a group from larity of the two names, North and best of the writer's knowledge still the Old Country. One lady of Scan­ Norway, was said to have been the holds this distinction. The building dinavian descent, who settled near cause of several train wrecks. Thus was occupied in 1958 by the Bank Sweden, South Carolina, 27 years the name was changed in railroad of Orangeburg (now American ago, was delighted with the thought journals to Waynor, the name still Bank & Trust), but the bank re­ that she would have folks with used on railroad right-of-way signs. cently moved to new quarters whom she could converse in the Norway's most outstanding land­ across the street. native tongue of her parents (Nor­ mark is its bank building with three wegian) and her grandfather (Dan­ stories and a basement. Erected ish). To her dismay, she has turned about 1918 for the Bank of Nor­ Below: A former bank building, which up "nary a one." way (now nonextant), its original Norwegians declare is the tallest building The first settlement in the Den­ plans called for only two floors. on U.S. 321 between Columbia and mark area was about one mile east However, when the Town Hall Savannah. Right: The Sweden Gin Co. draws large numbers of farmers with of the present town. It has been a burned during the building's con­ their cotton. Below right: A general rail center since around 1837 when struction, a third floor was added store in Finland, the smallest of the Capt. Z.C. Graham sold 17 acres of to provide a meeting lodge for the four Scandinavian counterparts. land to the canal and railroad com­ pany to build a "turnout" and to establish a station for the famous Best Friend of Charleston, Amer­ ica's first steam-powered locomo­ tive. The train moved over wooden rails, forming at that time the long­ est railroad in the world-a distance of 136 miles from Hamburg to Charleston. A community, Graham's Turnout, grew up around the station and remained until 1891 when the Seaboard Railroad laid tracks from Savannah to Columbia. The town relocated west (to the junction of the two railroads) and was named Denmark, for B.A. Den­ mark, president of the construction firm that built the Seaboard Rail­ road through the town. The original town is now a thickly settled com­ munity known as Sato. The Denmark Hotel, no longer operated, is one of the oldest and certainly the most picturesque of the buildings in town. It was built near the depot about 75 years ago and served meals to passengers and railroad men for many years. Located in Bamberg County on U.S. 321, Denmark lies five miles south of the South Edisto River and has a population of about 4,300. Soon after the Seaboard Air Line Railroad was built, a town was sur­ veyed around it in the present lo­ cation of Norway. First called Nor­ way, its name was changed several

26 Sand lapper Located four miles north of the displaying the name Sweden. Later South Edisto River, which forms the highway replaced it with an of­ ~ the boundary line between Orange­ ficial one. burg and Bamberg counties, Nor­ The newest of the four com­ way is the only one of the four munities would probably be passed communities in Orangeburg County unnoticed except for its sign bear­ and has a population of about 600. ing the name Finland. Only about Situated about halfway between six years old, it is little more than a Denmark and Norway is the little crossroad with a small general store community of Sweden. Not incor­ and several residences. The only porated, it has a large cotton gin, "town" not located on U.S. 321, it two small combination service is situated at the junction of S.C. station-general store buildings and 70 and Bamberg County Road 49, about 10 residences. For many about three miles east of Sweden. years the railroad, which lies within Neither of the latter two commun­ a hundred yards of the highway and ities is shown on maps but the high­ within sight of the Edisto River, way department maintains their had a water tower where trains signs. filled their reservoirs. This spot was "Scandinavia, U.S.A. "-situated known as Otside, a name which few amid gently rolling rural terrain, persons recognize as Edisto spelled and along a major north-south backward. route; just waiting for someone to Undoubtedly, because of the capitalize on its tourist potential. other two towns with Scandinavian names, someone living in the com- Jackie Odom is on the staff of the . munity put up a homemade sign Orangeburg Times-Democrat.

.. •. ,._.~ :. :/ ~ .... l(

J Country Store Lilt..-.. STATION l'l,

March 1970 27 few miles southeast of the "bomb plant"-the Savannah ARiver Plant-in the community of Millett (about 50 people) there is a small, square brick house built into a hillside, nestled in a clump of haw bushes over which tower moss-hung trees. It could be a friendly little house, except that its door is locked ... sealed. Within are the remains of William J. Harley, lying peacefully in a pink flannel nightshirt on a comfortable hospital bed. That is the way he wanted it. "I don't want to be put in a hole and have dirt pitched in my face," he remarked in his slow, drawling voice the year before his death in 1947. "And I don't want to be stuck on top of the ground to have sun beat down on me. C'lina sun can get mighty hot in the summer time." So with his own hands he built the structure, eight feet in every dimension, that was to be his last resting place. Every brick was laid with precision. "Cause I'm going to be in it a long time. And I couldn't rest if it wasn't done right," he said, his bright eyes sparkling with a sud­ den glint of humor. Harley was a long time selecting the 100- by 300-foot strip of land that was to be his final resting place. Some said he was "powerful persnickety." But he kept on look­ ing until he found the exact spot he wanted-a quiet place with tall old trees where birds sang, and where a

28 Sand lap per By Edith Bel I Love

A Tomb Can Be Right Cozy i I

I ['

creek rushed noisily at the bottom days of the week in the open, tend­ made with the undertaker in a near­ of a hill. It was just up the hill from ing 60 acres of cotton, corn and by town that he wasn't too eager to the old Augusta-Charleston paved potatoes-plus a few chickens and let go of life. highway. "Cause I like to have pigs. "I told him I wouldn't pay him people around me," Harley said. That is, he worked five days and but $50, and he could take it or This reporter felt deeply honored a half. On Thursday afternoons he leave it. He'd make money at when he unlocked the door of his played poker with a few cronies. that-he wouldn't even have to fur­ little house and invited her inside. Maybe it was the weekly poker nish me a coffin. Then I had a Within, there was but one piece of game that taught him he could chance to loan that $50 out for $5 furniture-a metal single bed with gamble with anything but death. interest, and when I got that back good springs and a mechanism for The cards are stacked there. my funeral wouldn't cost but $45." raising the occupant's head. A hos­ So he built his little house. Over There was only one fly in Har­ pital bed. I sat on a box and looked the entrance he etched his birthday ley's funeral ointment. around the quiet room-at the in the wet cement with a stick: Wil­ "If I could only get the preacher neatly made up bed with a light liam J. Harley, March 12, 1871. to preach my funeral while I'm blanket precisely folded across its The little brick house became a alive and I could hear what he says, foot, the smooth concrete walls and familiar place to him. He and his it'd be a powerful satisfaction to ceiling painted a soothing light old dog, "Spot," visited it almost me," he said. Then he stopped and blue-gray. Yes, it was a restful every day. On summer days he chuckled. "But then it might not." place. would go down to the creek, take a The time came. Harley lifted his pillow and swim, then come up the hill and On a hot midsummer afternoon pulled out a voluminous pink out­ take a long nap on hi~ hospital bed. in 194 7, with friends gathered ing nightgown. "It's nice and cool and restful," he around him, he was laid to rest on "I've done made arrangements said. his comfortable bed. He would have with the undertaker," he said. Asked about his belief in after­ been truly gratified at the words of "When they say I'm dead, I want to life, Harley gave the answer one the preacher. Seems everybody be brought here, washed in the might expect. "If Heaven is as good loved William Harley. creek down there. Then they can as they say, I'd like to go there-but The bushes have grown up and put my nightgown on me and leave I don't think I've got much of a nearly closed in the bricked-up me on my bed .... Sure I like this chance. If the other place is as bad tomb. The trees which overhung nightgown-it's soft and nice and as they say, I sure don't want to go the creek at the foot of the hill and that pink color's right cheerful. I there-but I don't think I'm quite dappled it in the cool shadows have wouldn't be comfortable lying bad enough for that. I hope, may­ been cut down. there in a Sunday suit and a stiff be, they'll slip me inside the good The creek has been dammed to collar. And then," he added, "when place. I go to church most every make a swimming pool and recre­ they put me here, if I ain't moved preaching day." ation area for the Martin-Millett in 24 hours, I want the door Just outside the door of the community. Harley would have bricked up and sealed. I just want house is the small tomb of his be- liked this. "Cause I like to have to be sure I'm dead." loved old hunting dog. The crude people around me." Harley, at the time of the inter­ lettering reads: Spot. Dec. 1929 - view, was healthy and hearty, Oct. 1945. Edith Bell Love is a free-lance writer weathered and wiry. He worked six Harley proved by the bargain he from Augusta, Georgia.

March 1970 29 Recjpes for a Tradit10nal Easter Breakfast By Nike Middleton

CHARLESTON SEAFOOD CASSEROLE 1 pound cooked crabmeat 1 pint oysters 1 pound cooked shrimp 1 cup sliced mushrooms (reserving the largest caps for decoration) 1 can mushroom soup FRESH FIGS 'h cup canned milk or coffee cream ike all Charlestonians, my hus­ COOKED WITH CANDIED GINGER 1 teaspoon lemon juice band's Aunt Mary Middleton L BLUE MOUNTAIN COFFEE 1 teaspoon chopped parsley loved to entertain after Sunday (from Jamaica) Capers to taste church services. The Easter morning Sherry breakfast, when she lived at N um­ HAM ber One East Battery-a postcard Although ham is often accused If using fresh oysters, saute favorite for 50 year&--was the of being part of the "buffet block­ gently in a little butter until edges crowning event of the season. ade "-resisting innovations in just begin to curl; reserve. Dilute Such guests as Carl Sandburg and food-it should always be welcome, mushroom soup with one can of generals Omar Bradley and Tony properly cooked. A Smithfield or water, add crePm, and heat gradu­ (Nuts-to-the-Nazis) McAuliffe en­ o 1d ham must be soaked f arty ally, stirring constantly-never al­ joyed her cuisine: sometimes hours, then scoured thoroughly low to boil. Gradually stir in sea­ Southern, often French, and fre­ with a wire brush. To boil, first food, mushrooms and seasonings. quently colored by the exotic; the cover the ham completely in cold When thoroughly blended and Middletons, upon coming to water. Add a handful of hay or heated add a lacing of sherry before Charleston from Barbados, had grass cuttings-don't laugh-to serving. The seafood also may be brought along many colorful dishes. channel off impurities. When it be­ gently baked at 300 degrees, until At Easter, however, it must be gins to simmer, add a cup of gin. bubbling, in buttered scallop shells, traditional. A menu would be very ( Originally this recipe called for individual ramekins or a single large much like this: champagne, but wine boils away baking dish. Serves 6. and lacks authority.) Keep the ham The above quantities may seem covered with water during simmer­ overly generous to serve six, but CAROLINA TRICOLOR MELON BALLS ing. The ham is done when a fork after your guests go back for sec­ (canteloupe, watermelon, honeydew) comes out easily. Allow it to cool ond helpings, and even thirds, *CHARLESTON in its own liquor. The best cook I you'll be glad that you cooked the SEAFOOD CASSEROLE ever knew told me to use preserved lot. PUFF POPS (popovers) apricots as a coating and it far out­ HAM* HOT WAFFLES ranks brown sugar and all the Nike Middleton is from Henderson­ PRESERVED PUMPKIN CHIPS others. ville, North Carolina.

30 Sandlapper Spread over the High Hills of Santee, near Sumter, amid trees festooned with Spanish moss, lies the peaceful community of State burg which, but for one vote in the General As­ sem hly of 1786, could have been the capital of South Carolina.

he story began back in 1750, General Assembly appointed a Gen. Sumter's accolades, and much when colonists from Virginia special committee to make a final to his disappointment, the Conga­ Tfirst settled in this area and es­ and official recommendation for an ree site won out by one vote, it is tablished a culture, a society and appropriate site for the new capital. said, and on March 22, 1786, was homes which have endured to this Appearing before the committee, named "Columbia"-the new capi­ day. Bolstering the population were Gen. Sumter presented a warm and tal of the state. immigrants from Pennsylvania and animated case for Stateburgh, Stateburgh settled gracefully into North Carolina as well as settlers pointing out the variety of advan­ dignified obscurity. I ts hillsides and moving inland from the South tages that would accrue from a seat valleys were already planted in com Carolina coast. of government established in the and other grain crops. Rice and in­ Soon there arose a political High Hills. He assailed Friday's digo later were the main crops, be­ clamor for removal of the capital Ferry as being neither as whole­ fore cotton took over. Nearly all from Charleston to a more central some nor as healthful as State­ the plantations raised fine cows, location in the state, so that a more burgh. Moreover, he said, the hogs, sheep, chickens and thorough­ equal representation could be ob­ country about Friday's Ferry was bred horses. Horseracing and game­ tained. Several locations were pro­ of barren sandy soil, producing no cock fighting were great pastimes. posed and each had its staunch sup­ other timber than pine; that navi­ "The fastest horse won the race; porters. gation, so essential to commerce, the finest bird won the fight, and a Camden was one of the first to was extremely bad in some parts of gentleman could risk his money on be considered. Another was Fri­ the Congaree River; that the his jedgement." day's Ferry on the Congaree, Wateree River, which flows west of Today, all that remains of State­ strongly recommended by Patrick Stateburgh, had a much better ad­ burg (the final h has been dropped) Calhoun. Edward Rutledge and vantage, and extended much higher is a scattered group of old homes Gen. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney up; that the water was better and and a couple of churches. But its opposed this site vigorously, prefer­ the air purer in the High Hills; and spirit is still unbroken and its his­ ring instead Orangeburgh, near Col. that the produce of the area proved toric dwellings are still inhabited. William Thompson's place. Another the superiority of the soil. Here on the summit of each of the candidate was Granby, also on the In addition, he emphasized that High Hills, the houses have with­ Congaree River and already a flour­ Stateburgh's altitude was militarily stood the ravages of time and ishing trade center-its site early superior to that of other proposed weather. Constructed of virgin tim­ having been selected for a central locations, since it could not be as ber, the joints are mortised and trading factory-but its terrain was easily shelled or entered by an in­ tenoned, and braces are held by low and swampy. vading army in time of war. (His seasoned hickory pins. Gen. Thomas Sumter, valiant assertion was verified in 1865, Borough House, perhaps the "Gamecock of the Revolution," when Sherman took Columbia, most venerable of the group of headed a group of landowners who shelling it from a higher vantage noteworthy homes, was built in the in 1783 founded a town in the High point across the Congaree, and en­ mid-18th century on lands granted Hills of Santee and, with the hope tering it from the Broad River to William Hilton. It was subse­ of making it the future seat of gov­ Road, where the city was surren­ quently owned by William Bracey ernment, called the town State­ dered at a spot still marked by a and Adam Brisbane before it was burgh. Streets were laid out and a stone monument.) sold to Thomas Hooper-brother of public square reserved. By 1785 The list of contenders eventually William Hooper of North Carolina, Stateburgh had become the Claren­ narrowed down to two locations: signer of the Declaration of Inde­ don county seat, with its own Stateburgh and Thomas Taylor's pendence-who added two wings to courthouse, pillory stocks, gaol, plantation, The Plains, near Fri­ the central structure. Set on a rising stores, tavern, post office, academy day's Ferry on the Congaree. There knoll, "The Borough" is shaded by and circulating library. followed much acrimonious debate huge old trees, among them the Back in Charleston, a harried in legislative circles. Finally, despite ice-damaged, 500-year-old "Spy

32 Sand lapper Oak," from which Tory spies were Army. The house also was used by Heron "Fighting Dick" Anderson, hanged. military personnel during the War ranking line officer from South To the rear spreads a pre-Revo­ Between the States. On a dining Carolina in the War Between the lutionary garden with a great vari­ room sideboard are markings left States, and his brother, Maj. Wil­ ety of rare and exquisite shrubs and by bayonet thrusts of Gen. Potter's liam Wallace Anderson, ranking flowers. The structure consists of a soldiers. surgeon and planter of note. The two-story central section with a This historical residence still doctor's small (but imposing), col­ double colonnaded portico and hip holds treasured letters from Gen. onnaded office still stands to the roof supported by Ionic columns. Robert E. Lee, Gen. Thomas right of the main house, almost on At each end is a one-story gable Sumter and other famous men. the highway. wing. The library is in a small sep­ Among the celebrated portraits are Borough House was owned and arate building at one side. those of Mary Heron Hooper occupied for many years by Mrs. During the Revolution, both gen­ (1783) painted by Copley in Eng­ erals Greene and Cornwallis used land; Capt. Benjamin Heron (1750) the spacious house as temporary a pastel executed in Temple Inn, The Borough House dates from the mid- headquarters. Burned with a fire London; and Col. Patrick Heron 18th century. The house and outbuild­ ings are architecturally interesting be­ poker on several downstairs doors and Ann Vining (1711) by Sir God­ cause they constitute the largest com­ are the letters "C.A."-handiwork frey Kneller. plex of old buildings in the United States of soldiers in the Continental Here was born Lt. Gen. Richard built of pise de terre (packed clay).

