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Tome Xi 1973 N° 1 ACADÉMIE DES SCIENCES SOCIALES ET POLITIQUES INSTITUT D'ÉTUDES SUD-EST EUROPtENNES _ p4 --1 ._ I1....-- 1 TOME XI 1973 N° 1 Contacts culturels aux XVII' siècles Relations politiques roumano-ottomanes Histoire des langues ÉDITIONS DE L'ACADtMIE DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE SOCIALISTE DEROUMANIE www.dacoromanica.ro La REVUE DES ÈTUDES SUD-EST EUROPÉENNES paraft 4 foispar an.Toute commande de l'étranger (fascicules ou abonnements) sera adressée a o ROMPRES- FILATELIA »,Botte postale 2001, Telex 011631, Bucarest Roumanie, ou i ses représentants h l'étranger. La correspondance, les manuscrits et les publications (livres, revues, etc.) envoy& pour comptes rendus seront adressés a IINSTITUT D'ÈTUDES SUD-EST EUROPÉENNES, Bucarest, sectorul 1, str. I.C. Frimu 9, pour la REVUE DES ÈTUDES SUD-EST EUROPÈENN ES. Les articles seront remis dactylographiés en trois exemplaires. Les collaborateurs sont priés de ne pas dépasser les limites de 25-30 pages dactylographiées pour les articles, et de 5 i 8 pages pour les comptes rendus. www.dacoromanica.ro m L a [--u-. TOME XI-1973 N°1 EDITIONS DE L'ACADEMIE DE LA REPUBLIQUE SOCIALISTE DE ROUMANIE www.dacoromanica.ro Comité de rédaction M. BERZA, membre correspondant de l'Académie de la Rêpublique Socialiste deRoumanie rédacteur en chef ; ALEXANDRU DUTUréd acteu r en chef adjoint; EM. CONDURACHI, A.ROSETTI, membres de l'Aca- démie de laRépubliqueSocialiste de Roumanie H. MIHAESCU, COSTIN MURGESCU, D. M. PIPPIDI, membres correspondants de l'Acadérniede la République Socialiste de Roumanie; AL. ELIAN, VALENTIN GEORGESCU, FR. PALL, MINA! POP, EUGEN STANESCU. www.dacoromanica.ro REVUE DES tTUDES SUD-EST EUROPÉENNES TOME XI 1973 N°1 SOMMAIRE Contacts culturels aux XVII° XIX° sikles Page ELEONORA COSTESCU (Bucarest), L'art roumain et l'art bulgare aux XVIIle XIX° siecles ROBERT AUTY (Oxford), The Role of Poetry in theEarly Nmeteenth-Centiny Slavonic Language Revivals MARIA PROTASE (Cluj), Le « Procanon » de Petru Maior, replique sud-est eta ope,enne des attaques anti-papales du XVIII` siècle 39 C. JOJA (Bucharest), Contributions to the Study of the Domestic Stone Architec- ture of Istanbul 57 Relations politiques roumano-ottomanes ION MATEI Quelques problemes concernant le régime deladomination ottomane dans les pays roumains, II 81 Histoire des langues HARALAMBIE MIHAESCU (Bucarest), La diffusion de la langue latine dans le Sud-Est de l'Europe. IV 97 Le 806 anniversaire du .1)? Tache Papahagi La contribution de Tache Papahagi à l'étude du Sud-Est européen (H. Mihaescu, AdrianFochi,Zarnfira Mihail, N. .5. Tarvooca) 115 Comptes rendus SHABAN DEMIRAJ, Vshtje te sistemit emeror tè gjuhes shqipe (H. Mihdescu); JEAN DARROUZES, Le Registre synodal du patriarcat byzantin au XIN8 siècle. Etude paléographique et diplomalique (Tudor Teoteoi); K6vrpov int.crr/I[iovtz6v ipcoV6v IVircpou: 'Errycriptq (G. Cronf); PAUL CORNEA, Originile romantismului roma'nesc (M. Berza); ILIA KONEV, Mae cpe7( ApyrnTeMTe cpeA Hac (Elena Siupiur); VENETIA NEVVALL, AnEgg atEaster. A Folklore Study (C. Belem); WOLFGANG PUTSCHKE, SachtypologiederLandfahrzeuge. Ein Beitrag zu Hirer Entstehung, Entwicklung und Verbi eitung (Ion Talo) . 145 Notices bibliographiques 167 _Livres reçus 205 REV. ÉTUDES SUD-EST EUROP., XI, 1. P. 1-210, BUCAREST. 