A New Age of Uk Tv Content Creation and a New Role for the Bbc

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A New Age of Uk Tv Content Creation and a New Role for the Bbc A NEW AGE OF UK TV CONTENT CREATION AND A NEW ROLE FOR THE BBC A report for Pact Prepared by Oliver & Ohlbaum Associates Ltd August 2014 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Overview General Conclusions A shift by the BBC towards becoming much more of a publisher broadcaster could yield considerable potential benefits for the UK creative sector and the BBC Licence Fee payer and is, therefore, worthy of full and fair consideration. Continuation of the BBC’s gradual withdrawal from non-news programming making in the UK, which has seen in-house share of output decline from 77 percent in 2000 to c52 per cent in 2013, in an orderly manner would bring significant benefits of specialisation and strategic focus to three British success stories within the global TV sector, namely: UK based and/or centred independent production companies (“indies”) could gain a wider portfolio of programming IP and formats to continue driving this very successful global business specialisation forward, while sourcing its material from a broader spread of regional clusters across the UK; The BBC could focus on ensuring its programming delivers value for money and achieves its public purposes drawing from the widest source of creative organisations without the need to consider: (1) programming sourcing quotas, (2) increasingly compromising internal production guarantees or targets or (3) managing a £0.5 billion production business; BBC Worldwide could continue with its strategic focus on making the most of being the largest global TV distributor outside of the US Studio system and develop the channels and B2C services necessary to maintain and grow the BBC’s brand and reputation in the 21st century globalised TV market. The optimal way of transitioning to more of a publisher broadcaster model would be through a combination of: winding down some production departments; contracting out some long running strands; transferring some production activities to BBC Worldwide (specifically those most useful to its channels and rights distribution strategy); and, spinning off the remaining departments through a series of management buyouts accompanied by output deals and first look rights arrangements where appropriate to help expand the number of strong medium sized independent production companies in the UK to help counter market consolidation. At a very broad level (and subject to more information from the BBC through the planned BBC Trust Review) an initial analysis suggests that a switch of BBC-house production to the external production sector through a combination of these four methods could provide a value boost to the UK TV creative sector of approaching £600m1 including a reduction in the net programming costs to the BBC of current output by £35m per year. Overall, once account was taken of the likely corporate overheads savings at the BBC but the increasing commissioning resources that might be needed to operate as a publisher broadcaster, the BBC licence payer could be £30m a year better off in financial terms or £470m in net present value terms in 2017. Over and above the potential positive financial impact viewers should benefit from a wider range of creative ideas and the likely refreshment of a host of long running strands in the BBC schedule. This would be likely to add significantly to the £30m a year financial benefit to BBC licence payers. 1 This is the net present value of the expected extra revenues and reduced costs from the move to publisher broadcaster. Net present value is takes the extra cash flows in each year based on a projected growth rate and discounts them at an appropriate risk adjusted interest rate to convert them to a value in 2017 that would be the equivalent of these future cash flows if you had to go and “borrow” against them in 2017. Oliver & Ohlbaum Associates Ltd 2 While there are a set of legitimate public service and practical concerns raised by this move towards a publisher broadcaster model, they can be dealt with through specific initiatives and behavioural changes by the BBC as a programme commissioner/buyer. Value to the Creative Sector and BBC Licence Payer To calculate a more precise value of the increased specialisation and focus that a move to publisher broadcaster would bring to the UK creative sector needs greater access to internal BBC performance data and information than was available to O&O for this report, but the areas of monetary benefit for the whole UK creative sector including the BBC are likely to include: Increased global format exploitation export revenue for the UK TV sector and the economy given the indie sectors greater focus on developing and producing local versions of formats with global appeal (current performance suggests an extra £120m in revenue and £12m of profits with a net present value going forward of £140m in 2017); A greater level of third party distributor investment in BBC programmes (either from BBC Worldwide or independent distributors) worth £12m a year in 2017 with a net present value going forward of £185m2; A refocusing on BBC Worldwide investment and resources to channel development, B2C on demand services and acquiring and distributing content rights around the world yield increased margins of £10m a year, with a net present value of £155m in 2017; Reduced programme prices through increased competition and efficiency yielding a £10m reduction in costs to BBC controllers with a net present value of £155m in 2017; Reduced net overheads based on a comparison of independent producer overheads with estimated attributable BBC