March 1970 33 style, have small diamond-shaped, was owned at one time by the beveled panes. Inside, the exquisite Robert Tafts of Chicago, who lived colors of the stained-glass windows here year-round. Today it is the cast a quiet light on the handsome home of Maj. and Mrs. Edward altar and its hand-carved reredos. Burns. The roof gables of the church are Oakland, built by Lawrence very steep and are so expertly Spann, through the years has been worked into each other at their occupied by various prominent crossings that no actual valleys oc­ families, among them the Pinck­ cur and no leak can take place. The neys, Tuppers, and Mannings. Its roof is covered with cypress hand-carved mantels were made by shingles held by handmade slaves. Mr. and Mrs. Heyward Mc­ wrought-iron nails. Carty own and occupy the home The site of the Church of the today. Holy Cross was given by Gen. The Oaks, home of Mr. and Mrs. Sumter and its cornerstone was laid Alfred DeLorme, has been beau ti­ Sept. 11, 1850. Today's building, fully restored. Formerly this house the second on this site, lost its was known as James Hill, granted in graceful spire and cross in a storm 1753 to Sherwood James and sold in 1903. It was not until 1950, the in 1808 to William Bracey. The 100th anniversary of the church name was then changed to The The chapel built by Gen. Sumter for his building, that the spire was replaced Oaks. daughter-in-law, Countess Natalie De Lage. and the entire church restored. A Inside, each of its double draw­ new parish house on the north side ing rooms has an elaborate plaster Walter C. White (Mary Virginia is in perfect harmony with the ar­ molding frieze around the ceiling. Saunders) of Cleveland and State­ chitecture of the mother church. In The original brass chandeliers have burg, who inherited it from her the adjacent cemetery are buried been electrified. A tablet near the maternal ancestors, the Andersons. many distinguished South Caro­ entranceway points out that the Today it is the family home of Capt. linians, among them Joel Roberts house in its present form was built and Mrs. Richard K. Anderson. Poinsett, for whom the poinsettia is by Dr. W.W. Anderson for his rela­ The Church of the Holy Cross, named. An old but accurate sun tives, Merry and Jolly Bracy, in across the road from Borough dial still stands in the churchyard 1832. House, borders a former Indian just south of the church. High Hills Baptist Church was in­ trail_ The passage later became the The Ruins, east of Borough corporated in 1784 on lands se­ King's Highway and linked the sea­ House, is the home of Mr. and Mrs. cured for the church by Gen. coast to the settlements in the St. Julien Barnwell and occupies Thomas Sumter. The baptismal upper Carolinas. the site of an early home of Gen. pool and the meeting house road Replacing a 1785 chapel of ease, Sumter. When the Sumter property are noteworthy historic features. the present structure was started in was acquired years later by the De­ Dr. John M. Roberts, who founded 1850 and completed in 1853 The veaux family, the remains of the the Roberts Academy on a nearby church is built in the shape of a cru­ Gen. Sumter home is said to have hill, is buried in the church ceme­ cifix, the head at the east and the suggested the present home's name. tery. Among the many distin­ foot at the west. The construction Originally a small house built by guished ministers who have served material is pise de terre, a mixture John Mayrant, it was the birthplace the church was Richard Furman, its of clay, lime and pebbles, made of his son, John Mayrant Jr., a first pastor, who founded Furman into a mortar and (using wooden naval lieutenant under John Paul University. pestles) beaten down between Jones, commander of the Bon­ Needwood, home of John Frank board forms, layer placed upon homme Richard of the American Williams, also has an impressive layer. When the boards were re­ navy. approach through arching Carolina moved, walls remained which for A large and imposing residence cherries. This house is of modified years have withstood earthquake with flanking wings, its interior classic design with wide portico. and tempests-better than stone, marble mantels in the spacious Built in 1827 by Frederick Went­ wood or brick-and which possibly front rooms came from Italy. Rare worth Rees, it originally was plas­ will stand for centuries to come. old trees in the grounds include in­ tered on the exterior, but now has The massive double doors are of cense cedars, China firs and juni­ been weatherboarded. Here may be solid oak in Gothic arches sur­ pers. seen some most unusual folding rounded by oak moldings. The win­ Edgehill, once a neighborhood doors and double parlors. dows, of the same architectural. academy for local boys and girls, Marston, identified with the

34 Sandlapper Dargan family, is a typical two­ stored. Chancellor James lived here operated a cotton gin factory, and story antebellum structure sur­ during the time he wrote his "Life their handmade gins were the stand­ rounded by wide piazzas on all four of Brigadier General Francis ard for half a century. The house is sides, upstairs and down. From the Marion." now occupied by Miss Martha upper front piazza, Columbia, 30 Moorehill, home of Mr. and Mrs. White. miles distant, may be seen over the Sherman Smith, stands on land Sans Souci, before it burned, was wooded hills and valleys. Built by which was originally a part of the the home of the Rutledges: Ed­ Lt. Col. Patrick Henry Nelson Sumter estate. It was owned by the ward, a signer of the Declaration of about 170 years ago, and said to Brownfields at one time, then ac­ Independence; and John, a gov­ have been named for an English quired by Desaussure Bull, a son of ernor of South Carolina. battlefield, Marston-as well as an Col. William Izard Bull and Mary Marden, also destroyed by fire, adjoining plantation, Acton-was Davie Desaussure. The house was was the former home of Judge acquired by Col. Dargan in 1905. built by Desaussure Bull in 1890, Thomas Waties, a circuit judge Acton, since burned, was converted and the Bull family lived here until often mentioned in John O'Neall's into a boarding school and Marston 1933. book, "Bench and Bar." Traveling became the Dargan home. Here Col. The Ellison House, known lo­ around his circuit in a coach-and­ Dargan wrote his "School History cally as the Governor Miller Home, four, Judge Waties came originally of South Carolina" and the ad­ was probably built by Gov. Stephen from Georgetown, where he owned denda to Gregg's "History of the D. Miller (1787-1838). Hand­ North Island. He brought up to Old Cheraws." In 1921 Marston be­ wrought hinges, handmade nails, Marden many fine live oak trees. came the home of Col. Dargan's wainscotting of side single boards, General Sumter Memorial. The daughter and son-in-law, Mr. and small window panes, and narrow grave of Gen. Thomas Sumter Mrs. S. Oliver Plowden. Amid a central hall indicate that it was ( 1734-1832) remained unmarked picturesque setting, the home re­ built before the 19th century. Mil­ for 7 5 years after his death until tains today much of its original ler, a governor of South Carolina the South Carolina Legislature in charm. ( 18 2 8-18 3 0) and proponent of 1907 passed an appropriation for a Brookland, known locally as the states' rights, served in the state simple monument. Sumter, a Vir­ Holmes House because a Low­ Senate and went to the U.S. Senate ginian by birth, came to South Country family of this name lived in 1831. Carolina in 1762 and settled as a in it for about 50 years, is owned Later, this house became the planter on the Santee. He was a by Mrs. William Dinkins. Said to home of the Ellisons, a family of member of the Provincial Congress have been built by a Mr. Bradley in free Negroes who were themselves and, during the Revolution, served 1798, it has been remarkably re- slaveholders. They founded and the American cause with distinc­ tion. The doctor's office of Borough House, built by Dr. W.W. Anderson. The building is con­ When his home was burned by structed of pise de terre; the front columns are turned from the hearts of long-leaf pines. the British, he escaped into North Carolina. Later he organized a band of upper South Carolinians-a mot­ ley group of men clad in hunting shirts, deerskin breeches, Indian moccasins and animal skin caps-­ whose weapons included everything from pitchforks to hunting knives. Their highly effective guerrilla war­ fare brought many an epithet from a harassed Cornwallis, and earned Sumter the nom de guerre, "Game­ cock of the Revolution." Near the general's grave is the tiny DeLage brick chapel, covered with tile imported from France. Among the smallest in the world, this chapel was built by the general for his daughter-in-law, Countess Natalie DeLage, a Catholic in a foreign Protestant land, an emigree from the French Revolution and a protegee of Aaron Burr. She is bur-

35 i'

The Episcopal Church of the Holy Cross, across the road from the Borough House, was begun in 1850 and completed in 1853. Of cruciform design and constructed of pise de terre, the church replaced a chapel of ease built in 1785. Among the famous personages buried in the church cemetery is Joel R. Poinsett who frequently visited the Andersons at Bar· ough House before his death in 1851.

ied here, beneath the floor where she once kneeled in prayer. Home House, located near the chapel but practically inaccessible, was built by Gen. Sumter for his son, Col. Thomas Sumter Jr., and his French bride. The countess beautified the home and its grounds with many roses and rare flowers. The general lived here while he was a U.S. Senator and used to ride on horseback all the way to Philadel­ phia where Congress met in those days. Today, the rich farmlands of the High Hills of Santee still sweep down to the wide Wateree swamps grown over with dense hardwood trees. The original road to State­ burgh, laid out by legislative act in 1 766, has become a modern high­ way, paralleling the river in easy curves between terraced, rolling hillsides. Of those who pass along the highway, few pause to take notice of Stateburg, the town that almost was the capital of South Carolina.

Russell Maxey is from Columbia.

Tour of Stateburg Sponsored by Wilson Hall School in cooperation with the S.C. Tricentennial Commission

Saturday, April 4 10 a.m. - 5 p.m. Tickets may be obtained at the Church of the Holy Cross on the day of the tour.

36 Sand lap per NORWOOD MARLOW SCl{I~ tSll.{\\\1 By Joan .t.\1rr1s~r Inabinet

he house at 232 S. Gregg St. in Columbia looks ordinary to the Tcasual passerby. But inside, a monkey shrieks; a colorful tropical bird whistles "Yankee Doodle"; a full-grown, red-breasted piranha swims in a fluorescent tank; and a gentle, bearded man sits working at an almost-forgotten art form. Norwood Marlow is a scrimshaw artist, one of a small group left in America and one of the few outside New England. His medium is the ivory in whales' teeth which he carves and etches in the fashion of the past: sailing vessels, sea crea­ the 19th-century American whalers tures, whale hunts and other adven­ who thus wiled away lonely hours tures. Right: Sitting on his front on a bleak and often hostile sea. Scrimshaw has been called "the porch with a family cat, Mar­ The jewelry and decorated ivory only important art form developed low sands a whale's tooth. which Marlow displays in his home in America," our only artistic ex­ Below: Each of these brooches pression which did not originate and lockets made by Marlow bear his original designs, but are the tells a story. Together they same type of scenes as those en­ from another national culture. Mar­ comprise a saga of whaling. graved by the homesick whalers of low speaks of his work with pas­ sionate interest because he hopes to be thought of as one helping to save this native art from oblivion. Although scrimshaw reached so­ phisticated levels, its production waned about the beginning of this century when the colorful whaling era closed. Today New Englanders mass produce scrimshaw for the tourist trade, but few authentic craftsmen remain. "Scrimshaw to me is the most romantic art ever developed," Mar­ low explained, rubbing a hand-sized white tooth he had smoothed for etching. "Each piece of scrimshaw was usually made for a special per­ son waiting at home for the whaler. Working on a gift-a toy, an orna­ ment or a household tool-the

37 i'

lonely man thought of his loved home. "New Bedford was full of ones and the pleasure of returning kids like that," Marlow said. home to present his work. From Despite his love for the hardy captain to cabin boy, each seaman life, Marlow, the youngest of 13 had his scrimshaw projects for the children, was a sickly child. His for­ long voyage which could last from mal education was limited to a total two to four or more years. of only three years of public "Working on a gift," Marlow schooling. Although he made good continued, "the man could forget grades, he quit school because "I his present trouble and homesick­ had missed so much that I was em­ ness. Scrimshaw was therapy." barrassed, being so much older than And scrimshaw is therapy for the other kids." Marlow, too. Suffering from a Yet, in his home today, tables spinal condition, he has been hos­ spill over with books. "I am always pitalized 16 times in the past six reading," he said. Marlow cites years, five of these times for sur­ names, facts, dates, and discusses gery. His physical activity is lim­ historical events with ease and ited: he cannot drive; he cannot lift rapidity. Rehabilitation testing pro­ heavy objects; he walks with a cane. grams have indicated that he should Yet he remains cheerful about consider attending college to be­ his disability. As Marlow says, "It's come a history teacher. almost as if fate led me this way." In fact, much of his enthusiasm He had always longed to be an for scrimshawing stems from the Scrimshaw includes figures etched upon artist, but working for a living had desire to interest others in the his­ (below) or carved into (above) whale ivory. consumed most of his time. Now tory of the whaling era. his inability to do other work has An ambition which Marlow is been a curious route for Marlow, led him to devote himself to art, to working to fulfill is to complete beginning in 1944 when he met a study and now to writing. about four lots of 100 pieces of slim young South Carolina girl, Marlow is steadily progressing in scrimshaw each, which he will lend Doris, who was vacationing in New his research and work on a novel free-of-charge to schools, museums Bedford. They were married shortly about whaling, the adventures of a or private groups. This, he believes, afterwards in Newberry, South seaman named Nobby. In addition, will be his most effective way of Carolina. Later, while Marlow Marlow continuously writes poetry. teaching others the history which served with the U.S. Occupational "It's been a long way to where I fascinates him. Forces in Korea, his wife lived with am," he said, "but life has led me in In addition to teaching himself her family in Newberry where their a curious circle. I'm sure it means by extensive reading, Marlow has first child was born. something." had to compensate in other ways After his return from Korea, Marlow was born 42 years ago in for his lack of formal education. "I they lived in South Carolina awhile, New Bedford, Massachusetts, a have my own system of working "but I got homesick for New Eng­ major whaling port of the past. His math," he explained. Never having land," Marlow explained. home was not far from the Bethel studied any but basic arithmetic in He took his wife and young son Home for Retired Seamen which he school, Marlow can solve the most Steve back to New England to live. often visited. "These were the last complicated algebraic problems, "It was the biggest mistake of my of the old-time whalers," he said. "though a little slower than some­ life," he admitted. "I didn't know "As a boy, when an;one missed one using the school math." This how much we would miss living in me, I could be found down on the skill he developed from necessity in the South." Severe winters in New wharf pestering the fishermen and order to hold demanding selling and England were "just too darn long," trying to be part of the excite­ purchasing jobs during his working Marlow said. "We had to get back ment." Marlow grew up with the career. to South Carolina's warmth and sea in his blood, and the spirit and Marlow worked in many jobs, friendliness." They returned in romance of danger and adventure most of them physically demand­ 1958 "with only $62, no job, no dwelt in his mind. ing, until recent years. "The job I trade-only faith and willingness to Often he and friends went on took the most pride in was that of work." their own brief trips, "in anything fishmonger," he said. "It's a craft in However, there being no work that floated." Once they borrowed New England-handling and cutting for Marlow in Newberry, the family a leaky sailboat, went too far out to fish from sardines to 500-pound moved to Columbia where he later sea, and almost sank before they tunas." passed the U.S. Postal Examination managed to limp their way back Finding his way South has also and went to work as a mail carrier.

