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Home and Belonging in Queer Armenian- American Women’S Memoir

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Home and Belonging in Queer Armenian- American Women’S Memoir (DIS)ORIENTING EXILE: HOME AND BELONGING IN QUEER ARMENIAN- AMERICAN WOMEN’S MEMOIR by DEANNA M CACHOIAN-SCHANZ Submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabancı University July 2016 © Deanna Cachoian-Schanz 2016 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT (DIS)ORIENTING EXILE: HOME AND BELONGING IN QUEER ARMENIAN- AMERICAN WOMEN’S MEMOIR Deanna Cachoian-Schanz Cultural Studies, MA Thesis, 2016 Thesis Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Hülya Adak Keywords: memoir, diaspora, queer, Armenian transnation, mourning Addressing the lacuna of critical work on queer literature in the Armenian transnation, this thesis serves to trace its genealogy. Based primarily on close textual analysis of Arlene Avakian’s Lion Woman’s Legacy and Nancy Agabian’s Me As Her Again, this literary inquiry explores the articulations of exile experienced by queer Armenian- American women’s memoir. Conceptualizing ‘Diaspora’ as a space of movement and (dis)articulation, I problematize its acute nationaist rhetoric that writes nation/home and bodies as a sites of stability. How does transnational heteropatriachal discourse assign women’s bodies to heteronormative reproductive roles that regulate normative gendered/sexual identities? How might this echo the contours of land claim discourse? Who do these hegemons exclude, how do they operate, and within what limits? How does the queer Armenian woman present a particular challenge to this hegemon and its inheritance? How might queerness already align with notions of Diaspora and exile, inscribing flux instead of stability as characteristic of the Armenian diasporic home? Further, is it possible that a queer analysis of Armenian diasporic literature that addresses diasporic mourning and instability, may assist in ushering a new era of production, potentiality and futurity for pluralities in Armenian history and identity production? Through textual exegesis, aesthetic considerations and psychosexual identity (de)construction via language, storytelling and inheritance, I address these questions, arguing that both memoirs are integral in beginning to resist the reproduction of the above monoliths, opening up possibilities for the modes in which Armenian literature and other genres in the transnation are read. iv ÖZET SÜRGÜNÜ YÖNLENDİR(ME)MEK: KUİR ERMENİ-AMERİKALI KADINLARIN ANILARINDA EV VE AİDİYET Deanna Cachoian-Schanz Kültürel Çalışmalar, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2016 Tez Danışmanı: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hülya Adak Anahtar Sözcükler: anı, diyaspora, kuir, Ermeni ulusötesi, yas Ermeni ulusötesinde kuir edebiyata dair eleştirel çalışmalar boşluğunu doldurmak adına bu tez, bu konunun jeneolojisinin ilk adımını oluşturur. En temelde Arlene Avakian’ın Lion Woman’s Legacy: An Armenian-American Memoir ve Nancy Agabian’ın Me As Her Again: True Stories of an Armenian Daughter kitapları üzerinden bu edebi çalışma, sürgün kavramının Kuir Ermeni-Amerikalılar tarafından ve Kuir Ermeni-Amerikalı kadınların anılarında farklı ifade edilişlerini incelemektedir. “Diyaspora” kavramını, devinim alanı ve ifade etme/edememe olarak kavramsallaştırarak, ev/millet kavramlarını ısrarla durağanlık mekanı olarak kodlayan milliyetçilik retoriğini sorunsallaştırıyorum. Ulusaşırı heteropatriyarkal söylem kadınların bedenlerini cinsiyetli/cinsel kimlikleri düzenleyen heteronormative üreme rollerine nasıl dahil eder? Bu durum toprak talebi söyleminde ne şekilde yankılanır? Egemenler kimleri dışlar, hangi sınırlar dahilinde, ne şekilde işlerler? Buna ek olarak, Kuir Ermeni kadın heteropatriyarkal Ermeni kimliğine ve mirasına ne şekilde bir meydan okuma sunmaktadır? Kuirlik, değişkenlik gösteren Diyaspora ve sürgün kavramlarıyla, özellikle travma sebebiyle Ermeni diyasporik ev ile ne şekilde ortaklaşır? Diyaspora ve sürgün kavramlarıyla aynı hizada olan kuirlik, Ermeni diyasporik evin özelliği olan stabiliteden ziyade akışkanlığı nasıl yazabilir? Ayrıca, diyasporik yas ve instabiliteye değinen Ermeni diyasporik edebiyatın kuir bir analizi, yeni bir üretim tarihi açmada ve Ermeni tarihinde ve kimlik üretiminde çoğulluğun geleceğine ve ihtimaline yardımcı olabilir mi? Dil, hikaye anlatımı ve miras aracılığıyla metinsel yorum, estetik mülahazalar ve psikoseksüel kimlik (de)konstrüksiyonu üzerinden her iki hatıratın da yukarıdaki yekparelerin üretimine karşı direnmede, Ermeni edebiyatının ve ulusötesindeki diğer türlerin okumasında farklı modlar açma ihtimaline muktedir olduğunu iddia ettiğim bu soruları yöneltiyorum. v PREAMBLE From the Aesthetic, Political to the Personal While a potential for queer futurity might either reject or liberate itself from the notion of the past