overheads, worth £15m a year and £240m in net present value in 2017; Adjacent exploitation revenues from exploitation of the IP associated with these formats through new media and ancillary activities at the level already achieved by the indie sector worth another £6m in annual profit with a net present value if 2017 of £80m. This leads to a total of potential gross benefits to the creative sector of £65m a year and a net present value of £955m in 2017. Set against this would be an estimated increase in BBC buy side commissioning capability and costs of £20m a year with a net present value of £380m, leaving a net annual benefit to the creative sector of £45m with a net present value of £575m in 2017. These estimates are set out in Figure 1 below. (Net Present Values are calculated based on the 10 year likely cash flow/profit benefit and a terminal value in year 10 based on the perpetuity value going forward. Each net present value calculation has a different discount rate based on execution risk and likelihood, and a different long term growth rate based on the relevant dynamics of the relevant cost/revenue based activity – more detail is provided in Section 7 of the report). 2 The net present value for this area is higher than the previous area even through the 2017 cash flow benefit is the same due to a different growth rate and discount rate applied Oliver & Ohlbaum Associates Ltd 3 Figure 1: Value Impact Summary – BBC as Publisher Broadcaster Annual Revenue Annual Value Net Present Value net of Cost Value Extra format business development from the in-house A £120m £12m £140m BBC portfolio Extra investment from BBC Worldwide / indie B distribution into BBC portfolio for secondary and £12m £12m £185m ancillary rights Refocus of BBC Worldwide to channels and digital C nil £10m £155m developments from formats and content Reduced prices to BBC commissioning in addition to £10m £10m £155m D (A) & (B) redirecting into more content investment Reduced BBC corporate overheads, recycled into E £15m £15m £240m programmes Adjacent growth of indie sector into related content F £30m £6m £80m areas with BBC portfolio TOTAL BUDGET £187m £65m £955m Increased commissioning and editorial resources (£20m) (£20m) (£380m) NET IMPACT £167m £45m £575m For the BBC, the net benefit per year is likely to be £30m, with a net present value in 2017 of £470m. This includes reinvestment in BBC programming (with lower prices to commissioners) of £35m a year as the additional revenues to the indie sector and BBC Worldwide are shared with the BBC programme buyers, and with the £20m a year of extra spending on commissioning capability offset by a £15m a year net reduction in overheads from the transfer of production to the external sector. Dealing with PSB and Practical Concerns A number of Public Service Broadcasting (PSB) issues and concerns could be raised by a transfer of production to the external sector, namely: Reduced investment in training; A shift of production activity back to London; A lack of long term R&D for bolder and bigger projects and more lateral ideas; A decline in PSB programme making values; An over-emphasis on export potential versus the needs of the BBC licence payer; and A lack of ability to pursue cross media benefits of scope with remaining in house radio and new media production. These potential Public Service Broadcasting (PSB) can be largely met with alternative and more transparent arrangements such as: Oliver & Ohlbaum Associates Ltd 4 Direct funding of training bursaries across the BBC’s supplier base to ensure levels of investment in direct off the job training is maintained (the external sector already invests in a considerable amount of on the job training and talent development); A targeted policy of commissioning from the regions with the aim of establishing a critical mass of indie supply in those regions – going beyond existing Out of London quotas to deliberately establishing creative hubs of independent producers with the critical mass to
Recommended publications
  • Managing the BBC's Estate
    Managing the BBC’s estate Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General presented to the BBC Trust Value for Money Committee, 3 December 2014 BRITISH BROADCASTING CORPORATION Managing the BBC’s estate Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General presented to the BBC Trust Value for Money Committee, 3 December 2014 Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media & Sport by Command of Her Majesty January 2015 © BBC 2015 The text of this document may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium providing that it is reproduced accurately and not in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as BBC copyright and the document title specified. Where third party material has been identified, permission from the respective copyright holder must be sought. BBC Trust response to the National Audit Office value for money study: Managing the BBC’s estate This year the Executive has developed a BBC Trust response new strategy which has been reviewed by As governing body of the BBC, the Trust is the Trust. In the short term, the Executive responsible for ensuring that the licence fee is focused on delivering the disposal of is spent efficiently and effectively. One of the Media Village in west London and associated ways we do this is by receiving and acting staff moves including plans to relocate staff upon value for money reports from the NAO. to surplus space in Birmingham, Salford, This report, which has focused on the BBC’s Bristol and Caversham. This disposal will management of its estate, has found that the reduce vacant space to just 2.6 per cent and BBC has made good progress in rationalising significantly reduce costs.