38 Sandlapper For nine years Marlow held this teach you scrimshawing," Marlow he could fill one tooth with a vari­ position until a back injury disabled said. "I had to learn it myself." ety of scenes." him completely. The whalers had created their Marlow himself has a kind of During these years of struggle work mostly with crude tools: a homesickness. His is for the sea and and hard work, Marlow had main­ pocket knife and a sail needle were he fervently longs to be able to tained an interest in art, though usually used to engrave the designs; move closer to it. The Marlows now never dreaming he would one day the seaman's hardened, calloused own a piece of property at Holden devote himself completely to pre­ hands-and rough . sharkskin-pol­ Beach, North Carolina, just across serving a passing technique. He had ished the piece; lampblack, rubbed the South Carolina border, where painted his first picture in 1953 to into the scratches, brought out the they hope eventually to move and relieve his worries when his etchings. open a real shop to sell scrimshaw

39 ,1 I

B~ Nanc~ C. Yates

One Man's Effort - Photos by Joel Nichols To BeautifbJ Spartanburg

ack of funds, political red tape, ally landscaping and planting and lead the townspeople to go one step inclement weather have yet to one day overseeing the upkeep of further and start cleaning up their Limpede W.O. Ezell in his intens­ areas already beautified," says streets, planting their own flowers ive and monumental efforts to Ezell. "I have found that you have and shrubs, and touching up and beautify every nook and cranny of got literally to 'dig in' to make any landscaping their property without Spartanburg. headway in these projects." All this being asked. Since his retirement in 1961 he does without pay. He justifies it He pointed out that recently an from the Geer Drug Co. in Spartan­ this way: "I love Spartanburg and I area on the edge of Spartanburg burg, he has worked full-time as the want to put it on the map as a had been cleaned up and planted Chairman of City Beautification, a beautiful city." and was very attractive with the position he has held since 1956. Often his enthusiasm and inspira­ exception of two rusty, ancient "I spend three days a week actu- tion for a beautification project automobile carcasses sitting on

40 Sand lapper sold to raise the sum. "I propose running a page adver­ tisement in the local paper and charging a minimum of $15 to have one's name included," says Ezell. Many councilmen predicted dis­ aster for his proposal but agreed to let him give it a try. Some were even kind enough to furnish names of people not to waste his time call­ ing on. "I called on 75 firms (including those I was warned about) and re­ ceived 72 donations, some amount­ ing to as much as $300," says Ezell. The second major beautification project was North Pine Street which covered 2,100 feet and took five months' labor. Once again the advertisement method of raising the necessary funds was employed and A mile-long strip on South Pine Street beautification of a mile-long strip this time 72 firms out of 72 firms (left) was Ezell's first major project. He on South Pine Street. When it was contacted made donations-one for admires the blossoms on North Pine completed the cost ran over $500. This proved to him that local Street (above), another project. In spite of his city-wide activities, Ezell's own $1,500. He was present when the citizens really are interested in the garden (below) has not been neglected. City Council raised the question of beautification of Spartanburg. how to meet the debt. Numerous Recently Ezell discovered a way private property. Ezell told the ideas came forth, among them sell­ to sever political red tape quickly owner that he would have them ing pencils and tomato plants. and painlessly. It involves the use of towed away free of cost if the Ezell told the council that he was one word (spoken forcefully) free. owner would consent. The enthusi- no mathematician, but it seemed to This came about after a struggle astic owner cooperated to the him an enormous number of pencils with government officials over extent that he promised that he and tomato plants would have to be beautification of areas in the park- himself would tow the cars away the next day. Ezell was a bit skep­ tical, but the next day found that the owner had kept his word and also cleaned up his property. Ezell admits that he has loved flowers all his life. His mother loved them too, and since she was sick much of her life, he tended her flowers while his friends played football and baseball. Years ago he purchased 15 acres in Tryon, North Carolina, planted a thousand each of rhododendron, white pine and hemlock, and dreamed of the day when he would retire there to enjoy his beautiful mountainside. Last year he was able to leave his Spartanburg beautifica­ tion projects long enough for an overnight visit. He admits, but not sadly, that that dream will never come true, "I have too much to do here." Ezell's first large project was the

March 1970 41 ,, I

ing lot of Spartanburg's Federal day," says Ezell. All watching were grams. Building. For months, in answer to very skeptical, but one old-timer Industries in the Spartanburg his pleas, he had received a "no said, "Sonny [Ezell is 78 years area are encouraged to participate funds available" response, followed old], at least you did it at the right by beautifying their grounds. This by "we will have to receive bids for time of the moon." year 135 have responded to his the work." Altogether Ezell has begun 26 requests. Ezell says, "While this dillydally­ projects in the city; they are main­ Ezell says, "Many people think I ing was going on, weeds were tained by the city or the Men's Gar­ am a fool to work for nothing­ sprouting everywhere in that park­ den Club. they ask what I receive from it." ing lot. So I picked up the tele­ Another interest of his is organiz­ In appreciation for his efforts the phone and called officials in Atlan­ ing men's garden clubs. He joined Women 's Garden Club sponsors ta, and told them I only had one the Spartanburg Men's Garden Club "Ezell Day" in April. On this day bid-that I would furnish the plants in 1952 and has been an active senior citizens are taken on tours to free and do the work free and I was member ever since. Under his direc­ enjoy the flowers. That is only one a busy man, but would sit by the tion the club organized Piedmont of the 15 awards he has received telephone 10 minutes awaiting their Beautification, Inc. The mayor acts from different groups. answer." It came only minutes later as president and civic clubs and In 1968 the S.C. State Highway and was an agreeable, "Go ahead." industries are urged to work togeth­ Commission, acting on a petition Another project that especially er in the beautification and anti-lit­ from the Spartanburg City Council, warms his heart as he passes by is ter campaigns. changed the name of the city's the area at the I-85 exit to U.S. 29. In addition, Ezell traveled over major highway (U.S. 29) to W.O. Previously four dilapidated build­ 5,000 miles in one year explaining Ezell Boulevard. Here, across from ings filled inside and outside with Piedmont Beautification, Inc., and his home, as in other spots, his everything imaginable from old organizing other men's garden work is evident in neat rock ter­ refrigerators and showcases to a clubs. races sprouting daffodils, pansies, schoolbus marred the area. Towns such as Union, Woodruff, tulips and crocuses. Instead of talking about the Easley, Pickens, Whitten Village problem, he saved his breath for the and Greenville, in this state, and Nancy C. Yates is a free-lance writer task which lay ahead. Ezell took Gastonia, Hendersonville, Tryon from Spartanburg. the first swing at this problem with and Chapel Hill, in North Carolina, Ezell beautifies a rock-terraced garden along a sledge hammer and ax. When he have sought his help in their pro- U.S. 29, renamed W.O. Ezell Boulevard. finished he had 13 truckloads of trash and 10 of lumber hauled away. Cannas were planted and today this area is maintained by the Spar­ tanburg Men's Garden Club. So far no beer cans or litter have fallen on this almost-sacred spot. His most recent venture was the planting of a permanent Christmas tree in downtown Morgan Square. It is a 31-foot, 5,000-pound red cedar which came from the Camp Croft area near Spartanburg via bulldozer, cranes, cables and a log truck. "They said it could not be done," laughs Ezell. The surrounding soil was careful­ ly moved to line the 10- by 6-foot hole prepared for it. Ezell even faced it in the same direction as it had grown at Camp Croft. He points out that even though this is a superstition, it somehow makes a difference. "I had plenty of free advice that

42 rs. Arthur M. Spalding, who acknowledges herself as a confirmed "eggaholic," has become addicted to eggshell art over the past two Myears. Beginning with duck eggs, she also has decorated quail, goose, guinea and turkey eggs. Her most recent acquisition, an ostrich egg, will be fashioned into a jewelry box. She may spend six to eight hours completing a single decorated egg, almost always using designs of her own. A life-long resident of Columbia, Mrs. Spalding has discovered that her hobby appar­ ently is more popular in Northern states than in South Carolina. She orders many of her decorative materials from an Illinois company, but also keeps on hand a large supply of trinkets and figurines which she discovers while shopping. Many of her decorated eggs are given to friends or sold, often as special orders for occasions such as weddings, births, holidays. In her home Mrs. Spalding keeps a permanent collection of about 150 favorite designs-"something for my family to remember me by," she explains.

March 1970 43 t

-Photos by Richard Taylor

Sand lapper

mained his good friend until death separated them. Isaiah survived an­ other 10 years after the major died. When death neared the old Negro made a request that he be buried as close to the grave of Maj. Brice as possible. These instructions were carried out. Today his small marker, out­ side the iron fence of the cemetery, can be seen at a spot only a few yards from the Brice family plot in which Maj. Tom is buried. The inscription on Isaiah Moore's tombstone, written by the son of Maj. Brice, states that Isaiah was "about 75 years old" and was "As Good as Ever Fluttered." Those who are up in years at Concord remember Isaiah as a great he present house of worship, Bld John Bigham student of the Bible. In keeping built in 1818, is small and un­ The wrath of Sherman's army with older generations of Presby­ Tpretentious. In comparison with fell on Concord as it moved terians, he could recite the Shorter many beautiful and ornate urban through the area. Not only was the Catechism "from front to back and churches the little rural edifice be­ Bible removed from the pulpit, but back to front," and once was comes even more humble in appear­ the soldiers carried off the Com­ awarded a Bible for this difficult ance. But many a tale could be munion service, the tokens and the achievement. Stories told about woven from the history and legends baptismal font. Many a year passed him also say he was very super­ associated with Concord Presby­ before accounts of Yankee depre­ stitious and that he often heated a terian Church at Woodward in dations ceased to be a lively topic horseshoe red hot, allowed it to upper Fairfield County. of conversation under the ancient cool and hung it over his door to Whether the visitor is impressed oaks which surround the church. ward off witches. For all his good­ or unimpressed by this small meet­ But of all the stories which could ness, some of Isaiah's race felt he ing house across the railroad from be told of Concord, none is more was going to Hell because he owned busy U.S. 321, its past history and touching and symbolic than that a fiddle and loved to play it. present struggle to stay alive (about which describes the devotion of a Services are now held at Concord 40 members at last count) is of Negro man named Isaiah Moore, for Presbyterian Church every third more than passing interest. The a white man named Thomas Wil­ Sunday by the Rev. Kenneth L. story of Concord is that of a goodly liam Brice. Barnes who comes down from portion of upper Fairfield. The Maj. Brice was one of Fairfield's Blackstock (two miles away) to bones which rest in the expansive best-known citizens before, during preach. Though the furnishings are cemetery represent eight to ten gen­ and after the War Between the simple, the pews possibly hard, the erations of pioneers, soldiers, states­ States. He fought with Company D, pump organ slightly ancient, and air men, planters, educators, merchants Six Regiment, of the South Caro­ conditioning is not available during and just plain folk. lina Volunteers, where he served the summer months, the people of In rendering an account of Con­ with distinction, and lost an eye Concord continue to worship as cord's past, one must reflect upon from a battle wound. Returning to have their forebears for some 180 its experiences during the War Be­ Woodward after the war, "Maj. years. tween the States. Along with the Tom" became a prominent mer­ Despite the fact that more for­ congregations of sister churches in chant and farmer, and a stalwart mer members of the church rest in Fairfield, many of its impoverished member of Concord. In 1908, the cemetery than do present mem­ members went off to war, never to death removed him from the Con­ bers on the pews on a Sabbath return. The Rev. T.W. Irvin, the cord congregation but his influence morning, the small white brick wartime pastor, faithfully minis­ remained. church by the roadside at Wood­ tered to the congregation during The influence of Maj. Tom lives ward may last as long into the fu­ the dark years and frequently re­ on particularly in Isaiah Moore, a ture as it has endured in the past. turned his small salary to the_ faithful servant who had followed people for their needs. him through the war and had re- John Bigham is from Columbia.

46 Sand lapper A Six-Month-A-Year Resident of South Carolina,

She Works Twice As Hard MISS CLAUDIA PHELPS By Kay Lawrence Some of the field trials trophies won by Miss Phelps' pointers. She has bred and trained dogs since girlhood.

descendant of Delaware Quakers woman that a civic project which Aiken was entering its heyday as a who were traders with China needs boosting is often postponed mecca for winter sports and was Aduring the days of great sailing "until Miss Claudia gets back." drawing wealthy visitors from the vessels, and of "Connecticut Yet she is so genuinely reticent North and even from Europe. The Yankees" who were in manufactur­ and averse to publicity that many days were filled with riding, fox ing and the diplomatic service, the newcomers to the area are unaware hunts and drag hunts, polo and lady is still very much a Southerner. of her diverse civic work: civil de­ other outdoor activities. There were Miss Claudia Lea Phelps since fense for the Aiken County Red 11 polo fields in Aiken in those early childhood has spent the Cross, the Girl Scouts, the Garden days. months from November to May in Club of South Carolina, the Aiken "I even played polo occasion­ Aiken in the lovely winter home, Park Commission, and conservation ally-when they were desperate," Rose Hill, built by her parents organizations. Miss Claudia laughed. about 1900. Although an inveterate Amazingly, a number of her Her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Shef­ world traveler, her heart belongs hunting dogs have won in field field Phelps, came to the area for firmly to this Southern resort town, trials-a sport generally monopo­ the health of their firstborn, Wil­ which has grown into a small lized by men. liam Walter Phelps, who was diag­ metropolis in recent years. Seated in the sun-flooded library nosed as having tuberculosis at the Aikenites have come to depend at Rose Hill, she recalled her child­ age of a year and a half. William so much on this kindly, generous hood during the early 1900s when Walter Phelps is still a resident of

March 1970 47 .. -Photo by Ernest Ferguson

Aiken. worked very hard, and at the last Miss Claudia. "We asked Mother After two daughters were born, minute my brother remembered to very formally for the pleasure of Claudia and Eleanor (the late Mrs. apply hoof polish. Father inspected her company. I don't remember W.H. Wilds), the family continued them very carefully, and com­ what we had, but she ate every bit to spend each winter in the South. mented that we had done as well as of it." Their father saw to it that the any groom could do. But we still Miss Phelps lost her father when youngsters spent most of each day waited. He stood back and smiled. she was eight, but her memory of out-of-doors. They had their own 'I see you even added hoof polish­ him has been a warm and guiding ponies and were expected to keep which a groom sometimes forgets influence in her life. Her young them groomed and to keep the tack to do.'" mother carried on as she and her in good order. The youngsters had a playhouse husband had planned, fulfilling the "Father and Mother believed we behind the big house, equipped role of both parents. should do jobs ourselves, so we with a wood-burning stove and Every summer the family went would know what to expect of any­ other kitchen equipment. Mrs. to England, and from there to other one who worked for us-and not to Phelps told her daughters, then parts of the world. Mrs. Phelps expect too much," Miss Claudia about six and seven, that when they supervised the assembly of all the explained. "I remember we could prepare a full meal, she luggage for the three children and groomed the ponies one day, and would join them for luncheon. an English nurse, and transporta­ Father was to inspect them. We "The day finally came," said tion aboard ship of the family's

48 Sandlapper the jungle. From Malaya they "We literally had to be chopped toured Ceylon, Java and Bali, and out of the house, because of the fal­ then went on to Darwin, Australia. len limbs," Miss Claudia said. "My The family had a summer home mother seldom gave in to emotion, overlooking the sea at Bar Harbor, but she stood there silently with Maine, which Miss Phelps maintains the tears rolling down her cheeks. today as her legal residence. She Finally, she said: 'I never would spends the months from May have had the courage to prune them through October there. as they should be pruned. Perhaps There were also months spent at it is for the best.' " a hunting camp in New Brunswick, Feeling that the garden clubs of Canada, maintained by several fam­ the state should be banded to­ ilies. Miss Phelps went partridge gether, in the manner of the Garden hunting, "occasionally killed deer Club of America in which she was for meat during World War II," and active, Mrs. Phelps organized the one year shot the largest black bear Garden Club of South Carolina in on record. 1930. The first meetings took place "I don't like killing things," she at Rose Hill. Mrs. Phelps insisted said. "But the bears were tearing up that gardening "should be fun" and 1umber camps and there was a not bogged down with weighty bounty on them. They were being terms and professional formality. trapped and suffering cruelly. I felt As first president, she held the or­ it was better to shoot them." ganization to this pleasurable con­ -Photo by Kay Lawrence From the early 1900s, her cept. Miss Claudia became the third mother began to landscape the president of the state organization, Rose Hill (left) has been Miss Phelps' grounds around Rose Hill, which and has been one of its staunchest winter home since childhood. Above: Miss Phelps on the terrace of Rose Hill. today are thickly grown with giant supporters over the years. camellias, rare hollies, magnolias In the early 1920s, with about and unusual varieties of trees 15 girls, she started the first Girl open touring car, a gleaming Pierce "which can't be grown in the Scout troop in Aiken. Shortly after­ Arrow. South." Mrs. Sheffield Phelps was a ward she and Mrs. Jack Shuler de­ "I remember once we were in the real gardener who could plant, cided to take the girls camping for a Pierce Arrow crossing the Firth of prune and nurture with her own week at the Outing Club lake near Forth on a ferry. We became hands. She had a pen pal in Japan, Aiken. stranded on a rock as the tide an expert horticulturist, with whom "Somehow we ended up with 48 rushed out," Miss Claudia recalled. she exchanged notes on the soil, the girls. We camped in canvas tents, "We were marooned there all day temperatures and altitude of Aiken, and only two of the girls had ever until the tide came back." in the belief that some of the beau­ been away from home for a night. As they grew older, the young­ tiful plants of the Orient could be It was some experience-but re­ sters were expected "to do some­ grown here. Mrs. Phelps was the warding," she laughed. thing cultural" each day. Claudia first to import new and rare vari­ The Girl Scout movement ex­ and her brother devised a game eties of camellias to Aiken from panded, and in the early 1950s the where each of them toured one side Japan, which were sent by ship to Savannah River Girl Scout Council of a London art gallery and then California and then across country was formed, covering five counties. quizzed each other on paintings and by rail. Many other rare plants fol­ It was through the Phelps Foun­ artists. Knowledge thus gained lowed. dation that the council acquired a stayed with them. The estate's "Rose Hill Red" 116-acre site near Eureka, South In later years, Mrs. Phelps and camellia has become known Carolina, for its beautiful Camp her daughters sailed around the throughout the Southeast, and in Cofitachiqui. world twice, and they also toured recent years a sport developed from The Phelps Foundation was es­ many out-of-the-way places. In the Duchess of Southerland, a tablished by Miss Claudia more 1927-28 they were the first tourists lovely pink and white blossom, has than a decade ago with funds real­ to travel by car from the Malayan been named "Claudia Phelps." ized from the sale of a large coast to Saigon. On the same trip In the winter of 1952 Aiken ex­ wooded tract near the southern they visited Angkor Wat in Cam­ perienced a vicious ice storm, which border of Aiken County. The bodia, and were fortunate enough left a wreckage of the venerable money was invested, with the in­ to see another ancient city, Angkor camellias and beautiful trees on the come to be used "for the conser­ Thom, as it was·being uncovered in estate. vation of natural resources."