as a determinative originary moment, in the work of contemporary, LGBTQ Armenian feminist authors, the past ever-looms over the formation of queer futurity and non-heteronormative potentiality. In the work of writing alternative narratives that disrupt the hegemon of Armenian patriarchy, nationalist identity construction and its reproduction in order to both disengage and rewrite potentiality, the reader notices not a rejection of the past and originary moment, but instead, a strong link and deference for the past in order to assemble space for that potential queer future. As such, the object of this study is to locate the beginnings of a literary landscape by queer Armenian women, what it attempts to disrupt, how, and what it is in the process of becoming. In addition, in mapping these texts that (dis)inhabit several prescriptive categories such as nationalism, heteropatriarchy and heterosexism, this thesis serves to usher these marginalized narratives out of heteropatriarchal, homopatriarchal, and nationalist obscurity that too often shape Armenian discourse, shadowing its resistance. Originally, this project began as a proposal to track a genealogy of queer Armenian women’s autobiographical writing. It intended to depart from the first two queer Armenian memoirs, both published in the Armenian-American Diaspora: first, Arlene Avakian’s 1992 memoir Lion Woman’s Legacy: An Armenian-American Memoir, and moving on to Nancy Agabian’s Me as her again: True Stories of an Armenian Daughter (2008). My aim was to discuss how diasporic homespace for the queer Armenian writer challenged the stability of home itself, and by returning home to past stories that created the diasporic state of Armenians after the 1915 genocide, ultimately wrote queer space within it. My aesthetic engagement strove to highlight the more ‘traditional’ modes of autobiographical writing in both works, while illustrating that each writer’s stylistic endeavor is also parallel to a theoretical shift in LGBTQ discourse, beginning with Arlene vi in a more binary understanding of straight versus lesbian identity, and moving onto Nancy’s depiction of her bisexuality—marking a shift in creating an in-between third- space of possibility beyond hetero/homo binaries. In addition, it also intended to question the genre of memoir as a mode for transmitting this story, tracking aesthetic shifts in form and genre. While this thesis has accomplished the former, the latter aesthetic questions remain as a future topic of inquiry that will serve as a critical foundation. Next, bridging the transnational terrain of Armenian literary production with In the (Un)space (2007), a three-way dialogue of essays written in French, English and Armenian by Lara Aharonian, Nancy Agabian and Shushan Avagyan, I wanted to show how feminist dialogue and LGBTQ literary production and activism began to evolve between the Diaspora and Armenia. I aimed to discuss how Armenian women from different sociopolitical realities engaged together with issues of ethnicity, feminism, activism and queerness; how each was involved in the project of deconstructing nationalist discourse in her own right, and the fissures and ironies between diasporic belonging and national unbelonging… or vice versa. The form here would also parallel the vignette-style content of the works and reflect the political project of transnational dialogue. Finally, I intended to end with Shushan Avagyan’s more experimental (auto)biographical piece Book-Untitled (2006), written in Eastern Armenian, and thereby considering literary production from the Armenian ‘nation’ itself. Blending the stories of four feminist women of two different generations, unsilencing, blurring, fabricating and challenging the limits of history, ownership and writing autobiography, the text seeks to uncover and question the censorship of two Armenian feminists of the early 20th century both in its content, and its highly fragmented form. In addition to auto-censoring and providing auto-critique on censorship and nationalist identity projects today, the work aesthetically opens up consideration for queer analysis and pluralities outside of the framework of national longing and belonging, by changing the Armenian language itself. The book is not confined by national longing for the homeland, yet somehow, is nonetheless quite particular and consequential to the transnational Armenian context. vii My original project titillated around the theme of creating a space for lesbian and queer alterity, characteristic, according to Brodzki and Schenck (1989: 8), of women’s autobiography, in order to resuscitate these works from obscurity. I sought to consider how they endeavored to create a transnational queer space through form, challenging their readers to reconsider hegemonic Armenian identities, feminist (her)stories of resistance, and the role of lesbian and then queer
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