    [Show full text]
  • Media Nations 2019
    Media nations: UK 2019 Published 7 August 2019 Overview This is Ofcom’s second annual Media Nations report. It reviews key trends in the television and online video sectors as well as the radio and other audio sectors. Accompanying this narrative report is an interactive report which includes an extensive range of data. There are also separate reports for Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The Media Nations report is a reference publication for industry, policy makers, academics and consumers. This year’s publication is particularly important as it provides evidence to inform discussions around the future of public service broadcasting, supporting the nationwide forum which Ofcom launched in July 2019: Small Screen: Big Debate. We publish this report to support our regulatory goal to research markets and to remain at the forefront of technological understanding. It addresses the requirement to undertake and make public our consumer research (as set out in Sections 14 and 15 of the Communications Act 2003). It also meets the requirements on Ofcom under Section 358 of the Communications Act 2003 to publish an annual factual and statistical report on the TV and radio sector. This year we have structured the findings into four chapters. • The total video chapter looks at trends across all types of video including traditional broadcast TV, video-on-demand services and online video. • In the second chapter, we take a deeper look at public service broadcasting and some wider aspects of broadcast TV. • The third chapter is about online video. This is where we examine in greater depth subscription video on demand and YouTube.
    [Show full text]
  • BBC World Service Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General Presented to the BBC Trust Value for Money Committee, 14 June 2016
    BBC World Service Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General presented to the BBC Trust Value for Money Committee, 14 June 2016 BRITISH BROADCASTING CORPORATION BBC World Service Report by the Comptroller and Auditor General presented to the BBC Trust Value for Money Committee, 14 June 2016 Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media & Sport by Command of Her Majesty June 2016 © BBC 2016 The text of this document may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium providing that it is reproduced accurately and not in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as BBC copyright and the document title specified. Where third party material has been identified, permission from the respective copyright holder must be sought. BBC Trust response to the National Audit Office value for money review: BBC World Service In the four years to 2014-15 the government BBC Trust response cut core funding to the World Service by As the governing body of the BBC, the around 8% and, in response, the World Trust is responsible for ensuring that the Service reduced its annual expenditure by licence fee is spent efficiently and effectively. £46.8 million. Two thirds of these savings Value-for-money reviews like this one (almost £31 million) have been achieved are an integral part of the governance through greater efficiency and without framework through which the Trust fulfils an impact on audiences. For example, this responsibility. better integration with the BBC newsroom at Broadcasting House has created a The BBC Trust welcomes richer experience for both domestic and the National Audit Office’s international audiences while also saving conclusion that, through its money.
    [Show full text]
  • Liberty Global and All3media Agree Multi-Territorial Original Programming Deal
    Liberty Global and All3Media Agree Multi-territorial Original Programming Deal London, United Kingdom – August 2, 2016: Liberty Global today announces that Liberty Global and All3Media have agreed a major multi- territorial original programming partnership. The deal teams up the world’s largest international TV and broadband company with one of the leading independent television, film and digital production and distribution companies. The deal, for four major original drama series over the next two years, marks the first time that Liberty Global has agreed to a multi-territorial deal with a production company to create exclusive programming for its customers. The shows will be made available on demand for customers of Liberty Global companies across Europe, Latin America and the Carribean. The deal has been spearheaded within Liberty Global by Virgin Media. Bruce Mann, Managing Director of Programming at Liberty Global and David Bouchier, Virgin Media’s Chief Digital Entertainment Officer, will lead the commissioning process. The dramas will be produced by All3Media production companies with the level of funding required to deliver the best scripts, cast and directing and production talent to produce high quality international drama series. The exclusive content will be made available to millions of Liberty Global customers including Virgin Media customers in the UK & Ireland, Unitymedia customers in Germany, Ziggo customers in the Netherlands, and customers of Cable & Wireless, VTR and Liberty Puerto Rico. Liberty Global owns 50% of All3Media, having jointly acquired the business with Discovery Communications in 2014. Bruce Mann, Managing Director of Programming at Liberty Global, comments: “This initiative combines Liberty Global’s operating scale with its ownership in the production powerhouse All3Media.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is Bbc Three?