March 1970 49 "This includes projects to aid atomic energy plant in 1950 and Above: Miss Phelps received the "Thanks young people-for they are our the rest was sold, but the well-loved Badge" at the opening ceremony of Camp greatest resource," declared Miss name, Home Run, has been kept as Cofitach iqu i in March 1957. She has aided many Girl Scout projects since 1922. Phelps. part of the title of each of her fine Administered by four trustees, hunting dogs. the foundation has quietly aided a Although Miss Phelps has had her Homerun Buddy, won the Amer­ number of programs for needy own kennels and trained pointers ican Field Quail Futurity at Car­ youngsters and for handicapped since girlhood, she said it was Harry bondale, Illinois. Other trophies in­ and retarded children. Kirkover of Camden, South Caro­ clude the American Field Pheasant An absorbing interest of Miss lina, who first interested her se­ Futurity won by Homerun Johnny Claudia's for many years was her riously in field trials. Such trials are in 1961 and the Amateur All-Age Home Run Plantation, a large the ultimate test of a dog's manners won by Homerun Bess in the Game­ stretch of land south of Aiken run­ and intelligence, and of the know­ cock Field Trials at Sumter in ning well into the present boun­ ledge and skill of his breeder and 1962. daries of the Atomic Energy Com­ trainer. It is a sport for hardy souls, "It is a pleasure to see a good mission's Savannah River Plant. She for it requires long hours in the dog turn in a fine performance," followed the best conservation open in any kind of weather. said Miss Phelps, explaining the lure practices, and was one of nine co­ This past fall Homerun Jim, bred of the sport. "And the people are operators in the nation with the by Miss Phelps, placed second wonderful-they are good sports, U.S. Biological Survey, experiment­ among 91 entries in the Open All­ with each ready to help the other." ing in the best methods of quail Age Stake in Saskatchewan, management. Most of the plan­ Canada, and was awarded the field Kay Lawrence is a free-lance writer tation was absorbed into the vast championship. Another of her dogs, from Aiken.

50 Sand lap per ------~-

·=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··:··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=·=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=· ::: ....,,...... ~~ :t ·=· ,JJt,JJ.•t/r.· p 1 Q . ;11•·'*~1·~-, + I '!' a metto u1z ! ' i SCHOOL ~ + ·=··= .. =··=··=··= .. =··=··=··=··=··=··=··=.. =··= .. =··=··=··=··=··: .. :··=··=·=··=··=··=··=··=··=··:.. :... :··=··=··=··=··=··=··=··=·=··:.. :.. :··=··=··=··=··!··=··=··=··::: 1. The county seat of Williamsburg County is - - - . DIRECTORY A. Andrews; B. Kingstree; C. Hemingway.

2. Colleton County was named for --- . A. Sir John Colleton; B. Sir Edward Colleton; C. Richard Colleton.

3. Famous fort built on a shoal or sandbar is --- . A. Ft. Dorchester; B Ft. Moultrie; C. Ft. Sumter.

4. Newberry is a college founded by the --- Church. ~L2JRTE~G~D A. Lutheran; B. Methodist; C. Presbyterian.

5. Senator from South Carolina to Congress is - - - . A. John Rivers; B. Mendel Rivers; C. Strom Thurmond.

6. Brookgreen Gardens was a gift to the people of South Carolina by --- A. Allston family; B. Huntington family; C. Coker family.

7. "Carolina Grey" A. ghost; B. brick; C. paint. Charleston, South Carolina A distinguished Episcopal prepara­ 8. In 1765 South Carolina sent Thomas Lynch, Christopher Gadsden tory school for boys, founded in and --- to the Stamp Act Congress in New York. 1867. Boarding, grades 9-12. Limit­ A. Henry Middleton; B. Edward Rutledge; C. John Rutledge. ed openings. High standards with emphasis on character and scholar­ ship. Graduates enter leading col­ 9. First Free Library in America was established in 1698 at - - - . leges. Interscholastic sports: foot­ A. Charleston; B. Beaufort; C. Cheraw. ball, soccer, tennis, track. Social and cultural events. New, modern 10. The Coosawhatchie River and Salkehatchie River flow through - - - . buildings on 70-acre campus. For A. Hampton County; B. Dorchester County; C. Aiken County. catalog write: Berkeley Grimball, Headmaster 11. In the Santee River system, the upper part of one river was named Porter-Gaud School for the Catawba Indians and the lower part for --- . Albemarle Point A. Anthony Ashley Cooper; B. Wateree Indians; C. Saluda Indians. Charleston, S. C. 29407

12. A vertical sun dial is found at - - - . A. Barnwell; B. Beaufort; C. Bath.

13. County named for a fighting regiment of 1776 who fought with THE BAYLOR SCHOOL bravery. A. Marion; B. Union; C. Spartanburg. Accredited scholarship. College prep since 1893. Boys board­ ing 14· l 8, day 12-18. Semi-military. Endowed awards. Ideal 14. Led the second expedition which cleaned up the nest of pirates off location. Modern facilities. New science and library building. Athletics all ages. Attend own church. SUMMER CAMP for the coast of Carolina. boys 8· 14. Write for illustrated catalog. A. William Rhett; B. Gov. Johnson; C. James Moore.

145 O,erokee Road 15. An Up-Country county seat is --- . Chattanooga. Tennessee 37401 A. Newberry; B. Seneca; C. Clinton. ANSWERS:

1. B 4. A 7. B 10. A 13. C 2. A 5. C 8. C 11. B 14. 8 3 . C 6. B 9. A 12. A 15. A

March 1970 51 By E.O. McMahan Jr.

ON THE EDISTO

rom February to May shad jour­ headwaters of the Edisto. Since the 200 yards apart and marked with ney from the Atlantic to spawn greatest quantities of fish are con­ lights to comply with Corps of En­ Fin the fresh waters of the East­ centrated from Branchville down­ gineers regulations. One end of the ern rivers. One of their favorite stream, the same is true of the fish­ net is secured at the riverbank, bodies of water is South Carolina's ermen. often an old rice field levee, and the Edisto River. Fishermen set-from bank to other end is anchored in midstream. Even if they are not caught by midstream-5112-inch mesh gill nets The run of the net is weighted at fishermen, the journey for the fish near the tidal mouth of the river at the bottom and buoyed at the top, is one-way; for the 3-year-old shad the time of the incoming tide. Ap­ presenting an extended underwater die following spawning. The new parently the fish can see the net or target. It bags upstream-pressured fingerlings later make their way to its shadow for the best catches by the incoming tide-and is tended the sea and return in three years to come during the high tide which oc­ by men who periodically work perpetuate the drama. curs after dark. Below: Pulling for home bank at the end Where fish go, fishermen go, as is One boat with two men can tend of a drift. A rope across the river marks evidenced when shad (Alosa sapi­ from two to five nets at different the end of the "seine yard" and drift. d is s ima) begin migrating to the locations (or sets). Sets must be Right: The catch from a successful drift.

52 Sand lap per along its length, pull it to the sur­ face and remove the fish. The most strikes occur when the tide reaches its peak and is counter­ balanced by the everflowing fresh water current. This is "ponding" time. It is also time to pull stakes and take in nets before the tide turns and the fish are lost. Shad caught at this moment hit the net from both sides rather than just the side facing the running tide. In a short time the ordeal is over. Then comes the removal of fish and the fishing). At the end of each drift of Above: Sets (fishing locations) must be at least stowing of nets in an orderly pile in a mile or more, the boats converge 200 yards apart and marked with lanterns. readiness for the next day. and the net is taken in by one. Below: A fisherman backs away from the bank as he puts out a set net secured at the bank. For some fishermen the rewards A skilled operator can drift fish Right: An elliptical bow net is lowered into the are a few shad per set; for other with only one boat by having floats river by a pier fisherman. Such nets are classi ­ fishermen there may be as many as at each end of the net. He must fied as noncommercial. Far right: The finale of 200. For this privilege each fisher­ race from one end to the other, a successful night's shad fishing on the Edisto. man must buy a $2 license for each guiding the floats to avoid ob­ 100 yards of net. Also, he must stacles. Two hundred yards distance have a power boat license and a must be maintained between -Photos by E.O. McMahan Jr. $2.50 swim fish license if he sells drifters over the same course; it is the catch. Regulations allow fishing "first come, first served" for posi­ from noon Tuesday to noon Satur­ tion. By either method of fishing, day each week from February 1 the end results are the same. through March 28. This regulation A 1ong the meandering switch­ applies as far upstream as Penny back course of the narrow upper Creek. Beyond that point the sea­ river, "seine yards" were once com­ son extends through April. monly employed for further harass­ Above Penny Creek and the tidal ing the parade of shad. Now the waters, the mode changes from set methods of fishing consist mainly fishing to drift fishing. Here again of trolling with a spoon on a rod the 51h-inch mesh net specification and reel, and fishing with a dip or applies, as well as the boating and bow net. The seine yard is a cleared fishing license requirement. area of bank and stream which per­ In drift fishing, rather than being mits a flat-bow boat to pay off a set, the net is stretched across the gill net across the river and then entire width of the river (upstream work it downstream while a man from the drift area) by either one walks along the opposite bank and or two boats. In a two-boat opera­ tows the other end of the net. Here tion, each end of the net is attached again the bag of the net is up­ to a boat near the bank opposite stream. At the end of the seine the other. Each boat is steered yard, usually a distance of a few downstream, hugging the bank but hundred yards, a rope across the avoiding snags and possible ground­ river allows the boatmen or flat ing. They move just fast enough to men to pull themselves hand over bag the net upstream (in the man­ hand to the bank with the walker. ner that the tide bags the net in set Dip or bow nets are classified as

54 Sand lapper the Pacific coast rivers, the state wildlife department uses various methods for estimating the finny population. Wildlife personnel also keep a record of the water tem­ perature and note whether the fresh water is high or low since these factors seem to affect the shad runs. Based on these records, the department recommends changes in the length of the legal season from time to time in the interest of con­ servation. For some fishermen, the shad season is a time for supplementing their incomes. (Roe shad bring from $2 to $3 each and buck shad about $1.) But for most partici­ pants, shad fishing is a sport-a night out with the guys; a pleasant campfire; a few "nips" to help withstand the cold, damp air; and fresh-caught shad rolled in meal and fried with roe and redhorse bread.

E.O. McMahanJr. is from St. George. noncommercial and may be used that is wrapped around a limb or daily from February 1 through May pole and then looped about one 1 without a license other than the end of the handle of the dip net. By state game fishing license. The nets holding the frame the fisherman are elliptical, about 8 to 10 feet in can tell when a shad hits the net. diameter, with a large bag of three­ When a shad hits, he quickly flips inch mesh netting like an oversized the bow 90 degrees, making it par­ dip net which fly rod or rod and allel to the water surface. The loop reel fishermen use. The nets are set of the cord slips off the handle and in the river from a small pier lo­ allows the bag of the net to col­ cated at a "washing place." The lapse. The fish is caught. term has no adequate explajlation, Game wardens of the S.C. Wild­ but it is a location near the bank life and Resources Department are where shad surface about dusk or the referees in the struggle between after dark and make a slapping man and fish. They protect the noise. They are not feeding, for shad and, at the same time, see that nothing will be found in the stom­ the fishermen get a sporting chance ach of a catch. Whatever the nature to catch the fish. No accurate count of the actions of the fish, local river is made of the thousands of shad men refer to it as "washing." that start upstream each year. Since The net is rigged with the open it is not feasible to employ sophisti­ end downstream and the bag of the cated counting equipment such as net stretched upstream by a cord that used during the salmon runs in

March 1970 55 THE NEW CHARLESTON IN THE AGE OF stand out-Laurens, Rhett, Gads­ ENGLISH THE PINCKNEYS. By George C. den-but none more than the name Rogers Jr. 169 pages. University of of Pinckney. Charles, Charles Cotes­ BIBLE Oklahoma Press. $2.95. w orth, Thomas, cousin Charles­ they were present and vital partici­ Beginning in the 1730s Charles­ pants in every major event and ton entered its prime. As a major trend of the century. "No family commercial center in the New more fully illustrates the economic, World, located on the mainline of political, military, and constitu­ British trade in the age of sailing tional history of Charleston during vessels, as entry point to the ever­ the golden century than does the beckoning frontier and trade base Pinckney family." And Charleston for the interior, the city exper­ itself was representative-indeed a ienced a constant flux of people, model-for the rest of the South; goods and ideas. In such an atmos­ when Charleston turned its back phere the town flourished. For­ on the world, the South would tunes were made and talents did follow. With the advent of steam­ not go unrewarded, for this was an powered vessels and the rise of open society, with an elite based on Northern industry, Charleston was ability and enterprise. It was, as an no longer the vital center of trade early chapter heading aptly puts it, it had been. Seized by a species of "The Open City." public paranoia over the slave Yet by the 1820s a change had question ("Tyranny, as always for come over Charleston. Trade was South Carolinians, threatened from NOW COMPLETE! on the decline, society seemed afar."), Charlestonians "turned to An entirely new fixed, and men whose ancestors had their historic past for reassurance." translation in the made history now turned to the In time they convinced themselves, language of today. celebration of their recent past and and the South, of their historic its heroes; here, indeed, was "The mission-to perpetuate slavery and Standard Edition in one volume Closed City." And what factors had to defend their society from the The Old and New wrought these changes? This is the tyranny of N orthem abolitionists. Testaments $8.95 With the Apocrypha question posed-and answered-in From here the Civil War was in­ $9.95 "Charleston in the Age of the evitable. Library Edition in three volumes Pinckneys." "Charleston in the Age of the The Old Testament The book opens with a de­ Pinckneys" is Volume 26 in The $8.95 scription of the arrival in Charles­ Centers of Civilization Series The Apocrypha $4.95 ton of the Right Honorable Lord ("devoted to cities which have The NewTestament (Second Edition) $5.95 Charles Greville Montague, newly­ exercised a radiating influence The New Testament in appointed governor of South Caro­ upon the civilizations in which paper $1.75 lina in 1766; it closes with the they flourished ") from the Uni­ Available after March 16th funeral procession of John C. Cal­ versity of Oklahoma Press. Dr. houn in 1850. Between these two George C. Rogers Jr., a native of points in time lies a golden age; be­ Charleston, is now professor of tween the pages of Dr. Rogers' history at the University of South book lies a rich and comprehensive Carolina. Other books by the study of the age and the city as we author include: "Evolution of a ' celebrate it today-bustling, brawl­ Federalist, William Laughton ing, beset with smallpox, fires and Smith of Charleston" and "The

!?!t?nllpa~1440 MAIN STREET • COLUMBIA, S. C. hurricanes, bulging with ideas and Papers of Henry Laurens," the activity. Yet the moment passed. latter co-edited with Philip M. In the golden age many names Hamer.

