The Diocese of Southern Ohio in Partnership with the Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity – The Ohio State University

The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling Volume 2 – Disparate Treatment Analysis

Merelyn Bates-Mims, PhD – Principal Investigator Sharon Davies, JD – Principal Investigator Campuses Eric Abercrumbie, PhD; Prince Brown, PhD; Gary Boyle, PPC; Charles O. Dillard, MD; William B. Lawson, MD, PhD; Brandon Abdullah Powell, BFA; Thomas Rudd, MS; Melvin C. Washington, PhD; Tyrone Williams, PhD

A Research Project – November 2013

“Sands has argued that the results [of our study on stop and frisk] are not valid because officers often don't know the race of the suspect when they decide to pull over a car. That may or may not be true. But our study looked not just at motor vehicle stops but at pedestrian stops as well, which also showed racial disparities. We also found that, once people were stopped, officers were more likely to frisk, search or arrest African Americans and Latinos than whites. At the point of making these decisions, officers can certainly see the apparent race of the suspects.” –Ian Ayres. Yale Law School Source: articles.latimes.com/2008/oct/23/opinion/oe-ayres23

Contents Volume 2 The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling

Executive Summary Disparate Treatment Tell Us Your Story 3 Narrative Summary 4

Part 1 General Public (GP) 5 Narratives 6 General Public (GP-A) Homeless 19 Part 2 Accomplished Professions (AP) 22 Narratives 24 At-Risk 34 Urban Hip-Hop Youth 35 Narratives 36 At-Risk 37 Part 3 Congregations 38 Narratives 39 At-Risk 79 Congregation C-A 80 Narratives 81 At-Risk 85 Summary 86 Bibliography 87 Appendix Race/Color Discrimination 89

Acknowledgements We acknowledge with gratitude the hard work and cooperative spirit of all those associated with this work. –Merelyn B. Bates-Mims, Principal Investigator

2 | P a g e

Volume 2 Disparate Treatment – Tell Us Your Story Comparisons: Citizenship and Racial Profiling

The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling Executive Summary

The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling “Is Stand Your Ground just law?” “Is good citizenship an effective hedge against being racially profiled?” “Is high professional accomplishment an effective hedge against being racially profiled?”

According to statistical discrimination theory, inequality may exist and persist between demographic groups even when economic agents (consumers, workers, employers, etc.) are rational and non-prejudiced. This type of preferential treatment is labeled "statistical" because stereotypes may be based on the discriminated group's average behavior. - Arrow, K. J. (1973), "The Theory of Discrimination", in O. Ashenfelter and A. Rees (eds.), Discrimination in Labor Markets, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Judge Robert L. Wilkins, who serves on the United States District Court and was confirmed three years ago in a unanimous voice vote, gained national prominence in a case that helped popularize the term “driving while black” when he sued the Maryland State Police after they pulled him over in the 1990s, reports a NYTimes November 18, 2013 article. Race and religion constitute one of the oldest combinations, one that has faithfully served the worldwide practice of hegemonic dominance of nations and peoples over others. In combined sentience, the emotional psychology or natural tendency for hasty expression of emotion devoid of reason or self-control, race and religion remains fundamental to majority opposition to civil, political, and economic advancements for minority populations. Historically race combined with religion has exerted rampant resistance against factual ‘freedom’ of participation in the nation (voting and other citizenship rights, as examples). Might sentience and modern Canaan ethnonationalism underlie 2013 prevalent national perception that black men and boys are less worthy beings—as black sons and fathers and husbands and brothers are systemically swept up in New Age Prison Slavery via 13th Amendment loophole in the language permanently abolishing slavery and involuntary servitude “except as punishment for crime…?” Do Biblical maledictory retentions and universal denkstil prejudicial mindset and beliefs contribute to and devoutly underlie 2013 American racial profiling patterns and practices? In July, 2013, Republican Senator John McCain joined President Barack Obama in a call for review of "Stand Your Ground."

Does racial profiling, the aberrant acts and attitudes driven by race perception create a chilling effect on the life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness freedoms of targeted groups of Americans? Together, Disparate Impact coupled with Disparate Treatment collections of individual stories meet the evidence standards probative of discrimination theory specific to Stand Your Ground discrimination permitted by State legislation.

3 | P a g e

Thus, the Task Force Research on Racial Profiling divides the report into two sections: 1) Disparate Treatment Statistics; and 2) Disparate Treatment individual stories of Racial Profiling Experiences (RPEs).

“A unique feature of this survey research is that it provides an opportunity for respondents to tell individualized stories about experiences with racial profiling. This component of the survey provided students an open‐ended opportunity to tell the story of any incident(s) in which they or someone they know experienced racial profiling, omitting any identifying details. Although the experiences students reported were most often education‐focused, the stories nonetheless described shopping and traffic stops/driving in a vehicle as the next most commonly cited context of profiling occurrence. The samplings are loosely grouped by theme or context, though the categories are not necessarily mutually exclusive and are largely kept intact with only minor editing for accuracy and clarity. In some cases, the passages in this section represent excerpts from lengthier multipart responses.” –Thomas Rudd, Lead Researcher; The Kirwan Institute, OSU

-Language adapted from The Kirwan Institute-The Ohio State University ”Tell Your Story: Racial Profiling” Disparate Treatment Report Page 10. Campus Survey on Racial Profiling. 2013. Research conducted in partnership between The Kirwan Institute and The Episcopal Diocese of Southern Ohio.

The methodology for recording non-campus disparate treatment stories contained in this report replicates the campus story-telling methodology, cited above.

Narrative Summary n=2,168 Total Narratives by Population Narratives % of Overall Population Survey Type (Non-Campus) Numbers counts/rates n=2,168 [100%]

GENERAL PUBLIC (GP) 219 [10.10%] 92 (42.0%) 4.24% GENERAL PUBLIC-A [HOMELESS] 102 [4.70%] 31 (30.39%) 1.42% ACCOMPLISHED PROFESSIONALS 141 [6.50%] 63 (44.68%) 2.9% URBAN HIP-HOP YOUTH 29 [1.33%] 13 (72.41%) 0.59% CONGREGATIONS [TEC] 1,518 [70.01%] 453 (29.84%) 20.89% CONGREGATION-A [NJBC HIST. BLACK] 159 [7.3%] 52 (32.7%) 2.39%

TOTAL 2,168 704 (32.84%)

Population numbers answers the question: Among the survey populations, what is the numerical count /percentage representation for each group? GP=219/2168 (10.10%)

Narrative counts/rates answers the question: What percentage volume of narratives was submitted by a given population? GP=92 /219 (42.0%)

Percent of population answers the question: What percent of the overall population, by category of respondents, submitted disparate treatment stories? 92/2168 (4.24%) of GP respondents.

4 | P a g e

Part 1 General Public (GP): Disparate Treatment Narratives Q. #21 Racial Profiling Experiences (RPEs) n=117 respondents Total Survey respondents n=219 “Is good citizenship an effective guard against bein racially profiled?

Tell Us Your Story

Source: Data - The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling. Erika King-Betts, PhD; Various website postings.

General Public (GP) Q.#13 “Stand Your Ground laws are unjust for certain citizen groups.” ‘YES’ 73.0% n=146 Total Survey respondents n=219;

Source: Data - The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling. Erika King-Betts, PhD; Various website postings.

5 | P a g e

General Public - Demographics Q.#14 “What race/ethnicity best describes you? White/Caucasian n=108, 50.2%; Black/African-American n=89; 41.4% Total Survey respondents n=219

Source: Data - The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling. Erika King-Betts, PhD; Various website postings.

General Public Surveys

Part A: General Public (GP) survey instrument Electronic collector across 22 states. Racial Profiling Experience (RPE) type appears in bold.

“…[T]he events that define our experience with race are often small, unpredictable moments that leave a big impression.” –Michelle Norris, NPR, The Race Card Project.

Too many to mention, but specially high school, in living in an urban location, competence perceptions, etc

Two weeks after the Trayvon Martin verdict my 20-yr old son was pulled over under the pretense of a "routine" stop. No probable cause was cited...more concerning is that my son felt that it was okay. This thinking concerns...why does he feel this is ok??

I was driving in a rural section of Indiana and was stopped by the police. When I asked the policeman why I was stopped, he told me that he was just doing a "stop". He then stated that he'd be "right back," presumably running my plate, & returned saying "everything's ok" & told me to have a nice day. In short, i was stopped for driving while black in a rural area.

I've been stopped for "driving while white" when cops wanted to caution me from being in the "wrong" neighborhood.

“Harassed by police officer trailing me during rush hour traffic while running my licenses plate for no apparent reason or traffic violation. Stopped and ticketed for false offense. Ticketed dismissed at court when officer didn't show up. Threatened to be shot by police officer in front of my office building on a downtown urban college campus stemming from a traffic altercation with a construction worker in which I was the victim. Construction worker was found guilty of menacing but complaint against officer was determined "unsubstantiated." None of my witnesses were contacted by the office of professional standards for the police department.

I rented an expensive town house in Arlington Va. I accidentally tripped the alarm system. A police woman responded to the call, so I went outside to greet her. When she saw me she asked what I was doing there. I felt the disdain and contempt in her voice. She made me feel like I didn't belong there and she assumed that I didn't. She insisted on seeing my ID and wanted to come into the house. I complied and she left. She never apologized and I never forgot how she made me feel.

6 | P a g e

We were pulled over in Texas on a trip cross country and was asked to search the car due to the fact there are a lot of contraband traffic that comes through there area.. 2. Watched in stores because of complexion. Caucasian entered the same time but African Americans are watched.. 3. Harassed in the city constantly.

While living in Seattle, Washington some twenty or so years ago I was profiled and discriminated against by a number of African American youth leaving a High School function in my neighborhood. I had driven to the corner gas station/mini-mart to get an over the counter medication for a household member that was sick and dying from AIDS. It was very late, and a High School function had just let out at the local school across from the mini-mart. As I drove up to the store front, I was profiled and attacked without provocation. At the time I was a 30 year old, white, male with a closely shaved head of hair. Driving a Ranchero with my German Shepherd in the passenger seat. The first punch was thrown through the drivers side (open) window without provocation. This initial assault was followed immediately with a group "wilding" response from other African American males gathered at the gas station/mini-mart. Large rocks/bricks and a tire iron were among the items used to break every window in my vehicle. I was further injured and bleeding. My German shepherd was struck in the head and left with an open wound which was bleeding. As quickly as I could get my car started again, I drove like a maniac to get out of there. I was initially followed by at least one vehicle, which I finally lost. For fear of further retaliation I parked my vehicle some blocks away from my home (I owned a home not two-three blocks from the High School). I did not report the incident to the police for fear of further retaliation and the sense that if I were to identify the perpetrators of the "Hate Crime" as young, African American, males, those responsible would never be identified or brought to justice given such a vague description.

“While shopping in a high end department store a clerk approached me and a friend who was looking for a dress for a special occasion the clerk suggested we try another store because their dresses started at $300 up. My friend is an engineer and makes a great salary, but the clerk assumed that because we were Black and dressed in jeans we could not afford their merchandise; I wanted to leave but my friend decided to ask for another clerk and bought two dresses equaling well over a $1,000. The second clerk was very pleasant the first clerk was furious because she lost the sale.

In high school, I was driving in my neighborhood with my friend, an African-American male. We pulled into the parking lot of a local restaurant and right behind us pulled a police cruiser with their lights on. I was puzzled as I knew I had not been speeding and my car was in working order. The office walked up to my window and asked me if everything was okay. I told the officer that my friend and I had just pulled in to get some dinner. He asked again if everything was okay. I told him yes, and we were looking forward to our dinner. He then asked for my license and the license of my friend in the passenger seat. After several minutes, he came back to the car, returned our identification and told us we were free to go. We both exited the vehicle and the officer sat and watched us for several minutes from his car as we entered the restaurant and were seated. After the officer finally left, my friend said, "I'm so tired of this happening, every time I'm out with you or Susan, an officer stops us" I put it together, Susan and I were both white females. In the officers mind there was no reason that a white female and African American male would be together in a social setting unless something was wrong or that female was forced against her will. Ridiculous! My heart sank for all of my other friends in that moment.

I have been pulled over several times for being in various wealthy neighborhoods in Cincinnati. I also have been followed when shopping at retail stores. At various time I have been judged by my appearance (if not dress professionally) of not belonging at a particular place or event. Others would be more casual than I but they were not judge or given less service.

I have experienced racial profiling in all of the instances checked above. My family has been trailed by police while driving in affluent white neighborhoods. My husband has been stopped by police with me in the car for no apparent reason. I've been followed while shopping in upscale stores. The list goes on and on.

7 | P a g e

“When i was a 19-year-old white college student and a member of CORE i took part in a test case at a hotel restaurant. When i arrived at the meeting place no one was there so i thought maybe i had the wrong time or date so i went to the restaurant and was told by the maître’d that yes there was a reservation for our group so i went back to the meeting place and met the group. Well, we went back to the restaurant only to be told that there was no reservation for our group, which by then they could see was mixed. When i reminded the maître’d that i had just been there and that he had confirmed our reservation there was consternation. after hemming and hawing we were seated, and there might not have been anything further until i left for the men's room and to get change for a tip for which i went to the cigar counter, and when i stepped back i said excuse me to a man i thought i had bumped, only to realize i had been given the shoulder and to have him and another man fall in close behind me -- and i mean close -- muttering things like, "Hey kid! Where do you think you're going? Hey! Hey you! Hey kid!" my hair stood on end, and to this day it still does every time i tell this story and even now as i write it. as they muttered i kept thinking if i can just get back into the dining room . . . after i did i took my seat and they peeled off and stood on opposite sides of the doorway and watched us until we finished and left. Our group apparently hadn't noticed that i was shaking do hard i could hardly hold my cup, but i certainly told them the story after we got outside.

We never retested the place so we never knew then whether we had opened it to people of color. fast forward maybe 50 years to when i was back in town and decided to stay in the hotel to check it out. i didn't expect to have a problem, still being white, but i was pleased to the number of apparent senior black staff and mixed guests. Oh, the reason i was in town was for the funeral of a black colleague who had died the same hospital that had refused during the segregated 1920s to take his father, who died as a result, i suppose i might as well add the story of the time i was slugged by a black kid while i was on the street as a reporter during the violence in Cincinnati in 1967. Perhaps because i was a marine veteran i kept my feet and was able to walk away. In an example of understatement, the paper in reporting the incident said "his glasses had been knocked off. He did not return for them." Wouldn't have been smart even for a former marine.

I was at a hair store and there was a women not of American descent who was following in the store. Not once asked if she could help me. So once I found my product I was looking for, I went to the counter to pay for my item. There were three ladies behind the counter (2 African American, 1 not of American descent) and I told them what I had experienced will the women. Their excuse was she had just moved to the United States and did not speak English. I told them they need not have her on the floor if she could not help customers due to language barriers. I told them they will lose a lot of customers and they almost lost me. Because there's one thing if you’re helping and another thing if you’re following customers to make sure they are not stealing. Not all African Americans steal.

I really have been quite fortunate but I do notice that when shopping I don't always receive the warm greeting of welcome extended to other shoppers upon entering a business or, I don't receive the same courtesy and "Thank you" extended to other shoppers when completing my transaction at the cash register. I have also experienced shoppers assuming that I work in the store rather than being a shopper just as he or she is. And there have been a few instances where I feel that I'm perceived as a potential shoplifter based on how closely/constantly I'm observed while browsing throughout a business.