    We tested the public value of the proposed changes using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies Quantitative methodology Qualitative methodology We ran a 15 minute online survey with 3,281 respondents to We conducted 20 x 2 hour ‘Extended Group’ sessions via Zoom with understand current associations with BBC Three, the appeal of BBC a mix of different audiences to explore and compare reactions, Three launching as a linear channel, and how this might impact from a personal and societal value perspective, to the concept of existing services in the market. BBC Three becoming a linear channel again. In the survey, we explored the following: In the sessions, we explored the following: - Demographics and brand favourability - Linear TV consumption and BBC attitudes - Current TV and video consumption - (S)VOD consumption behaviours, with a focus on BBC Three - BBC Three awareness, usage and perceptions (current) - A BBC Three content evaluation (via BBC Three on iPlayer exploration) - Likelihood of watching new TV channel and perceptions - Responses to the proposal of BBC Three becoming a TV channel - Impact on services currently used (including time taken away from each) - Expected personal and societal impact of the proposed changes - Societal impact of BBC Three launching as a TV channel - Evaluation of proposed changes against BBC Public Purposes 4 The qualitative stage involved 20 x 2-hour extended digital group discussions across the UK with a carefully designed sample 20 x 2 hour Extended Zoom Groups The qualitative
    [Show full text]
  • BBC Learning – Commissioning Meeting
    BBC Learning – Commissioning Meeting May 2012 Welcome and Introduction Saul Nassé – Controller, BBC Learning BBC North • BBC Learning is now located at MediaCityUK, Salford • The move to Salford aims to ensure we better serve and reflect Northern audiences • Other departments based here include: o Sport o Children’s o 5 live o Future Media o BBC Breakfast Welcome and Introduction • Our fourth session to share plans and future thinking • This is the second of two sessions held today: o AM – aimed at education publishers and distributors o PM – commissioning meeting for BBC suppliers • Minutes and recordings of both events will be put online Welcome and Introduction At the last meeting in October 2011 we covered: o Update on Learning activity and content o Information on BBC Learning online activity and plans o Emerging thoughts on the Knowledge and Learning Product o Information on BBC Learning television and Learning Zone plans o Update on finance and public affairs activity Agenda model Timing Agenda Item Speaker 2.30pm Introduction and Welcome Saul Nassé – Controller, BBC Learning Learning and Strategy Update The Knowledge and Learning Product Saul Nassé – Controller, BBC Learning Chris Sizemore – Executive Editor, BBC Learning BBC Learning Online Commissioning Chris Sizemore – Executive Editor, BBC Learning BBC Learning Television Abigail Appleton – Head of Commissioning, BBC Learning BBC Two: The Learning Zone Katy Jones – Executive Producer, BBC Learning Finance and Industry Engagement Alex Lloyd – Head of Operations and Public Affairs,
    [Show full text]
  • WMCSA Brochure 2016
    2016 West Midlands Community Sports Awards Partnership Opportunities The West Midlands Community Sports Awards An inspirational Awards Ceremony recognising and celebrating sporting achievements across the region Organised by the 6 County Sports Partnerships in West Midlands - Sport Birmingham, Sport Across Staffordshire & Stoke on Trent (SASSOT), Herefordshire & Worcestershire, Coventry, Solihull & Warwickshire Sport, Black Country BeActive Partnership and Energize Shropshire, Telford & Wrekin nominate the very best newcomer’s, coaches, community clubs and projects at this high profile, star studded event. This celebration of local community sport recognises the quality and importance of grassroots sport across the region highlighting the commitment of local people and their inspirational journeys. BBC Midlands Today will be broadcasting live on the night linking into BBC Midlands Today News and showing highlight’s the following day. There will also be extensive coverage across the BBC West Midlands Radio network, regional newspapers and social media. 1 Audience Profile Our audience includes sports development professionals and local leaders in sport, health & education sectors, community and voluntary organisations. There will also be influencers in sport across the six County Sports Partnerships, National Governing Bodies and of course our nominees in the following award categories: Unsung Hero – led and coordinated by BBC West Midlands Power of Sport – supported by BBC Local Radio Community Club of the Year Community Coach of the Year
