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The Potential of Osmotic Power for Turkey

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The Potential of Osmotic Power for Turkey THE POTENTIAL OF OSMOTIC POWER FOR TURKEY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY AHMET BERKAN KORKMAZ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING FEBRUARY 2017 Approval of the thesis: THE POTENTIAL OF OSMOTIC POWER FOR TURKEY submitted by Ahmet Berkan KORKMAZ in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Gülbin Dural ÜNVER _____________ Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. İsmail Özgür YAMAN _____________ Head of Department, Civil Engineering Dept., METU Asst. Prof. Dr. Gülizar ÖZYURT TARAKCIOĞLU _____________ Supervisor, Civil Engineering Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Şahnaz TİĞREK _____________ Co-Supervisor, Civil Dept., Batman University Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Ahmet Cevdet YALÇINER _____________ Civil Engineering Dept., METU Asst. Prof. Dr. Gülizar ÖZYURT TARAKCIOĞLU _____________ Civil Engineering Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Şahnaz TİĞREK _____________ Civil Engineering Dept., Batman University Prof. Dr. Bülent AKINOĞLU _____________ Dept of Physics., METU Asst. Prof. Dr. Cüneyt BAYKAL _____________ Civil Engineering Dept., METU Date: 06.02.2017 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name :Ahmet Berkan KORKMAZ Sign : iv ABSTRACT THE POTENTIAL OF OSMOTIC POWER FOR TURKEY Korkmaz, Ahmet Berkan M.Sc., Department of Civil Engineering Supervisor :Asst. Dr. Gülizar ÖZYURT TARAKCIOĞLU Co-Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Şahnaz TİĞREK February 2017, 105 Pages Osmotic energy is a renewable source of energy which is obtained from the physical movement of water molecules between semipermeable membrane due to salinity gradient difference. Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) is a system which is derived from salinity gradient and uses that osmotic pressure forces to produce energy by the help of turbines at locations such as river mouths where river and sea provides the required salinity gradient. It is a rather new technology which is still in research and development stage. Fresh water from rivers flow into seas surrounding Turkey which have different salinity. The potential of osmotic power at these meeting points of the rivers have not been studied yet. This study assesses the potential of major rivers of Turkey and discusses the utility of the osmotic power. Study areas are selected according to data attainability of salinity gradient, flow rate, temperature of water bodies and membrane water relationships. The yearly change of the parameters needed for production of osmotic power is analysed and potential capacities for PRO facilities are calculated for Turkey. Land area required for membranes for the proposed PRO capacities are also determined and possible locations were selected at the study sites. Keywords: osmotic power, pressure retarded osmosis, membrane, Turkey, renewable energy v ÖZ TÜRKİYENİN OSMOTİK GÜÇ POTANSİYELİ Korkmaz, Ahmet Berkan Yüksek Lisans, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi : Yrd.Doç.Dr. Gülizar ÖZYURT TARAKCIOĞLU Ortak Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Şahnaz TİĞREK Şubat 2017, 105 Sayfa Osmotik enerji, tuzluluk değişim farkına bağlı olarak yarı geçirgen zar arasındaki su moleküllerinin fiziksel hareketi sonucu elde edilen yenilenebilir bir enerji kaynağıdır. Basınç gecikmeli ozmos (BGO), tuzluluk gradyeninden türetilen ve nehir ve denizin gerekli tuzluluk farkını sağlayan nehir ağızları gibi yerlerde türbin yardımıyla osmotik basınç kuvvetlerini enerji üretmek için kullanıldığı bir sistemdir. Hala araştırma ve geliştirme aşamasında olan osmotik enerji oldukça yeni bir teknolojidir. Irmaktan gelen tatlı su, Türkiye'yi çevreleyen, farklı tuzluluk oranlarına sahip denizlere dökülmektedir. Nehirlerin bu buluşma noktalarında osmotik gücün potansiyeli henüz çalışılmamıştır. Bu tez Türkiye'nin büyük nehirlerinin potansiyelini değerlendirmekte ve osmotik enerjinin kullanılabilirliğini tartışmaktadır. Çalışma alanları, tuzluluk derecesi, akış hızı, su kütlelerinin sıcaklığı ve membran su ilişkileri verilerine göre seçilmektedir. Osmotik güç üretimi için gerekli parametrelerin yıllık olarak değişimi analiz edilmiş ve Türkiye için BGO tesislerinin potansiyel kapasiteleri hesaplanmıştır. Önerilen BGO kapasiteleri için membranlara gerekli arsa alanı da belirlenmiş ve çalışma sahalarında olası yerler seçilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: osmotik güç, basınç engelli osmoz, membran, Türkiye, yenilenebilir enerji vi To The Lord, my Runades and my holy, precious country survived from 15 of June; Republic of Turkey vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Initially, I would like to thank The Lord for giving that chance to finish my thesis. He always sent someone who encouraged me to finish my thesis when I gave up. For that reason, I would like to express my appreciation for my main supporters, first Seda Nur ALKAN who really supported me when I stressed and got angry, my dear uncle Dr. Bülent KUTLUCA and my father who finished master degree before me; Sebahattin KORKMAZ. I would like to give my special thanks to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Şahnaz TİĞREK, because when I asked her about “Please give me a topic which is innovative and unaccomplished thing” she came with this extraordinary subject. Even she left the METU, she wanted to support as co-advisor far away from there. She is a respectable woman. I would like to thanks million times to my dear advisor Asst. Dr. Gülizar ÖZYURT TARAKCIOĞLU. She studied so much for me. She always showed me way to overcome issues that I faced. Even she was also new in these subjects, she learned and explained every detail of it. She believed me more than I to accomplish the thesis. My most special thanks would be for Retired Colonel, my godfather, Deceased Hacı GEDİKLİ, who said “Military could not abandon me, because only I knew what others didn’t know.” He always showed the right way in any case of lifespan. I believe he sees me. Moreover, my appreciation goes to great photographer Celal İLER, he is still assistant in Early Childhood Education. When something had to be done he always said “I can handle, go and write your thesis”. My dear family, my mom Sema KORKMAZ, sister Zehra KORKMAZ, elder sister Büşra KORKMAZ, they also supported me by preparing coffee, tea, snack while studying. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. v ÖZ ............................................................................................................................. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................ viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ ix LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... xv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................. xviii CHAPTERS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................................................... 5 Brief History and Exploration of Osmosis .................................................... 6 Osmotic Power Production (Pressure Retarded Osmosis) ............................ 6 Implementation Possibilities ......................................................................... 7 Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO) in Literature .......................................... 8 METHODOLOGY OF OSMOTIC POWER ASSESSMENT .......................... 15 Calculation Methodology ............................................................................ 17 Molar Energy and Osmotic Energy (Van’t Hoff Equation) ................. 18 Molar Flux ............................................................................................ 19 Practical Osmotic Pressure Difference and Energy Equation .............. 20 Flowrate Calculations........................................................................... 21 Membrane Stack Calculation ............................................................... 22 CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS ................................................................. 25 Source of Data ............................................................................................. 25 Asi (the Orontes) River ............................................................................... 27 ix Flowrate Data of River ......................................................................... 27 Temperature and Salinity .................................................................... 29 Calculation of Potential ........................................................................ 32 Annual Energy Production ................................................................... 32 Conclusions .......................................................................................... 33 The Ceyhan River .......................................................................................
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