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Phd Thesis Eduarda Ferreira.Pdf RECONCEPTUALISING PUBLIC SPACES OF (IN)EQUALITY: SENSING AND CREATING LAYERS OF VISIBILITY Maria Eduarda Pereira da Costa Ferreira Tese de Doutoramento em Geografia e Planeamento Territorial, Especialidade: Geografia Humana Novembro de 2013 Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Geografia e Planeamento Territorial - Especialidade: Geografia Humana, realizada sob a orientação científica de Professora Doutora Regina Salvador e Professora Doutora Gill Valentine. DECLARAÇÕES Declaro que esta tese é o resultado da minha investigação pessoal e independente. O seu conteúdo é original e todas as fontes consultadas estão devidamente mencionadas no texto, nas notas e na bibliografia. A candidata, Lisboa, 22 de Outubro de 2013 Declaro que esta tese se encontra em condições de ser apreciada pelo júri a designar. A orientadora, Lisboa, 24 de Outubro de 2013 I hereby certify that this thesis is in a suitable presentation form and is ready for examination. Supervisor, Sheffield, 24 October 2013 Dedicatória pessoal Aos meus pais por todo o amor e exemplo de vida. A sua capacidade de apreciar tudo o que a vida tem de bom mesmo nos momentos mais difíceis fez a diferença na pessoa que sou. Obrigada por me fazerem sentir que mesmo em contextos difíceis e de discriminação, é sempre possível resistir, promover a mudança, e ser feliz. Sinto que é um enorme privilégio ser filha dos meus pais. Uma palavra especial para a minha mãe, uma jovem de 88 anos, com quem partilho o entusiasmo pelos computadores e pela Internet. Não há nada como o brilho nos seus olhos e a sua enorme vontade de aprender para dar sentido a este percurso de aprendizagem que desenvolvi nos últimos anos. À Maria João, companheira de vida, amiga e parceira de investigação. Entre muito mimo, apoio incondicional, amor, afetos, incentivos, críticas construtivas, espírito de exigência, esteve sempre ao meu lado ao longo deste percurso. Sem o seu apoio esta tese não seria uma realidade. To my parents for all their love and life example. Their ability to enjoy all that life has, even in the most difficult moments made a difference in who I am. Thank you for making me feel that even in difficult and discriminatory contexts it is always possible to resist, to promote change and to be happy. I feel it is a privilege to be the daughter of my parents. A special word to my mother, a young lady of 88 years old, with whom I share the enthusiasm for computers and the Internet. There is nothing like the sparkle in her eyes and her strong desire to learn to help me make sense of my coming back to school at this age. To Maria João, my life companion, friend, and research partner. Along with lots of care, unconditional support, love, affection, encouragement, constructive criticism and exigencies, she was always by my side all through this path. Without her support this PhD thesis would not be a reality. AGRADECIMENTOS To all the participants without whom this research would never come to reality. My most sincere thanks to both my supervisors who supported my work with their advice and encouragement. To e-GEO and FCSH who provided a research space to my PhD thesis. Although the theme of my PhD thesis is not usual in e-GEO or FCSH, I had all the support and conditions to work on a new area of research. To Paulo Jorge Vieira who shared with me his passion for geographies of sexualities. Thanks to him I have had the opportunity to participate in challenging initiatives, such as the organization of the II European Geographies of Sexualities Conference in Lisbon. To all the lesbian and bisexual women with whom I shared so many moments as an LGBT rights activist, and with whom I learned so much about the reality of being a lesbian and living in a discriminatory context. In particular I thank Fabíola Cardoso, a long-time friend, with whom I learned the socio-political potential of the word lesbian. RECONCEPTUALISING PUBLIC SPACES OF (IN)EQUALITY: SENSING AND CREATING LAYERS OF VISIBILITY EDUARDA FERREIRA ABSTRACT KEYWORDS: public space, social discrimination, lesbians, geospatial online practices, Portugal Space and social identities mutual relation of constitution and reproduction lead us to the understanding that space reflects power relations and hegemonic discourses, and that inequality can perpetuate itself through the ways space is organized, experienced, represented and created. Public spaces are constructed around particular notions of appropriate sexual comportment, reflecting and reproducing heteronormativity, as they exclude non-normative sexualities, such as lesbian sexualities. In a context of a heteronormative socio-spatial landscape women can decide not to disclose their non- normative sexual orientation, leading to a pervasive invisibility