Para a Memória De Uma Cinematografia Queer Da Produtora Portuguesa Cineground (1975-78)

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Para a Memória De Uma Cinematografia Queer Da Produtora Portuguesa Cineground (1975-78) Escola de Ciências Sociais e Humanas Departamento de Antropologia Identidades em Performance: Para a memória de uma cinematografia queer da produtora portuguesa Cineground (1975-78) Mariana Santos Martins Gonçalves Dissertação submetida como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Antropologia, na especialidade de Globalização, Migrações e Multiculturalismo Orientador: Professor Doutor Paulo Jorge Pinto Raposo, Professor Auxiliar, ISCTE – Instituto Universitário de Lisboa Outubro de 2015 Escola de Ciências Sociais e Humanas Departamento de Antropologia Identidades em Performance: Para a memória de uma cinematografia queer da produtora portuguesa Cineground (1975-78) Mariana Santos Martins Gonçalves Dissertação submetida como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Antropologia, na especialidade de Globalização, Migrações e Multiculturalismo Orientador: Professor Doutor Paulo Jorge Pinto Raposo, Professor Auxiliar, ISCTE – Instituto Universitário de Lisboa Outubro de 2015 i Identidades em Performance É neste palco onde os projectores me vestem de vedeta, Que rasgo esta mulher, arranco a cabeleira e fico só no mundo Os aplausos que rebentam, apenas pressentem o drama Que me enfeita o corpo de homem Um segredo sempre marginal Um travesti para sempre fechado nesta vida A rebentar, a resistir Aqui visto o meu travesti, a minha vida faço e em tudo me disfarço, me rasgo e me ofereço, E nunca sei a voz, e nunca sei a luz, e nunca sei o preço Aqui visto lantejoulas de um rosa alegria Travesti ao fim do dia, em que me visto no escuro, Canto sem cantar, a noite neste meio Aqui visto lantejoulas de falsa alegria E mudo de fato, num corpo barato E mesmo assim resisto Neste espetáculo de chorar ou rir Às vezes a sorrir Travesti, Bric à Brac (1978) (letra de canção de Mário Contumélias) I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I – I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken (1920) ii Identidades em Performance Agradecimentos Agradeço ao meu orientador, o Professor Paulo Raposo, o privilégio desta orientação e desta troca, a disponibilidade e carinho que me dirigiu desde o primeiro contacto, o entusiasmo com que acolheu o meu tema, a confiança que sempre demonstrou ter em mim, e o encorajamento constante, apesar das minhas incertezas e adiamentos (também constantes). À equipa do Queer Lisboa pela imensa disponibilidade e facilidade no acesso ao espólio da produtora Cineground e aos seus intervenientes. Aos activistas António Serzedelo, António Fernando Cascais e especialmente a Sérgio Vitorino, pelo aconselhamento, benevolência e carinho e pelos materiais que se revelaram altamente úteis na compreensão e construção histórica do movimento social pela defesa dos direitos LGBT em Portugal. Aos intervenientes da produtora Cineground e meus interlocutores, com um especial agradecimento ao realizador Óscar Alves e aos actores Domingos Oliveira e Domingos Machado, por terem partilhado comigo as suas vivências pessoais, memórias e visões e se terem submetido ao meu escrutínio sobre a criação deste projecto para mim tão único e surpreendente. Ao meu amigo Luís, pela disponibilidade para as leituras, assertividade e autonomia de pensamento. À memória do meu amigo Sukalyan Chatterjee, a quem agradeço, entre outras coisas, o entusiasmo partilhado em tantos serões em volta da imagem em movimento. Ao B. por tudo nestes 4 anos. iii Identidades em Performance Resumo Identidades em Performance: Para a memória de uma cinematografia queer da produtora portuguesa Cineground (1975-78). Fundada logo após a Revolução de 25 de Abril de 1974, por Óscar Alves e João Paulo Ferreira, a Cineground (1975-78) não respeitava os modelos clássicos de cinematografia e ainda menos os modelos normativos de sexualidade. As vivências dos intervenientes da produtora e os seus filmes retratam sexualidades classificadas na década de 1960/70 como desviantes, e a sua linguagem subliminar e paródica remete-nos para as décadas antecedentes de repressão ditatorial e seus resquícios no imaginário dos portugueses. Os filmes são o produto de um círculo restrito, expressões da cultura existente e possível de uma comunidade invisível, que não encontraria lugar nas concepções políticas prevalecentes na época, inclusive nos programas partidários de esquerda, o que se verificou com a difícil aceitação das primeiras tentativas conhecidas de associativismo pelos direitos LGBT em Portugal. Este é um trabalho de reflexão sobre o uso da imagem na antropologia e sobre o estudo do corpo como componente da cultura visual, cujo foco é a identidade em performance e