Spatial Data Analysis for Groundwater Quality of Kaliyasot and Kerwa Watershed of Upper Betwa River Basin (M.P.) Using Geospatial Technology

© 2020 JETIR March 2020, Volume 7, Issue 3 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) Spatial Data Analysis For Groundwater Quality Of Kaliyasot And Kerwa Watershed Of Upper Betwa River Basin (M.P.) Using Geospatial Technology

1 Saurabh Shiva,2 Devender Kaur 1Research Associate,2 Ex. Prof. & H.O.D.(Geography) 1School of Social Sciences, D.A.V.V., Indore, India, 2 S.A.B.V.Govt. Arts & Commerce College, Indore.

Abstract : The availability of good quality water is an indispensable feature for preventing diseases and improving quality of life. The aim of the study area is to create ground water quality map for drinking water purpose of the Kaliyasot and Kerwa watershed. For the above study ground water quality data were collected from IMIS (Ministry of Drinking water & Sanitation) Website. The GWQ layers were generated separately for each element for Both Pre-Monsoon and Post-Monsoon Season from the well point layers with the help of Inverse Distance Method (IDW) interpolation technique using ARC GIS software. Each element layer has been categorized into three categories (1) potable water in Desirable limits (2) Potable water in permissible limits (3) non-potable ground water, as per BIS standard. Integrating the pre & post monsoon Ground water quality class map has been prepared.

Index Terms - Remote sensing, GIS, Water Quality, Interpolation.

I. INTRODUCTION

Groundwater is considered as the preferred source of water for meeting domestic, industrial and agricultural requirements, due to its longer residence time in the ground, low level of contamination, wide distribution, and availability within the reach of the consumer. Hence, development of ground water gets first priority, both at individual as well as governmental level, for different uses. However, the occurrence and distribution of ground water is not uniform throughout the country and is subject to wide spatio-temporal variations depending on the underlying rock formations, their structural fabric and geometry, surface expression, etc.

The quality of ground water in a given area is determined by the presence of the contaminants and the degree of their concentration. The presence of the contaminants and the degree of their concentration can be attributed to the in-situ origin and / or due to dispersion. The in-situ-origin of the contaminants can be either geo-genic and / or anthropogenic. Similarly, the dispersion of the contaminants can be through a point source and / or a non-point source. Hence, variations in the quality of ground water are likely to occur both in space (horizontal as well as vertical and time (Spatial Database Creation on Ground Water Quality using Legacy Data, Report NRSC). However, in the present study it is envisaged to map the distribution of ground water quality based on the concentration values of the contaminants present in the ground water samples. The groundwater data samples are collected from Public health engineering (PHE) department and IMIS website.

II. STUDY REA

2.1 General

The Region lies between the Latitudes 23° 02′ 16'' to 23° 14′ 45'' N and Longitudes 77° 17′17'' to 77° 34′55'' E and covering an area around 364.40 Sq. km . The study area is lying mainly in the southern part of the Bhopal district and very little part in Raisen and Sehore District of Madhya Pradesh. The study area lies mainly in Huzur Tehsil of Bhopal District. The northeast and eastern boundary shared by Vidisha and Raisen district. Rajgarh and Sehore districts lie on the Western and southwest boundary of the region and Guna district form Northern boundary, these districts are interconnected with each other and also linked with neighboring districts through rail and national and state highways. The Study area is drained by the Kaliyasot and Kerwa Rivers which are the tributaries of Betwa River. The Betwa flows along the southern boundary separating from Raisen District of Madhya Pradesh. The annual precipitation effectiveness of the study area is 63.7 cm.

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Figure 1 :Location Map of The Study Area 2.2 Geology

Geology of the study area varies from Quaternary Alluvium to Upper Proterozoic Sandstone. The maximum portion of study area is covered by Alluvium and Soil in the North east ,south east and central portion and some part by Unclassified alluvium. Laterite is seen as isolated cappings over the Deccan Trap above 500 msl in the north west and central part. Weathering and accumulation of fragments of laterite and subsequent consolidation has given rise to secondary laterite at places. Three Basaltic Flow of Indore formation is trending from north west to north east direction and Aa And Compound Basaltic Lava Flows(5 Flows) of Kankariya Pirukheri formation in the south west central portion which is underlain by lower Bhander sandstone. Sirbu Shale is found in the contact of upper and lower Bhander sandstone in central portion. The Upper Bhnder Sandstone is found in north, north west, south east , east and central portion. Upper Bhander Sandstone is trending from north west to southwest direction. The upper Rewa sandstone is found at southwest and northwest portion of the study area.