My daughter was getting medical treatment at a local hospital (out of my home state). Health care professionals "talked down" to me (and to her) and refused to give good information in order to make decisions about her care.

A few years ago, my husband and I were coming home late from the movies. We were in our semi-new Acura Legend. My husband was wearing a jogging suit and a ball cap. A patrol car was sitting on a side street and when we turned the corner to pass them, they immediately u-turned and zoomed up behind us flashing their lights. All we did was turn the corner. I was 8 months pregnant. They shined their flashlights

8 | P a g e on us, asked "is this your car?" and asked my husband where he worked (didn't ask for license, insurance or registration). Then they asked him to get out of the car. I was terrified because it was just two weeks after the Timothy Thomas shooting here in Cincinnati. My husband is 6'4 so when he stood up out the car, the two cops (who were much shorter) backed up placing their hands on their holsters. Fortunately, my husband was very diplomatic and switched to his professional mode. The reason for the stop? Tint on the windows too dark. If this was true, how did they see my husband (a black man in a nice car?) They unsuccessfully tried to measure the tint (it was after midnight) and cited us a $75 ticket. I was trembling the whole time afraid that I was about to lose my husband, but as we drove a away, were both were pretty pissed knowing that it was obvious racial profiling.

I was stopped in a "white community" many years ago and the police looked in my car with a flashlight and gave no reason. Have felt "invisible" while shopping, often. Preference given to white customers whom saleperson assumes has the funds to pay for purchase.

Racially profiled by police in Amelia, Ohio a predominately Caucasian community. My family was consistently followed or pulled over by the Police Department.

My friend and I were stopped while driving along in our car for "weaving in our own lane" by a police officer who was on a fishing expedition for any sort of violation he could find and we were driving a beaten up old car and looked like a good target for something to him. We were both college students at the time, wearing our seat belts, going the speed limit, had not crossed any lanes, and were completely sober. He kept us there for an hour by the side of a busy highway while we heard and saw speeders and flagrant violators going past us. Finally he determined that her Ohio driver’s license wasn't valid in the state of Kentucky and forced me to drive home in her stick shift car. She had just renewed her license in Ohio 3 weeks before this happened so we knew that to be a lie. He pulled me over one more time to caution me not to let her drive home or we'd both be arrested. I believe he stopped us based on a visual glance at our car and assuming he could have an easy ticket.

“My most troubling experience didn't concern law enforcement, but it was centered on the belief that I was inferior on the basis of both race and gender. I was in a parking lot of a major grocery store and took a parking spot that another patron wanted. I was the first driver to the spot. The driver (a middle-aged white female) was visibly angry; however, I didn't engage and went into the store to do my shopping. When I returned, I found a note on my car with the words: "‘n…..r’ Bitch" scrawled on them. This incident occurred in a suburb of Cincinnati, Ohio in 2007.

Some places do not want to wait on you when shopping or watch you like you are ready to steal something. Years ago, I was looking to rent in a neighborhood that was all white. The owner told me he cannot rent to me because I am black but he would give me an application. The second place told me they had to go before the board and let them know that a black family would like to move into the area. They approved letting me and my family to move in. In regards to employment, I see much less qualified co-workers get promoted ahead of me. While going to college I was called all kinds of N words.

While not endemic to this survey's questions it is known that black male youth question restrictions affecting them in public places throughout the city by excessive police surveillance and other "intrusive" behavior.

I have not experienced racial profiling. I have experienced discrimination and judgments based on my sexual orientation. These judgments have not been made by police officers, but by general citizens. Racial profiling has a basis in stereotypes, and so has what I've experienced.

In 1987 I applied for a teller position at two local banks. At only 19 years old I felt that at one of the banks, my application would not be considered as the young lady accepted it. In 1996, this same bank settled with the department of labor when it was discovered that minority applicants in 1988 and 1989

9 | P a g e were not hired while equally or more qualified that similar non minority applicants. An article still exists here: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-493615301.html In the late 1980s I remember shopping at Loehmann's where as I browsed the rack in an aisle, a male store manager stood at the end of that aisle watching me. When I moved to another aisle, he moved. I moved again and again and noticed that each time he moved.

I have several upper-middle-class African American friends who have experienced terrible racial profiling. Examples include: • people clutching their purses protectively when my friend enters an elevator • my friend's husband being followed by police several nights as he was on his way to his own home in a suburban neighborhood, until he stopped, and told them that he lives there. • another friend stopped as he was going to an event with several people in his car. Police made them all get out of the car and searched them.

My race is often mistaken by others on my nationality. Often people ask what are you. African Americans come in all colors. I am often told by whites you do not look like other black people. Who is to say what a black person looks like.

Not racial profiling, but anti-Semitism.

No negative experiences of racial profiling. In fact, when I've been stopped for speeding, I am as likely to get a warning, or an offer of a reduced offense, as not. So that's form of "racial profiling" -- preferred treatment because I am a white, educated female.

I've been followed and witnessed people being followed in stores when all I'm doing is walking and looking.

We as African-Americans witness profiling on the job daily. It is evident as we look around and see how many of us are in top decision making positions.

Evacuated from Los Angeles CA because of race to Heart Mtn, WYO. Relocated to Indianapolis where Butler U was not accepting "Japanese". Classified 4C when registered for draft. After discharge, was denied job because all openings had all been filled (found this was not true).

Being an Asian American I sense a subtle difference in treatment by some shop attendants in a mostly white neighborhood. Also my children and grandchildren who look Asian were harassed by some black as well as white children. It is well known that universities and colleges have a quota against applicants with Asian family names, because many of them are highly qualified and the admission office is afraid that Asian students will overwhelm other ethnic groups.

I am a white woman married to an Asian man. This does not always sit well, especially in the south. We think carefully about where we stop to eat when we travel. Also as a woman with an Asian surname, I got lots of job interviews (employers thought they were getting a 2-fer) only to have them go nowhere when I showed up in person.

While driving my personal luxury vehicle, I was pulled over by a police officer for no apparent reason (traffic infraction, seat belt, warrant, expired tags, faulty lights, etc.). After realizing that I had knowledge of my rights as a citizen and was not willing to be intimidated by his exercise of authority, the officer could offer no reasonable explanation for stopping me. He apparently wanted to discuss the performance of my legally acquired vehicle. This has happened on more than one occasion and within or near the neighborhood in which I live. I was "blue lighted" not only while driving on the street, but also in the parking lot of a convenience store. Each time it was a young white officer who tried to create a rationale for his action which had no basis in law.

10 | P a g e

Throughout my life I have had people refuse to invite me to participate in events that everyone else in the group was invited to. I have been told that my management styles were too aggressive even though my white, male counterparts were incredibly more aggressive and they were ok. I have been denied promotions even though I was the one training the ones who got them. I have been ignored service when going into certain stores.

As long as individuals have individual ideas and actions there will be bias. It doesn't affect my daily life, and I think the country spends too much time on the subject. Its time to move on, for us all.

When I was divorced many years ago, even though I had a better credit rating than my former husband, I had trouble getting home loans and buying a car because I was a single (divorced) woman. When I wanted to have a tubal ligation (for medical reasons) the physician would not allow it until I got a signed release from my husband. It was only when I threatened to sue for malpractice that he relented and performed the operation.

This occurred in a situation in which the young people involved were accepting but the adult involved was condescending and exclusive. At a youth focused event with adult table facilitators, I was profiled as the middle aged white lady by a male black older gentleman. He arrived late to the table conversation, proceeded to reprimand me for having spoken instead of just being an observer and listening to the youth at our table. He then proceeded to interject himself into the conversation by changing the focus away from the topic at hand & drawing attention to himself and commenting to students about the multiple forms of social media he was using to chronicle the event. At this point, I truly was just an observer of his antics and their responses. His actions shut down the goals/intent of those that had framed the event. It was amusing while also a little insulting. Ultimately, it was a minuscule example of what some folks may experience in multiple settings based on their race, gender, education level, age, etc.

Often being a black woman I carry the banner of welfare, lazy, inability to care for my numerous children and yes the face of poverty. So as i enter stores people that look like me and don't decide to approach me based on all or a variety of the above descriptors. Therefore, that could be avoidance, short tone or lack of interests in assisting me in finding, locating or purchasing. Some offer a barrier of price when inquiring about a garment or time. In the classroom my abilities are defined by professors and peers before taking a test, making oral contributions in class and only after a test when observing my accomplishment do I get a curious glance. In terms of working and career 10 years of no promotion and asking why not me, with no answer from anyone within the organizations I point out the last removals, demotions, and promotions. I suggested that certain people get promoted and others do not, look at the records can you help me to understand it. The response I see, but you are awesome?

As a teenager, I was pulled over by police on several occasions for suspicion I have been in situations where the crowd was predominately African American and was threatened by the crowd, I have witnessed less qualified minorities receive job promotions over white candidates.

Police profiling does not always have to do with race. Police profiling also occurs due to age, attire, neatness of appearance, kind of car being driven or being in a location where you do not reside. When I was younger, I was pulled over multiple times for no reason other than I drove an old, beat up car while I was in college. I worked 2nd and 3rd shift jobs so I would be driving late at night or very early in the morning. I would be pulled over for some lame excuse and then get pulled out of the car and harassed. I would also get pulled over when visiting my girl friend who lived in an upscale Chicago suburb and would be questioned why I was driving in this particular city. I was always polite and said yes sir and no sir and did not make sudden moves or put my hands in my pockets.

When pulled over, I kept my hands on the steering wheel in clear view of the police officer. Luckily I was never ticketed or received physical abuse. Since I had longer hair at the time, that probably also played a role in getting pulled over. Several years ago, I was pulled over on I75 northbound by the Glendale Milford

11 | P a g e exit and was surrounded by 3 state trooper cars. The state troopers stopped traffic on I75. It was a case of mistaken identity. I just happened to be driving a white van that matched a description of a vehicle involved in a crime. After verifying my identity, I was allowed to continue on my way. This event was quite upsetting. Race was not a factor in any of these cases, but police profiling some feature or other attribute was definitely involved in these encounters with the police.

When I first moved to my city 32 years ago, a white woman who was part of the clerical staff and reported to me, confronted me with this question: "Why did they go all the way to (city) to hire you?" Of the three white females reporting to me, two became so disrespectful, the president of the company had to threaten them with termination if their behaviors did not improve. As a consultant later in life, I conducted diversity awareness workshops. In one workshop composed of senior managers participating in a leadership development program, a white nun stated, "I'm tired of trying to understand black people. It's time they understand me. During that same session, a white man explained that his company did not hire Latinos because you can't understand what they are saying. I am over 70 and I now experience not only sexism and racism, but also ageism. It is more subtle today than it was when I moved here, but it still exists in all walks of life at all levels on the economic spectrum. With all of my degrees, I am still identified first as black, second as a woman and third as a Ph,D. I remain an enigma for white folks.

Profiling is the most practical and economical way to identify criminals. If the shoe fits, wear it.

As a female, I was told: a. I did not fit any "appropriate" college majors with my interests in out of doors, as told by my high school counselor. b. I was taking the place of a man in my graduate courses. c. My starting salary was less than the males performing the same work.

I was in an elevator with an older white woman who immediately started clutching her bag as if I was going to take it. She promptly went into the corner of the elevator watching me.

No matter what your professional level is, African Americans are unjustly targeted. I have experienced this in the work place, in apartment complexes, (I went to the Dept. of Fair Housing twice to file a discrimination suit against two landlords -I won both cases); I filed a discrimination suit with the Office of Employment Opportunity Commission against my employers. I did not win but was told by the investigating authorities that they know that I was discriminated against but they could not prove it on paper because my employers were lying. They noted that many employers take classes to learn how to combat discrimination suits. I did not experience any repercussions from my employers regarding my actions. They were very nice to me, almost to the point where I felt that it was phony. I eventually left. The good that came out of that case is that the healthcare workers who were last on the totem pole thanked me for standing up to our employers. They said that I gave them courage to stand up because there was widespread discrimination being practiced in our workplace. I do not like it all but I am used to White sales clerks looking at me when I shop simply because I am Black and they automatically assume that I am going to steal something from their store. If they only knew that I may have taught their son or daughter.

Once I let my hair grow after the service~ 1970s I was considered a dirty hippie. I worked and became a union organizer. In this part of the country that spells trouble. After all the rebels sold out during the 70s I "saw the light" and returned to school. I ended up joining the politicians because it was easier than fighting them and I had a family. I do have my regrets but I am retired now and want very much to be active following my personal political beliefs. I am ashamed of my peers and my own inability to affect change. After 911 I became very depressed because I knew what would follow. My depression has been turned to new energy and because of my grandchildren and the condition of the country I feel the urge to get involved.

12 | P a g e

I have a name that reflects my religious preference. (Islam) I am a born and raised American who embraced Islam 37 years ago. Most often in this part of the country there is a high military presence because of all of the military installations. Quite often many pass judgment on those who don't identify with Southwestern, gun toting, bible thumping (evangelical) culture and castigate them. As a Black man, in this part of the country, I have found that Blacks are more hesitant to speak their minds and because of this, they submit to a more conservative and less "confrontational" manner. This has lowered the recognition of Blacks as significant contributors to the society at large. I have considerably more to say but as a Sales Manager in the Auto industry, "Duty Calls"!

Employment: restricted ability to advance due to same like-race persons socialization (I.e. lunches, dinners, after hours social activities, etc.). In other words, "birds of a feather flock..." When these groups of like-race (white), socialize, they assimilate the types of knowledge and behaviors that make them appear "right" for advancement. Regarding ‘just because’: After my oldest son started college I worked in a low-pay, low stress type job to supplement my full-time job (as adjudicator of medical claims). I met the supervisor of the area (a grocery store deli) several wks after I started this job. The supervisor spent almost the entire work period telling how non-prejudice she was. She culminated her babble by stating that "I'm just as good as you and you’re just as good as me" I wondered and still wonder what any pg that had to do with my being a competent deli clerk.

Due to the fact that a lot of crimes are committed sometimes by hooded people, I am glad that my sons are not hood wearing men. I work in a high school and whenever we check the cameras to see who has committed some infraction (pulling the fire alarm, setting trash can on fire, etc.) they are always wearing a hoodie to hide who they are. Banks have signs saying "No hoodies". To me it is not a black or white situation. Hoodies are just intimidating. I am not saying that that man was right to shoot Trayvon. I am saying that hoodies arouse a suspicion in me whenever I see them. It also seems like a lot of times when I pass a bunch of youth wearing hoodies that I hear a lot of profanities and disrespect. Young men in the 'hood' seem happy to be intimidating with their hoodies on. I know that is not 100% of the youth, but enough of them are doing it that it makes me uncomfortable with our own youth nowadays.

In educational arenas, there have been instances where the expectations for me were low or underwhelming. For example, while completing my MBA program, at the first class of the semester, the instructor stated the reason why the US was not able to compete effectively was due to all the money spent and re-spent to educate the African American. African Americans didn't learn in middle school, high school, or on their jobs and dollars that should have been used to invest in the company were instead needed to try to educate the African American. By the time he finished and I looked around the core class, there were 50-60 students and two African Americans. It was tough to find a group willing to include me in their case studies. One finally did, two men, two women, all Caucasian and me. The first study they men did exclusively and we got a C on it. The second one they wanted nothing to do with it and the ladies did it and we received a B. The third study we all worked on it as a group, Xavier University MBA program, view point of Marketing professor, 1991.