os processos de identificação em torno da cultura gay e do corpo travesti plasmados no espólio cinematográfico da Cineground, tendo como rastilho teórico a teoria queer e de performatividade de género de Butler. A teoria queer aparece como um local de contestação das formas de pensamento e poder hegemónicos e dos seus modelos rígidos de existência, reconhecendo o envolvimento dos sujeitos nos processos de poder que os afetam, permitindo assim “voltar o poder contra ele próprio de modo a produzir formas alternativas de poder” (Butler, 1993:241). Palavras-chave: Género; Sexualidade; direitos LGBT; Teoria queer; cinema; antropologia visual. iv Identidades em Performance Abstract Identities in Performance: For the memory of the portuguese queer cinematography of the film production company Cineground (1975-78). Cineground (1975-78) was a film production company founded right after the April 25th Revolution, by Óscar Alves and João Paulo Ferreira, which did not responded to the classical models of cinematography and even less to normative models of sexuality. The life experiences of the actors and the producers portray a sexuality classified in the 1960s/70s as deviant, and their subliminal and parodic language brings us to the preceding decades of dictatorial repression and its remnants in the minds of the Portuguese. The films are the product of a restricted circle, expressions of an estranged culture and invisible community, that would not find representation in the prevailing political views at the time, including in the left-wing party programs, what was proven with the difficult acceptance met by the first known attempts of mobilisation for LGBT rights in Portugal. This thesis reflects on the use of image in anthropology and the study of the body as an element of visual culture, on the identity in performance and the identification processes around gay culture and the transvestite body, embodied in Cineground’s film collection, having as theoretical scope Judith Butler’s gender performativity theory. Queer theory appears as a site for the contestation of hegemonic power and thinking and its rigid models of existence, recognizing the involvement of individuals in the same power processes that affect them and thus "turning the power against itself to produce alternative forms of power "(Butler 1993: 241). Keywords: Gender; Sexuality; LGBT rights; Queer theory; cinema; visual anthropology. v Identidades em Performance Índice Agradecimentos ......................................................................................................................... iii Resumo ...................................................................................................................................... iv Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... v Índice ........................................................................................................................................ vii Introdução ................................................................................................................................... 1 I A imagem na Antropologia ...................................................................................................... 7 I.1.1 Antropologia Visual e Imagem, Corpo e Género .......................................................... 7 I.1.2 Metodologia ................................................................................................................. 11 II Vícios privados, públicas virtudes – Sexualidade, Género, Identidade ................................ 15 II.2.1 Sexualidades nas ciências sociais – “presença ausente” ............................................ 15 II.2.2 Dos Estudos Gays e Lésbicos à Teoria Queer ............................................................ 23 II.2.3 A homossexualidade e o movimento LGBT em Portugal .......................................... 29 II.2.3.1 Estado Novo ........................................................................................................ 30 II.2.3.2 Guerra Colonial ................................................................................................... 36 II.2.3.3 Um novo movimento social ................................................................................. 40 III Performance, Corporalidade e Subjetividade ...................................................................... 55 III.3.1 Antropologia da Performance ................................................................................... 55 III.3.2 Performatividade de género, biopolítica e relações de poder .................................... 58 III.3.3 Performando o género: o corpo travesti .................................................................... 69 IV "Pensavam que estavam livres"
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