    [Show full text]
  • Bbc Earth Celebrates 50 Years of Earth Day with a Special Week of Programming
    MEDIA ALERT 2nd April 2020 BBC EARTH CELEBRATES 50 YEARS OF EARTH DAY WITH A SPECIAL WEEK OF PROGRAMMING View Earth Week trailer BBC Earth is celebrating 50 years of Earth Day with Earth Week, a special line-up of programming which looks at the beauty of our planet both up close and from far away and explores our vital role in ensuring its future. Screening each evening at 8.30pm from Monday, April 20, the week kicks off with the premiere of Blue Planet Revisited, exploring the challenges facing the marine eco-system and wildlife in the Great Barrier Reef and the Bahamas. The cameras then move from under the ocean to hundreds of kilometres up in the sky in Earth From Space, capturing natural spectacles on an epic scale and showing viewers the planet’s extraordinary beauty and diversity in astonishing detail. The week will finish with a special Sunday screening of every episode of David Attenborough’s iconic Planet Earth II. Presented by Liz Bonnin, Chris Packham and Steve Backshall, Blue Planet Revisited returns to two key locations featured in Blue Planet II to see how things have changed, talk to the scientists who know our oceans best and give us a snapshot of the health of the ocean. With the breeding season underway, the series focuses on the action following whales and their calves and turtles and their hatchlings together with spectacular footage of shark dives in the Bahamas and the underwater dawn chorus of the Great Barrier Reef, home to 600 different kinds of coral and more than 1500 species of fish.
    [Show full text]
  • A Channel Guide
    Intelsat is the First MEDIA Choice In Africa Are you ready to provide top media services and deliver optimal video experience to your growing audiences? With 552 channels, including 50 in HD and approximately 192 free to air (FTA) channels, Intelsat 20 (IS-20), Africa’s leading direct-to- home (DTH) video neighborhood, can empower you to: Connect with Expand Stay agile with nearly 40 million your digital ever-evolving households broadcasting reach technologies From sub-Saharan Africa to Western Europe, millions of households have been enjoying the superior video distribution from the IS-20 Ku-band video neighborhood situated at 68.5°E orbital location. Intelsat 20 is the enabler for your TV future. Get on board today. IS-20 Channel Guide 2 CHANNEL ENC FR P CHANNEL ENC FR P 947 Irdeto 11170 H Bonang TV FTA 12562 H 1 Magic South Africa Irdeto 11514 H Boomerang EMEA Irdeto 11634 V 1 Magic South Africa Irdeto 11674 H Botswana TV FTA 12634 V 1485 Radio Today Irdeto 11474 H Botswana TV FTA 12657 V 1KZN TV FTA 11474 V Botswana TV Irdeto 11474 H 1KZN TV Irdeto 11594 H Bride TV FTA 12682 H Nagravi- Brother Fire TV FTA 12562 H 1KZN TV sion 11514 V Brother Fire TV FTA 12602 V 5 FM FTA 11514 V Builders Radio FTA 11514 V 5 FM Irdeto 11594 H BusinessDay TV Irdeto 11634 V ABN FTA 12562 H BVN Europa Irdeto 11010 H Access TV FTA 12634 V Canal CVV International FTA 12682 H Ackermans Stores FTA 11514 V Cape Town TV Irdeto 11634 V ACNN FTA 12562 H CapeTalk Irdeto 11474 H Africa Magic Epic Irdeto 11474 H Capricorn FM Irdeto 11170 H Africa Magic Family Irdeto
    [Show full text]
  • MADE in BRISTOL: 'THE WHITE PRINCESS' BEGINS on UKTV DRAMA CHANNEL THIS WEEKEND Begins Saturday 18 November 2017
    television NEWS: FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE MADE IN BRISTOL: ‘THE WHITE PRINCESS’ BEGINS ON UKTV DRAMA CHANNEL THIS WEEKEND Begins Saturday 18 November 2017, 9pm << Watch the official trailer >> BRISTOL, 16 November 2017: STARZ Original Limited Series The White Princess will premiere on British TV this weekend, after filming at The Bottle Yard Studios and across Bristol last year. Kicking off with a double bill on Saturday 18th November at 9pm on the UKTV Drama Channel, The White Princess is the follow-up to the STARZ/BBC’s 2013 Golden Globe and Emmy award- nominated The White Queen. Made by Company Pictures and Playground, the drama filmed in purpose- built sets at The Bottle Yard Studios and across Bristol in 2016. Rebecca Benson, Suki Waterhouse, Jodie Comer, Joanne Whalley, Essie Davis, Michelle Fairley on set at The Bottle Yard Studios - image (c) Starz Coordinating the entire shoot