I am a 62 black middle-class woman who has experienced very little race profiling. However, I have felt, not lately, but in the past I was watched in a department store or treated differently based on dress. I remember going to Macy's after work to purchase pantyhose and was greeted warmly by the clerk. I was in my profession work clothes. A few days later I was returning a few pair of pantyhose because of wrong size. It was Saturday and I had been working around the house and running errands and had on jeans, tee shirt and tennis and this same clerk greeted me with less enthusiasm and desire to help. I feel my mode of dress was judged but I don't think it would have been the same for a white woman.

I am a privileged educated and financially secure white male. I have not experienced racial profiling myself, but have seen plenty of evidence that it happens in virtually all of the above categories. I support efforts that educate, inform, and increase understanding among/between ethnic groups.

13 | P a g e

While driving to work, I was stopped by police. I asked why I was stopped? He said I threw something out the car window, I said what do you mean? His response, drugs. I said ok let's go check the street where you said I did this and you will nothing, or call in K-9 unit to check car! He ok go to work??!!!

An African lady wanted to braid my hair African style because I had helped her with something. It was a fun day getting my hair braided BUT after it was braided I was stopped by the police supposedly for traffic violation but they couldn't tell me what I had done. I also noticed I was looked at and treated much differently while shopping. Assumption are often made since I am on disability. Sometimes I am treated by medical personnel as though I as an uneducated moocher living off the system. I wish I had my health back. I never wanted to be on disability but I had little choice.

Police frisked me in Harlem routinely -I was being prepared in school to be a cook but went on to earn a PhD from U. Wisconsin/Madison -When younger, people would not take an elevator with me when they were alone -As a young professor, a student asked me what right I had to teach the class in front of the entire class!

For the record, many of my worst negative profiling experiences have come at the hands of other AA's, that's right, class profiling has gotten as bad or worse as racial profiling...digress, sorry, black man accuses me of on the job theft. I'm his supervisor; calls white supervisor who then calls Popo, Popo looks at me, takes me to a back room, tells me he can tell by looking at me that I'm guilty. Amount stolen 75.00 bucks... I don't trust anyone any more!!

I’m not allowed to speak about it because of a pending pre-trial agreement.

Stopped once in a very old car for going 66 mph in 65mph zone - the judge was upset about it . Told that my application was turned down for a job I was very qualified for because of my gender and religious affiliation. In fields of math and physics a number of times ran into statements of gender bias by other students and instructors - not believing that I had the knowledge because I was a female. Turned down for a job that I interviewed for only because I was recently divorced (verified by member of committee who thought they made a mistake) Found that when I dressed in shabby clothes that I wasn't waited on at all in some stores. I'd like to add that in several recent situations where the employers were based in philosophies or religions that were known to value the individual, I've been well accepted and treated.

As an African-American woman who lived for 65 years in New York City, I have been denied access to educational opportunities (pre-Affirmative Action), denied employment, reminded of my "place," by co- workers, followed in many stores, ignored in many stores while whites were served, "redlined" when looking for apartments, homes, ignored in medical settings, talked down to by whites with far less education than I have, assumed to be clerical or cleaning staff in my universities. I have dealt with micro- aggressions all my life and continue to do so in North Carolina, where I have lived for the past two years. Racism is alive and well in America!

I am an Asian American and am judged as poor manager or lack of administrative skills due to limited/insufficient skills in speaking/writing English.

As a white male, I'm very aware of certain privileges I have, particularly when it comes to profiling by police. However, about 10 years ago I had long hair, and it was interesting to see how differently I was treated. I believe I was stopped in my car by police for no apparent reason, etc.

My husband and I were driving to FLA to visit a friend. We had a new car. Upon reaching Jacksonville, FLA, we were followed by a police officer. Being careful not to make any missteps, we kept driving. After following us for several miles, the police lights go on and we are pulled over. They ask my husband to get out of the car. He asks what is wrong they state nothing, just checking. The other officer comes to my side of the car and asks me what I did for a living. I asked, what did that have to do with anything but

14 | P a g e that I was a hospital executive. My husband's wallet was in my purse. When he asked me to hand it to him, the other officer made a very offensive statement about who was the boss. After checking his license, they gave it back and told us we could leave. No ticket, citation or anything. Clearly, stopped for driving a new car and being Black.

Unjustly Profiled: On or about February 24, 2012, my friend and I (both Caucasian and about 47 - 65 years of age) were apprehended while driving an RV northbound on the Interstate in Tennessee and returning from Daytona Beach, Florida. Tennessee Highway Patrol officers pulled us over without cause and without a charge and subjected us to a complete vehicle and body drug search with drug sniffing dogs. At no time were we notified as to why we were stopped or as to what we were being accused of. It was an excessive, intimidating, and harassing interrogation. It was finally implied that we were suspected of possession and transportation of illegal drugs across state lines for the purpose of selling in another state. We were eventually released without charge due to lack of evidence.

My father was stopped in our own neighborhood wearing a tuxedo while driving home our white babysitter in the mid 90's by a police officer who pulled him over for looking 'suspicious'. My mother and I were pulled over in WV a few years ago for no apparent reason. I was accused of stealing from a store in the mall, because I looked 'suspicious'.

Please see my story. One thing I would like to add -- I don't really know that this survey could be considered objective. The way that some of the questions are worded, injects emotion into the wording. Also, we're assuming that any alleged profiling is race-based, when in reality, maybe it is and maybe it isn't. Maybe it's age-based. Maybe it's based on behavior. For example, in a drug store, if there's a big group of teenaged girls who are clustered near the back of the make-up aisle and they're huddling up and whispery, white or black, security is going to be interested in what's going on because that's classic shoplifting behavior. My comments should not be seen as making the point that profiling does not exist, I know it does. My point is just that, sometimes with our comments and verbiage we can make things into problems.

Not being hired at an Ad Agency as a lower level employee due to "not enough experience" as a college grad with a degree in Visual Communications. But they hired a white girl, same lack of experience, with an English degree.

I have experienced suspicious character and prejudgments by law enforcement while shopping, at parks, and while driving. I believe this is related to the way that I (and my peers) dress and personalities. We are often stopped by law enforcement because of the condition of the car we are in, because of the "hippy" or urban clothes that we wear. We are very often followed and/or questioned. We often travel in large groups of friends and we are very playful, so we have been accused of "being on drugs" or "malicious intent". I have experienced many friends being denied employment because of their hair styles, piercings, tattoos, or dress. One friend was a victim of mistaken identity, when he was held without bail for a crime in another state which he had never visited. The police held him for questioning because someone stole one of his old license plates and committed a crime in another state. Many times during school, I was treated by a teacher or professor as unintelligent. I believe this was partly because of my playful personality. During high school graduation, when we practiced for the precession, one of the teacher's commented that she thought I was in special education when I was called for the top graduates.

I have not been racially profiled. I'm a white woman. White women get away with murdering their children. We are the opposite of racially profiled.

I have been profiled going into stores. They think I smoke weed so they will offer me cigars. I have been pulled over or my plates have been run for no reason.

15 | P a g e

I believe I have been favorably treated because of my race, age class, and gender- that is profiling in its own way. When I have been stopped by police, (rarely) i am given a friendly warning, but not a ticket. However I do work hard to be especially polite and pleasant in these types of situations, and to show empathy for the police officer I am speaking to- is that a special safety rule? You did not ask about gender, sexual orientation or perceived sexual identity, but huge amounts of profiling occur in that way. I'd like you to add to your study how gay, transsexual and transgender folks are profiled too. Though i do not have personal experience with this some of the most horrible stories of profiling I've heard have come from these situations. When i was victim of a minor assault- hit in the face and knocked down during a theft- the assailant boasted to his friends that he hit a white lady. The police, court system etc. made statements that they were especially outraged that my assailant had hit a woman. I believe the case would have been treated differently if a man hit a man. As a woman, I always live by special safety rules. I barely know it is there on a daily basis, but on the very few times I occasions outside the US when I have been in an environment where it was safe to walk anywhere alone at night and the feeling of freedom was remarkable.

Was driving in I-75 in Butler County, OH. Got pulled over for speeding. I was speeding, no argument there. The officer had my license, registration and proof of insurance in hand and proceeded to question me at length about the ownership of my vehicle. I am a young black woman and I drive a black Cadillac. And having all my information in hand, he decides to ask my occupant (who was in violation of no laws, as he was wearing a seatbelt, riding w/me) for identification. My occupant was a black male, wearing a skullcap. Although I did not argue with the officer, I let him know that I knew enough (took enough law classes) to know that ID'ing my occupant was not standard and I let him know I would see him and his racism before a judge. I went to court and the ticket was reduced, upon me telling the judge abt the profiling that ensued. Not only that, but when he pulled me over, there were two cars I was following behind who were going faster than I was. I guess the officer just knew I would make his night. And I did. I have no problem paying my tickets, if I earn them, which I did. But the profiling was extra.

Police shoved me around and issued a disorderly conduct citation because I asked a question. Different time, police pulled me over because I was driving in the wrong neighborhood. It's not just police officers - I love in the city, and when I walk/drive in certain parts of the city less than 2 miles from my house, I get dirty looks or worse.

One time, I was shopping in a retail store. I was dressed in a sweat suit. I was looking at different clothing items, basically browsing. I happened to notice that the store clerk was following me. I have been in that store many times. I am not sure if it was because of the way I was dressed or the color of my skin, or what. That was the only time that I was followed in that particular store.

Because, I don't dress like a man sixty + years of age many times I am looked at as 'Well as a dear friend once said !' I tend to look as though I just left the drop-inn center! But, if I were white that really wouldn't make a difference as to my ability, intellect nor finances. Yet, people in my industry still prefer to consider me less than themselves. And that they are superior. Banking, training sessions, in doing business with others.

Mistaken identity -- a credit agency started harassing me to pay back a substantial loan for "beauty school" because my name was similar to the person who owed the money. I tried to explain that my SS# was different from hers but they would not listen. My brother-in-law, who is an attorney, tried to help to no avail. I finally contacted my U.S. Senator and the harassment stopped. I never knew the outcome but it was terrifying to me while it was going on. 2) intelligence/competence perception -- I worked in an all male manufacturing environment in the auto industry in Detroit and was often either overlooked or treated in a condescending way because I was a woman. 3) classroom/education -- I was one of 12 female or minority students out of 60 in an MBA program at Northwestern University. We stayed together informally as a group helping one another out because many of the male students treated us as inferior or ignored us.

16 | P a g e

Random stop by police for suspicion of speeding...unjust.

I have been pulled over in a car full of Black peers without cause. I have had microaggresive comments about my hair amongst strangers, passersby, ignored by customer service, followed in stores, amongst other experiences. It's embedded in my daily experience as a Black person in America.

I was driving and was pulled over by a group of cops. It started off as one, but when I stopped three other cars and a van appeared. They all pulled me over at gun point. Four officers had hand guns and one had a shot gun. I told them I wasn't the suspect they were looking for and they still detained me. They handcuffed me and put me and a friend in the back of the car. He said it was a mistaken identity.

Being a "light skin" person I am often told that my appearance is less threatening then "dark skin" women. White people are often comparing their summer tans to my skin color. I've been asked if one of my parents are white. I've been told that I don't act black because I am not loud, rude, or that I don"t TALK like I'm black. I also have been racially judged by black people because of my skin color.

As a college student I frequently shopped in a upper income mall. I once was stopped after leaving a store and told that an associate saw me put items in my purse. Security was called and I had to allow security to search my bag.

The biggest incident that was blatant was about 6 yrs ago, I was traveling to West Virginia, I had just gotten off work so my uniform was in the backseat. I got stopped in southern Ohio, the police officer stopped me for a head light out. Once he realized I was a Deputy he said he stopped me because I was driving a big boy SUV and that they were having problems with drug runners from Columbus in these type vehicles so he stopped me. Wow. I have been in conversations where people (white) have thought because I am black I don't understand, and then when I respond intelligently they act as though they are insulted. I have been shopping and the white sales person act uninterested in helping me and then when I spend over a $100 then the white sales persons wants to act all friendly or look at me crazy. It has been going on forever, I would love to see a change but who knows.

I was valedictorian of my Christian high school. Parents complained and boycotted graduation because "Some black girl could not have had the best GPA. I also get monitored in stores and passed over to assist someone else

Every since the civil rights laws was enacted in 1966 by our then president Lyndon Johnson, the white race in the south had always been democratic suddenly became republicans to try and continue the ways of the old south that is control the minorities. Someone slipped the stand your ground law in, and that seems to answer their appetite, for that matter and don't forget the voter registration laws: a format of the old poll tax.

There are too many to tell in my 21 years in the US, even after completing my legal authorized immigration (Green Card) after 17 years of battle. I am considered one of the lucky ones (not only because of the immigration but in general with racial profiling). I would not complain but I do only because it is so easy to eradicate "racial profiling" from this country, all together. This country is founded with immigrants and, in general, public are very sympathetic and understanding. Only the "few," for their selfish motivation, manipulate the system to fight back in favor of "Racial Profiling." Good leadership could change that for good, if another few tried! All good citizens should protect the weak for the country to prosper with better values.

Told by officer 'in this country we...'

17 | P a g e

I am a white female who was driving through a rural area with my African American boyfriend. I was stopped by the police for "speeding" but I was not speeding. My car was searched, my boyfriend was handcuffed and put in the back of the police car. After an hour of questioning about "our business" in the area my boyfriend was released from the cop are and I was cautioned about having an African American boyfriend. Other than the initial statement as to why I was pulled over the "speeding" incident was never mentioned and I was not cited. About 5 years ago I was shopping at Walmart’s with my God Sister who is biracial (African American and Caucasian). It was a weekend and late at night. We were shopping at Kroger (our local grocery store) for snacks, as we were watching movies at home and got a craving for yogurt covered pretzels. We were followed around the store by the police officer on duty. When we got to the check out he mentioned my God-Sister putting something in her purse and he searched her. She never put anything in her purse because she wasn't carrying one! We were both questioned about theft though we didn't take anything and only got into my purse when it was time to pay.

Certain retail stores follow black females (regardless of age) around and continuously ask 'may I help you find something'...and I never see them do the same to the white females -especially the continuous following behind (watching you) a person.

18 | P a g e

“There is a tragic irony to the fact that currently 180 years after the Slavery Abolition Act prohibited slavery in the British Empire, 150 years after the Emancipation Proclamation prohibited slavery in the U.S., and 125 years after the Golden Law prohibited slavery in Brazil, black enslavement continues in several especially pernicious forms throughout the transatlantic region.” –Black Bodies and 21st Century Captivities. Emancipation 150: Religion, Race & Justice. Kinetics. 24 November 2013

Tell Us Your Story Part 1.1 General Public (GP-A) - Homeless Disparate Treatment Q.#21 Racial Profiling Experiences (RPEs) n=72 respondents “Is good citizenship an effective guard against being racially profiled?

General Public (GP-A) - Homeless Q.#13 “Stand Your Ground laws are unjust for certain citizen groups.” Total Survey GP-A respondents n=102; ‘YES’ 83.7% n=77

General Public (GP-A) – Homeless - Demographics Total Survey respondents n=102 73.5% Black/African-American n=72 Q.#14 “What race/ethnicity best describes you?

