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Species Status Assessment Report for the Huachuca Springsnail

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Species Status Assessment Report for the Huachuca Springsnail Huachuca Springsnail SSA Report June 2016 Species Status Assessment Report for the Huachuca Springsnail Version 1.0 June 2016 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 2 Albuquerque, NM Arizona Ecological Services Field Office Phoenix, AZ 1 Huachuca Springsnail SSA Report June 2016 Species Status Assessment Report for the Huachuca springsnail. June 23, 2016 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 2, Albuquerque, NM This document has been prepared for the purposes of peer and partner review. It is not intended to solicit comments from the public at large. This document was prepared by Nichole Engelmann with assistance from Mike Martinez, Susan Oetker, and Stacey Stanford. Suggested reference: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2016. Species status assessment report for the Huachuca springsnail. Albuquerque, NM, 73 pp.. Species Status Assessment Report For 2 Huachuca Springsnail SSA Report June 2016 Huachuca springsnail (Pyrgulopsis thompsoni) Prepared by the Arizona Ecological Services Field Office U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This species status assessment reports the results of the comprehensive biological status review by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) for the Huachuca springsnail (Pyrgulopsis thompsoni) and provides a thorough account of the species’ overall viability and, therefore, extinction risk. The Huachuca springsnail is a small aquatic snail endemic to Santa Cruz and Cochise Counties in southeastern Arizona and adjacent portions of northern Sonora, Mexico, with an estimated 29 historical spring ecosystem sites (23 on Federal land, four on private land, two in Mexico) of which 23 are confirmed as occupied sites. To evaluate the biological status of the Huachuca springsnail both currently and into the future, we assessed a range of conditions to allow us to consider the species’ resiliency, redundancy, and representation (together, the 3Rs). The Huachuca springsnail needs multiple resilient populations widely distributed across its range to maintain its persistence into the future and to avoid extinction. A number of factors influence whether Huachuca springsnail populations will grow to maximize habitat occupancy, which increases the resiliency of a population to stochastic events. These factors include (1) sufficient spring flow (water quantity), (2) sufficient water quality, which we define as being free of pollutants and within the natural parameters for springsnails (dissolved oxygen, temperature etc.), (3) free-flowing spring ecosystems, which we define as a spring or seep that is not impounded or obstructed in a way to reduce water quality or water turn-over, (4) sufficient substrate (pebble, gravel, cobble, and woody debris) and aquatic vegetation (aquatic macrophytes, algae, and periphyton) quantity within the springs, and (5) the absence or minimal presence of invasive species like crayfish and mudsnail. If a sufficient number of spring ecosystems provide reliable flow, coupled with appropriate water quality, substrates, suitable water quality, and lack of invasive species that would predate on or compete with the springsnail, then we anticipate springsnails will survive and potentially thrive in abundance. As we consider the future viability of the species, a larger number of populations with high resiliency distributed across the known range of the species would provide higher overall species viability. Populations of Huachuca springsnail have been documented from sites in Cochise and Santa Cruz counties of Arizona, and Sonora Mexico. Extant populations of Huachuca springsnail are estimated to currently occur in at least 23 sites, verified through survey efforts done from 2004 to present. Historically there were an estimated 29 sites; specimens were not collected or tested genetically at all of these sites at the time springsnails were found in them to know if the species truly occurred at all 29 locations. Therefore there is still some uncertainty in the total number of historical populations. Maintaining the extant populations of Huachuca springsnail provides redundancy, and the species is currently represented across most of the historical range with three known haplotypes (1, 2, and 9) at eleven sites, and an unknown haplotype at three sites 3 Huachuca Springsnail SSA Report June 2016 (Table ES-1). A haplotype is a combination of closely linked DNA sequences on one chromosome that are often inherited together, and are used to map genetic structure in a population. We assessed the Huachuca springsnail’s levels of resiliency, redundancy, and representation currently and into the future under three scenarios (Table ES-2), and we then ranked the