56 Sand lap per SOUTH CAROLINA BIRD LIFE. each separate species an expla­ By Alexander Sprunt Jr., and E. nation of the Latin name is given. Burnham Chamberlain; edited by E. Pictorially, "South Carolina Bird A revised edition of an Milby Burton. Revised edition with Life" cannot be excelled by any a supplement by E. Milby Burton. other state bird book. There are 35 EXTRAORDINARY BOOK 680 pages. University of South magnificent original paintings in Carolina Press. $18.50 ($25.00 in full color. The artists are Francis 1971). Lee Jaques, Roger Tory Peterson, Edward von S. Dingle and John [loadt It has been more than 20 years Henry Dick. The 48 pages of superb since the publication of the first black-and-white photographs are edition of one of the most mem­ the work of Allan D. Cruickshank, riawiina o ra bl e books ever published in S.A. Grimes and others. South Carolina. Reviewers in both For the revised edition, E. Milby specialized magazines ("Audubon Burton, director of the Charleston [JJiu{ !lifo Magazine" and "Die Vogelwelt," for Museum, has written a long supple­ example) and the general news ment (69 pages) that includes all media (New York Herald Tribune ornithological records of note that Sprunt and Chamberlain's and Toronto's Globe and Mail are occurred within the state during the universally acclaimed classic but two from afar) added their period from 1949 to 1968. Birds with a new supplement by praises to The State's "monumental never before reported from South E. Milby Burton and definitive" and The News and Carolina have been added to the Courier's "a landmark in the field State List, ranges within the state of Southern natural history." have been expanded, migration Needless to say, a revised and dates have been changed and new UNIVERSITY OF expanded edition of "South Caro­ nesting data have been added. lina Bird Life" (to be published At this point, we can only add SOUTH CAROLINA PRESS almost simultaneously with this that words alone cannot describe Columbia. So uth Carolina 191GB article) has monopolized conver­ this Carolina classic. You simply sation at The Charleston Museum must see this book. - and the University of South Caro­ lina Press during the months of preparation, and again we have a book of which "the people of South Carolina as a whole may well be proud." For those who are not familiar with the first edition, a brief survey of "Bird Life's" contents is essen­ tial inasmuch as it is as famous for its scientific accuracy as for its beauty. The volume is introduced with a short survey of the history of research in the ornithology of South Carolina, which produced, as far back as 1731, the first scientif­ ically valuable treatise. A descrip­ tion of the topographical areas of the state follows, and a short but very well-written chapter concern­ ing the tasks which still today await the ornithologists brings us to the main part of the book-the treat­ ment of various orders. The original list of not fewer than 442 species and subspecies has been expanded in Burton's supplement (he adds 25 new birds to the State List), and for

March 1970 PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOUTH apper CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF AR­ CHIVES: AA41. BIOGRAPHICAL DIRECTORY D6. GEORGETOWN RICE PLAN'_A­ OF THE SENATE OF THE STATE OF TIONS. By Alberta Morel Lachicotte. A F6. GREAT SOUTH CAROLINIANS. SOUTH CAROLINA, 1776-1964. $5.50. native of the region has traced the his­ Vol. II. By Helen Kohn Hennig. South tories of the existing plantations located Carolinians of a later date. $9.95. AA46. SOUTH CAROLINA BIBLI­ in the most productive of the rice cul­ OGRAPHIES. No. 1. GUIDE TO THE tures of the South Atlantic coast. $9. Hl. LANDMARKS OF CHARLESTON. STUDY AND READING OF SOUTH By Thomas Petigru Lesesne. The Charles CAROLINA HISTORY: Topical Lists. D9. DEPARTMENT OF THE SOUTH: Town that was and the Charleston that is, $ .50. HILTON HEAD ISLAND IN THE CIVIL with the history of famous landmarks WAR. By Robert Carse. The little-known given. $2. AA47. SOUTH CAROLINA BIBLI­ story of the Union base off the S.C. coast OGRAPHIES. No. 2. GUIDE TO THE which for 3 1h years was headquarters of STUDY AND READING OF SOUTH Lincoln's Department of the South. $5. H4. HISTORIC CHURCHES OF CAROLINA HISTORY: A General Clas­ CHARLESTON. Compiled by Clifford L. sified Bibliography. $2. Legerton. In a single volume, the story of more than 80 historic churches and syna­ AA48. SOUTH CAROLINA BIBLI­ gogues in the Charleston area. $7 .50. OGRAPHIES. No. 4. ARTICLES IN PERIODICALS AND SERIALS ON I 1. SIXTEENTH SOUTH CAROLIN A SOUTH CAROLINA LITERATURE REGIMENT. By John S. Taylor. History AND RELATED SUBJECTS, 1900-1955. of the 16th South Carolina Regiment $1. which was recruited from Greenville County. $2.50. Bl 2. A DAY ON THE COOPER RIVER. By John B. Irving, M.D. Written with a JI. GHOSTS OF THE CAROLINAS. By love and enthusiasm for the Cooper Nancy and Bruce Roberts. Photograph­ River. $8.50. icallly illustrated ghost tales of the two Carolinas. $3.50 cloth. $1.95 paper. B13. NELL GRAYDON'S COOK BOOK. By Nell S. Graydon. Personalized cook­ book featuring old recipes. $3.50. Kl. THE HARTSVILLE COOK BOOK. Compiled by the Women's Auxiliary of C4. A CHARLESTONIAN'S RECOL­ the Byerly Hospital. Pee Dee specialties LECTIONS, 1846-1913. By D.E. Huger arranged in convenient loose-leaf note­ Smith. A personal and private account of book form. $3.95. one of the most crucial periods in South­ ern history. $3.50.

Dl4. LEGACY OF BEAUTY. By Dolores Lashley. The story of Magnolia Gardens and their 19th-century developer, the Reverend John Grimke Drayton. $6.50.

F3. CHARLESTON GARDENS. By Mal­ colm L. Causey and Beth G. Causey. De­ scriptive and pictorial tribute to Charles­ ton's three famous gardens-Cypress, Magnolia and Middleton. $3. cloth.$1.25 paper.

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By LEWIS P. JONES

CHAPTER 15 a despicable system which many emotion and controversy, Ft. Sum­ "De Wah" white Southerners (non-slave­ ter became a symbol that swelled (1861-1865) h olders included) eventually had steadily in significance until both come to consider divinely ordained. sides had too much "face" laid on he watershed between the two This made it easier to see the con­ the line. Perhaps "the logic of histories of South Carolina lies flict as a religious crusade, with events" had not fully taken over Tat the year 1861. Here was the preachers' assuring their confident control from men ( as increasingly great traumatic tragedy, which left congregations th~ God was on the has happened in modern wars), but as its legacy what Robert Penn War­ Confederate side and that Satan men maneuvered themselves into ren has called 1) "the treasury of himself wore a blue uniform and positions where neither side had virtue" for self-righteous North­ carried a pitchfork made of Penn­ happy options and where political erners, who thereafter sought there­ sylvania iron. decisions promptly were metamor­ by to obscure some grievous short­ First leader of the war state was phosed into military decisions, and comings; and 2) "the great alibi" Francis W. Pickens of Edgefield, vice versa. for self-pitying Southerners, who long identified as a moderate in the The new Administration in 1861 thereafter sought thereby to ration­ National Democratic faction and confronted two horns of a dilem­ alize their lamentable inattention chosen governor in the interest of ma. If Lincoln should evacuate the to pressing problems. harmony. Of a famous family, he fort, he would strengthen "the re­ One cannot profitably speculate was a cultured planter, able speak­ bellion" and encourage foreign as to whether South Carolinians er, classical scholar. Although he recognition of the new Confeder­ would have seceded if they had ac­ had served in Congress and as minis­ acy; if he should send military rein­ tually known that the act would ter to Russia, his personality did forcements to it, he would alienate lead to war. Probably they would. not charm individuals-and, indeed, Northern moderates, drive the But most did not anticipate that often alienated them. Such was a border states out, and perhaps trig­ bloody fate. (Armistead Burt of severe handicap for a leader in time ger a war which would make re­ Abbeville even promised to drink of crisis. union infinitely more difficult to all the blood that might be shed be­ The Ft. Sumter dilemma needs bring about. His compromise: to cause of secession.) Most of these no retelling here, however fantasti­ send only provisions (not new Carolinians' descendants decry ei­ cally gripping it was ( and however armed might) to the beleaguered ther their action or their judgment, controversial it remains). Like other fort and, thus, perhaps preserve the but in 1861 most white Carolinians crucial positions wrapped in both uneasy status quo. Like Berlin in re­ were convinced of the justice of cent times, Charleston harbor was their cause. While ponderously pro­ This article is part fifteen of a series held by two sides. If the South re­ pounding constitutional theories, which will continue for an indef­ fused to accept such a continuation they perhaps were not nearly so inite period of time. Dr. Lewis P. of the impasse, then it would be the wrapped in political metaphysics as Jones is chairman of the History South that would have to face pos­ they were in the defense of slavery, Department at Wofford College. sible condemnation for starting the

60 Sand lap per firing and a war. "overbearing, haughty and rude." even declared invalid all of its previ­ The South fired. The determina­ William Gilmore Simms joined in ous actions except its contracts. Im­ tion of the Lincoln government not the hue and cry: "Pickens is such mediately an investigation was to evacuate supinely had proved to an ass that he will drive away from launched into all of its "mischief." be a shock to many in the Confed­ him every decent counsellor.... In the war effort, manpower was eracy. Even the astute Hammond All who will flatter, can rule the perennial besetting problem. had argued that coercion would him .... He is at times too inflex­ State opposition to Confederate never be used, and the stormy Mer­ ible to say no, at other times too conscription did not become as hot cury-even after Ft. Sumter---con­ mulish to say yes even though every a "states' rights" issue as it did in tin ued to insist that there still argument called for it.... " some states. Nevertheless, South would be no war. After this proph­ In the face of this lack of con­ Carolina did claim the right to des­ ecy proved patently false, Caro­ fidence, the convention ignored the ignate various groups as being ex­ linians still plunged into the strug­ legislature, took the bit into its own empt from the Confederate draft gle enthusiastically, almost jubi­ teeth, and created an Executive laws, a threatening precedent by lantly, convinced that it would be Council with all the usual powers of which the state might alter later leg­ short. the executive branch of government islation from Richmond-tax laws, Although Ft. Sumter fell to the plus "also unlimited wartime pow­ for example. President Jefferson Confederacy in April 1861, in No­ ers "-virtually a new Council of Davis protested what he called the vember the Union made a massive Safety, to use the 1775 term. Al­ strange doctrine that a state could amphibious attack on coastal South though the governor was one of the countermand a President's order; he Carolina and established a huge five members, he was only that, and recalled that this same state of beachhead in the Port Royal-Hilton the council was by no means a gov­ South Carolina had once nullified Head area. This Anzio-like enclave ernor's cabinet or council. Fortu­ central doctrine but had never was to be held for the next four nately the action of the convention sought to modify it. Actually, years, a constant threat from which ( acting in secret session) provided South Carolina granted fewer ex­ forces might penetrate westward in­ strong and able men for the new emptions from service than did to the Confederacy or go island­ executive committee. other states, and the number of hopping northward toward Charles­ The Council did accomplish the draftees who hired substitutes was ton. purpose for which it was created­ minuscule compared to that of Immediately that city was the mustering of the full effort of some states. Newspapers served as gripped with panic. Rumors of trai­ the state for the war, but its crea­ watchdogs ( or witch hunters), with tors were prevalent, refugees scur­ tion by the heavy-handed conven­ the Courier's noting how many ried inland or sent valuables else­ tion alarmed and frightened many. healthy people suddenly were where, and wild criticism poured It antagonized planters by impress­ plagued with incurable diseases and down on the heads of leaders. Com­ ing slaves for war work wherever the Mercury's proving especially pounding the confusion was a huge the need existed (with Up-Country vigilant about medical boards who fire in December 1861, which planters put into high dudgeon at found "unfit" certain persons who, wiped out large areas of Charleston. the very thought of their Negroes' nevertheless, were able to hunt all In the face of these difficulties being sent to that hot and unhealth­ day and night. The Courier tackled many lost confidence in the state ful coastal area). The Council la­ exemptions for druggists, discover­ leadership-and raised interesting bored to provide the "Ersatz of the ing pill-rollers who it charged did constitutional issues. The state Se­ Confederacy" and especially to pro­ not know arsenic from soda. (Ex­ cession Convention, committed by duce powder and lead for the cause. emptions went to editors, teachers, an 1860 mandate to lead the state Masters in munitions manufacture hospital workers, government con­ out of the Union and blessed with were the LeConte brothers, John tractors, manufacturers, millers, full sovereign power by the theory and Joseph, science professors at saltmakers, railroad workers, and of conventions, chose not to wither South Carolina College. others.) With the governor's sanc­ away quietly after it had adopted Despite the fears, the Council ev­ tion, state officials were exempted, the Ordinance of Secession, pre­ idently did not abuse the emer­ and Benjamin Perry was moved to sumably its sole and primary task. gency powers that it had; neverthe­ observe that those who appeared Now it felt it would be unsafe to go less, with the Charleston Courier most eager for war always seemed out of business in the face of the leading the pack, the opposition equally eager to stay out of it. Leg­ flood of criticism of Gov. Pickens, ( often reflecting the jealousy of leg­ islators were also exempt, a fact hardly a charismatic spellbinder, a islators) gathered strength. When that caused one cynic to wonder man who was branded by former the Convention itself expired in De­ whether the large horde of candi­ Gov. Manning as characterized by cember 1862, the legislature dates were interested in the exemp­ "confusion and imbecility" and de­ promptly abolished the Conven­ tion or in the honor. Draft opposi­ scribed by Henry W. Ravenel as tion's creature, the Council, and tion and evasion is hardly a new

March 1970 61 THE QUEEN OF INDUSTRY, OR THE NEW SOUTH (Cartoon by Thomas Nast from "Harper's Weekly," Jan . 14, 1882)

Sandiapper phenomenon. Because of the waste in early years, grew, for "We have settled down Desertion was also an increasing by 1864 the Confederate govern­ with the quiet determination to problem for the Confederate Army ment virtually had taken control fight out ... every street and cor­ as morale eroded, and the South over this traffic and required that at ner in the City before Surrendering, Carolina mountains provided a ref­ least half the cargo space be put at notwithstanding 15 inch shells." uge for armed and defiant soldiers the disposal of the Southern gov­ (These 200-pound shells-actually absent without leave. Spy and ernment. Charleston was one of the 8-inch-were coming from the alarm systems provided warnings of centers for this dramatic trade in "Swamp Angel," a cannon on the "conscript-catchers"; near Gowans­ which the chances for success and edge of Morris Island about five ville (in the "Dark Corner" of up­ fortune steadily declined as the miles from town. Considerable per Greenville and Spartanburg Union inexorably tightened the damage was done below Market counties) the deserters even main­ noose around the coast of the Street.) tained a fort, and in the Broad Riv­ South. Meanwhile Beaufort was under­ er they fortified an island refuge. The typical Charlestonian in his going a different kind of fate­ Of the 104,428 Confederates re­ beleaguered city lived under enemy occupation of the town ported as deserters (not always an "strains imposed by the Union which, according to a visiting Cali­ aptly descriptive or accurate term), blockade, spiralling inflation, grow­ fornia journalist, was "greatly only 3,615 were reported from ing shortages, and disrupted trans­ demolished by the rude hand of the South Carolina. portation," suffering disappoint­ invader" with the "marks of vio­ Especially determined and faith­ ment and discouragement as no real lence and vandalism" everywhere. ful to the Lost Cause were two light ever became evident at the end Most of the former leaders of the groups: women and preachers, ren­ of the tunnel, despite some overly community had fled in "The Grand dering services as faithfully loyal as optimistic journalists. Despair was Skedaddle" before the invaders ar­ pathetic. Both provided a superbly not the prevalent mood of life in rived, and hence "the days of an­ effective but unofficial recruiting Charleston where life continued as cient grandeur are forever gone service from the beginning, each normally as possible under the cir­ when field hands and wandering having powerful weapons calculated cumstances. Various local militia contrabands people the halls of the to shove malingerers into uniform. groups did guard duty, and even ancien noblesse of Beaufort," with Particularly in contrast with the volunteer fire companies rendered the best houses taken over by offi­ numerous deserters were the hero­ similar part-time military service. cers of the occupying army. Even ines of the Confederacy, especially When Union soldiers tried an am­ old St. Helena Church "shows the those who served as volunteer phibious push up the coast at traces of the vandal hand upon it." nurses in the military hospitals scat­ Charleston, the Confederate confi­ After the mass exodus amid cries tered throughout the South, set up dence was reflected in a letter from of the "The Yanks are coming!" in such places as South Carolina a resident who observed, "Strangers the slaves were understandably in­ College. Various relief or aid organi­ are flocking in from the country, toxicated by their sudden freedom zations also gathered materials to some to fight and some to look on and went on a rampage of ransack­ send to soldiers at the front. Com­ [the biggest crowd no doubt] .... ing and plundering. As the Sacra­ mittees of women met trains to ren­ I ... must beg you not to believe mento correspondent saw it, "Prob­ der services to soldier travelers and any reports you hear from those ably such another saturnalia was particularly to minister to the country people because they are never witnessed before in this coun­ wounded. Disabled soldiers were very excitable and exceedingly gul­ try, and such another mad set was taken into private homes for long lible, but wait you until you hear never let loose .... "What little was periods of convalescence. Most from me, and lastly dont get ex­ left after this first mad orgy soon women's services were not spectac­ cited or Scared yourselves. With was demolished by the invading ular, but without them the misery God and right on our side Charles­ troops who-to use a World War II of di sabled Confederate soldiers ton is safe." This conviction evi­ term-then "liberated" the town. would have been far worse than it dently was typical. Our journalist reflects the mixed actually was. Such assurance matched the feelings and emotions which can Profiteering by some Confeder­ growing belligerence toward the bother a modern reader studying ates embittered others-especially Yankees. When in 1863 occasional the era: "One cannot but be sad­ in an age when deprivations hurt so shells fell into the city from occu­ dened to see how the accumulation many so grievously. Fabulous pied sea islands, Charles K. Rogers of years have been scattered and wealth could be attained in the ex­ saw it as "one of the great outrages how thoroughly the arts and im­ citing business of blockade-running, in Civilized warfare yet perpetrated provements of peace have been laid where it was said that two trips by the Yanks, firing on Sleeping waste by the hand of war. The rich would defray the capital investment women and children." In the face and aristocratic owners of these and begin to pay bonanza profits. of it, stubborn resolution only seats of ease, ... ministered to by

