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SHARE Livestock Study LIVESTOCK-BASED LAND USE AND CHANGE IN THE BALE MOUNTAINS ECO-REGION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN 2007 AND 2016 Fiona Flintan1, Worku Chibssa2, Taye Tadesse3, Mahmud Muhammed4 and Seifudin Kassim5 ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Addis Ababa April 2017 For the SHARE Consortium 1 Senior scientist, ILRI Email: [email protected] 2 Consultant 3 Consultant 4 Meda Welabu University, Robe, 5 Consultant TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements........................................................................................................... iv Acronyms .......................................................................................................................... v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... vi 1.0 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 History of livestock land use in the Bale EcoRegion.................................................... 1 1.2 Bale Mountains National Park (BMNP) ....................................................................... 3 1.3 Livestock and the BMNP ............................................................................................. 9 1.4 Introduction to this research study............................................................................ 11 1.5 Challenges of the research......................................................................................... 13 1.6 This report.................................................................................................................. 14 2.0 CLIMATE OF THE STUDY AREA ............................................................................. 15 2.1 Climate of the Bale Mountains................................................................................... 15 2.2 Altitudinal and seasonal variability ............................................................................ 15 2.3 Local names for livestock sickness and disease ......................................................... 16 3.0 GOBA WOREDA................................................................................................... 18 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 18 3.2 Fasil Angesso PA......................................................................................................... 18 3.3 Hilassa PA ................................................................................................................... 29 3.4 Ashuta PA ................................................................................................................... 36 3.5 Synthesis and future scenarios.................................................................................. 42 4.0 HARENA BULUK WOREDA ................................................................................... 45 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 45 4.2 Sodu Welmal PA......................................................................................................... 46 4.3 Melka Arba PA............................................................................................................ 54 4.4 Synthesis and future scenarios................................................................................... 63 5.0 DELO MENA WOREDA ......................................................................................... 66 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 66 ii 5.2 Erba PA....................................................................................................................... 66 5.3 Berak PA ..................................................................................................................... 75 5.4 Synthesis and future scenarios................................................................................... 84 6.0 NENSEBO WOREDA .................................................................................................... 87 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 87 6.2 Solana PA.................................................................................................................... 89 6.3 Gerambamo PA .......................................................................................................... 94 6.4 Synthesis and future scenarios................................................................................. 100 7.0 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS............................................................................ 101 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 111 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................... 114 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research team would like to thank the many people who contributed to this study, and in particular the additional researchers from Meda Welabu University, who withstood very challenging fieldwork conditions in the first part of this study. Special thanks goes to Yared Mesfin, GIS Technician and lecturer at Meda Welabu for his time and expertise spent digitizing the maps, together with Merga Diyessa (FARM Africa) and Yenenesh Abebe (then of IWMI). We would also like to thank Dr Samuel Tefera, Addis Ababa University for his valuable contribution to the writing-up of the report. Finally we very much appreciate the time given by community members for focus group discussions, interviews and generally sharing information about their lives and livelihoods. Gelatoma! iii ACRONYMS BERSMP Bale Ecoregion Sustainable Management Project BMNP Bale Mountains National Park FZS Frankfurt Zoological Society GMP General management plan IWMI International Water Management Institute Masl meters above sea level NGO Non-governmental organisation OFWE Oromia Forest and Wildlife Enterprise OWWSDE Oromia Water Works Supervision Development Enterprise PA Peasant association PHEEC Population Health Environment Ethiopia Consortium REDD Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation SHARE Support to the Horn of Africa Resilience (project) iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction to the research Livestock has been an integral part of the Bale landscape for centuries. Until recently the system was extensive allowing free mobility of a small human and livestock population (Hillman 1986; Solomon et al ND; Watson 2007). Over time, people have increasingly turned to crop farming despite the fact that in general the climate is not conducive for crop growing: it can take nine months for barley to grow and ripen. In the early 1970s the Bale Mountains National Par (BMNP) was established covering a major part of the ecoregion including areas that livestock keepers had traditionally used. A BMNP general management plan for 2007-2017 which included issues of resettlement and zonation has not been implemented. Only formally gazetted in 2014, access to the Park has been an ongoing issue of conflict between the Park authorities and local communities. This research study was undertaken by ILRI for IWMI (International Water Management Institute), who is leading the research of the EU-funded Support to the Horn of Africa Resilience (SHARE) project until November 2017. SHARE works across the Bale EcoRegion with the aim of conserving biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services in the region, and improving the wellbeing of communities that depend on these functions and services. This research study is a contribution to this research presenting the status of current livestock land use and dynamics, and a comparative analysis of the situation today compared to 2007, when a similar study was undertaken. The study in 2007 was completed for the BERSMP (Bale EcoRegion Sustainable Management Programme) jointly implemented by the Ethiopian government (namely the Bale Forest Enterprise) and NGOs – FARM Africa and SOS Sahel Ethiopia. It is documented in the report: Livestock and Livestock Systems in the Bale Mountains EcoRegion (2008) by F. Flintan, W. Chibsa, D. Wako and A. Ridgewell. The research for SHARE was undertaken in 2016, with fieldwork in two phases – one in April- May, and the second in November. The research took place in four woreda and nine kebele being: Fasil Angesso PA, Ashuta PA and Hilassa PA in Goba woreda; Erba PA and Berak PA in Delo Mena woreda; Sodu Welmal PA and Melka Arba PA in Harena Buluk woreda; and Gerambamo PA and Solana PA in Nensebo woreda. The same kebele and woreda were used in both the 2007 and 2016 study to provide for the comparative analysis. Analysis and conclusions of the research The Bale Mountains EcoRegion has a rich history of livestock production. Despite a number of challenges livestock remains the mainstay of the local economy in both highland and lowland areas. Following traditional practices, movements across the altitudes still exist particularly amongst communities in the southern parts of the region who take livestock up to forest areas in the dry season from drier lower parts. However, the movement of livestock today tends to be more opportunistic and in response to available resources rather than the more predictable godantu movements
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