Source: Data - The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling. Tamar M. Forrest, PhD; Gail L. Lowe, MSW

19 | P a g e

General Public (GP-A) - Homeless Q. #3 “I want good police protection in my community” Total Survey respondents n=102; ‘YES’ 99.0% n=100

Source: Data - The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling. Tamar M. Forrest, PhD; Gail L. Lowe, MSW

GP-A Survey - Homeless Part B: General Public survey instrument [Paper handout format. Ohio only].

“Multiple calls to local real estate company in Columbus that rents dozens of properties in German Village area. I received no return calls, left several messages. I have an "ethnic" sounding name. I suspected this was the issue. So I asked my friend with a very "American/Euro" name to call and leave a message. She received a call back from her single message within 24 hrs. Clearly this company had no intention of renting to someone who was likely African-American.

“Just LOOK at what's checked above. It's appalling. (And entirely too much to list here).

“Working at store for almost 4 years, only 5 African American employees and all were laid off by new manager--for NO reasons.

“No story. Don’t want to say, Thanks anyway.

“At a department store, I was approached by 2 white "cops" who asked me questions because I am black. It was that a black male robbed the store, and I realized that because I was a black male, I was being racially targeted.

“One day when I was walking to the store on Parsons Ave. a police officer stop me and accused me of breaking into a house and robbing some just I was wearing a OSU outfit the day before the buckeyes played. 2) One day I got into a fight with one of my neighbors and the judge told me that even though I was protecting my family and the force I used was justified, he's still giving me six months. And one day I was riding home in Zanesville with my roommate and when we got pulled over by the county sheriff he asked my roommate what is she doing with a ‘n…..r’ like me.

“African American male friend was waiting on a corner for a ride. The person who was coming to pick him up was late. The police came and arrested my friend because the corner where he was waiting happened to be in front of a bank.

“Falsely accused me of stealing my own car and documents were given in court that it was my car and auto theft is on my record.

“Mistaken identity Stopped on street for no reason In wrong neighborhood. Overqualified for job. Judged by crimes 10 years ago.

20 | P a g e

“Sometimes I am mistreated with or by authoritative figures because of my skin, jobs, character in general. I served my country and it's not fair. Because I see everyone equal: not because of skin color, level of education or profession.

“I was at a Speedway gas station and I was taken into custody for suspicious character and/or mistaken Identity.

“Typical middle to low income non-Anglo Saxon story.

“Not enough room. Live your life as a black man in America is a risk and dangerous. Period.

“I have experience how the police treated me in the past, cracking jokes about me to each other or ask if I'm drunk or on drug. I'm petite; been small all my life. Also how teenagers act on the bus talking about older people.

“Unsolved homicide of neighbor in 2009, no one cared about him because of who he was and where he lived. -This country needs to remain vigilant in funding justice for Trayvon Martin and all profiled young black males like him.

“My fiancé and I were driving along, joking and he was motioning with his hands. A policeman pulled us over, and made us get out of the car. He said we looked "violent", wanted to know what were doing, and said we should not be on the road!!

“Cop pulled me over in my friend’s car and did not have a reason (suspicious of my character).

Sitting on porch and cops walk up between the houses. Driving down street got pulled over for driving on line but was given a warning because I looked suspicious coming home from work. 2. Not given jobs because of my sexual orientation.

“Working in an all working environment there was a lot of prejudice against me. Do things behind my back. A lot of talking. I talk it up of them being jealous. ______Summary Findings General Public Survey (GP) and Homeless (GP-A) Surveys

Finding #1: “Is good citizenship an effective guard against being racially profiled?” ‘NO’.

Compare the 98.03% closeness in overall average among GP and GP-A survey respondents, the ‘sameness’ pertaining to ‘citizenship’ and the ‘good life’ at questions #1-6. Volume 1 Pg. 27-28

Compare also the disparity in racial profiling experiences (RPEs) of those populations, GP and GP-A (67.1%). Volume 1 Pg.29

Finding #2: “Is Stand Your Ground unjust for certain citizen groups?” ‘YES’.

‘YES’. 78.35% [78.4%] Average GP/GP-A non-crosstab agreement; Question #13. Volume 1 Pg. 29 Of the 100% non-crosstab [n=102] GP-A persons asked Question #13 on ‘SYG unjust’, 83.7% (n=77) agree that SYG laws are unjust. Volume 1 Pg.29

Finding #3: When it comes to societal treatment, the persons of GP and GP-A survey examinations are not similarly situated. Volume 1 Pg.36

21 | P a g e

Part 2 Accomplished Professionals - Disparate Treatment Narratives “Is good citizenship an effective guard against being racially profiled?” Is high professional achievement an effective guard against being racially profiled?” Q. #6 “What is your approximate average household income?

Source: Data - The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling. Charles O Dillard, MD; William B. Lawson, MD

Accomplished Professionals Racial Profiling Experiences (RPEs) Q. #18 n=86 respondents; Total Survey respondents n=141

Source: Data - The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling. Charles O Dillard, MD; William B. Lawson, MD

22 | P a g e

Accomplished Professionals - Racial Profiling Experiences (RPEs) Total Survey respondents n=141 Q. #9 “I want good police protection.” ‘YES’ 100% n=129 [0% ‘NO’; 12 persons skipped question]

Accomplished Professionals - Racial Profiling Experiences (RPEs) n=125 respondents; Total Survey respondents n=141 Q. #12 “Stand Your Ground is unjust law.” ‘YES’ 86.4% n=108

Accomplished Professionals - Demographics Q. #4 Black/African American 72.3% n=99 Total Survey respondents n=141

Source: Data - The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling. Charles O Dillard, MD; William B. Lawson, MD

23 | P a g e

Accomplished Professionals Disparate Treatment Narratives: “Tell us your story.”

Who, among male citizens of America country and by eyesight and impromptu evaluation, is likely to be judged as ‘suspicious’ and ‘guilty’? And who is customarily exempt from the harmful effects of Stand Your Ground and other unjust states’ laws and civil or municipal or other community procedures?

Part A: Accomplished Professionals survey instrument Electronic collector of survey responses, across 29 states plus Virgin Island and Canada. Racial Profiling Experience (RPE) type appears in bold.

“In business deals, I feel like it's not expected for me to be as smart, knowledgeable, or efficient! I definitely have been profiled in a retail store.

“Traffic stop, officer claimed my tag# was reported. Another case of mistaken identity / racial profiling.

U.S. border patrol crossing back into U.S. from Canada demanded we get out of the car and handcuffed and detained me and my husband. They claimed there was a warrant for my husband, but upon examining and questioning admitted the ID and passport# were not a match to their claim. We were the sole African Americans on site and believe this was racially motivated.

“Real estate location: After talking with agent on the phone about a vacant apt. I went to me with agent in less than an hour the apt. had been rented. The agent was very short with answers and had attitude with me and asked me to leave.

While visiting Nashville for a family reunion, I was held at gun point at a local mall as I was a black male who had a similar ethnicity to some criminal near mall.

I was stopped pulled over and towed in my car by the police with my infant daughter in the car on one hot summer day during Indy 500 in 90 degree heat after they ran my license and said it was suspended. Come to find out, it was NOT. I had to get car out of towed and I attended a public meeting held by a baptist church because of racial profiling in Indpls, Indiana.

I was riding home from a Christmas party w/friends when we were stopped for "keeping straight in a turning lane." The police then made all of us get out the car and had a dog search the vehicle for drugs. After the dog found nothing we were able to leave w/only a verbal warning.

As a recent medical school graduate I was very excited to start my residency program in OB/GYN. Working in a small predominantly white community has.

When in line at the malls, cashiers always or almost always assume that the black person behind you, is with you, and proceed to ring up items together.

I am currently in a race discriminate case against Metropolitan Government for unfair promotional practices. And I have learned that a jury trial doesn't always bring the justice we seek.

4th grade: My teacher gave me failing grades. When my mother went to the school to confront teacher she thought another child belonged to my mother b/c my mother is light skinned and I am dark. My mother knew that I didn't deserve failing grades b/c I did my homework and studied my assignments and had not received failing grades before in my educational career.

24 | P a g e

Was spat on by a group of boys while attending college. Shopping experience in Bloomingdale's (Chgo) would not wait on me in the Channel cosmetics was totally ignored. Same at Greenhill shopping mall.

General being followed at store.

The incident I remember most vividly happened when I was a teenager. I was waiting in a van while my father and brother went into a home to buy some fish for our fish tank. I was there for more than an hour when two police cars rushed up and parked behind my dad's van. Officers jumped out with guns and flashlights and started looking into the van. They asked me my name and I told them and then told them my father and brother were in the neighborhood home where the guy had a small pet store. They did not seek out my father. They looked in the van and said they'd gotten a call of a suspicious vehicle in the neighborhood. They then drove off. The van happened to be parked in front of a home where the people were on vacation. One of their neighbors who was watching the home called the cops. Anyway, it was very terrifying to me as a teenager. I told my father who promptly called the police chief and blasted him for the actions of the officers. I've never seen my father, a military officer, so angry. This occurred in the mid 1970s and unfortunately still appears to be going on today.

I volunteer for a medical clinic as a technician and coordinator. I am a white male with gray hair and do not have a medical degree or other medical certification. Often as I am helping people they call me doctor even though it does not list this on my name tag nor do I introduce myself by anything other then my name. Most of the time I am dressed in street clothes or at most a medical scrub top.

My husband and I were driving back to AZ from VA. I was stopped in Oklahoma by a State Trooper in complete black attire in a black jeep, lots of arms in clear sight. He did not have the typical trooper hat but a cap. Very intimidating. He came out of a median covered in vegetation. The speed limit was 80. I was traveling at 82-83 mph. My husband was the passenger. He asked for the vitals, and then told me to get out of the car. I asked him if there were a problem. He indicated my speed was 83mph. I replied that my understanding was that I was not to exceed the limit more than 5 mph. He told me that he had the prerogative to determine that. I said absolutely and that I would remember that. He took me back to the jeep and told me to get in on the passenger side. He had already run my data when he initially stopped and pulled us over. So I was unsure as to why the sitting in the jeep. I was very uneasy and prayed that my husband would not get out of our car. While in the jeep, he wanted to know where we were coming from. Also, where we were going. I explained that we were driving across country back to AZ. He asked if we lived in Scottsdale. I said yes. (This was on our auto tag and my license and registration, so why the question I thought). He wanted to know how long we lived there and our occupations. Both I and husband are retirees. I told him my field (Education) and my husband’s (shipping/receiving to US Embassies around the world for Oscar Meyers).

I further stated that my husband had served 2 tours in the Military, one being Vietnam and a Sergeant. I felt his body language softening. He said that I could go. I released the jeep door as I collected my data. He pulled off as did my husband and I did. I continued to drive and we stopped at the nearest rest station. We both processed the event. Had my husband gotten out of our car, there could have been an ugly situation to happen.

My husband was very angry. I was frightened and realized that this person whose entire jeep was outfitted with heavy artillery could have claimed "Stand Your Ground," as it is referenced today. I am still left unsettled. I had never experienced having to get out of my car and having to sit in the JEEP or any other officer's auto. I had given my data, why the need to sit in this JEEP??? I felt that this move was to bait my husband. It is a natural inclination for a man to inquire as to this MOVE executed by this officer.

While crossing a poorer neighborhood in the late 80s in my boyfriend's relatively new sport car, we were stopped and the police had actually pulled out their guns while questioning my boyfriend. When asked why we were stopped, the only response obtained was suspicious behavior. (Only the car could have

25 | P a g e raised their suspicion, (too luxurious for blacks) I feared for my boyfriend life. the car was searched and I feared that the police would frame us. Eventually we were let go. On many occur occasions, the car brought similar interest to us that would also result in speeding tickets when no speeding had taken place. A friend with a brand new corvette had eventually traded the car to avoid attracting the police's suspicion in the black neighborhoods where he lived and traveled. i was a "hood" in the late fifties and a hippie in the sixties/seventies. Both these chosen looks were not appreciated at the time in many places here in the States. as early hippies, many called us "voluntary ‘n…..r’s" but being white we could opt out at any time. not so when it's the color of your skin. so i am well versed in how chosen, tribal, rebellious modes of attire can attract unwanted attention. Since many white kids wear hoodies as an act of identification with hip-hop/rap subculture and its perceived underclass criminality, all kids who dress thusly are asking to be pre-judged and mistreated. Unfortunate but true. i suffered the same treatment when i chose to wear black leather or sport shoulder-length hair. so the hoodie issue is a waste of time. kids always choose to look rebellious and therefore run the risk of paying an inordinate price for doing so.

I drove an MGA sports car In New Orleans and was stopped many times. I was thrown against a wall spread eagle and searched be Rookie White cops who were relentless. Another time in Ann Arbor, Michigan (where I earned a PhD) I was walking along a paved sidewalk coming from the Gym and was stopped by 2 cops. One white and one black who approached me with their hands on their pistols ready to draw and fire. I remained calm and volunteered.

I have been followed while shopping I have been mistaken for white and my partner who is a dark skin black man...we have been mistaken for a mixed couple and the reception at one time was not good.

One day, my son was walking with his friend in our own neighborhood, when they were stopped by police in a cruiser. They were asked to show identification. My son was 16 at the time and we were the only black family in the neighborhood. We had just recently moved from the air force base housing into a house in Phoenix. My son and his friend had to produce their military ID, and answer questions before being allowed to go. His friend's mother and I filed a complaint. As a result, the patrolman involved, personally visited my home. He explained the reason my son and his friend were stopped was because there had a report that someone had been peeking into people's windows. The report said they fit the description given, "a Black or Hispanic teenager". He also explained the boys had on expensive shoes and jackets which indicated to him they might have been selling drugs to have been dressed so well. The Police officer asked how were we able to furnish my home with such quality furnishings. I explained we had been stationed overseas and had purchased all our household and clothing items at our last duty station. Plus my husband was then stationed in Korea was providing my children with clothing. The officer offered an apology to both of our families. I feel this apology would not have happened if my son's friend's mother had not been white and working in the mayor's office.

As a real estate agent, I witnessed steering and found myself a victim of steering. - I was stopped while driving a van in Alabama at night. I was not speeding. The police officer came to the passenger's side where my husband was seated. My husband was wearing his NAACP cap. The officer said that is was speeding pointed his flash through the back - I worked in HR and witnessed many instances of AA employees being denied promotions over less qualified whites. I was made to hire a white woman as a trainer even though she was afraid of public speaking. She didn't work out, but I was told to keep her until she could find other employment. - Statements such as "You're different from other AAs"; did door-to- door sales in IN. People called police because I knocked on their doors; picked up several times by police & told never to return to towns. - Followed in department stores

I live in Arizona and have witnessed Blacks and Hispanics singled out for suspicion during shopping trips and at events. Just about ever time I fly my bags ad person are searched THOROUGHLY often at the risk of missing the flight.

26 | P a g e

Stopped by police for being a black female driving a nice car. the second incident was years later when it was explained to me by the "cope" that a car fitting the same description of my car had been stolen a few minutes before I was pulled over. this incident was very scary due to the fact that it was a one cope car, late at night in a deserted area and no street lights. What save me I think was I my hair was grey.