March 1970 63 an obsequious race of slaves, ered to be demonstrating an unfath­ Long before the war Sherman had wealthy and growing wealthy, living omable lack of faithfulness and spent four years at Ft. Moultrie on in ease and comfort, were not con­ gratitude. One especially well­ Sullivan's Island, and what he saw tent, but, still lusting for more treated slave in Laurens was hired of the region appealed to him. Con­ power, and fancying that they were by her former owners as cook in stantly he attended social functions gods and not men, rebelled against 1865. Soon expressing a desire to and made many friends. Later he their lawful Government, and lo! move away, she refused to stay had a tour of duty at Augusta, and their judgment had come and the even when offered double wages by as war approached he was superin­ Philistines are upon them." her former owners, explaining tendent of a military academy in In the occupied sea islands of the meaningfully, "No, Miss, I must go, Louisiana. His views on slavery area many plantations were confis­ If I stays here I'll never know I'm were markedly different from those cated for nonpayment of taxes to free.'' of his famous brother in Congress, the Federal government (a special Apparently the owning class John Sherman, tagged as out­ wartime direct tax). Some specula­ failed to see the depth of this in­ spokenly an ti slavery. Although tors then bought up large blocks of stinct. After all, most of our trou­ W. T. Sherman disliked the aboli­ land. Some were divided by the bles may stem from our inability tion movement, to him secession government and sold or rented in simply to wonder how things may was treason, and news of South small plots to former slaves seeking look from the other man's point of Carolina's withdrawal from the to start anew as independent peas­ observation. Tensions stem from Union brought tears to his eyes. In ant farmers, and thus came an eco­ this inability, and fanaticism stems an emotional scene, he warned a nomic and sociological "rehearsal from the failure even to try to Southern friend of the folly of ex­ for Reconstruction." make the effort. pecting Wartime attitudes of the slaves Along the coast not only did such a thing as peaceable secession. and ex-slaves have attracted much slaves flock down the escape road You don't know what you are do­ interest. Some of them ran toward to Union lines but many were cap­ ing. . . . If you will have it, the North must fight you for its own Yankee troops; others ran away tured by Union raiders who probed preservation. . . . God only knows from them. Earlier Southern writers out from the sea island beachhead. how it will end ... . Oh, it is folly, liked to stress their devotion and In one such foray, over 600 were madness, a crime against civiliza­ loyalty to their masters. Certainly taken and then given "rations of tion. the many generations under the old 'hard tack,' soap, salt and molasses You speak so lightly of war. You don't know what you are talking system partially explains this; per­ from the Government stores." about. War is a terrible thing . . .. haps it was affectionate loyalty, These were described as You are bound to fail. Only in your maybe it was ingrained docility that a curious looking crowd, rough and spirit and determination are you was perpetuated by an ignorance of uncouth, with a lingo of their own prepared for war. In all else you are any other system. Despite the which is much like California­ totally unprepared .... Chinese as any Christian tongue. whites' apparently sincere convic­ The poor creatures have been bun­ Events proved him an apt seer, tion of the validity and morality of dled about from pillar to post, from and in early 1865 he returned to slavery (some rationalizing about it plantation to camp, until they South Carolina. He had noted that as the Negroes' "school for civiliza­ scarcely know where or to whom war was war "and no popularity tion," without apparently ever not­ they belong. But they flocked to seeking," and in the view of the the standard of the United States, ing that it was a school without any when they heard Montgomery's leading scholar of Sherman, Profes­ graduation day), there was always a steam-whistle and saw the stars a nd sor John Barrett, "It was not a lurking and haunting fear among stripes on his gunboats. sense of cruelty and barbarism that the planters during the war that the Their former owners, however, prompted Sherman to formulate his slaves might make a break for free­ seemed unable quite to see why theory of total war" but rather it dom. they did so. was "the outgrowth of a search for In their blind acceptance of their In the eyes of many South Caro­ the quickest, surest, and most ef­ system, the privileged group seemed linians, real war arrived only in the ficient means to win a war .. . . The genuinely puzzled that the unprivi­ last act. They also clearly discerned purpose of his strategy was to mini­ leged just might not like the system the villain of the piece: William mize fighting by playing on the and might take advantage of the Tecumseh Sherman. Controversy mind of his opponent." chaotic conditions of wartime. still rages around his head over the When he crossed the Savannah, When slaves did sometimes make degree to which the tragedies of his he had already severed the South, their bid by fleeing to Union lines, 1865 March were deliberated or which had been previously divided the master class antagonism toward premeditated. along the Mississippi. Behind him the Yankees was matched only by The general, whom Henry Grady lay a wedge driven from their shocked disappointment in later depicted as a bit "careless with the Ohio to Chattanooga to Atlanta the runaways, whom they consid- fire," was no stranger to the South. to Savannah. His new target was the

64 Sandlapper major rail junction of Goldsboro, too oft-told to compress and tell rested, 2 killed, and 30 wounded.) North Carolina, to be reached by a here. (Incidentally, judicious objec­ Whitelaw Reid, Ohio politician, re­ destructive sweep bisecting the tivity is not typical of most of the ferred to the Columbia conflagra­ Carolinas, completing the collapse tellings. John Barrett does keep bal­ tion as "the most monstrous bar­ of their morale and denying their ance in his.) Instead of storming barity of the barbarous march." To remaining resources to Lee who was across the Congaree at the capital Columbians, "Sherman had out­ then besieged and confined in the city from the area of modern Cayce Heroded Herod and 'Beast' Butler Richmond-Petersburg area. With no and West Columbia, Sherman was a gentleman in comparison." supply line to his rear, Sherman was moved upstream and crossed the In the long run, Sherman laconi­ dependent upon the countryside Saluda just below the old Saluda cally accepted the event as an un­ for supplies. Factory (the piers of an old bridge fortunate means to an acceptable Leaving Savannah with 60,000 still stand there), and his troops end: "Though I never ordered it men in January 1865, Sherman then entered the lower Dutch Fork and never wished it, I have never foresaw the horror which ensued between the Saluda and the Broad shed any tears over the event, be­ but determined on "utter destruc­ rivers. One force moved on up the cause I believe that it hastened tion" for the "hellhole of seces­ Fork, crossed the Broad at Alston what we all fought for, the end of sion" because he felt that he "was and entered Fairfield County. The the war." fighting not to prolong the conflict other swung back east into Colum­ Later, Carolinians who have but to hasten its end, and total war bia across the Broad (along modern damned Sherman may have ac­ was the most effective means at U. S. 1 76, or Broad River Road). cepted the same tactic at Cassino, hand for securing this object." The The destruction of the city by Okinawa, or Da Nang. But those strategy called for feints at both fire has led to much spilling of ink places were not home. Charleston and Augusta but with by disputing partisans. The city at Devastation and destruction the main force plunging through the time has been described as "one reigned supreme. In her much­ Columbia and Fayetteville to vast warehouse filled with spiritu­ quoted diary, Emma LeConte re­ Goldsboro. On this route he would ous liquors," carted there by the ported "the very air ... fraught destroy the major rail lines of both hordes of refugees and Charleston with sadness and silence." It was al­ states. whiskey merchants. Suffice it to so marked with animosity, because Little armed opposition faced say that the situation was combust­ most white people were like Emma, Union troops, but the winter ible in many respects: The whiskey thinking that the word "Yankee" weather was a formidable obstacle. was flowing in floods, the wind was was a synonym for all that was Steady cold rain made the roads high, the cotton was abundant, and "mean, despicable and abhorrent." miserable-so that the pioneer corps Sherman was hardly cautious nor Among the suddenly freed blacks, were the heroes of the campaign, was he demanding caution and re­ there was remarkably little animos­ building and repairing roads and straint. The most judicious schol­ ity or vindictiveness, but much ill­ bridges and corduroying the ever­ ar-quite determined to be re­ founded hope and great expecta­ present quagmires. strained-cannot fail to be moved, tions-destined soon to be dashed With many citizens surprised however, by the descriptions of the and then long thwarted. (and some maybe even insulted) tragedy which soon destroyed most Amid such moods, rebuilding that Sherman did not aim at sacred of the town. Exaggerations and and building anew would not be Ch a r 1 est on ( 1 8 6 0 p o p u 1a­ baseless legends have enhanced the easy. tion: 40,522), he sent his main story, but nothing can make it less force inland to Columbia (1860 than the most awesome spectacle of population: 8,052), long a haven destruction and heartbreak in the READING LIST FOR THE LAYMAN for refugees. Considered a safe city, history of the state. Columbia had seen its population Although the event was marked D. D. Wallace, "History of South Caro­ lina," III, chaps. 88-90. rise in two years from 8,000 to by horror and terror, it also in­ D . D. Wallace, "South Carolina : A 20,000. Even in February 1865, cluded many incidents of sympa­ Short History," chaps. 51-52. confidence accompanied frivolity as thetic assistance rendered to the C. E . Cauthen, "South Carolina Goes the residents anticipated full pro­ residents by Union soldiers. Once it to War, 1860-1865" (1950). was evident that the fire was total, John Barrett, "Sherman's March tection, ignoring the fact that Gov. Through the Carolinas" (1956). A.G. Magrath's continuous appeals Northern soldiers and even generals Willie Lee Rose, "Rehearsal for Recon­ to the people to rally to the colors toiled manfully in a fruitless effort struction: the Port Royal Experiment" had no effect. As one officer com­ to halt the flames. Elements of dis­ (1964; also, paperback). plained, he had two brigades and orderly Union troops were removed William H. Russell, "My Diary North and South" (1863 ; R-1954), chaps. five proclamations with which to from the city, and a roundup of 10-21. oppose Sherman. drunken and lawless soldiers was Katharine M. Jones (ed.), "Port Royal The story is both too large and launched. (In this, 370 were ar- Under Six Flags," Parts 9-11.

March 1970 65 Especially Timely during this Tricentennial year

The collected articles from our first year's issues, many of which are now out of print

All articles from the 1968 issues of Sandia pper have postage and handling and 60 cents S. C. sales tax. Not been consolidated in a handsome, hard-bound volume, inexpensive, but a bargain when one considers the quality aptly named Sandlapper 1968. of the cloth binding and paper and lavish use of color. Articles in this 724-page book feature interesting Whether you are a collector of Caroliniana or desire people, places and things throughout the state, and are to present it to a friend, relative or business acquaintance geographically arranged as follows: Low Country, Up who is, you can be assured that Sandlapper 1968 will be Country, Midlands and Statewide. Abundant illustrations appreciated. -many in full color-depict the state from the mountains In fact, if you're purchas;ng Sandlapper 1968 for a gift, to the sea. you might be well advised to purchase two copies. We The cost of this magnificent book is $15, plus 50 cents think you'll want to keep a copy!

SANDLAPPER - THE MAGAZINE OF SOUTH CAROLINA, BOX 1668, COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAROLINA 29202 APRIL 12 7 CHARLESTON-Municipal Auditorium-BPOE ROCK HILL-Winthrop College-"The Order of Elks Glee Club Concert. Stranger." GAFFNEY-Limestone College-Faculty Re­ 15 cital, Allyn Hoverland, Organist. CHARLESTON-College of Charleston-"Mac­ NEWBERRY -Newberry College-The Men of beth." EVENTS Song. GREENVILLE-County Museum of Art- 13 "Nothing But a Man." GREENVILLE-Bob Jones University - The Romeros, Guitarists. GREENVILLE-Furman University-Band Con­ cert. 13-14 All activities to be considered for COLUMBIA-Dreher High Auditorium-Lyric the Calendar of Events must be sent lectures Theatre Production, "Madame Butterfly.'' directly to the Events Editor, Sand­ 15 lapper Press, Inc., P.O. Box 1668, COLUMBIA-Dreher High Auditorium-Colum­ Columbia, South Carolina 29202, bia Philharmonic Orchestra with Evelyn La MARCH Bruce, Mezzo Soprano. no later than 30 days prior to the 11 16 first of the month in which the CHARLESTON-Municipal Auditorium­ HARTSVILLE-Coker College- Music Majors activity will occur. Charleston Artist Guild Slide Lecture, Recital. "Line, Plane, and Form in Pictorial Com­ ROCK HILL-Winthrop College-Faculty Re­ position." cital, Thomas J. Cole, Tenor. 12 SPARTANBURG- Spartanburg County Li­ SPARTANBURG-Wofford College-USC brary- L.H. Chewning, "Shakespeare's 'King Woodwind Quintet. ballet Lear.'" 19 APRIL CHARLESTON- The Citadel- Solo Violin Con­ 8 cert. CH AR LESTON- Municipal Auditorium-Slide GREE NV ILLE-Furman University-The Greenville Symphony, with guest artist Car­ MARCH Lecture from the National Gallery, "Paint­ ings of the Great Spanish Masters." roll Glen, Violinist. 7 20 CHARLESTON- Municipal Auditorium-Penn­ 9 CHARLESTON-Preservation of Spirituals Con­ sylvania Ballet. SPARTANBURG-Spartanburg County Li­ cert. 10 brary- Charles D. Ashmore, "A Twentieth 21 ROCK HILL- Winthrop College-The Charles­ Century Look at 'Tom Jones.'" CHARLESTON - Municipal Auditorium­ ton Ballet. Charleston Symphony Orchestra, Beverly 14 Wolff, Soloist. GREENVILLE- Memorial Auditorium- Green­ 24 ville Civic Ballet, Annual Spring Concert. MYRTLE BEACH - South Carolina Folk Music 20-22 . Festival. COLUMBIA - Dreher High Auditorium-Colum­ music 27 bia City Ballet Concert, "Four For the SUMTER- The Varel and Bailly Company, Show." Chanteurs de Paris. APRIL 30 4 ROCK HILL-Winthrop College-Catherine COLUMBIA-Carolina Ballet Concert. MARCH 6 Crozier, Organist. SPARTANBURG-Converse College- Converse APRIL College Chorus Concert. 3 . 8 CHARLESTON- French Huguenot Church­ c1ne1na COLUMBIA-Museum of Art- Beverly Reed Organ & Trumpet Recital by Brian Jones Hayes, Soprano. and Jeffrey Stem. CHARLESTON-Municipal Auditorium- Count GREENVILLE- County Museum of Art- John Basie. Adams, Piano. MARCH 4 9 15 SPARTANBURG-Memorial Auditorium­ BEAUFORT-Beaufort Elementary School SPARTANBURG- Spartanburg County Li­ Parade of [Barbershop) Quartets. Auditorium- Yarbrough and Cowan, Duo brary- Travel Films: "Calcutta" and "New 7 Pianists. Horizons: Pakistan." COLUMBIA- Dreher High Auditorium- Colum­ 17 SP A RT AN BURG-Converse College-Spartan­ bia Philharmonic Orchestra with Robert ROCK HILL- Winthrop College- "The Bicycle burg Symphony Orchestra Spring Concert. MacDonald, Pianist. Thief." 10 8 18 CHARLESTON - Municipal Auditorium- Roger HARTSVILLE- Coker College- New York Pro CHARLESTON - College of Charleston­ Williams Concert. Musica. "Virgin Spring." 11-13 9 GREENVILLE- County Museum of Art­ HARTSVILLE- Coker College- HHS Chorus GAFFNEY-Limestone College - The Gregg "Wagcs of rear." Production. Smith Singers.