from production offices at The Bottle Yard Studios, the production team also used additional build space, stores and costume areas on site. Bristol Film Office provided unit bases for filming at locations across the city, facilitating location liaison and organising holding areas at City Hall for around 100 cast extras during a large-scale shoot at Bristol Cathedral. Jacob Collins-Levy (King Henry VII) & Michelle Fairley (Lady Margaret Beaufort) film at Bristol Cathedral - image (c) Starz Karen Bailey, SVP Original Programming, STARZ, said: “We knew from the early location scouts that the natural scenic beauty of the area was a good fit for the production, but seeing the facilities at The Bottle Yard and discovering there was such a strong infrastructure already in place made the decision to shoot in Bristol an easy one.” Fiona Francombe, Site Director of The Bottle Yard Studios, said: “Every aspect of this production was expertly crafted and beautifully detailed.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report on the BBC 2019/20
    Ofcom’s Annual Report on the BBC 2019/20 Published 25 November 2020 Raising awarenessWelsh translation available: Adroddiad Blynyddol Ofcom ar y BBC of online harms Contents Overview .................................................................................................................................... 2 The ongoing impact of Covid-19 ............................................................................................... 6 Looking ahead .......................................................................................................................... 11 Performance assessment ......................................................................................................... 16 Public Purpose 1: News and current affairs ........................................................................ 24 Public Purpose 2: Supporting learning for people of all ages ............................................ 37 Public Purpose 3: Creative, high quality and distinctive output and services .................... 47 Public Purpose 4: Reflecting, representing and serving the UK’s diverse communities .... 60 The BBC’s impact on competition ............................................................................................ 83 The BBC’s content standards ................................................................................................... 89 Overview of our duties ............................................................................................................ 96 1 Overview This is our third
    [Show full text]
  • The Bbc Trust Report: On-Screen and On-Air Talent Including an Independent Assessment and Report by Oliver & Ohlbaum Associates
    THE BBC TRUST REPORT: ON-SCREEN AND ON-AIR TALENT INCLUDING AN INDEPENDENT ASSESSMENT AND REPORT BY OLIVER & OHLBAUM ASSOCIATES MAY 2008 2 BBC TRUST CONCLUSIONS The issue of talent costs The BBC Trust operates to protect the interests of licence fee payers who pay for and own the BBC. As part of this we seek to ensure quality and value for money for licence fee payers and to challenge BBC management to use everything at their disposal to deliver both. An area where this is particularly complex is the salaries paid to on-screen and on-air talent. During the course of 2006, press reports about presenters’ salaries aroused industry and public concern and led some people to question the BBC’s approach to the talent it employs. This debate was still live when the Trust was established as the BBC’s governing body in January 2007. It was and has remained a topic raised by the public with Trustees during our appearances on radio phone-ins and at public meetings in all parts of the UK. Against this background the Trust commissioned an independent review, conducted by Oliver and Ohlbaum Associates Ltd (O&O), to provide an in depth examination of the BBC’s use of on air and on screen talent. We posed O&O three specific questions: • How do the size and structure of the BBC's reward packages for talent compare with the rest of the market? • What has been the impact of the BBC's policy on the talent market, particularly in relation to cost inflation? • To what extent do the BBC's policy and processes in relation to investment in, and reward of, talent support value for money? We are publishing O&O’s report which seeks to answer these questions, the BBC management’s response to the points it raises and our own judgements informed by this evidence.
    [Show full text]