It is difficult to condense a life or separate strands of prejudice, but, I am Lesbian and of Arab descent. I have in the past, been stopped by police for, I suspect, "driving while Hispanic" in a white Denver suburb. This was in the early 1980's .While I doubt I would be stopped today, that was then. Once I was asked by a university in the South to send a photograph with my job application. I refused to do so, telling them only that I had dark brown eyes and hair. Needless to say, despite my Princeton Ph.D. as well as other credentials, I was dropped from consideration. Colleagues at a university in Arizona where I once taught, also made remarks to me about Arabs getting the bomb, and told obscene jokes about Arabs and camels to my face despite my polite request at a reception that they not do so. That said, these racist incidents have been dwarfed by the consistent prejudice I have experienced my whole life as a woman and a Lesbian.

As a person of color in certain communities of privilege, I am invisible. Often cutoff in lines and not considered respected. In more mixed communities, we have a meshing of cultures, but at least folks are willing to understand our differences are cultural. However, we seek to be a better Beloved Community. However in communities of privilege, folks seem only focused on their immediate social needs and less interest in the meshing of cultures.

Many years ago, I was shopping for a new car in the San Francisco area. I stopped in a BMW showroom and was looking at a model I was interested in. I was doing some comparison shopping. I was told by one of sale person that I could not afford to purchase one of their cars. He just walked up to me after I entered the showroom and make that statement. I turned around and left. He didn't know my financial status. He just went by my skin color.

Sales or wait people referring to me as "girl", White people expecting me to step aside when they want to pass, having vendors/sales wait on me after white customers who came after me, dissuaded from applying for college, stopped by police when driving a luxury car. Not having any form of cultural identification in the church in which I worship; thus leading to a false conclusion that I assimilated dominant culture.

I had a serious time obtaining a mortgage in 2010, even though I was putting down 45% on a down payment and had a fico score of 750+. They gave me a very hard time until I threatened them. The reason: my last name was Italian but was mistaken for Hispanic.

The death of Mr Martin was tragic. He should not have been killed. I will say that at the onset. With that being said, the media hyped this whole incident as usual and got everyone into frenzy. They ran with the racial narrative that did not pan out. I am not saying Zimmerman was a saint but the FBI found him to be no racist. There were some issues but racism was not one. What they found after interviewing more than 40 people was that Zimmerman had a black girlfriend that he took to the prom in High School. Plus he mentored black children. First, Martin sadly was a young thug. There were pictures on his cell phone camera of him posing with a gun, and smoking marijuana sporting his gold teeth. The gold teeth were not illegal but the gun and marijuana were. The autopsy showed it in his system. The picture they flashed on television was a 12 year old Martin. He looked totally different at 19. He was expelled from school for fighting. Burglary tools and stolen jewelry was found in his locker. The argument could be made that if he was not expelled from school he would have been at home with his mother. Instead, he was visiting his father in Florida. Testimony proved that martin threw the first punch. While pounding Zimmerman's head into the concrete the gun was exposed and Martin tried to kill him. He told Zimmerman that he was going to die tonight. This is the spin the news media kept away from the public at large.

27 | P a g e

From 1984 thru 1986, I lived in Dallas, Texas after graduating from architecture school. Within that 2 year period, I was stopped by the police 10 times - walking, driving, going to the library, standing and waiting for a bus (standing underneath a bus stop sign). I left days in 1986 and moved to Arizona. Two weeks after moving to Arizona, Evan Mecham was elected Governor of the state. After being sworn in to office, Gov. Mecham rescinded the Dr. King Jr. State Holiday.

I was stopped by a policeman for speeding. I was asked for my driver's license. I reached in my coat pocket for my wallet. The policeman put a gun to my head. He told me he was a veteran of 20 years and "people like you are a threat". 2. I was driving around in an expensive neighborhood in broad daylight. Two policemen pulled me over. One approached from the driver's side of the car and began yelling at me to get out of the car "SLOWLY!" The other approached from the passenger side with his gun drawn. They said there were a number of neighborhood break-ins and I fit the 'profile'. They searched my car, verified my ID, then let me go. 3. I was in the parking lot of a local mall. As I was walking toward the front door, a white lady noticed me. She let out a loud gasp, clutched her purse, ran to her car and locked her doors. 4. I was entering a reception for a friend who passed the Bar Exam. There were several hundred people present, maybe more. A policeman stopped me and asked, "What is your business here today?" I said, "There are a lot of people here. Why did you stop me?" He said, "This is a private affair, only certain people are allowed." In a mocking motion, I put my hands the wall and spread my legs. I said, "Go ahead and search me officer." At this point, my friend came over and said, "No need to arrest him officer, he's with me. We are invited guests for this reception." I could recite HUNDREDS of examples.

My 3 sons all experienced police searching and detaining them during teen years. White friends not singled out at football and athletic evens. AA boys were searched. -In grade 4, son was permitted to go to a classmate's house after school to play. I was leery about this however checked with child's mother who said he was welcome to come. My son overheard his friend's father say upon his arrival home that he did not want any n------in his house. 3rd grade teacher told class that AA skin was tough like leather. This is why they could live in Africa where it was very hot. All the kids wanted to feel my son's skin to see if it felt like leather. He was very upset about this. I went to school and complained and educated them about melanin.

Hospital - Persons often address me as being a dietary tech instead of RN. The last part of my career was assoc professor of nursing. Patient's families appeared shocked when learning my role with white students. -In the 1970s I was an operating room nurse. When scheduling cases MD was to contact the charge nurse to schedule the case. On a Saturday I was charge nurse. I was standing at the nurses station doing documentation. A well known surgeon walked up and addressed a young white OR tech by name. He began to tell her the [facts] regarding the patient....I was about 3 feet in distance from him. The Tech stated "Dr---, you must talk with the charge nurse. He said where is she? The Tech stated Mrs___ is right there next to you. I said good morning Doctor. Can I help you? He became very red faced and I allowed him to repeat all the information. Future incidents with him were very professional.

Stopped by police because my license expired 2 days ago. I was getting out of car to see what the problem was when officer went for his gun and told me to get back in the car. -I was sitting in front of Greyhound leaving Memphis for Jackson MS when driver told me "I can't make you move (to the back), but I ain't going to be responsible for what happens to you." –Performing duties as a medical doctor, I was carrying bag of medical supplies at the hospital when a doctor who I didn't know stopped and wanted to know what I was stealing and called security.

My son was stopped in front of our home. The officer said they had been told of a robbery in the area. I came along and reprimanded the officers They went on their way when I told them he lived at this address and had a right to be there. I have been refused rental of property when I told them over the phone that I was black.

28 | P a g e

In my years of life, I have experienced profiling in banking and credit (FICO scores). When I walk into certain stores and dressed in sweats, I know I am being watched. I remember being in the 5th grade and going to an IGC (intellectually gifted children) school. To this day I remember the teacher's name. He expressed to me, in front of the whole class, that Blacks don't belong in this school. What angered him even more was that I was the top student in the class. There are many other stories but the key point is that stereotypes continue to this day. i believe i had a flower pot 'thrown at me ' in Harlem the day after mlk was shot. (no police involved)

I was working for a company visiting patients in their homes and while riding in company car with logo i was stopped by police told I was in a car not registered. I was spoken to gruffly; detained 15-30 minutes then told it was a mistake without an apology.

My daughter at kindergarten was put in a Spanish immersion program. After about 2 months she was being marginalized by her teacher that she was incapable of doing the program. I immediately got in the principal's office with the teacher to fight for her education. My daughter is now bilingual with some educational support but she was teachable. We have to fight harder for our children.

As a general rule I do not write checks when shopping due to the fact that on several occasions merchants have given me a "hassle" in accepting my personal checks (even with adequate identification). My wife, however, uses the same check book without problems. Consequently I use bank / credit cards or cash only and avoid the hassle.

Fellow physicians refused to refer patients to me. 2) Hostile remarks from white male in night time in New Orleans. 3) Hospital refusing my application for privileges: my application was found in a drawer in the office years after the administrator left office. 4) Eating establishment in S.E. Ohio refused me and wife service.

Primary suspect involving "invasion of privacy" at a leading university because I was the only black at the institution. Merely based on "a suspicious black man entered" a room. 2. DWB is the norm. 3. Denied equal housing!! 4. Denied equal loan rates!!! 5. Multiple examples of inclusion/exclusions. 6. Competence perceptions. Society has improved and I have experienced a few "new norms". Overall, 2012 is better than the 50s, 60s, 70s, 80s and 90s.

Many times while waiting to purchase something, the sales clerk will ask to help the white person even though I was standing there first! This has happened at a cleaners, a department store an at a restaurant. #2 Bank - I made an appointment to change an investment I arrived at bank and sat down waiting to be called. The investment counselor came out and asked if I wanted to see someone. I said, "yes". He said, "I can see you in a few minutes I have someone coming in." Fifteen minutes later, he came out and said "I can see you very soon. I have a Mrs...coming in any minute. I said "I am Mrs...!" This was a sizable investment amount and I guess I didn't look the type.

“Son stopped while driving and asked to pull over, officer wanted to inspect trunk of car. Son told him there was nothing in trunk for him to inspect. Entered license into computer and realized that son's father was a physician and lived in the neighborhood. Told son to have a good day. (Officer white) (1992) Shopping for a special occasion dress on Wisconsin Ave in Bethesda MD I was ignored until my white friend collected several dresses for fitting. Salesperson realized I had the ability to pay for the dresses, her entire attitude changed. Made purchase from very helpful salesperson. (White) (1995)

Approximately 20 years ago in Los Angeles, CA. Driving through Westwood my wife and I were stopped for supposedly making an illegal left turn. And i was also asked to step out of the car and stand on the curb. This was pre Rodney King and had a...amount of questions and things that normally would not be asked in a routine traffic stop. One of many examples I can give.

29 | P a g e

Had the police pull a gun on me in Philadelphia...when asking for directions. Had the plice pull a gun on me in my apartment in Los Angeles when I called because a horn was going off outside, then called to cancel. I got a ticket for speeding going 60 mph in a 55 mph. "A car that looked like yours was speeding". The bank upped my loan rate at signing from 6% to 10%. Had medical school professors tell me misinformation and tell white students something else when they asked. I heard this for myself. One of my patients, 22 years old, was sentenced to 40 years in jail for discharging a gun in a crowded street. No one was injured.

Admittedly, I don't experience all of the imposed hardships above. I still do experience being ignored initially in a higher end store, for example, or being spoken to in an inappropriate manner (such as to suggest that I may not be as intelligent or as competent). My husband, who is equally accomplished, but not present today, reports much more racial profiling (particularly in our predominantly white neighborhood and at our daughter's predominantly white school.

When in college, my roommate and I were driving back to school early during spring break. We got pulled over in Culpepper, VA as she was driving 5 above the speed limit. Despite that her papers were valid, as was her driver's license, the officers made us get out the car and were looking in it for "suspicious things". The officer could never explain why a routine traffic stop required us to get out of the car. 2. As a child we had a neighborhood supermarket owned by Asians. A few kids had shoplifted, thus they would follow us around the store as if we were all thieves. One Sunday, my fried and I went to the store in our church clothes to get some liquid Plummer for my mom. One of the salespeople followed us around the store. Anyone with common sense knows that one could not inconspicuously steal a big bottle of liquid Plummer.

Medical care under treated until I I identified myself as a physician. Intelligence underestimated until I "clarify" or speak up. Sitting outside of my house in the city pushed my horn once to call family out and the police stopped/came up to me saying I was disturbing the peace. My teenaged son was stopped for driving without his seat belt while he was in fact wearing his seat belt the entire time! He remained calm. My sons followed in the same store where I was welcomed. My sons were treated with suspicion and not welcomed. I returned to the store to let them know that I had been a regular customer and would no longer shop there. I also told them and followed thru to tell my friends and associates that I would no longer patronize the store. They did not apologize to my sons!

My experiences with racial profiling and preconceived judgments based upon my race have subsided since I have aged, because apparently I am less a threat to society. I am convinced my financial status would be much more secure and higher had I been given equal opportunity to invest in businesses and stocks. There was evidence in my higher education experience to grade me according to color and discourage me from completing my studies at a white university (the University of Cincinnati). This I had to often challenge and succeed where possible.

I never forget the times when we were openly denied opportunities to purchase homes in higher scale, but affordable, neighborhoods, We were denied loans or were told that our chances for purchasing a home in that area was off limits to me because of my race. When it came time to sell our houses, we were told that our houses were sold at lower prices because of our race or location (although the homes and areas were competitive to any other quality neighborhood of its level). When trying to get a post high-school job so I could earn college money, the white teachers who trained and mentored me admitted that local employers such as Procter and Gamble, Sears, Walgreens, and local utility companies were not willing to hire me although I was an exceptional student in the field of business/secretarial practices. With the aid of one teacher, I got a part time job with Fifth-Third Bank that hired college students in the evenings.

30 | P a g e

I never forget the time when my employer, Cincinnati Public Schools, only placed black teachers in predominantly black schools. Only white teachers were assigned to suburban schools. I remember when my employer did not employ any black teachers to teach in our district high schools. I remember when opportunities for promotions to an administrative level were limited to blacks as non-whites were appointed for positions that weren't openly advertised. These practices were altered with the 1960-70 NAACP suits regarding "De-Facto Segregation" and Busing to integrate schools. By this time, the law suits were being effective, I had taught approximately 20 years.

I remember when we lost much money in our attempts to invest; such as, in wireless cable before it was advanced beyond a mere idea to actual implementation. Although FCC was baking the concept and its operators, we were never able to regain the funds we lost. Even when we attempted to get legal help, the results were unsuccessful. Only with the efforts of the Obama administration (20 years later) was this pattern of corruption finally addressed on Wall Street along with other illegal practices of banks and insurance companies. I have observed as the achievement scores of black students began to rise above white students in the public school systems that the standardized tests would change to perpetuate the appearance of white students as being higher achievers than black students.

This was further exposed at a plenary session of the National Association of Black S

School Educators conference in 1990 (approximate year). I have studied and observed how the white theologians and Seminaries have glossed over black history in the Bible. This would raise disbelief among the youth about Christianity being a white man's religion. Only recently has more truth been revealed about the influence of the black race as authors of the Bible and pioneers in Christianity. What better way is there to degrade a race of people by presenting God as being white with images of all Biblical characters as being white; and to proclaim that one of Noah's sons was black because he was cursed. Where does one go for love and support if God rejects him? To discover that evolution is about building the image of the white race to a level of being considered the master race based upon lies, gave me reason to see how the study of sciences have contributed to bold efforts to degrade the black race. Now that I have discovered the lies, I am on a campaign to share information that refutes the lies that black people have been taught.

These racial profiling experiences and others are so numerous. that space and time would not allow for details. Throughout my life of 71 years, from childhood on through higher education classes and ultimately to the professional level of job employment and applications for loans and real estate purchases, I have experienced racial profiling; so much so, I expected it to happen.

I worked at a bank with a nice racially mixed staff. When the ownership changed all the tellers became white and blonde. I worked in the Trust Department but was falsely accused of forcing the newly hired secretary to pray during work time. Actually, she was having domestic problems and sought my counsel and prayer during our break time. I prayed for her during break time in an empty conference room. The next day I was falsely accused of forcing her to pray during work hours and was terminated.

