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Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Santee Cooper Dalzell to Scottsville Transmission Line

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Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Santee Cooper Dalzell to Scottsville Transmission Line AJRCJHIAJEOILOGIICAJL §1IJJRVJEY OIF 'II'IHIJE lPJROJPO§lElDl §AN'II'IEIE COOJPIEJR lDlAJLZIEILIL 11'0 §CO'II''II'§VIIJLILIE 'II'JRAN§MJI§§IION ILIINIE CHICORA IRESEARCJH[ CON'fRHBUl'HON 209 - - . - ------ - ~ - © 2001 by Chicora Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or transcribed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior permission of Chicora Foundation, Inc., except for brief quotations used in reviews. Full credit must be given to the authors, publisher, and project manager. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE PROPOSED SANTEE COOPER DALZELL TO SCOTTSVILLE TRANSMISSION LINE Prepared By: Michael Trinkley, Ph.D. with contributions by: Rachel Brinson-Marrs Prepared For: Mr. Ken Smoak Sabine and Waters PO Box 1072 Su=erville, SC 29483 Chicora Foundation Research Series 209 Chicora Foundation, Inc. PO Box 8664 • 861 Arbutus Drive Columbia, South Carolina 29202-8664 803/787-6910 Email: [email protected] March 7, 1997 This report is printed on permanent paper oo AIBS1'1RAC1' This study reports on an intensive inclusion on the National Register. Site 38SU38 is archaeological survey of the 19 mile long proposed a dense scatter of prehistoric remains on the sandy Dalzell-Scottsville 230-69 kV transmission line bluff overlooking the Black River, site 38SU270 is corridor for Santee Cooper. TI1is route runs fron1 the ren1ains of an antebellum plantation, and site the Mayesville 230 kV bay in the Gaillard 38SU272 is an African-American cemetery. For Crossroad vicinity southeastwardly through the these sites, green spacing (avoidance) or data Ardis Pond region and through Lee Swamp to the recovery IS necessary. Rocky Bluff Swamp area. From there it continues southeastward, crossing U.S. 401 and U.S. 76 Of course, the African-American cemetery before crossing Scape Ore Swamp and the Black is also protected by South Carolina Code of Laws, River Swamp. It terminates on the east side of the Section 16-17-600 et seq., relating to Destruction Black River at the Scottsville Substation. of Graves and Burial Grounds. Special care should be taken to avoid impact to this site. The project crosses a range of upland farmland, almost all of which was cultivated at the Seven archaeological sites (38SU35, time of the suivey, as well as a number of low 38SU256, 38SU257, 38SU259, 38SU260, 38SU269, drainages, most of which were in dense hardwood and 38SU271) are recommended as potentially vegetation. Prominent swamp edge bluffs were eligible for inclusion on the National Register. encountered at several of the smaller drainages, as 111ese sites require additional testing and/or well as at the Scape Ore and Black River swamps. historic research to allow a full evaluation. For these sites green spacing (avoidance) is an The archaeological survey consisted of alternative to more research. both pedestrian survey of cultivated fields, with close interval shovel testing at identified sites and The remaining 13 sites (38LE95, 38SU253- 100 to 200 foot interval shovel testing through 255, 38SU258, 38SU261-268) are all recommended woods. No shovel testing was conducted in areas of as not eligible for inclusion on the National standing water. Register. For these sites no additional management activities arc necessary. As a result of this survey, 21 new archaeological sites were identified (38SU253 There is also the possibility that additional through 38SU272 and 38LE95) and two previously resources will be identified during construction. recorded sites (38SU35 and 38SU38) were re­ Crews should be made aware that if pottery, visited and better defined. arrowheads, concentrations of bricks, or the presence of bones are found in the project area, Because of the plan sheets available for ground disturbing work should be suspended until this project, coupled with incomplete ground the finds can be assessed by either the project staking of the survey centerline, it is difficult at the archaeologist or the State Historic Preservation present time to determine exactly which of these Office. sites will be inlpacted by the proposed project. Consequently, all were assessed as thoroughly as possible during the course of this study. Three sites (38SU38, 38SU270, and 38SU272) are recommended as eligible for 'fAJBlLJE OIF CON'flEN'fS List of Figures iv List of Tables iv Acknowledgments vi Introduction l Background 1 Goals and Methods 7 Curation 17 Environmental Background 19 Physiography 19 Geology and Soils 20 Climate 21 Floristics 21 Prehistoric Environment 22 Prehistoric and Historic Synopsis 25 Prehistory of the Region 25 Historic Ove1Viett1 28 Previous Archaeological Studies and Research Orientation 41 Effectiveness of Traditional Cultural Resource Management Approaches 46 Identified Sites 47 Previouslv