of lesbian sexualities in public spaces. Concurrently the pervasive invisibility of lesbian sexualities in public spaces reinforces power inequalities, feeding back the heteronormative socio-spatial landscape. Discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation is still a widespread reality in Portugal in spite of the significant legal advances towards equality in recent years. Discriminated minority groups, such as lesbians, experience power inequalities in their everyday lives, and their spatial invisibility in public spaces contributes to their disempowerment. Communication technologies recast the organization and production of the spatial and temporal scenes of social life and they open new possibilities of public action. The production of alternative representations of space, based on individuals’ georeferenced experiences, thoughts and emotions are increasingly supported by the potentialities of Internet based technologies, such as the ever more easy-to-use online software. The potential of these technologies to promote the agency, to change power relations and to disrupt the hegemonic discourse increase as more people become the authors of a complementary flow of knowledge, information, memories and stories. This research explores the potential of geospatial online practices, based upon the experiences, emotions and feelings of lesbian and bisexual women to disclose the socially encoded meanings of different bodies in specific spatial, temporal and cultural contexts, highlighting how spaces and sexual identities are mutually constitutive. This research project aims to explore the potential of collaborative web mapping to promote the agency and empowerment of lesbian and bisexual women. It is structured in three phases: ‘Mapping the landscape’ aims to map spaces of lesbian and gay visibility in public spaces to contextualise the hetero pervasive reality in Portugal; the second phase ‘Sensing the landscape’ focuses on the intersections of gender and sexual orientation, aiming to identify significant dimensions of space and places that relate to lesbian and bisexual women sexual identities; and the third and final phase of the research ‘Creating landscapes’ explores how creating and sharing digital layers of lesbian visibility on collaborative web maps can disrupt a hetero pervasive reality and impact social identity and belonging, building capacities for action of lesbian and bisexual women, and facilitating same-sex public displays of affection. Ultimately, this research aims to explore the empowering potentialities of geospatial online practices to provide alternative possibilities for citizenship, and foster social change. RESUMO PALAVRAS-CHAVE: espaço público, discriminação social, lésbicas, práticas online geoespaciais, Portugal O espaço e as identidades sociais têm uma relação mútua de constituição e reprodução, que nos leva à constatação de que o espaço reflete as relações de poder e os discursos hegemónicos, e de que a desigualdade se pode perpetuar através das formas pelas quais o espaço é organizado, vivenciado, representado e criado. Os espaços públicos organizam-se em função de noções específicas de comportamentos sexuais adequados, que refletem e reproduzem a heteronormatividade, ao mesmo tempo que excluem as sexualidades não-normativas. Num contexto sócio espacial heteronormativo, as mulheres lésbicas e bissexuais podem decidir não revelar a sua orientação sexual, o que leva a uma invisibilidade generalizada das sexualidades lésbicas em espaços públicos. Paralelamente, esta invisibilidade reforça as desigualdades de poder, retroalimentando o contexto sócio espacial heteronormativo. A discriminação em função da orientação sexual é ainda uma realidade generalizada em Portugal apesar dos importantes avanços legislativos nos últimos anos. Os grupos sujeitos a discriminação, como as lésbicas, experienciam desigualdades de poder nas suas vidas cotidianas, e a sua invisibilidade espacial em espaços públicos contribui para acentuar essas desigualdades. As tecnologias de comunicação reformulam a organização e a produção das dimensões espaciais e temporais da vida social, e abrem novas possibilidades de ação pública. A produção de representações alternativas de espaço, com base em experiências, pensamentos e emoções georreferenciadas, são cada vez mais suportadas pelas tecnologias baseadas na Internet. O potencial destas tecnologias para promover a agência, mudar as relações de poder e romper com o discurso hegemónico, aumenta à medida que mais pessoas se tornam autores de um fluxo complementar de conhecimentos, informações, memórias e histórias. Esta investigação explora o potencial de práticas geoespaciais em ambiente online para evidenciar as formas como os espaços e as identidades sexuais
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