I was stopped on I-70 in Southern Illinois by police who saw me drive by (I was driving just below the speed limit), looked in my window, then within 1 minute drove up behind me and signaled me to pull over. The police attempted to open my passenger side door but I had locked it and rolled the window down slightly. He said he stopped me because my GPS was sitting too high in my windshield and because I have a small crack in the windshield. (The starter crack is about 4-5 inches as the base of the windshield at the front.) They asked me if they can search my car and let me go. I didn't give them permission to search the car. They said they would have to have a dog come to sniff the car. After 20 minutes the dog came, walked around the car, and sniffed. The police said the dog exhibited erratic behavior, so they would have to search the car. They searched through everything in my car and trunk. They sent me on my way after wasting at least an hour on my journey.

31 | P a g e

My son, twelve years old at the time, was arrested for being behind the wheel of the family car while I, my wife and my other two children were unloading groceries. He was actually placed behind bars at the local police station, for what was certainly unwise behavior, but just as certainly no crime was committed.

While in grad school, getting an MFA at a private graduate art school in New York State, I was stopped on the grounds by a white security guard and asked to show identification. It was a small summer low residency arts program, so all of the students including myself were very well known in the program. I was among several mostly white and a couple Asian students. I was the only person asked for ID. I told the chair of my department who was a white woman, and the director of the program who was a white man about it. They were furious and reprimanded security. I have endless stories about being stopped while driving. As well, I could offer countless small and large matters of racial discrimination, prejudice, bigotry in all the categories checked above.

For the purpose of brevity I will only recount the most recent incident. In the past week, dressed to attend my gym (wind pants, hoodie, gym shoes), I decided to stop by a local department store to shop for a tie. Upon walking through the mall I was stopped by a White male, who asked me if I knew where he could obtain illegal drugs. After the initial shock, I looked around and was the only person of color. After telling the person to get away from me he exited the building. I went on to the department store where I searched for a tie for 10 minutes. I was the only person in the entire department. An older white woman in the department watched as I browsed, but never offered assistance. I chose a tie and went to the counter where the woman began to ring up my purchase. At this time I informed her that I no longer wanted the item specifically because of the lack of service that I received. I then asked to speak with her manager and reported the lack of service.

Traveling alone on a flight from Paris, France, I was stopped and searched by security three times before arriving back in Cincinnati. My luggage was left in Paris and did not arrive in the states until four days later; therefore, it not only looked like I had no luggage but because of my fair skin, many are not quite sure what I am. Coming from Mexico, my white traveling companion was allowed on the plane while I was not and I had to prove I was an American when coming from South America. Being a fair skinned African American often puts me in an awkward position.

Most of my stories of overt racism go back to when I was younger and relate to the police. I was stopped numerous times by the police for no reason. It came to the point where I would just pull out license, registration and proof of insurance (if I had it) and just have them at the open window. I was amazed that white friends of mine would leave the house without ID. I would not dare. I was often told that I "fit the description" of someone they were looking for. Of course, this became a running joke amongst my friends, black and white.

At one point in my life, a white male roommate of mine and I frequented an art house film theatre in an affluent mostly white Detroit suburb, Grosse Pointe. No one walks in Grosse Pointe and you certainly don't see whites and blacks walking together. We did because we had to catch the bus to and from the theatre. We came to expect to be stopped. My father lived in Chicago. The cops there were worse than Detroit by far. After Coleman Young took office, the DPD was more integrated: more women, more black and brown cops. It wasn't and isn't utopia, just less vehemence.

Employment discrimination is harder to judge without a test case. My wife is white. Our daughter is red headed and was born very pale with slightly curly hair. I was a stay at home dad for six months or so and got many surprised stares and strange smiles when in settings of mainly white people. No one would actually say anything untoward and I guess that's a good thing. This seemed all the more pronounced in contrast to the reactions of black and Latino kids on the playground and Latinas (we live in a Latino neighborhood) in the stores. The kids who would ask "is she mixed." The women in the stores would praise her as a "little doll."

32 | P a g e

When I was in undergrad college I was nominated for a Woodrow Wilson fellowship for graduate study. So I went in to see the professor adviser assigned to me. When I walked in he looked up from his desk and said "I don't like nigras." So with that my fellowship went out the window. Once while doing some department store shopping, I noticed that someone was following me as I moved from rack to rack of women's clothing. Finally, I turned around suddenly to confront the person only to find that the store person following me was a student whom I have taught in previous years. Her duty was to follow suspicious looking persons to ensure they were not stealing. I was dressed normally and in a style resembling the other women shoppers but she had singled me out, the only distinction between me and the other women shoppers being my black skin color. The incident was stunning and hurtful to both my former student and to me as she finally recognized me as her teacher and I recognized her as my favorite student. Horrific!

Although I am a black man, I have not experienced racial profiling by the police, or while shopping or at work or school, that I can recollect. I am fortunate and exceptional in this way, I am sure. I have experienced racism, discrimination, mistreatment, prejudice, however . I am neither naive nor unaware of the dangers, injustices, imbalances or inequities in our society. God has blessed me so far.

Police officers routinely get behind me and run my plates and have pulled me over for no reason. My husband has had guns drawn on him and a friend of his before here in Cincinnati.

Stopped early AM while driving in neighborhood. Officer was new to community. Stated that he was protecting community

When we moved to Cincinnati Ohio, we toured a house that was for sale and we liked it and informed the agent we take the evening to go over the details and get back to him the next morning. When we contacted the agent the following morning, he informed us the house had been sold. With the help of an agency Fair Housing, who sent a white couple to see the same house which really had not been sold we were able to bring charges against the real estate agency. We did not buy the house as we feared living in a community that did not want us. Again in the city of Cincinnati, I was invited to do a workshop at a church in a very upscale and exclusive white community. While driving in that neighborhood I was stopped by the police and asked where I was going. When I informed them of the meeting they indicated they would follow me there and they did just that. I was outraged but feared doing anything that might put me in danger.

I have been followed around in stores by who I've perceived as store security on several occasions. In my native Philadelphia, PA I was stopped by police at a traffic light while driving with a group of friends. The officer checked out my license and registration but did not cite me for any violation.

“I was stopped on the highway. The patrol car pulled up behind me and I reached into my purse and got my driver's license. I placed both hands at the top of the steering wheel, with my license showing in my hand. I expected the policeman to approach me from the driver's side. But then I heard a tap on the window of the passenger's side. It was then I realized that the policeman was tapping my window with a drawn gun. So i carefully rolled down the window and said in my best female voice: Hi Officer! How may I help you? He was surprised to see the big pink pocketbook on the seat because when I drove by him i was wearing a cap and probably looked like a black man to him. So he after a few questions told me to have a nice day. I was driving a black Mercedes C-280.

33 | P a g e

“I was frightened and realized that this person whose entire jeep was outfitted with heavy artillery could have claimed ‘Stand Your Ground,’ as it is referenced today.” Source: Tell Us Your Story Data - The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling

At-Risk Q. #16 “I teach my family special special Safety Rules. ‘YES’ (84.6%) n=110 Accomplished Professionals - Racial Profiling Experiences (RPEs) Total Survey respondents n=141

At-Risk Q. #17 “I know that I and my (grand)children are at risk.” ‘YES’ (82.4%) n=103 Accomplished Professionals - Racial Profiling Experiences (RPEs) Total Survey respondents n=141

Source: Data - The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling

NOTE: Compare AP and Hip-Hop At-Risk of racial profiling statistics at page 86.

34 | P a g e

Part 2.1 Hip-Hop Youth – Tell Us Your Story Disparate Treatment Narratives Q.#18 n=21 respondents; Total Survey respondents n=29; Racial Profiling Experiences (RPEs)

Source: Data - The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling; Brandon Abdullah Powell, BFA

Hip-Hop Youth Q. #4 “I want good police protection in my community ‘YES’ 96.4% n=27

Q. #3 “I believe anyone can achieve whatever they want to in America.” ‘YES’ 89.7% n=26

Source: Data - The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling; Brandon Abdullah Powell, BFA

35 | P a g e

Urban Youth Disparate Treatment Narratives: “Tell us your story.”

Part B: Urban Hip-Hop Youth survey instrument Electronic collector; Ohio. Racial Profiling Experience (RPE) type appears in bold.

My family has gone through a lot of things like fighting being jumped neighbors treating others wrong and a lot of struggles.

Because I have felonies it’s complicated to get a job.

I was just walking home from elementary and this police officer said to me "If you f…k up, Like I know you will. I'll be glad to arrest your [posterior]." I told him to go away and never seen him since.

Police bothering me for walking through some neighborhoods, mistaking me for other people (same design in clothes leading to suspicion), and trying to get home at night. Police made attempts to bother me, but being of the knowledge of some of my right, I am able to get rid of them sometimes.

One time I went to the dollar store and the cashiers there were constantly watching me. As I was about to walk out the store, they asked if I had stolen anything from their store before. I replied no. Then one of the cashiers and the manager replied by saying, "Oh sorry, we thought you were someone else that sole from this store before." I did not reply back to them at al, all I did was shake my head in shame and walked out of the store. I thought it was because of color of my skin, which it probably was. I am racially profiled usually when I go shopping. All I really do is do what is right so I will not come off as being suspicious.

I was walking to school and I’m just walking minding my business and some white man asked me "why are you in this area ‘n…..r’?' and I'd kind of felt bad for him and yea...

I don’t know

I went to primarily African American school. People would judge me, because I am multiple raced. My peers would also try to put me down saying thinks like, "you are a mutt,” "you have bad blood," and "you just a little white girl." The other ones about me being mixed were just easily ignored, but when they said that I was a white girl it struck me. Partially because I am part white, and partially because they can obviously see, even if they are colorblind, that I am not white. But of course they were not being literal they would say this because of my intelligence and the way that I presented myself at that school. This is when I started to act differently I would say harsh things and I would be just a generally mean person. Until this day I am sorry to say, I am still a meaner person then most. Though I have one thing they do not. [Racial] Acceptance.

I’ll give one example... When i was 16, some friends and I would meet up downtown on the square to hangout. Now this was during the Summer so you can imagine the heat. Since it was so hot we decided to buy white T-shirts to beat the heat, plus they were affordable ($5). With it being a lot of us and all of us wearing these shirts, the media decides to label us "the white T gang" which resulted into UNLAWFUL harassment from our Police who are supposed to SERVE & PROTECT us and OUR RIGHTS. But instead they used this as an opportunity to abuse their authority. This type action causes a distrust and disconnection between the Police and the COMMUNITY THEY SERVE.

36 | P a g e

A hiring manager told me he couldn’t hire me cause i have dread locks a teacher got me kick out of school for being a lesbian

My experience does not matter. What matters is that we reform education and our media gradually overtime so that the youth will change the world themselves. I think this survey will do no justice to anyone but I wish you good luck nonetheless.

I have been stopped by police multiple times. They constantly ask my name. They always question what I am doing and where I am headed.

I go to school and shop independently. ______Summary Findings Accomplished Professionals and Hip-Hop Youth Finding #1: Is high professional achievement a guard against being racially profiled?” NO. (85.35%) Volume 1 Pg.42

Finding #2: “Is ‘Stand Your Ground’ unjust for certain citizen groups?” YES. 86.4% of Professionals. Volume 1 Pg.42 [SYG question omitted from Youth survey instrument].

Finding #3: When it comes to societal treatment and racial profiling, the persons of both Accomplished Professional and Hip-Hop Youth survey examinations are similarly at-risk. Volume 1 Pg. 43; 44

At-Risk Hip-Hop Youth Q. #11 “I know that I (and my family) can be at-risk of racial profiling. ‘YES’ 89.3% n=25

Hip-Hop Youth Q. #12 “I have safety rules that I follow.” ‘YES’ 85.2% n=23

Source: Data - The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling; Brandon Abdullah Powell, BFA

37 | P a g e

“Where generation, class, or race divide us to our shame, he sees not labels but a face, a person, and a name.” -Hymn no. 603; The Hymnal 1982 according to The Episcopal Church.

Part 3 Congregations (C) – Survey administered on TEC website. Q. #14 Demographics 74.3% White/Caucasian; n=1,109 - Total demographics n=1,518

Congregations ( C): Disparate Treatment Narratives Q. #21 Racial Profiling Experiences (RPEs) “Is good citizenship an effective guard against being racially profiled?”

Source: Task Force on Racial Profiling Data.TEC Website posting.

38 | P a g e

Congregations (TEC WEBSITE) Tell Us Your Story

Racial Profiling Experiences Being a white citizen, I am separated into a call later pile while people of color are given preference over me, even though I may be more qualified for a position I have inquired about. I am singled out and followed, sometimes in a threatening manner, and on occasion accosted, while in the neighborhood, often feeling my life may be endangered as I do my job. On my job, I am often given the more difficult and/or dirty job assignments because I do an exemplary job while others, often of color, barely make an effort to perform at a novice level, yet are paid significantly more than I.

Yes, I am being racially profiled! Interestingly, people of color, who statistically have a higher criminal population, are found committing more crimes of violence, and are unemployed even though they are given all the advantages for employment, wonder why they might be racially profiled. It has been my experience I am regularly racially profiled when I apply for a job, enter neighborhoods other then "all white" neighborhoods, drive alone in "other" neighborhoods, and receive work assignments on my job and in other areas of my life. Informationally, I have my fully investigated, through a thorough background check, and am fully trained on and approved for use firearm. I carry it so that I may "Stand my ground." I like these surveys where I may express MY opinion. Thank you!

There is no such thing as profiling! Those who conduct themselves badly, who break the law, who are suspicious et al., can expect nothing more than to be checked out for their lawbreaking activities. Those who are not citizens should be dispatched to their various countries poste haste....no questions asked. Just get the illegals of the US and let us return to normal AMERICAN life, not some hyphenated version thereof.

I am racially profiled by the present administration and the leadership of the Episcopal Church as a semi crazed arrogant gun toting old white guy who discriminates against anybody other than straight white Christians, and this survey is just a tool of that sort of discrimination against me. Have been discriminated against by preferential admission and employment laws since the 1970s. Trayvon Martin got justice. "Live like a thug, die like a thug." - blog of the initial investigating police officer. If a 6'2" 190 lb young man chooses to come out of the darkness and beat the crap out of me, he should be shot dead. Saves a lot of time in the criminal justice system later. George Zimmerman was found not guilty in a fair and free trail. That's what self defense is about. Get over it.

I feel that certain minority groups have a tendency to jump on the racial profiling bandwagon as a means of excusing the prolific crime rates in their communities. For example, we know pit bull terriers have a higher frequency of attacks on people than other breeds and may often have aggressive personalities. As a result, there is a natural tendency to be cautious around these animals, (and in many cases special municipal regulations exist banning or controlling them). Not all pit bulls are like this. Are we unfairly profiling the breed? Are we giving all pit bulls a bad name due to the behavior of some of them? Many would argue in the affirmative and that we are justified in doing so. I'm not arguing that profiling doesn't exist, but I would say that due to the sadly predictable behavior of so many in particular racial groups, others may often fall under the umbrella of suspicion.

I am a criminal defense attorney and have been for over 25 years. Racial profiling is common place in law enforcement where I live, Jacksonville, Florida. It goes beyond individual police citizen encounters and permeates everything about law enforcement and the criminal justice system - how and where police are

39 | P a g e deployed, who is prosecuted for what crimes, what plea offers are made, what sentences imposed, who goes to prison, etc.