1973 www.dacoromanica.ro Contacts culturels auxXVIleXIXesiècles L'ART ROUMAIN ET L'ART BULGARE AUX XVIII° XIXeSIÈCLES III. LES COMMENCEMENTS DE LA PEINTURE MODERNE ELEONORA COSTESCU (Bucarest) Epoque tourmentée, annonant l'aube de profondes transforma- tions sociales, le XIX' siècle est, du point de vue artistique, une époque pendant laquelle l'art semble avoir tenté une dernière vérification dcs principales compRes de la Rennaissance, esquissant en meme temps les premiers pas dans la direction d'un renoul eau radical. En grandes lignes, dans les pays du Sud-Est européen, Part a comm également deux principales voies de développement : rune continuant le passé par des formes plus on moins traditionnelles, l'autre malquunt les efforts des peintres d'assimiler l'expérience artistique occidentale ayant pour point de départ la Rennaissance. Tandis qu'en Occident, au XIX' sièele, Pare du développement artistique a en à l'extremité représentant le passé Pacadémisme et à Pantre bout celui des tendances novatrices le romantisme, le réalisme, l'impressionnisme, etc., dans les pays du Sud-Est européen, la lutte entre l'ancien et le nouveau s'est livré entre les derniers échos de la tradition artistique locale et l'influence. occidentale ayant pour protagoniste l'académisme. On comprend aisément pourquoi la notion d'art majeur s'est iden- tiff& chez nons jusqu'à Papparition de Grigoresco avec l'acadé- misme. Bien que les histoires de l'art ne lui reconnaissent aujourd'hui qu'un rôle extrèmement modeste ne faisant queCODsigner un simple état de fait au XIX.' siècle cette tendance représentait la modalité d'expression artisticlue la plus fréquente, celle qui faisait l'objetde REV, ETUDES SUD-EST EUROP,, XI, 1, P. 5-29, BUCAr'EST, 1973 www.dacoromanica.ro 6 ELEONORA. COSTESCU 2 l'attention constante des autorités officiellcs culturelles et politiques et vers laquelle s'orientaient d'ailleurs les préférences du goilt public. Chez nous Pacadémisme revêtait une autre qualité encore. Par une illusion explicable à cette date il a pu constituer, avec son faux éclat, un idéal, que, par bonheur, les artistes autochtones sont rarement parvenus atteindre. Eblouis par le prestige d'une splendeur depuis longtemps éteinte, beaucoup d'espritséclairés de chez nous ont pu assimiler du moins en tant qu'idéal la notion d'art avec Pacadémisme, en raison d'une apparente perfection formelle qui le caractérise. Comme il était naturel, les courants réellement novateurs n'ont trouvé de prise que bien plus tard dans ces régions de l'Europe, parfois par des voies assez détournées. Incapable de se renouveler par soi-même, Pacadémisme n'avait pas assez de force pour marquer un Writable changement de direction dans la conception artistique traditionnelle de ces pays. D'ailleurs, l'époque qui nous intéresse, le milieu social et culturel était insuffisam- ment formé pour pouvoir apprécier un art qui s'est toujours proposé pour objectif principal la réalisation d'un idéal de beauté d'origine plutôt intellectuelle que sensible, un idéal qui, en tout cas, exigeait de la part du spectateur une connaissance solide et approfondie des classiques. En fait, nous n'avons pas eu d'académisme au sens propre du terme, car le message qu'un tel courant aurait pu nous communiquer était complètement étranger au exigences et aux réalités historiques de chez nous. En tant qu'attitudespirituelleetintellectuelle,Pacadémisme