Figure 2: Geology Map of The Study Area

2.3 Geomorphology

The geomorphic features and landforms present in the study area are mainly divided into Denudational and Structural Landforms. The genetic based classification system has been adopted for mapping the landforms using satellite data and digital elevation models and Survey of India toposheet for height perception. The Structural landforms comprises of Homocline and Cuesta and Scarps. The Denudational landforms are mainly Pediplain, Residual mound and Pediment. The other landforms are formed due to anthropogenic activity such as active quarry (mining). Almost half portion of the study area is covered by Pediplain in northwest, central, eastern and south eastern part. The south-western part is covered

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© 2020 JETIR March 2020, Volume 7, Issue 3 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) by a large Homocline dipping towards eastern and having scarps in the centre as well as on western margin. The Cuesta are present in the NNW and SSE direction. Plateau Remnants are present in north to north west and NW direction and also residual mound in NW portion. Under the anthropogenic terrain there is some mining activity classified as active quarry in SW direction and the other are Kaliyasot and Kerwa Dam and reservoir.

Figure 3 : Geomorphology Map of The Study Area

III. DATA SOURCES

Georectified Landsat-8 OLI data for the year 2015 were used for the thematic layer generation such as geology, geomorphology, landuse etc.. OLI has 30 spatial resolution for 8 multispectral bands and one band is panchromatic having spatial resolution of 15m data were used in this study. Apart from the space-based data, ancillary data such as Topographic map on 1:50,000 scale with a 20 m contour interval and District Resource Map (GSI) on 1:250,000 were also used in this study. Groundwater quality samples data from IMIS website.

IV. METHODOLOGY

Groundwater quality analysis is performed using data obtained from IMIS, WRIS website for the latest last three years as 2015-2018 for both pre monsoon and post monsoon seasons. Thematic maps like settlement, water bodies are prepared by using survey of India Toposheets 55E8, 55E12. Geology, Geomorphology and lineaments are prepared by using the satellite data DRM.

The essential 9 parameters are pH, Total hardness, Iron, chloride, TDS, Nitrate, Sulphate, Fluoride, Alkalinity. Groundwater quality mapping process includes selection of sites for groundwater collection in two different season ie. Pre-monsoon and post monsoon. Water quality data is also collected from public health engineering department for gap areas. The sources of groundwater collection are hand pump, wells and tube wells which are presently working in the study area. Optimization is also necessary process because some sources are not properly working in all seasons. Spatial and attribute data is generated on the basis of point features as a source sites. Different thematic maps are generated for entire area using interpolation of available data of different water quality parameters. These maps show the groundwater quality status in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season in the study area. All maps of each season are overlaid to find composite water quality in each season. After that the water quality map of both season are overlaid to find out the overall groundwater quality status in the study area. On the basis of BIS standard for drinking water, the groundwater of the study area is classified into two classes ie. Potable and non potable. Table 6.16 shows the BIS standard for groundwater quality values. The data is selected around buffer of 2 km of study area which helps in better interpolation on the values.

