A Detailed Chronology of LDS Thought on the Geography of Lehi's Journey from Jerusalem to the New World 1830------> 1920
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(Lehi.1830 to 1920) Alan C. Miner Copyright 2005 by Alan C. Miner. All rights reserved Latest edit date: January 2020 A Detailed Chronology of LDS Thought on the Geography of Lehi's Journey from Jerusalem to the New World 1830--------------> 1920 Year1 Person Primary Source2 Statements by Church Authorities Quotes from Significant Books, "Articles," & Events [Significant Theoretical or Illustrated Models, or Illustrations Related to Book of Mormon Geography] Notes* Note 1 (above): The mark ^ after the YEAR is purely a research tool indicating that a copy of the article or book is on file in the author's personal library. Note 2 (above): The YEAR (listed on the left) for the event or quote is not always the same as the date of the PRIMARY SOURCE (listed on the right) from which the information was taken. If the source information (the later publication of the information) was significant, in and of itself, to the later time period in which it came forth, there will also be a separate listing for that later year. When appropriate, additional sources will be listed. 1830 The Book of Mormon is published Note* The reader is referred to Volume 1 of my 9-volume The Covenant Record of Christ’s People wherein the text of the Book of Mormon is highlighted in different manners to indicate all geographical and cultural phrases within the text relative to Lehi and Nephi's journey through Arabia and ultimately to the Promised Land. It should be noted, however, that cultural and geographical clues can be very subtle and so what I have highlighted should never be taken with any sense of finality. 1 1830^ (abt. Parley P. Pratt, Oliver Cowdery, Peter Whitmer, Jr., Ziba Peterson & Frederick G. Williams) "The Golden Bible, or Campbellism Improved," Observer and Telegraph 1 (18 Nov. 1830), Hudson, Ohio. In a 2000 article by H. Michael Marquardt, he writes the following: The earliest missionaries from New York to Ohio preached concerning the Book of Mormon. They were Oliver Cowdery, Parley P. Pratt, Peter Whitmer, Jr., and Ziba Peterson. The following excerpt is from a November 1830 newspaper article that mentions their visit to Ohio: This new Revelation [the Book of Mormon], they say is especially designed for the benefit, or rather for the christianizing of the Aborigines of America; who, as they affirm, are a part of the tribe of Manasseh, and whose ancestors landed on the coast of Chili 600 years before the coming of Christ, and from them descended all the Indians of America. Sources: ^H. Michael Marquardt, "Note on Early Book of Mormon Geography,"http://www. xmission.com/ ~research/central/resth1b.htm, 7/17/2002. Also a paper from Matt Roper, 01/31/04. Note* William E. Berrett writes the following: . When the missionaries departed from Kirtland to continue on to their original goal, they took with them Dr. Frederick G. Williams, a new convert. (^The Restored Church, SLC: Deseret Book, 1961, p. 77) Note* This is an important find by Michael Marquardt because it represents the first known mention of Lehi landing in Chile. It has previously been thought that this concept originated with a revelation written down by Frederick G. Williams in 1836. (see the 1836 and 1845 notations) This opens up a discussion on just who might have been the source of this "coast of Chili" landing site for Lehi. Of course, one always is drawn to the idea that Joseph Smith was the source, the thinking being that early members of the Church would have been hesitant to say anything that didn't come out of the prophet's mouth first. That might be a noble thought, but in this case there is no confirmatory evidence. At the present we fail to find one source where the prophet detailed Chili as the landing place of Lehi. One might theorize that the source of this information can, for sure, be traced back to one of the first four men mentioned above as early as 1830. One could perhaps even narrow it down even further to Oliver Cowdery as he had been the closest to Joseph Smith and had taken part in the translation process. However Oliver Cowdery is not on record as saying anything on this subject either. 