Identified Sites 47 Newly Identified Sites 50 Conclusions 83 Introduction 83 Site Locations 84 Recon1111endations 84 Sources Cited 87 iii lLllS1' OF FllGURJES Figures I. Project vicinity in Sumter and Lee counties 2 2. General corridor location in northeastern Sumter County 3 3. View of cultivated fields 4 4. Fallow field 4 5. Partially overgrown cut line through hardwood forest 6 6. Low, wet woods with standing water 6 7. Survey corridor from the Dalzell Switching Station to Lee Swamp 8 8. Survey corridor from Lee Swamp to Poley Swamp 9 9. Survey corridor from Poley Swamp to just south of West Foxworth Mill Road 10 10. Survey corridor from south of West Foxworth Mill Road to east of U.S. 15 11 11. Survey corridor from east of U.S. 15 to east of Cowpen Swamp 12 12. Survey corridor from east of Cowpen Swamp to Bell Road 13 13. Survey corridor from Bell Road across Scape Ore Swamp 14 14. Survey corridor from east of Bethany Road to the Scottsville Switching Station 15 15. Chronology of the Woodland and Protohisto<ic periods 27 16. Portion of Mouzon's 1775 "Accurate Map of North and South Carolina" 30 17. Portion of Mills' 1825 Sumter District 32 18. Civil War period towns and roa~s in the Sumter area 35 19. Stroeber's 1876-1888 "Geological and Agricultural Map of Sumter County" 36 20. 1907 soil survey map for Sumter County showing tenant farms in the project area 37 21. Highway map showing the project area about 1950 40 22. Sketch map of 38SU35 48 23. Sketch map of 38SU38 49 24. Sketch map of 38SU253 50 25. View of 38SU253 looking north-northeast 51 26. Sketch map of 38SU254 52 27. Sketch map of 38SU255 53 28. Sketch map of 38SU256 and 38SU257 54 29. Sketch map of 38SU258 58 30. Sketch maps of 38SU259 and 38SU260 59 31. Sketch map of 38SU261 61 32. Sketch map of 38SU262 62 33. Sketch maps of 38SU263 and 38SU264 63 34. Sketch map of 38SU265 65 35. Sketch map of 38SU266 66 36. Sketch map of 38SU267 67 37. Sketch map of 38SU268 68 38. Sketch map of 38SU269 69 39. Sketch map of 38SU270 71 40. Site 38SU270, rear view 72 41. Site 38SU270, ruins of the main house 72 42. Site 38SU270, stucco on brick showing penciling 73 43. Site 38SU270, pink and white stucco 73 IV 44. Site 38SU271 showing layout of the farm complex 75 45. Site 38SU271 showing the main farm house 76 46. Site 38SU271, log structure south of the main house 76 47. Site 38SU271, log structure south-southwest of the main house 77 48. Site 38SU272, showing one of several grave clusters 77 49. Sketch map of 38SU272 78 50. Sketch map of 38LE95 81 LIST OJF TAJBLJES Table I. Soils and capability classifications for the survey corridor 21 2. Systems of tenure 39 3. Mean ceramic date for 38SU254 52 4. Mean ceramic date for 38SU257 56 5. Mean ceramic date for 38SU263 64 6. Archaeological sites Identified 83 v ACOCNOWlLlEDGMJENl'S I want to thank Mr. Ken Smoak and Ms. initial background research, recording the Glenda Buck with Sabine and Waters for their identified sites, and also for preparing sections of assistance during the course of this project. They this report. worked with Santee Cooper to have section of the transmission line corridor resurveyed, as well as ensuring that we had access to detailed maps and plan sheets. We appreciate their continued support and confidence. I also want to thank Mr. Ray Smith, General Engineer, Transmission Design, Santee Cooper for his interest in the study and patience as we completed the numerous site descriptions and detailed report. We also thank him for his assistance in obtaining the necessary mapping. The historical research relied on a number of institutions, including the South Caroliniana Library, the Thomas Cooper Map Repository, and the S.C. Department of Archives and History. I appreciate the assistance that the staffs in each facility provided. In particular, I want to thank Mr. Andy Chandler for sharing with us his knowledge of the area and especially his research on the Chandler family home, which was among the sites encountered in our work. 1-Iis information was invaluable in helping us to better understand and evaluate this site. Mr. Keith Derting, at the S.C. Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology assisted us with site recordation and we thank him for his speedy and thorough work. Ms. Sharon Pekrul was responsible for assisting us with curation at the S.C. Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, and again we offer our sincere appreciation for her time and efforts. The field crew for this project include Mr. John Hamer and Mr. Ian Hamer. I appreciate their hard work and efforts to ensure that the site locations and details were well researched and recorded. I also appreciate the efforts of Ms. Debi Hacker, who was responsible for the analysis and cataloging of the resulting collections. Ms. Rachel Brinson-Marrs was responsible for coordinating the VI llN1'RODUC1'llON Background east-southeast through light woods, several bays planted in pines, and small fields to exit on This investigation of the proposed 19 mile Foxworth Mill Road.
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