March 1970 67 11 COLUMBIA-Columbia Shrine Oub-Columbia Philharmonic Orchestra, "Cabaret Pops." 12 COLUMBIA-Museum of Art-Belgrade Trio. 13 SP ART AN BU RC-Converse College-Indian· apolis Symphony Orchestra. 14 ROCK HILL-Winthrop College-Program of Music for Church Weddings.

theatre ~ - - The world's greatest family enter- MARCH 11-14 tainment center providing CLEMSON-Clemson Little Theatre-"The Lion in Winter." fun, health, and relaxation. 13-14 AIKEN - Aiken Junior High Auditorium-"The Lion in Winter." 16-18 ORANGEBURG-South Carolina State Col­ lege-Experimental Theatre Festival. 17 Columbia, S.C. 1401 Pecan St. Myrtle Beach, S.C. CHARLESTON-Municipal Auditorium­ 253-4057 Florence, S.C. 448-5721 "Cabaret." 662-8733 18-21 ABBEVILLE-Opera House-"Rags to Riches." CAMDEN-Camden Community Theatre­ "Carousel." 19-23 GREENWOOD-Greenwood Children's Theatre-"Alice in Wonderland." APRIL 2-4, 8-11 Jack CHARLESTON-Dock Street Theatre-"A Rare Fine Town." 3-11 Rabbit COLUMBIA-Town Theatre-"Royal Hunt of the Sun." 13-15,17 Company ... ROCK HILL- Winthrop College-"Blood Wed­ ding." 15-16 A Carolina Institution CHARLESTON-Municipal Auditorium­ "Mame."

We have been processing film since 1920 for people all across the U.S.A. Why not send us your film today for the finest quality prints, mov­ ies and slides at the lowest prices. For complete price list and free mailing MARCH Through March 13 envelope, write to: C LEMSON-Oemson University-"Contempo­ rary Photographers I and II." Through March 14 SPARTANBURG-Aug. W. Smith Gallery­ Frank Anderson: Paintings, Drawings and Prints. Since 1920 a Carolina Institution Through March 15 COLUMBIA-Museum of Art-"Supersonic Painting" by Philipp Weichberger.

68 Sandlapper Tiuough March 16 CLINTON-Presbyterian College-"Beginnings of Modern Photography." Tiuough March 20 FLORENCE-Florence Museum-17th Pee Dee Regional Art Exhibit. Through March 22 COLUMBIA-Museum of Art-Columbia Artists Guild, Spring Juried Show. Tiuough March 29 CHARLESTON-Gibbes Art Gallery-Bird Paintings by Edward Von S. Dingle. Tiuough March 31 Publisher's FLOR EN CE- USC, Florence Regional Campus-Leo Twiggs Art Exhibit. Tiuough April 30 South Carolina CHARLESTON-Le Petit Louvre-Special History Illustrated Showing of Local Scenes by 10 Charleston Pondering Our new publication, "South Caro­ Artists. lina History Illustrated," made its 8-April 5 COLUMBIA-Museum of Art-"Seaports 300." debut last month. The hardbound 10-29 quarterly was extremely well re­ SPARTANBURG-The Arts Center-Euford Sandlapper Gallery ceived. As long as the supply of the Martin, Sculptor of Precious and Non­ and Bookstore first issue. lasts, we intend to allow Precious Metals. The new Sandlapper Bookstore new subscribers to start their sub­ SPARTANBURG-The Arts Center-J.F. located in the Sandlapper Building scriptions with that issue. The next Howard, "The Year '70." 15-April 5 on U.S. 378 west of Columbia (be­ issue is due in May 197 0. Details CLEMSON-Oemson University-The Bocour tween I-20 and I-26) now boasts concerning rates, address, etc. will Artist Colors Collection. over 250 titles. be found on page 3. 16-April 5 We hope eventually to stock all COLUMBIA-Columbia College-Contemporary books about South Carolina which Serigraphs. Sandlapper Printing Plant 17-31 are in print. We will send our terms With the March issue, Sandlapper CLINTON-Presbyterian College-Nell LaFaye, and arrangement to those authors Press will have printed its fourth issue One-man Show. who wish to have their works in its own plant. We have the facilities 17-April 12 stocked in our bookstore. We are and hope that we will be able to SPAR TAN BURG-The Gallery-Three-man particularly interested in the var­ Show: Thomas Flowers, James Lawless, provide printing services for many Glen Howerton. ious cookbooks published by ladies' of the counties celebrating the Tri­ 20-21, April 34, 10-11 organizations and church groups centennial with brochures and CHARLESTON-St. Philip's Church Fence­ across the state. booklets. For those interested in Charleston Artist Guild-Annual Sidewalk The Sandlapper Art Gallery had Sandlapper's printing services, Art Show. APRIL a very successful opening recently. please write or call Edward T. 1-14 We now have over 25 well-known O'Cain at 796-2686. CLINTON-Presbyterian College-John O'Neill, South Carolina artists on display. One-man Show. The sales gallery features paintings, Subscription Confusion 1-27 COLUMBIA-University of South Carolina­ prints and sculpture, as well as dis­ With the recent publication of Harriette Francis, Artist. trict maps from the "Mills' Atlas" "South Carolina History Illus­ 1-30 and other interesting items of Caro­ trated," Sandlapper Press, Inc. is CHARLESTON-Blue Knight Gallery-Exhibit liniana. now the publisher of two publi­ by Charleston Artists. Initially the hours of the book­ cations. CHARLESTON-Carolina Prints and Frames­ Exhibit by Charleston Artists. store and gallery will be from 9 To assist the Circulation Depart­ CHARLESTON-Charles Town Gallery-Paint­ a.m. to 5 p.m., Mondays through ment in processing orders properly, ings and Sculpture by Charleston Artists. Fridays. The gallery will be open please indicate whether you are CH AR LESTON -Nancy's Gallery-Exhibition from time to time on Saturdays and ordering a subscription to "Sand­ by Eleanor Sebring. Sundays for announced special lapper" ($9 per year, plus sales tax, 1-June 20 GREENVILLE-Greenville County Museum of events. If we find there is sufficient if going to an address in South Art-"Contemporary Artists of South Caro- interest in our keeping regular Carolina) or to "South Carolina li na. " hours on Saturdays or Sundays, we History Illustrated" ( $12 per year, 2-27 will give consideration to this and plus sales tax if going to an address CHARLESTON-Dock Street Theatre-Annual make an announcement in the mag­ in South Carolina). Green Room Art Exhibition. 5-June 15 azine. We would appreciate our The foreign rates are $12 for CHARLESTON-Gibbes Art Gallery-"Tricen­ out-of-town readers' thoughts on "Sandlapper" and $15 for "South tennial Art in South Carolina 1670-1970." this subject. Carolina History Illustrated."

March 1970 69 FOR NEEDLEWORK AND TILEWORK

A full-color Carolina Gamecock, Citadel Bulldog and Clemson Tiger are each reproduced on scaled paper (approximately 22" x 27"), and ready for the do-it­ yourselfer interested in creating an unusual accent for personal use or for the home. Whether it be a pocketbook, chair seat cover, rug, plaque, card table cover, tote bag, wastebasket cover, wall hanging, tile top table, or any one of scores of needlework and tilework applications, these patterns by Adalee Vi inter offer interesting creative possibilities. A how-to-do-it instruction booklet illustrated with profuse drawings that will make even a novice an accom­ plished needleworker has also been prepared by Mrs. Winter. Patterns of the Gamecock, Bulldog and Tiger are $2.00 each. The needlework instruction booklet is $1.00 Enclose 25 cents postage and handling charge for each order to be shipped to separate addresses. South Caro­ lina residents please add 4% sales tax. Send orders to Sandlapper Press, Inc., Box 1668, Columbia, S.C. 29202. 8-9, 12 11 29-April 1 CHARLESTON-Gibbes Art Gallery Garden­ CHARLESTON-St. Philip's Plantation Tour. COLUMBIA-Carolina Coliseum-National Charleston Artists Guild Annual Spring GAFFNEY -Tour of Homes. A.A.U. Men's Basketball Championship. Clothesline Art Show. 14 CH_ARLESTON-Municipal Auditorium-The 10-11, 17-18 BARNWELL-Tour of Historic Homes and Nelson F. Garrett Antique Show. COLUMBIA-Trinity Church Fence-Columbia Gardens. APRIL Artists Guild Sidewalk Art Show. CHARLESTON-Candlelight Tour of Homes and Gardens. 1 COLUMBIA-Home and Garden Pilgrimage. COLUMBIA-Museum of Art-Poetry Reading: 15 Phyllis Phillips Giese. COLUMBIA-First Spring Showing of the 3-5 Robert Mills Garden. COLUMBIA-Carolina Coliseum-Custom Car tours Show. 15-16 4 CAMDEN-Kershaw County Tour of Historic CHARLESTON-Dedication of Charles Towne Homes. Landing. TRYON-Block House Steeplechase Races. MARCH 4-12 12 CH AR LESTON-Tricentennial Week Observ­ BEAUFORT- Town and Garden Tour. ance 14 miscellaneous 4-July 5 CHARLESTON-St. Michael's Town House SANTEE-COOPER-World's Championship Tour. Landlocked Striped Bass Fishing Derby. CHARLESTON-Walking Tour of Small 5-11 Gardens. COLUMBIA-South Carolina Spring Festival. MARCH LEXINGTON-Second Annual Lexington MONCKS CORNER-Berkeley County Tricen­ 10-14 County Historic Trails Tours. tennial Celebration. COLUMBIA-Carolina Coliseum-N.C.A.A. SUMMERVILLE-Dorchester County Tricen­ 20 Regional Basketball Tournaments. BEAUFORT-Candlelight Walking Tour. tennial Celebration. 21 12 6-May 6 BEAUFORT-Plantation Tour. GREENVILLE-Textile Hall-Job Fair. SPARTANBURG-Arts Festival of 1970. CHARLESTON-St. Philip's Town Tour. 8-9 17 CHARLESTON- Municipal Auditorium­ 22, 24, 26 GREENVILLE-Greenville Little Theatre­ Charleston Tricentennial Flower Show. CHARLESTON-Afternoon Tour of Anson- Bennett Cerf. 10-12 borough. · 17-22 CHERAW-Bomar Water Gardens-Steam-up of 23, 25,27 COLUMBIA-Carolina Coliseum-Holiday on antique steam engines. CHARLESTON-Tradd Street Candlelight Ice International. ROCK HILL- Come-See-Me Festivities, Center­ Tour. ing around Glencairn Gardens. 23-27 19-22 GREENVILLE-Southern Home & Garden CONWAY -Conway Tricentennial Tour. 11 28 Show. SUMMERVILLE- St. Paul's Episcopal Church CHARLESTON-Easter Saturday House Tour. 20-22 Annual Spring Festival. 28, 31, April 2 CHARLESTON-Municipal Auditorium-Home CHARLESTON-Candlelight Tour of King and Garden Show. 12-18 Street. BENNETTSVILLE-Marlboro County Tricen­ MYRTLE BEACH-Convention Center- An­ 30 tennial Week and Sesquicentennial of the CHARLESTON-Candlelight Tour, Charming tique Show and Sale. City of Bennettsville. Houses of Church Street. 21 APRIL AIKEN-Aiken Steeplechase Hunt Meeting. 1-2 AIKEN-St. Thaddeus Episcopal Garden and ELLOREE-Elloree Trials. Home Tour. horse shows 1-15 23-27 FLORENCE-Florence Garden and Beauty MYRTLE BEACH-Canadian-American Days. Trail. 24-29 3 GREENVILLE-Memorial Auditorium- 1970 SUMTER-Sumter County House Tour. Holiday on Ice. MARCH 4 14 26-30 CHARLESTON-St. Michael's Plantation Tour. AIKEN-The Aiken Trials. CHESTER-Soaring Society of America Five­ STATEBURG-Stateburg Historic House Tour. 21 day Regional Meet. 4-5 AIKEN-Aiken Horse Show. HILTON HEAD-Seventh Annual Tour of 28 25 Homes. CAMDEN-Carolina Cup Races. CAMDEN-Annual Camden Horse Show. 9-11 SPRINGFIELD-International Egg Striking APRIL GEORGETOWN-Annual Plantation Tours. Contest. 10-12 11 CHERAW-Cheraw Historic Home and Garden SPRINGFIELD-The Governor's Fourth An­ CHESTER-4-H Club Horse Show. Tour. nual Frog Jumping Contest. YORK- Optimist Club of York Horse Show.

March 1970 71 Advertise in the media where advertisers receive• fan mail

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The Magazine of South Carolina P.O. Box 1668Columbia, South Carolina 29202

The alumnae and alumni of Limestone College will return this year to celebrate the institution's 125th anniversary. They will be impressed by the architectural additions of the past decade-the library, Fullerton Auditorium, and Senior Dormitory. But amid the concrete-and-glass con­ temporary structures stand the venerable Administration Building and Winnie Davis Hall, recalling to visitors the leisurely days when a resort built around mineral springs on the grounds of the present college at­ tracted a prosperous clientele from throughout the region and nation.

By B.G. Moss

A glimpse at the fourth oldest independent college for women in the United States ... LIMESTONE COLLEGE

imestone College began with a number of "finishing schools" About this time there developed desire on the part of its founder which flourished in Charleston. a political schism in the state. To Lto develop an institution which Several factors indicated that investigate and, if possible, to cure would be startlingly modern in con­ changes were necessary. First, the the breach caused by the Doctrine cept. The idea of Dr. Thomas Curtis number of these schools was not of Nullification, a corporation was was to involve his school in service adequate to meet the growing de­ formed to bring together in social to the community, a concept not mand for the education of young intercourse citizens holding dif­ unlike that of the present-day com­ women; neither was the finishing ferent points of view. This new cor­ munity college. school providing an education poration purchased a tract of land During the first quarter of the broad enough to satisfy existing including Nesbitt's Limestone 19th century, the daughters of needs. To add to these problems a Springs, which from pre-Revolu­ wealthy coastal families, and a lim­ fever epidemic forced many people tionary War days had been known ited few from the interior whose who lived in the Low Country to for its therapeutic waters and families were engaged in the profit­ evacuate. When these families healthful environment. The salu­ able business of agricultural broker­ found a temporary refuge at the brious climate, mineral water and age, were the only females fortu­ "watering places" in the Up beautiful, rolling landscape of the nate enough to attend the limited Country, they created an additional area around the spring, appeared to need for an expanded school sys­ be an ideal spot for the corporation The Administration Building (introductory tem. The demand was so insistent to construct a hotel which would page) is the oldest building on campus that many enterprising educators serve as an assembly point for the and originally housed all school activities. sought to exploit the situation. leaders of the two factions as well

74 Sand lap per Left: Limestone College as it appeared in 1900. Right: Thomas Curtis, founder purpose. of Limestone Springs Female High School. When it was learned that Dr. Thomas Curtis was seeking a suit­ as the central structure in a summer able place to establish a school, the resort. Since several other mineral local people, including Gov. David springs of the Piedmont were gain­ Johnson, sought to encourage him ing prestige as summer watering to purchase the hotel site. Dr. Cur­ places, they concluded that a sim­ tis had recently come to America ilar land development might defray after 22 years as a minister of a the expenses incurred in the build­ Baptist church in London. Being a ing of the hotel. renowned scholar of the classics. Noted citizens of the state pur­ and a popular author, he came to chased lots and built fine houses America to establish an institution ... circling the rim of the limestone which he hoped would become a basin. Hundreds of the state's in­ center for educating young women fluential citizens made annual pil- ,, in science, mathematics and the grimages to this spot, where they fine arts. were joined by their peers from In 1841 he settled in Charleston other regions of the nation. It is to become pastor of the Wentworth said that the intelligence and wealth the spacious parlors vibrated to the Baptist Church and to pursue his displayed at this resort has never thunderous debates of Calhoun, purpose of founding a school for had its equal elsewhere in America. McDuffie and other leaders in the young women. However, Charles­ The resort flourished until an eco- Nullification Controversy. The fail­ ton did not prove to be the place nomic recession developed through- ure of the corporation to divest it­ for the realization of his dream. Dr. out the Southeast. Because of this self of the property created the Curtis became acquainted with recession, economic difficulties be- possibility that it might become a several of the hotel's stockholders, set the corporation and, after a few community asset, since the need for who encouraged him to purchase years of operation, the hotel was a female academy existed. The forced to close. Before the doors physical plant of the defunct hotel Carroll School of Fine Arts (L.) and Ham­ were closed, however, the walls of appeared to be adequate for the rick Hall of Science face a central court. Left: A formal parlor in the Adminis­ tration Building, formerly a hotel. Below: Interior ofthe library, completed in 1966.