d'origine « classique » (car il y en a d'autres aussi) a été peu connu dans les pays du Sud-Est européen. C'est hi peine si l'on peut citer, dans la seconde moitié du XIX° siècle, des compositions telles que : Le Déluge, Orphée aux Enfers ou Les Trois Parques réalisées par Miu Popp, Judith et Holopherne, Calypso ou Agar dans le clésert, ceuvres du peintre acadé- miste Gheorghe Tattaresco. En Bulgarie, les cas sont encore plus rares et nous ne saurions citer en exemple que éventuellement les ceuvres de Nikola Pavlovitch sur le thème Retina, tzarine bulgare, ou Pacadémisme s'avère être plutôt une question de facture que de sujet. Ainsi compris comme une question de métier, comme un ensemble de procédés techniques se rattachant à une idé3 préconçue concernant Pefficacité de certaines formules-clés Pacadémisme se retrouve cepen- dant du moins en taut que velléité, sinon comme réalisation dans un grand nombre de tentatives de raccorder Part de ces pays à l'art occidental. Du reste, sous cette forme, Pacadémisme a survécu dans toute l'Europe jusqu'au seuil du XX' siècle, traduisant, dans des formes de plus en plus affaiblies, un contenu de vie nouveau, qui aurait exigé des www.dacoromanica.ro 3 L'ART ROUMAIN ET L'ART BULGARE AUX XVIIIeXIX0 SLECLES 7 moyens d'expression artistique nouveaux. On l'a vu ainsi, au siècle dernier, en une insolite symbiose avec le romantisme. Car on pent être romantique quant au sujet, h l'inspiration, et académique quant h Pinter- prétation. En Occident même, peu d'artistes ont su adapter leur métier, leurs moyens techniques, à une nouvelle conception esthétique, parve- nant it faire du romantisme une vision picturale plus ou moins neuve (Delacroix, Géricault). Pour la plupart des peintres de l'époque, le roman- tisme a été plutôt une question de sujet, parfois de gait. Si on le considère sous cet angle, on peut parler d'échos d'un goat romantique dans le portrait même genre par excellence réaliste dans une image comme celle peinte par Nicolò Livaditti, représentant une figure d'homme à la chemise ouverte (Musée d'Art de Brasov), ou bien dans l'attitude pleine d'élan du peintre Nicolas Popesco dans son Autoportrait, conservé h la Galerie Nationale du Musée d'Art de Bucarest. On pourrait m-ultiplier les exemples, mais nous estimons nécessaire de nous arrèter plus longuement sur un genre qui correspond au plus haut degré au goal à la prédilection du romantisme pour le passé :le genre historique. Nous n'effleurerons même pas le problème de l'introduction du genre historique dans l'art roumain d'influence occidentale, car il nous faudrait commencer par la gravure à savoir par la lithographie ce qui dépasserait le sujet que nous nous sommes proposé. Nous estimons qu'il suffit de rappeler pour le moment qu'un Georges Asachi s'était servi, Os la deuxième décennie du XIX' siècle, de ce procédé technique relativement nouveau mame en Occidentaux fins d'éducation patriotique que nous lui connaissons 1. A ce point de vue le rôle d'Asachi est analogue à celui que devaient jouer en Bulgarie, quelques décennies plus tard, Nikola Pavlovitch et Henri Dembitzki. De meme que pour le paysage, les premiers essais de peinture historique chez nous ne furent pas réalisées par des peintres d'orientation occidentale, mais par les continuateurs de notre peinture traditionnelle.
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