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Groundwater Quality Data

Final Groudwater Quality Map Pre Monsoon Data Post Monsoon Data

Overlay Analysis Quality Parameter Selection

Figure 4:Brief Methodology of Groundwater quality analysis Table No 1 : List of Groundwater Quality Data in Study Area (Pre Monsoon Data) S.No Village name Ph Hd Fe Cl Tds Ni Su Fl Ak 1 Goi 7.5 240 0.1 78 506 0 0 0.4 310 2 Pachawan 7.4 0 0.1 76 500 0 0 0.4 216 3 Khandabar 8.1 0 0.2 68 464 16.2 0 0.38 0 4 Bandauri 7.5 234 0.1 96 646 0 0 0.4 0 5 Sobhapur Jahej 0 0 0 0 0 0 40.3 0 0 6 Amrawad Kalan 7.5 242 0.2 92 610 24.8 57.6 1.3 312 7 Bhojnagar 7.5 230 0.1 74 506 0 38.4 0.4 312 8 Tilakheri 8 0 0.1 80 528 14.2 38.4 0.42 0 9 Thuakhera 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 0 0 10 Kotra 7.4 0 0.2 94 614 0 0 0.38 0 11 Narela 8 0 0.1 84 548 0 38.4 0.4 232 12 Borda 0 0 0.1 80 0 0 30.7 0.38 0 13 Dehri Kalan 7.5 238 0.1 70 0 0 0 0.4 314 14 Ratanpur 8 0 0 110 672 0 0 0.4 230 15 Bangrasiya 7.4 0 0.1 68 464 0 0 0.4 214 16 Bhanpura 7.2 256 0.1 900 1500 0 0 1.3 500 17 Bairagarh 7.1 310 0 400 900 0 0 1.3 300 18 Doulatpura 6.9 242 0.1 400 700 0 0 1.5 268 19 Ratibar 7.6 0 0.1 80 528 0 0 0.48 380 20 Berkheri 7.4 176 0 700 1400 0 0 1.3 300 21 Chandanpura 7.5 0 0.1 84 558 0 0 0.5 316 22 Barkheri Khurd 7.5 216 0.1 0 682 0 0 0 0 23 Barkheri Kalan 7 214 0.1 400 900 4 0 1.2 500 (0 values means no data available) Source: IMIS Website

Table No 2 : List of Groundwater Quality Data in Study Area (Post Monsoon Data) S.No Village name Ph Hd Fe Cl Tds Ni Su Fl Ak 1 Gol 7.4 0 0 0 0 0 30.7 0 0 2 Pachawan 7.4 234 0.1 90 614 0 48 0.38 230 3 Khandabar 8 234 0.1 80 528 16.2 40.3 0.38 212 4 Bandauri 8 262 0.1 96 634 0 48 0.4 170 5 Suralyanagar 7.4 248 0.2 94 614 26.4 0 0.38 0 6 Amrawad 7.4 218 0.1 86 558 20.8 0 0.4 310 Kalan 7 Bhojnagar 8 164 0.1 82 548 16.4 40.3 0.36 214

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© 2020 JETIR March 2020, Volume 7, Issue 3 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) 8 Tilakheri 8 230 0.1 80 526 0 40.3 0.4 220 9 Kotra 7.4 212 0.1 82 546 0 42.2 0.38 240 10 Shamaspura 7.5 246 0.1 70 464 0 34.5 0.4 310 11 Borda 8 214 0.1 70 470 0 23.04 0.4 234 12 Amarpura 7.4 234 0.1 72 478 0 0 0.4 260 13 Ratanpur 7.4 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.4 0 14 Bangrasiya 7.4 160 0.1 0 0 0 40.3 0.38 0 15 Bhanpura 7.4 244 0.1 76 502 0 38.4 0.42 246 16 Bairagarh 7.4 274 0.1 84 560 0 40.3 0.5 280 17 Doulatpura 7.4 160 0.1 0 0 0 76.8 0.4 0 18 Ratibar 7.6 312 0.1 76 506 0 0 0.4 314 19 Mendora 8 272 0.1 82 538 0 42.2 0.4 240 20 Barrai 7.6 316 0.1 90 614 0 48 0.5 316 21 Mendori 7.5 310 0.1 74 496 0 38.4 0.5 312 22 Chandanpura 7.6 237 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 Shahpur 0 274 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (0 values means no data available) Source: IMIS Website

There are many dissolved minerals and organic constituents present in ground water in various concentrations. Among them the most common dissolved mineral substances are sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, and sulphate. In water chemistry, these substances are called common constituents. They are not harmful if they are within permissible limits. Few elements are highly toxic and hazardous to health of both human and animals time (Spatial Database Creation on Ground Water Quality using Legacy Data, Report NRSC). Following minerals and parameters are considered for analysis in present study. V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1Union Analysis:

Union capability of GIS technology provides a composite analysis of various factors responsible for desirable output or activity. Thematic layers of all water quality parameters are reclassified into three classes which are Potable water with desirable limit, potable water with acceptable limit and last class is non potable water. These reclassified raster layers convert into vector format and used for union analysis. Union analysis is performed for pre monsoon and post monsoon season, it will reveal the available water quality status of study area in both season. The overall union analysis is performed on following equation:

Water Quality = Max of ( pH, Fe, TDS, F, Alkalinity, Hardness, Cl, Sulphate, Nitrate)...... (eq...)