As a former lawman, and correctional captain, and retired parole officer, it is my experience that race and poverty generally skew the way law enforcement officers, court officials, court appointed lawyers, witnesses and judges view the poor and non-white offenders. Often the innocent are given choices that reward guilty pleas by reducing sentences. Parole boards fall into this category as well, by denying parole to guilty offenders who would make good candidates for parole except for judgments related to race. The corrections system in the United States has also become an industry that brings jobs to state and federal employees who benefit from keeping the inmate census high. This latter fact is growing out of control. Immigration suffers the same virus.

I have not, but I once witnessed an employee of the Mississippi Highway Patrol at the driver's license bureau disqualify a black person out of meanness. She smirked at me and another white man next to me, assuming falsely we would approve, and said under her breath, "That’s one more **** off the road." That was more than 40 years ago, and although I know some racial profiling takes place, I have not witnessed it in a very long time. Profiling as it is done on the TV program "Criminal Minds", where the type of crime may indicate the perpetrator was a man between the ages of 25 and 40, seems appropriate to me. Serial killers, I have learned, almost always kill within their own race/ethnicity, which is almost always white. I don't think the police would be wrong to pursue this lead, but only as a factor that neither rules in nor rules out a suspect.

As an old white guy, I have never been treated with anything but the utmost courtesy by law enforcement officers of whatever race. Because Mississippi has a terrible history as regards race, it is important to note currently that the majority of law enforcement officers in this area are black, as are the chief of police and the mayor. The Hispanic community is still relatively small in my locale, but law enforcement in most counties is not currently engaged in anything like what goes on in Arizona. I believe the governor would like to see such laws enacted. Most but not all services are available, with no questions about documents asked. The Hispanic community is well up on where it is safe to go. One reason I believe they may sometimes fare better than African Americans is they tend to attend majority white churches, while blacks tend to stick to historically black churches. Bonds with the white community can be helpful.

Unless they are 99 years old (and even then it can be an issue depending on where you shop), black Americans are CONSTANTLY followed/profiled in stores. I've even had a middle aged White male store detective not only follow me through an almost empty department store, but come and lean over me as I bent down to pick up merchandise from a low shelf. I stated loudly to my husband and kids standing nearby, "why don't these store detectives go harass actual thieves?" He disappeared immediately which proved that he was pursuing us (without cause), rather than simply being a fellow shopper coincidentally looking for girls' stockings in the very same aisle as I.

Finally, it remains true that people of color have to work three times (2x is not enough) as hard to get the same recognition as whites; otherwise you will be stereotyped as "lazy". Working harder is not the issue--the issue is the higher standard by which we are unfairly judged.

Often there is a presumption, to varying degrees of intensity depending on the setting, that as a black person you do not "belong" there and must be lost, trespassing, or en route to or from a crime. The most dramatic example of this in recent memory was when a front desk clerk LITERALLY BOLTED after my husband, when he walked past the desk toward the UNISEX locker room at our MUNICIPAL athletic center to pick up our daughter. Obviously he assumed my husband was on his way to rape someone in the locker room, or to steal their IPods.

40 | P a g e

My husband had already shown his ID less than an hour earlier, so he didn't think he had to constantly legitimize his presence as a club member. I witnessed the clerk running but had no idea he was pursuing my husband until I saw my husband's enraged face; he heard the footsteps behind him and turned around. At that point the clerk realized who he was and began stammering his apologies. Up to that point, all he saw was a black man walking toward the locker room, naturally with criminal intent. This happened in Mason, Ohio, a suburb of Cincinnati.

Canadian border patrol is supposed to ask ALL TRAVELERS entering Canada whether they have guns or contraband. Instead they only ask blacks and other people of color; I know this because when we lived on the Detroit/Ontario border, we would without fail get these preposterous questions on visits to Windsor. However, one day when the subject of Canadian border patrol came up one day in innocent water cooler conversation,

NONE of my white co-workers had EVER been asked if they had guns, drugs, or other contraband. They looked at me as if I was inventing these stories for their amusement. On the other hand, EVERY person of color that I know has been similarly grilled when attempting to enter Canada. By the way, these experiences pre-date September 11, 2001, so the heightened scrutiny cannot be attributed to that. There are SO MANY more stories I could tell. The fact that you are sponsoring this survey underscores the fact that we are not a "post-racial" society. Thank you for the opportunity to share these experiences.

I look white and am usually treated with respect. I am old and white haired. When I have been with my African American daughter I have been treated with suspicion.

I have gray hair. I was with my sister-in-law who dyes hers. We were at lunch, and someone she knew came up to us and asked if I was her mother. I am younger than she is. It's not racial profiling but it is falling into a stereotype which is so false. I don't even think that the woman looked at me beyond my hair.

My advising against wearing hoodies at night follows from my view that people stereotype wearers of them, so one is at the mercy of irrational people, however unfair. These same people who fear hoodies at night could have guns, too.

I do not have a "story". I am very blessed. I do not take unnecessary risks. However, I believe the church should put its full moral force behind curtailing the proliferation of arms, especially assault and war weapons and multiple-bullets clips. I would like to see our church support increased gun registration laws and their enforcement, as well as increased registration of those with mental illness and a felony background. If we do, then we must also support increased services for the mentally ill and disturbed. I am quite sure this is what Jesus would have us do.

Stopped at a traffic light, the woman in the car next to me looked my way and locked her doors. Volunteer for the Church (diocese).

I believe that I have often been given preferential treatment because of my race, most often in simple ways such as quicker service. None of these instances involved major life situations like job preference, but I have often had to remind a salesperson that the person of another race standing next to me was there first and there are probably other similar situations.

While I have never been profiled, I know African Americans and Hispanics who have been. It can happen when shopping, driving or walking. Also, door-to-door solicitors are profiled. I've been on police ‘ride- alongs’ when they consider stopping someone because of color and not how they're driving.

41 | P a g e

As a White man I am given privilege in most of the checked areas. My six Black children are not. Over the years we have experienced profiling in numerous restaurants, others places of business, and in our streets.

I have a beloved friend of African American descent who was visiting in my home one time. A neighbor saw him enter our back door and immediately came to assure herself that we were all right since she could not imagine that someone of color would be in our home at our invitation. The situation was soon set right as I explained that he was our guest and most welcome. The neighbor was speechless. And I was aware of what our friends deal with on a daily basis. The neighbor was Christian and a kind, well educated person.

I am white, but I have six adopted African-American children. If I detailed the number of racial profiling events in our lives it would fill a book. It happens almost everyday, where I am with my children, and I observe them being watched or treated suspiciously, and then I identify myself as their mother, and all of sudden everything changes.

One of the most blatant instances of racial discrimination that my family has experienced was when we moved to a new parish. For the previous 100 years, it had been the custom of the local country club to offer the rector of the local parish and his family complimentary membership. We were the first family to not be accorded that privilege. Fortunately for us, the local Jewish and Catholic families that also were not invited to join the country club have started their own swimming pool, and sports club. We were the first Protestant family invited to join, because they "knew you weren't going to be invited to join the country club either."

When my grandson was about eight months old, I took him to the local studio to have professional pictures taken as a part of a "contest" that they were sponsoring. He didn't win the contest, but I knew the pictures would then be for sale. This is a small town, and I was treated very poorly and the clerk attempted to discourage me from setting up an appointment to purchase the pictures that had already been taken, repeatedly telling me that I would not be able to afford their services. It took me a long time to understand that it wasn't run of the mill rudeness on her part; it was her inability to accept a Caucasian woman standing in front of her with a biracial grandbaby as she made class judgments. This was the very same studio that welcomed me with open arms when over the years each of my four children had their senior pictures taken there. Now that was a time I genuinely was not able to afford their services as a single parent struggling to make ends meet, ...but through tightening the belt, and purchasing a pared down quantity, my children could have their senior pictures from the "popular" studio where all the students went.

I am mother of five adult children who are Hispanic by birth and all adopted as children. All of them have experienced a considerable amount of racial profiling and out right discrimination. When in public together we are often stared at and sometimes questioned. We have dealt with this forever but it has become more common in the past five years.

My husband and I invited an African-American couple to a high-powered physicians' meeting at a fancy hotel in Washington, D.C. Both of our friends are physicians. The wife had gone out to jog early in the morning, and when she returned to the hotel in her sweatpants/sweatshirt, she asked the concierge for directions to the hotel's exercise facility. The concierge looked her over, then asked, "Are you really staying at this hotel?" She gave him her room number, and was allowed to proceed. I later went to the manager and wrote a letter when I got home, suggesting the staff needs better training. Even asking everyone their room number would be better than judging.

During the summer of 1994, my then-boyfriend and I lived in Washington, DC. He is a dark-skinned Filipino and I am white. One day we were walking to a bus stop the city, having just purchased a used microwave, when we were stropped by two police officers. They asked for our ID, told us to put down the

42 | P a g e microwave, and detained us for quite some time, asking us a number of questions. We politely explained what we were doing and that if we missed our bus, we would have to wait over an hour for the next one. that It turned out that a mixed-race couple were being sought for some reason, so they detained us because they suspected we had stolen property. They were quite aggressive with their questions and continually asked my boyfriend about his "nationality" (since he was born in the US, this was confusing) and grew angry when he answered that he was an American.

They then asked me why I was with him and became somewhat insulting and degrading in their insinuations. As UC Berkeley undergraduate students, we were not prepared for this sort of thing. We ended up being held and questioned for about four hours, but we were fortunate in that we were not arrested and were eventually let go. Many times over the course of that summer, we were stopped by the police and asked what we were doing, or I was pulled aside and asked if I was "OK" or if I was being followed, etc. I had never experienced anything like it. It was just a taste of the experience people of color have. It was mind-expanding.

I am white and my fiancé is black. He has been incarcerated for 36 years. I have known him for 29 years. Despite the fact that I live a completely above-board life, own my home, and am active educationally, politically, and religiously, until each Florida Department of Corrections staff member or legislator learns of his exemplary personal military history (and my own, for that matter!) as well as his other personal background, they assume I am being "used" or "duped" by this man, based upon our differing ethnicity. I have worked on behalf of incarcerated honorably discharged veterans and their families as well as those who are parole eligible - but who are repeatedly denied parole - since 1991, and am the founder and director of a non-profit volunteer organization that educates and advocates on their behalf. The prejudice against mixed families and our clients of color continues to be a mountain we have to climb every day. Yet we serve an awesome God who directs our every step, and so we soldier on.

I've personally only ever experienced random stops at night because of the hours I work late at night they assume everyone is a criminal and I've known friends who have to walk to get where they are going who have been stopped for wearing hoodies while doing so (at night) its cold in Idaho and hoodies are affordable and comfortable.

I love the "just because" for that is in my mind the primary source of all discrimination. Especially here in Cincinnati. I would also include good old fashioned meanness in this category. All the old reasons for discrimination i.e. fear of those different than you, scarcity of resources etc... have now become rather meaningless for those younger than I. Yet the "Just because" and meanness, and the need to feel superior to others are perhaps forever with us. Even in my church.

I grew up in the 40's and 50's, so experienced not being able to eat in restaurants, soda shops, etc. I've experienced job discrimination when I failed to be promoted when I was the best qualified. Recently, I was followed around in a women's clothing store which I had shopped in frequently in another city. I choose never to shop there again. I caution my grandsons, especially, to be respectful and not to take risks on the job or socially, for their own safety.

Being a white male, I suspect that I have been the recipient of many benefits of the positive stereotypes that some people have of those who are white. However, since 'race' is not something that I need to think about, this type of profiling goes unnoticed.

I have not myself experienced racial profiling, but members of my family have. A family member who is black experienced someone shooting a bullet through their front door. The police did not treat them as a crime victim but as a suspicious person, apparently assuming that someone in the house must be a gang member. This is very different from how my (white) parents were treated by police in the same city when someone threw a rock through their window.

43 | P a g e

I have observed racial profiling by police. The fear on the young man's face was real. I stopped to observe with my toddler son, as I knew of no other way to help the frightened man.

I suppose I have experienced racial profiling in the fact that I've never experienced any negative treatment because of my race (white). I'm not deemed suspicious, or prejudged in any negative way (that I know of), which itself, I suppose, is a form of racial profiling.

I am a white male. I am also a retired Police Officer. While working in uniform I was repeatedly 'prejudged' by people of all races and walks of life. Many people are sure they know what a Police Officer thinks, and why a Police Officer does what he/she does. Prejudice in some form is an unfortunate part of life for everybody.

We are a Caucasian family living in an urban area with a high African American population, and significant crime rate. I make sure my children are careful where/when they wear hoodies, because anyone in sags and a hoodie is viewed suspiciously.

I am a Latino person whose English is not my primary language; some people tend to treat me different because of my accent. When reporting to the police that a person (white) invaded my home property to do some checking without my permission, I was mistreated by a police officer (white).The officer gave credibility to the intruder.

My adult children and I are followed by security in stores. The assumption is that Apr 30, because we are Native American we will steal. Some clerks assume that we cannot speak English, and are surprised when we do.

During my first year in seminary at VTS, I was talking with a student from the Diocese of East Carolina. We were doing the Southern thing, asking the questions, "Who are you? Where are you from? Who are your daddy's people? Who are your momma's people?" Suddenly, this fellow student, preparing, as was I, for ordination in the Episcopal Church looked at me and said, "If you last name is Lowery, and your daddy is from Laurinburg, NC, you must be a Lumbee Indian." I answered in the affirmative. To which he replied, "I am sorry, we cannot be friends." When I asked why, he said, "During my pre-seminary career I had to work with some of your people. They drink too much, lie, steal, knife each other and anyone else who gets in their way...you people cannot be trusted."

I decided to kill him with kindness and in the end won him over. However, it changed the way I dealt with folks identified as minorities (and majorities too) always remembering that we are all God's children and the baptismal covenant to "respect the dignity of every human being." I don't know what happened to the student in question, but I have had a pretty good life as a priest in the Episcopal Church. I will still get an occasional unkind remark when people learn the Lumbee (Native American) roots of which I am proud, but I continue the strategy of overwhelming them with kindness. Love really does conquer all.

I have a number of African American and Native American friends who in recent years I was present to observe racial profiling and/or threats. On one occasion my black friend was harshly questioned by a police officer outside a private residence in an increasingly gentrified neighborhood as he helped take down some party arrangements in the early evening. The police officers' behavior changed 360 degrees when the white homeowner came out and took offense at the fact it appeared they were about to take my friend in for questioning simply for taking down folding tables from his yard. He tried to get a badge number, the officer pretended nothing had been about to happen and quickly left.

On another occasion, I was travelling from NY to Boston with a Native American friend driving at normal speeds in the early hours of the morning. We were pulled over for no apparent reason, given no ticket or warning. My friend told me he suspected he would have had some trouble without his white friend in the passenger seat- and also that he suspected the cops were assuming he was Hispanic. The most

44 | P a g e serious occasion was spending an evening on the beach with my close Native American friend , his Carribean-American girlfriend and his teenage children. It was the evening after his tribe's Powwow, in a racially charged area of New England (due to his tribe bringing legal claims decades earlier to attempt to reclaim land and rights taken from them, as well as their Federal recognition- widely resented by white residents of the area who had moved in and developed/taken much their land in the 1960's).