conditions of each population (Table ES-3, Table ES-4). Rankings are based on qualitative assessments which we then assigned numerical rankings (Table 3.2 and 3.3). Assessments of the relative conditions of spring ecosystems are based on the knowledge and expertise of biologists from the Service, Arizona Game and Fish Department, and other technical experts and resource professionals. Table ES-5 is a combination of the previous tables in describing how each scenario could relate to the resiliency, redundancy and representation of the species. Table ES-1. A study in 2015 sampled 14 sites and determined the haplotypes for 11 of these. These 11 sites denote the most current information available for the representation of genetic diversity of the species. The remaining nine sites that are considered extant have not been sampled. Category Number of Sites Site ID Haplotype 1 & 2 3 BC01, MC01, SC02 RC01, GC01, Haplotype 9 6 GC02, HC02, CS01, SC01, Haplotype 1, 2, 9 2 Scotia02, Scotia03 Unknown 3 GC03, GC04, GC05 Haplotype Total 14 The two most significant stressors to the Huachuca springsnail are the loss of spring discharge, and modification of the spring ecosystems that individuals and populations need to complete their entire life history. The primary causes of historical habitat loss within the range of the Huachuca springsnail are related to anthropogenic modification of spring ecosystems, and/or changes in water quality. Any action that removes suitable habitat can contribute to the potential decline or extirpation of local populations. The primary source of potential future habitat loss is through severe wildfire and grazing. Nonnative snails (competitors) or crayfish (predators) could also invade the springs and affect Huachuca springsnail populations, although it is difficult to reliably predict if, or when, this may occur. The viability of the Huachuca springsnail depends on maintaining multiple resilient populations over time. There is uncertainty regarding if, or when, springs occupied by Huachuca springsnails may experience a reduction or elimination of spring flow, and/or be modified by other factors in the future. This uncertainty is due to not knowing which springs are reliant on groundwater, and which are reliant on snow melt and precipitation runoff, and the uncertainty on when climate change will impact water availability for both sources. Modification uncertainty arises from modifications coming from stochastic events that cannot be predicted, or potential 4 Huachuca Springsnail SSA Report June 2016 management actions that are currently not planned. There have also been stochastic events that have either reduced the abundance of springsnails from previously abundant sites and seemingly reintroduced springsnails to sites which had previously lacked presence results. Given the uncertainty of when either the removal or reintroduction could occur given the stochastic nature of either, we have assessed what the Huachuca springsnail may have in terms of resiliency, redundancy, and representation under three future plausible scenarios using a scenario matrix (Table ES-2). We determined that scenarios 1B, 2B, and 3B are the most likely to occur. Table ES-2. The scenario matrix using the two most significant factors affecting the Huachuca springsnails viability into the future. See Appendix A for further information about the scenarios. Factors Factor Scenario Scenario Spring Discharge Free Flowing/Modification No measurable change in flow rate; ≥80% of ≤10% springs modified in 1 A occupied springs way to minimize habitat stable flow Measurable change in >10%, ≤20% of occupied flow rate; flow still or historical springs 2 present at moderate B modified that reduce level in ≥80% of habitat occupied springs All or most occupied >20% of occupied or springs ≥80% have 3 C historical sites modified to extreme reduction, reduce habitat and low level of flow • 1B: No measurable change in spring flow; springs that are occupied or could be occupied by the Huachuca springsnail experience limited modification. • 2B: A measurable change in spring flow but still enough flow to remove most fine substrates in majority of springs; springs that are occupied or could be occupied by the Huachuca springsnail experience limited modification. • 3B: Springs experience extreme reduction in flow; and springs that are occupied or could be occupied by the Huachuca springsnail experience limited modification, but with limited flow these modifications are magnified in effect. We used the available information to forecast the likely future condition of the Huachuca springsnail. Our goal was to describe the viability of the species in a manner that addresses the needs of the species in terms of resiliency, redundancy, and representation. We considered a range of potential scenarios that forecast important influences on the status of the species, and our results
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