2 We next come to Parley P. Pratt. While we have numerous citations from Parley P. Pratt and his brother Orson Pratt that Lehi landed in Chili, they do not start to appear until 1851, a full 21 years after the initial citation. Furthermore, we find that in 1840, Parley's brother Orson went on record as saying that Lehi landed "on the western coast of South America" but did not specify anything about Chili. While we might assume that Parley talked on this subject with his brother Orson, we can't be sure, and then perhaps this was just an oversight by Orson. Whatever the case, it seems to weaken the case for Parley being the source. If we add to this the fact that Parley P. Pratt had recently been baptized by Oliver Cowdery "about the 1st of September, 1830 . in Seneca Lake" (^Autobiography of Parley P. Pratt, SLC: Deseret Book, 1970, p. 42), we would tend to think that Parley would look to Oliver as the authoritative voice in this matter and not speak on his own, but if we shift back to Oliver we hit the same dead-end. Furthermore, the fact that Parley or Orson were recorded later in print concerning Lehi's landing location does not prove that they were the source, only that they had access to a printing press. Peter Whitmer, Jr. and Ziba Peterson are possibilities but neither of these men ever made any future commentary regarding Lehi's travels so that we have no sources to compare. There is one more person here that should be considered. The above article was printed in the town of Hudson, Ohio. This town is about 30 miles southwest of Kirtland. This would imply that the missionary group had visited this town after they had preached to Sidney Rigdon's congregation in Kirtland. As noted above, after they visited Kirtland, Frederick G. Williams accompanied them. Thus we also must include him in the possibilities regarding the source of Lehi's landing "on the coast of Chili." While one might consider him the "junior" member of the group and prone to defer to the opinions of others, he was actually quite well established and educated, much more so than any in the group. He was a Doctor and had moved his family to Kirtland in 1828-29 to "go into the drug business and better practice medicine." (Nancy C. Williams, Meet Dr. Frederick Granger Williams . After One Hundred Years. Independence: Zion's Printing and Publishing Co., 1951, p. 54.) In Kirtland he "prospered greatly and became influential as a Doctor and business man of means." When the missionaries had come to Kirtland, Frederick's wife Rebecca began to investigate and "took home the literature given to them at the meetings in order that she and the Doctor could sit late into the night studying it." (Ibid., p. 55). When his wife was baptized, however, "Frederick was not quite ready. Cautiously he weighed the matter. He had read the Book of Mormon and had compared it to the Bible. Unwilling to accept its truth, he would lay it aside to have nothing more to do with it only to find himself later turning its pages and making comparisons and deductions." Thus by the time of his baptism and his missionary journey, the educated and prosperous Frederick G. Williams could have come to some theories of his own regarding the location of Lehi's landing in America from reading the text of the Book of Mormon and "comparisons and deductions." If we add to this the fact that of the whole missionary group, Frederick would be the only one in the ensuing years to make any written comment regarding Lehi's travels and landing location. The drawback to all this, of course is that Frederick's written source was a simple note kept in his own personal possession until his death. Even though Frederick Williams was set apart as second counselor to Joseph Smith in the First Presidency on March 18, 1833, and took an authoritative part in the Church for at least 4 years, we still fail to find any public pronouncements regarding Lehi's landing location up to the year 1842, when Williams died on October 10. Further clouding the issue is the fact 3 that just one month previous to this, in the Sept. 15, 1842 Times & Seasons, edited by John Taylor and Joseph Smith, Lehi was said to have landed "a little south of the Isthmus of Darien [Panama]." But to all this discussion and probing for an authoritative source in this matter, perhaps we have overlooked the most obvious source--The Book of Mormon itself as it fell upon the Hemispheric mindset of the early members of the Church. When a reader first comes across a newspaper article dated to 1830 and mentioning "the coast of Chili" as the location of Lehi's landing, they might tend to regard this as so specific that it required an "authoritative" declaration. But was such really the case? For any reader of the Book of Mormon that focuses even generally on the geographic phrases in the text, some ideas become very apparent: (1) Lehi landed in the Land Southward; (2) the Land Southward was separated from the Land Northward by a Narrow Neck of Land; (3) the Land Southward was divided into two parts, a northward part called the Land of Zarahemla and a southern part called the Land of Nephi; and (4) the Land Southward was almost completely surrounded by water except for that Narrow Neck of Land on the north.