If an area with all parameters having value of class one is considered as potable water with desirable limit and if any parameter have value related to class 2, it will considered as potable water with acceptable limit. In the same manner if any parameter in the area having value related to class three, it is considered as non potable water. Water quality statistics in pre monsoon and post monsoon is shown in Table 6.19 and Table 6.20 respectively.

Table No 3: Quality of Water in Study Area in pre monsoon (2015) S.No. Water Quality Class Area (Sqkm) Percentage 1 Potable water with desirable limit 25.76 7 2 Potable water with Permissible 333.55 92 limits 3 Non potable water 5.14 1 Total 364.44 100

According to table no 3 there are three classes of water quality in pre monsoon is present in the study area. The overall geographical area is divided as land with potable water with desirable limit covers an area of 25.76 sqkm , land having potable water with Permissible limit covers area of 333.55 sqkm and 5.14 sqkm land is having non potable water.

Table No 4 : Quality of Water in Study Area in post monsoon (2015) S.No. Water Quality Class Area (Sqkm) Percentage 1 Potable water with desirable limits 306.57 84 2 Potable water with Permissible limits 57.86 16 Total 364.44 100

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According to table no 4 there are only two water quality classes in post monsoon is present in the study area which is Potable water with desirable limits with an area of 306.57sqkm and Potable water with Permissible limits with an area covering of 57.86sqkm.

Figure 5 : Groundwater quality Map (Pre-Monsoon) Figure 6 : Groundwater quality Map (Post-Monsoon)

5.2 Composite Ground Water Quality:

Groundwater quality map of pre monsoon and post monsoon are overlaid to find composite groundwater quality status of the study area. Overall statistics of groundwater quality is presented in Table no 6.21 out of three classes, Non - Potable water (Pre-Monsoon) is found in 5.45 sqkm of the study area and it covers some parts of 05 villages. The land with non potable water is considered as not suitable for urban development because groundwater is the most acceptable source for drinking purpose.

Table No 5 : Final Water Quality of Study Area. S.No. Water Quality Class Area Percentage (Sqkm) 1 Potable water with permissible limits (Post- 299.61 82 Monsoon) 2 Potable water with desirable limits (Post- Monsoon) 59.38 16 3 Non -Potable water (Pre-Monsoon) 5.45 2 Total 364.40 100

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According to table no 5 there are three water quality classes present in the study area which is Potable water with permissible limits (Post- Monsoon) with an area of 299.61 sqkm, Potable water with desirable limits (Post- Monsoon) with an area of 59.38 sqkm and non potable water with an area covering of 5.45 sqkm.

In the same manner Potable water with desirable limits (Post- Monsoon) covers an area 59.38 sqkm . The land with this category covers a part of 08 villages. This type of water is considered as most suitable land for urban development because it will provide a better source of groundwater resource.

Groundwater with Potable water with permissible limits (Post- Monsoon) covers an area of 299.61 sqkm. The land with this category covers a part of 87 villages. The land with this type of characteristic is considered as average suitable for urban development.

Groundwater quality status village wise reveals a fact that non potable water in both season covers some part of 05 villages, means these villages are least important for planning purpose. These villages are Satlapur, Kaliyasot , Narela, Maksi and Barrai. The suitable measures is to be taken from the line goverment department to improve water quality or to stop consumption for drinking purpose and provide the new source for drinking purpose.

REFERENCES

[1] Ground Water Quality Mapping, Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM), (2011). Methodology Manual, Hydrogeology Group, NRSA, National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organisation, Dept. of Space, Govt. of India, Hyderabad. [2] Jain Rahul, (2013) Ground Water Quality Mappping around Keolari in Seoni District of M.P. using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, Project Report for M.Tech. degree at NIT Warangal. [3] National Geomorphological and Lineament Mapping on 1:50,000 scale, 2010, Manual, Geological Survey of India Ministry of Mines Government of India and Indian Space Research Organisation Department of Space Government of India. [4] District Resource Map Dhar District, 2000, Published by Geological Survey of India.

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