ciation, and the school was re­ opened by R.O. Sams and H.P. Griffith and renamed Cooper-Lime­ stone Institute. In 1898, one year after Cherokee County was formed, local citizens in conjunction with the Cooper­ Limestone Institute administration decided that Gaffney needed a pub­ lic school system. They perceived that the Male and Female Semi­ nary, the Limestone Male Acad­ emy, the primary department of the corporation's holdings. Con­ the mind to points of refinement the Cooper-Limestone Institute, vinced that he had found the long­ and elegance." and at least one other private sought-after site, he purchased the After his death in January 1859, school, provided an adequate edu­ vacant hotel and founded The aboard the fire-gutted ship, Caro­ cation for a limited number of the Limestone Springs Female High line, his son, Dr. William Curtis, children of Gaffney. However, since School. continued to promote the dream of many children found it impossible He sought to establish his insti­ his father until his own death in to participate because their parents tution upon a solid foundation and 1873. In this year, the Limestone lacked the means to meet the attempted to promote education Springs Female High School be­ tuition charges, these educational throughout the state. As a result of c am e the property of Thomas leaders began a campaign for his efforts he became the first presi­ Bomar, who sought to change the "graded schools," as public schools dent of the Teachers Association of school into an industrial and agri­ were then called. South Carolina. His articles and cultural institute. Opposition to this enterprise speeches favoring higher education After failing to change the di­ arose from many different sources, stirred others along the Eastern sea­ rection of the school, Bomar em­ especially when it was suggested board to desire better and higher ployed Capt. Charles Petty to direct that an annual tax of 21h mills be educational standards for their area. the school. It was about this time levied to support the schools. One Although Dr. Curtis aroused op­ that Peter Cooper, a wealthy busi­ of the opponents to the proposed position when he advocated theo­ nessman from New York, became project declared that the tax would logical education for ministers, he involved. He invested heavily in the be ruinous and maintained that considered it essential that he estab­ school because he felt Northerners "graded schools were an offshoot lish a seminary as a division of his should help in the reconstruction of of Yankee civilization and as such own institution. This innovation in the South. The year following his should be considered as an instru­ the preparation of young people for unsuccessful campaign as the ment of the Devil." Plans to hold a religious service began a chain of Greenback Party candidate for special plebiscite were carried out, events that was to lead to the President of the United States, he and the citizens of Gaffney voted in founding of the Southern Baptist visited Limestone Springs. He con­ favor of the proposed tax. In Sep­ Theological Seminary, which was sidered developing the area into a tember 1898, the first session of moved in 1877 from Greenville, summer resort for persons from the the public school in Gaffney began South Carolina, to Louisville, Ken­ North and Northeast, and enlarging with an enrollment of 225 students, tucky. upon Bomar's idea by establishing a all of whom were taught by At the same time that Dr. Curtis southern branch of his Cooper teachers who had been trained at was busy bringing these efforts to Union Institute. He abandoned his the Cooper-Limestone Institute. serve the community to fruition, he plan because of family opposition The concern over educational op­ was developing the academic stan­ and the lack of sufficient industry portunities in the community re­ dards of Limestone. All of the in the immediate area from which lated not only to the white children higher branches of literature, to draw the children of the working but also to the Negroes. To solve science and the fine arts were of­ class to populate the institute. this partly social problem, a con­ fered in the curriculum. The tone Shortly thereafter, the property cerned city school system, with the of education was set high and was given as a philanthropic gesture aid of the institute, organized a special care was taken to "cultivate to the Spartanburg Baptist Asso- school for Negro children in

76 Sandlapper Dunton Chapel, the Negro Meth­ basked in the prestige which the Davis permission to establish a odist church in Gaffney. school acquired because of its new school which would promote the During the same year (1898), the status. study of Southern history and academic level of the Cooper-Lime­ In 1899, Dr. Lee Davis Lodge, the Sou them literature in honor of stone Institute reached a level so newly elected president of the col­ Winnie, "The Daughter of the Con­ high that community leaders de­ lege, revised the curriculum and federacy." manded that it no longer be denied raised the standards. Among his In 1899 the trustees approved the title of college. As a result, the most inspired innovations was a this plan which proposed to make name was changed from Cooper­ proposal to establish The Winnie Limestone College the center for Limestone Institute to Limestone Davis School of History. To de­ historical investigation, preser­ College, and Gaffney (which had velop this new aspect of the college, vation, organization and interpre­ been organized as a city in 1875) he received from Mrs. Jefferson tation of the contributions made by Winnie Davis Hall of History, established in honor of Jefferson Davis' daughter.

Southern writers and historians. At the Louisville reunion of the United Confederate Veterans, strong reso­ lutions and hearty endorsements of this new endeavor were unani­ mously adopted. A magnificent li­ brary which contained many rare works and numerous manuscripts was developed. The historical re­ search and literary works of profes­ sors and students were published in an attractive series of monographs and was distributed as far north as New York. A unique building meant to be a shrine to the Con­ The advent of World War I pre­ rate of illiteracy and by improving federacy was erected on the campus vented Dr. Lodge from completing the quality of instruction, these ef­ and named "The Winnie Davis Hall his great design for the entire cur­ forts of Dr. Lodge and Miss Ford of History." Besides numerous riculum, which had continued to proved to be of great value both to classrooms and halls for the display expand until America's involvement the college and to the community. of autographed letters, historical in the great conflict. However, in A 1though beset by the many pictures, maps and all the scholarly 1916, while the world spent itself problems of a world at war, the col­ apparatus pertaining to historical in war, the Lodge administration lege seemed destined for great instruction, the new building con­ became aware that it was necessary achievements. Unfortunately, both tained a fireproof vault upon the to respond to a crisis that evolved for the school and for the com­ door of which were inscribed the from the inability of a large per­ munity, Dr. Lodge died on Jan. 1, words: "Records of Glory." From centage of the county's population 1923. In their attempt to fill the the floors above, luminated sculp­ to read and write in a degree suf­ vacancy left by Dr. Lodge, the tures and paintings of Confederate ficient to their being accepted into trustees of the college asked the heroes looked down from their military service, or to their finding Rev. R.C. Granberry to assume the niches upon the hallowed records of suitable employment in industry. duties of president of the college. their deeds. A committee was appointed by Two years before Dr. Granberry The students, who were already the County Teachers' Association became president, the Spartanburg deeply aligned with the state's af­ to investigate educational con­ Baptist Association had given the fairs in the War Between the States, ditions in the county. Their report school to the State Baptist Con­ became more enthusiastic about confirmed that the high illiteracy vention, which now had four col­ history and eagerly sought to re­ rate in the county was partly the leges of senior rank. Many of the ceive not only the A.B. degree from result of the poor level of instruc­ members of the state convention the college but also a diploma from tion in the county schools. It be­ felt that there were too many senior The Winnie Davis School of His­ came evident that the teachers colleges for them to support prop­ tory. In their enthusiasm to pro­ needed additional training. Since erly and suggested that at least two mote the study of the history of county funds were not available to of the schools be reduced to the the South, the students organized a remedy the situation, Dr. Lodge rank of junior colleges. In 1925, a historical club; and to ensure donated the services of Eunice Ford convention committee prepared a proper guidance for their endeavor (Stackhouse) to act as rural school res o 1u tion which suggested that the alumnae endowed a Lee Davis supervisor. At various points Limestone be one of the two col­ Lodge Chair of History. throughout the county she organ­ leges reduced in status, a resolution Since the purpose of the school's ized night schools in which to edu­ which aroused the citizens of Gaff­ administration was to preserve the cate illiterate adults. To prepare ney. Since one basis for the reso­ objective truth of history, not to better the county teachers, Dr. lution was the poor endowment of revive feelings of animosity be­ Lodge made an arrangement with the college and another the lack of tween the two sections of the the superintendent of the Gaffney facilities, the alumnae and the citi­ country, The Winnie Davis School city schools whereby the girls who zens of Cherokee County re­ of History became of great aca­ expected to become teachers could sponded to the challenge. Through demic value to scholars from both practice teach in the local public their efforts the Hamrick Hall of North and South. schools. By reducing the alarming Science, the Carroll Fine Arts

78 Sandlapper Building, a home for the president, Board of Trustees, the Baptist Con­ the institution from its inception in and a physical education building vention of South Carolina returned 1845 until his death in 1966. were erected, and a $500,000 en­ the charter of the college to a self­ When Dr. J.C. McCollister be­ dowment was subscribed. perpetuating board of trustees to came president of the college in The convention was so impressed operate the college as an independ­ 196 7, he pledged himself to a vig­ with the community's deter­ ent Christian institution. orous reexamination and renewal of mination and zeal that it tabled the Ten years later, on Dec. 31, the purposes intended for the col­ resolution. Having defeated the 1951, Dr. Granberry retired. The lege by its founder. In the tradition proposal that would have lessened trustees elected Dr. 0. Norman of Dr. Lodge and Miss Eunice Ford, the status of the school, the people Shands, then pastor of the First his administration began to develop of Cherokee County celebrated Baptist Church of Spartanburg, to and implement a broad curriculum their achievement with a show of succeed Dr. Granberry. He began which was intended to satisfy the great community pride. Their en­ his duties immediately and resigned requirements of a modern society. deavors had retained for Gaffney March 31, 1952, after only three In accepting the position of in­ the prestige of possessing one of the months of service in order that he terim president of the college in most cultured institutions of higher might resume his ministerial career. 1969, Dr. John A. Hamilton, a learning in the state. For years the Dr. Andrew J. "Jack" Eastwood, career diplomat, accepted the same college had been of service to the who for 20 years had been a pro­ challenging program and has sug­ community, and now the com­ fessor of history in the college, was gested further expansion of the cur­ munity was being of service to the chosen to assume the responsibil­ riculum within the liberal arts pro­ college. To strengthen further this ities of the office of president. Dur­ gram. bond between college and commun­ ing his tenure, Dr. Eastwood con­ The spirit of the past which per­ ity, the college instituted in re­ tinued to employ the three "B's" meates the colleges brings to mind sponse to local requests a score of which Dr. Thomas Curtis had main­ the words of Emerson: "Institu­ programs that made of it an even tained were essential to the success tions of Learning are the shadows more effective servant of the of an institution: brains, books and of great men." As the institution people. buildings. The strong personality of approaches the celebration of its As a result, it was decided that Dr. Eastwood attracted to the col­ 125th anniversary, it is prepared to the control of the school should be lege scholars of note in the dis­ offer greater academic and social placed in the hands of those who ciplines of history, religion and opportunities for all those who are had come to its rescue. In Novem­ education. A Virginia gentleman in and will be a part of its promising ber 1941, at the request of the the truest sense of the word, Dr. future. Eastwood left for the college a heri­ The new library, which won an award for tage of dignity and sophistication B.G. Moss is associate professor of its architects, has over 40,000 volumes. that reflected the true character of history at Limestone College. Interesting, Unusual Items and Ser~ices

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=< )C>()C>()C>( >C>()C>()C>(>C><)C>(>= GITTMAN"S ON DEVINE. 2019 Devine St., Columbia, S.C. 29205. Ph. 254-5505. Retailers of new books, prints, fine bindings, specializing in South Caroliniana and the Confederacy. Mail Orders welcomed. THE HIVE PRESS, Box 1841, Columbia, S.C., 29202, announces publication, "Edgefield Mar­ riage Records," by Carlee T. McClendon. Also interspersed with 18th and 19th century mar­ riage records from other S.C. counties and new arolina Jessamine is one of the The above illustration was taken from Ada­ Western homelands. 4,000 entries. Indexed. glories of the South Carolina lee Winter's wildflower needlework print, Hardback. A genealogical must! Numbered C available from Sand lapper Press, Inc. edition. $10.95 postpaid. countryside in early spring­ OLD BOOKS 65,000 carefully classified. Li­ time ... but it can be deadly braries purchased, catalogs free. Browsers wel­ poisonous. home landscaping. This climbing come. The Attic, Hodges, s.c., 29653. =><)C>()C>()C>()C>( >= A RT ==)C>( )C>( )C>()C The woody vine with evergreen vine roots easily from cuttings and ORIGINAL ART WORKS by talented Charles­ leaves climbs over bushes, along adapts readily to cultivation. Caro- ton artists. Le Petit Louvre, King and Broad, fences and high among tree limbs. 1ina Jessamine is very attractive Charleston, s.c., 29401. It grows most profusely in the sand­ growing on trellises and lamp posts, = )C>( >=< )C>( SH I P MO D E LS =>=< >=< >=<> THOUSANDS OF SHIP MODELS and ship hills and coastal plain but can be around doorways and on garden plans in stock. Custom-built ship models our found in all parts of the state. Caro­ walls and fences. specialty. For latest catalog, send 50¢ to: P.O. Box 124, Charleston, S.C., 29402. Or visit our lina Jessamine, Yellow Jessamine, The drug gelsemium, formerly Charleston Studio. Dial 723-7907 for appoint­ Evening Trumpet-Flower and Gel­ used in the treatment of malaria, ment. semium sempervirens are all names rheumatism and neuralgia, is pro­ = >=< >=< )C>( N E E D LE WO R K >=<>=< )C>(>C><> by which this plant is known. It duced by the Yellow Jessamine AUTHENTIC NEEDLEPOINT KITS printed on was chosen by the state legislature plant. Since this drug can be fatal canvas. Carolina Gamecock, Citadel Bull Dog, Clemson Tiger. Kits with charts for other col­ as the official State Flower of to a person receiving only a slight leges. Folline's Knit and Bridge Studio, 2926 South Carolina on Feb. 1, 1924. overdose, it has been replaced for Devine St., Columbia, S.C. 29205. Phone 253-9748. The Carolina Jessamine has medicinal use by safer drugs. The smooth, shiny leaves which grow entire Yellow Jessamine plant­ opposite each other on long stems leaves, stems, roots and flowers-is Copy for "Interesting, Unusual Items which are often tangled and toxic. Symptoms of an overdose of and Services" must be received in our office by the fifth of the month preced­ matted. The fragrant, tubular yel­ the poison are drooping eyelids, fol- ing the first day of the month in which low flowers grow in profusion and 1owed by muscular weakness, the advertisement is to appear. Rates, add bright color to woods, bluffs, sweating, convulsions and respira­ payable in advance, are: a single in­ sertion-70¢ a word; three consecutive thickets, swamps and roadways. tory failure. insertions-60¢ a word; six consecutive Each flower of the cluster has a Admire our lovely state flower insertions- 55¢ a word; 12 consecutive slightly irregular five-lobed corolla, but treat this poisonous beauty insertions-50¢ a word. Minimum inser­ tion 15 words. Request an advertising reminiscent of a yellow funnel. with respect. form from: Sandlapper Press, Inc., In­ Many South Carolinians have teresting, Unusual Items and Services, transplanted this showy plant for Beth Causey is from Mt. Pleasant. P.O. Box 1668, Columbia, S.C. 29202.

80 Sandlap per Included among the articles in the first issue of South Caro­ lina History Illustrated are: • The Georgetown Rice Planters on the Eve of the Civil War by Dr. George C. Rogers Jr. of the University of South Carolina. • Waddel Academy-Frontier Outpost of Scholarship by Dr. Robert S. McCully of Charleston. • The Best Friend of Charleston by H. Carter Siegling of Charleston. • Henry Timrod: Poet Laureate of the Confederacy by Burrell M. E Iii son Jr. of Lancaster. • Florence Harllee-First Lady of Florence by Virginia Ravenel of Florence. • South Carolina Expatriates in Brazil by Prof. Tom Crowson of Winthrop College. • South Carolina's Forty-Day State Capital by Evelyn McD. Frazier of Walterboro. Other writers scheduled to appear in coming issues include: Charles E. Lee, director of the S.C. Department of Archives and History; Dr. Daniel W. Hollis of the University of South Carolina; W.D. Workman, editor of The State newspaper; Prof. M. Foster Farley of Newberry College; Dr. Lewis P. Jones of Wofford College; and many other well-known South Carolina historians. South Carolina History I 1111,~!!~!~,s!ttheed;ro,;,, format of Sandlapper-The Magazine of South Carolina would not permit us to present extensive historical mate­ rial. Thus, we conceived the idea of a companion publication to Sandlapper; that is, South Carolina History Illustrated, a quarterly publication devoted exclusively to in-depth, pro­ fusely illustrated historical articles (each written for the popular audience by an authority in his field), and hard­ bound to provide a permanent reference for future genera­ tions. Whether you are well versed in the historical legacy of South Carolina, whether you are seeking a verbal and visual introduction to those forebears (the famous, the infamous and the plain folk) who shaped the state's history, or whether you are interested in understanding the momen­ tous decisions that made our past and influenced our future, South Carolina History Illustrated is a must. Subscribe now and be assured of receiving the first issue of this handsome, hardbound quarterly which was intro­ duced in February. A year's subscription is $12.00 includ­ ing postage and handling. (Individual copies will sell for $4.00 plus 25 cents postage and handling.)

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Sandlapper Press, Inc., P.O . Box 1668, Columbia, S.C. 29202 a publication to read and to treasure 0 H tsi :r < ... fD '< I» Cl) :, rt = ;,it tO ~ t1 .... ~ Hit,...... :r.... (I tt t-6 ,... (1) Q, ""' .. "' NNC:.. en '° 11 • I • n w •

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Serving more than 600,000 South Carolinians with a variety of programs for prepayment of the costs of health care, we pay more dollars on hospital, doctor, and nursing home claims in South Carolina ...... more than the combined payments of such benefits by the 15 commercial insurance companies with the largest health insurance business in this state.*

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