We were politely minding our business at the beach-wall which had its back to a parking lot, chatting innocently and keeping to ourselves, when a white man arrived with some family in his truck, and proceeded to blast his high beams directly at us from the parking lot. Several of us called to him to please turn them down, and he ignored us/turned them up. My friend stepped forward and said clearly "please stop harassing my teenage kids" when the man revved his engine and threatened to run my friend over. My friend stood his ground, then took another step towards the car, and the white driver backed down/drove away.

We all felt he had been protected that night- and were outraged to have seen him threatened in front of his kids by a coward behind the wheel. I spent a great deal of time with the Native American student community of the Ivy-League University where I did my graduate Divinity Degree. My last year, we built a traditional Native American dwelling to honor the history of the local tribe on campus. We discovered the day of their Powwow that their structure had been vandalized on one side during the night. As we sat their discussing it another adult white male (it was alumni weekend so hard to tell if he was a current or past student) stuck his head in and very rudely asked if we were "head-hunting/cannibals." My Native friends, who were already quite shaken by the vandalism and I were all very shocked/threatened.

My family name appears Hispanic, and I have dark hair, so frequently, I have had people assume that I am Hispanic, until they hear me speak, or ask me directly. Over a period of 4 weeks, while driving into Phoenix (in Maricopa County, home of the notorious sheriff, now under investigation for racial profiling by the DOJ), I was pulled over 4 times. Each time, I was told it was because of 'mechanical problems': and each time something different and vague. My license plate light was too dim, my blinker was going too fast, etc. Each time, my plates and driver's license were run through the computer, and my social security number checked. And each time I was let go with a warning. But now I carry my passport on me just in case.

I am of Polish and English descent. However, I have bronze skin that resembles someone of Greek or Italian descent. Where I am originally from in Pennsylvania, most people assumed I was Italian. However, when I lived in California and a few "red states," many people assumed I was Hispanic. Even though I'm not Hispanic, I have often times been treated like one. For example, I had one man include me in his view that all Hispanics take or sell illegal drugs.

Not only am I have not Hispanic, but I never even touched anything illegal. As a result of this problem, I am sympathetic to illegal immigrants coming here from Latin America because I perceive that the real issue for their opponents is race, not economics. Additionally, I was profiled twice by the same woman when I had to take my wife to a Connecticut hospital. The first occurred when she addressed me in Spanish and I had no clue what she said. She was a Latina and she assumed because of my appearance that I was also Hispanic. Afterward, she asked me where I was from. Once I said "Pennsylvania," she gave me a weird look and said, "You don't sound like you're from here" (i.e., the Connecticut parts of the New York metro area). Because some New Yorkers and New Englanders think of Pennsylvania the same way they do Alabama, I felt a little offended by her remarks.

I adopted my daughter from Santiago, Chile in 1991. She just graduated from college. As a freshman she 'rushed' sororities at a southern university. A virtual tsunami of blue eyed blonds were everywhere. I held my breath - one sorority issued a bid -but one bid is all you need. Her sorority experience was good. She is one of two brown skinned pledges amid 180 girls. Most folks cannot conceive of the fact that she is my daughter - they ask again and again - wondering how can this be? My experiences inform me of what it

45 | P a g e is like to be discounted. The impotence and rage it spawns leave scars on your soul. I am sure racial profiling is worse than anything I went through. The church has a scared obligation to lead the way.

In elementary school, I was ridiculed for my hair and told by the teacher to sit on my hands because I talked like "an immigrant" (I was raised in a home with Middle Eastern grandparents and uncles). This treatment lasted one school year, I was in third grade. There were other instances, I am not dark skinned, just living in a very inflexible white world. Not nice.

I am a USA citizen and have lived in the Sates for over 40 years. I have experienced discrimination only a couple of times during my live here. One that sticks in my mind has to do with how annoyed a prospective employer was when I tried to apply for a job that she told me right up front "I did not qualify for" without letting me know why, except for her facial expression. She would not even give me the application form. The only other times I still feel discriminated are on the phone, when people hear my accent-----this only occurs though, when I deal with people in small towns who are not used to foreigners. As a whole, I feel American citizens are not discriminatory.

We host international students and have friendships with many internationals. Not a single person of color I know has ever said they have not experienced profiling...all of them have. Our international daughters have some of the worst things said to them; there are assumptions made about their intelligence, their morals, their politics and their beliefs. Of our adult friends, all have experienced prejudice; most have experienced profiling and discrimination in the workplace and in institutions of higher education.

My cousin and another friend, both Muslim, have had terrible assumptions made about them and threats made against them. I live in a place, where within the 35 mile drive to a nearby city for hospitals, shopping, etc., I pass five gun dealers, three of whom, this week, have on their marquees that they sell automatic weapons, the magazine clips for automatic weapons and one even sells Uzzis. Why in coastal Maine we need this, I am not sure. I don't think that we will be invaded via the Atlantic or from Canada. Yet, when I talked with my neighbor, who is Mi'kmac/Pasamoquoddy, about this subject and about our "local" dealers, she told me of times she has been terrified by guns, hunters threatening her, by police who have pulled her over, by violence directed toward her or toward her child. Racial profiling is real.

I have mostly lived/served in rural areas, and many times near Native American communities, and I have heard literally hundreds of stories like my neighbor has told me. This is really not my story, but rather the stories of people that I know and love. I know what it is like to be singled out because I am obese, but I cannot imagine how horrible it would be to be singled out and have a gun pointed at me. I am convinced that profiling is real and that prejudice is something we all must take ownership of--there is no one alive who doesn't have some prejudice. I hope the Bishops and House of Deputies will speak out loudly about these issues of racially inequality and gun violence. It has to stop.

At one time I was out for an evening walk during the summer with my three children. My baby was in a stroller, and a police officer stopped us checking to see if I was the victim of domestic violence. I was not. Many times my children and I have been followed by store security. I have seen white people steal, but my children and I are the ones who are followed because have brown skin and are Native American.

While traveling by bus from Texas to Arizona, the bus was stopped by border patrol agents, and everyone was asked to produce documents. I am a small dark haired woman, not Hispanic, and was spoken to in Spanish by these agents, as well as by bus personnel along the way. If I had been without papers, it would have been a very frightening experience.

I have been mistaken for "...the Doctor's nanny" when standing up with my friends at the christening of their sons--yes, in an Episcopal church. Told “Are you really here to take the State Department exam?" Ignored by patrons in my library were I was the librarian and the manager in favor of a white clerk (who

46 | P a g e then told the person she had to go over and see me). I could go on, but I actually have a job--not the least bitter.

I have, on more than one occasion, witnessed salespeople in stores keeping an eye on Black customers and ignoring me while we were both looking around. Just recently, a Black neighbor of mine bought a very nice expensive new car. A white neighbor of ours asked him, out of the blue, "How many drugs did you have to sell to get that car?" He wasn't joking.

After I dropped out of high school, I went into the military. While I was at boot camp, a couple of my friends were questioned by the police about my whereabouts and possible involvement in a gas station robbery. When I came home on leave, I found out about this. I went to the police station and asked them, "why didn't they just go to my parent house, and they would have told them I was at boot camp?” It seemed there was a person who looked like me, and was causing problems in the neighborhood, and I was being fingered as that person. This was the second time this had happened.

Color barrier still exists not only here but in most countries as I personally experience its shameful reality during my travels, and just the sight of a security personnel and equipment evokes my 'colorful' existence in a country which I adopted as my home. Racial profile becomes very much like 'Bullying' among the young in order to hurt the 'weak' by those who consider themselves as 'strong.'

In 1962 - 63 I fell in love with a fellow student at our small denominational college in Ohio. Anti miscegenation laws were still in effect. Friends fell away, people stared and avoided us when we were off campus. Ultimately we were kicked out of school with no opportunity to defend ourselves against an inaccurate and unjust accusation by the Dean of Men. I lost my scholarship, my father disowned me. I attended three other under graduate schools before getting my BA. The experience affected and colored me my whole life. He went on to get masters and specialist degrees. This year (2013) we reconnected via email for the first time since 1965 and were able to find closure.

My adult children and I have been followed in department stores by plain clothes security. People see a Native woman or my teenage son, also Native, and we instantly become suspects for shoplifting. My daughter said she was followed around in a store but a store employee and asked me why. I said, "It's because you're Indian, they think you're going to steal."

One of my and my husband's closest friends is an African-American man who was viewed with obvious suspicion by shopkeepers and restaurateurs’ when we were all on vacation in an affluent, white community in the Midwest. Don is a well-groomed, well-educated, well-dressed person who looked pretty much like every other person we encountered on the streets of that town, with the exception that his skin was dark. I will never forget the sense of shame and regret I felt that we had brought our friend with us to such an inhospitable place. How naive we had been! Doubtless sensing our discomfort, Don tried to make light of the experience, joking that, "Oh, well, I guess the plaid pants were a mistake!" But we all knew the truth of what had happened. I wish we had talked more about it at the time and in a more transparent way. Our relative silence just compounded the horror.

As an African American woman who does not look or speak with any of the criteria of being African American as defined by the so-called majority, I have seen and heard almost every aspect of racially profiling that the majority has put in place because of the color of my skin and their assumption of who they think I am. Ex: I can walk into a department store alone, not a problem. But if I bring my daughter or granddaughter or aunt with me, that very same white sales clerk has a very different persona with us or other personnel has actually followed us around the store. Travelling in the various parts of the country my husband who is much darker and I have been spoken to very disrespectfully in retail or entertainment settings. On my medical care records I am always assumed to be white even though I have checked African American somewhere on the paperwork. I prefer not to discuss my professors' attitudes and jokes as to my attendance at a Big Ten school in the late 60's. Note: I do not and will not own a gun.

47 | P a g e

No experience at racial profiling.

Stand your ground laws merely remove the ridiculous legal burden placed on victims of violent crime of having to meet extra legal obligations before they can defend themselves.

I have not experienced "profiling" myself because I am a middle-class, white woman. However, I have many friends who are African American or Hispanic and have been guilty of "driving while black" or "while a teenager." My son, who is white, was often harassed when he was a teenager, just because he was young. I know a young Hispanic man who drove about 150 miles from Spokane, WA to Yakima, WA to visit family often. On every single trip, he was stopped by a Washington State Patrol officer, even when he was not speeding! I believe the "Stand Your Ground" law is unconstitutional because it presumes someone is guilty before due process is undertaken. It supports the notion "guilty until proven innocent" which is completely opposite of our Constitution and our basic democratic principles.

My answer "no" to #13 above -- which asked, "Stand Your Ground laws are unjust for certain citizen groups" -- would have been "yes" had the question been asked this: "Stand Your Ground laws are unjust for ALL citizen groups." The Stand Your Ground laws not only fly in the face of centuries of Self Defense law, but they actually reverse it, changing the nature of self-defense laws from focusing on the preciousness of every human life into the justification for acting (without need) from fear. They are a travesty to our jurisprudence and a tragedy to our humanity. Also, I have been "racially profiled" if, by that term, one includes positive / lenient treatment given to me when it wasn't deserved because of the color of my skin.

One of the biggest issues that people of color have is that they negatively prejudged and must constantly prove themselves despite all of their achievements.

I have never experienced racial profiling, but my (white) son has experienced it when traveling in multi- ethnic groups of young men around the Baltimore and Washington suburbs, including being stopped in Howard County for no reason (no traffic laws were violated ... but the driver was an African American youth), and all the young men in the car were hauled to the side of the road, cuffed, and a dog searched the car but came up empty because there were NO DRUGS IN THE CAR.

Mixed race couples still have some problem finding a place to live. Churches are mostly quite segregated, even if all people would say they feel free to make the choice. The aftermath of cases and riots involving profiling, beating of black prisoners, destruction of historic neighborhoods to build highways, rates of unemployment, etc., have left a legacy of distrust and fear among people of color in all areas. The stand- your-ground law was passed in Florida while I still lived there. Not enough of us fought it hard enough, however frightening its prospects.

In addition to gang violence and general crime, shooting guns for fun is quite prevalent in South Florida and many people are killed or injured each year. The arguments put forth for this law centered on crime statistics which were old and preyed on people's fears that their gated communities would not protect them enough. No one pays much attention to other statistics which show the numbers of people of color in jails and prisons, what happens to them in court, unbalanced sentencing, etc.

Now I live in Oregon, with its record of having been one of the most prejudiced areas in the U.S. -- toward Asians, American Indians, and blacks. In the Portland area, most blacks live in one of two small areas; their unemployment rate is much higher than for every other group; their rates of enrollment in higher education are pretty low. Because they have gradually become a small minority (nothing like the 15-18% in South Florida), less and less attention is paid to their situation.

But since a great majority of inmates and prisoners are black, someone is paying attention. Here, a big problem seems to be out-of-control violent reactions by police in handling street people, especially the mentally ill. I am not exaggerating when I say that here, being black and mentally ill is often fatal.

48 | P a g e

As a white female, I strongly oppose Stand Your Ground as amateur & dangerous vigilantism-- modern lynching-- as a white we clearly informed that holding our wedding reception at a Fairmount Park Philadelphia mansion was not welcome, so we left. As a female, I know that I cannot go out alone places at night ALL THE TIME! Yet some of my black women friends MUST go out alone at night to get to their jobs-- that's another side of all this that needs to be told. It's more complicated... and the longstanding mistreatment of blacks by police is in this mix as well... fear of calling 911; ironically police are losing THEIR standing in all this. Thank you for doing this survey; I hope my comments have helped; my work is in African American women in late 19th early 20th century.

I am fortunate to not fall into one of the "profiled" categories. Profiling, stand your ground, limiting voter rights, protesting insurance for all, failing to provide living wages, and the other actions of the conservative coalition are wrong and hurtful, not only to the poor but to all people.

I basically think stand your ground laws are dangerous.

Congregations (C) – Survey administered on TEC website. THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH USA (TEC) Total demographics n=1,518 Q. #13 “Stand Your Ground laws are unjust for certain citizen groups.” 76.5% YES. n=1,082

Source: Data - The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling Housing/Real Estate While relocating around the country due to my husband's military assignments after putting a deposit on a home to purchase in Stone Mountain Georgia when the home owners found out we were not white they refused to sell the house to us. While being included in various clubs and social organizations (even elected to leadership positions within the organizations) we were seldom invited to family gatherings and my children were not invited to activities with the children of other members of the organizations. In a number of situations where my husband was not in uniform it was assumed he was not a Major or a pilot and treated with lack of respect when attempting to cash his paycheck when we were traveling in Cincinnati Ohio.

I am white, went early to a black area to get a good parking space for a meeting, and was asked to say why I was there by a black officer. He was pleasant but threatening at the same time. I was trying to sell my home to a black family and they were unduly delayed by the bank and their realtor because of red- lining. I had to get my realtor to add pressure to the other realtor and the bank in order for the transaction to go through. The neighbors also gave me grief for selling to a black family. As a social worker and as a member of an integrated church, I heard and saw many incidents of profiling by members of the church and by people on my caseload. I sometimes had to verify for the black person's trustworthiness and innocence.

Perhaps these stories are "reverse" examples; Martin Luther King was murdered and I went with a black friend to her church for a memorial service. The sermon was on the urgent need for the Black Community to come together in peace to work for equal rights, without any "help" from the White people. If the white folks were interested, they (we) would be better off working to cure racism in their community. We (Caucasian) lived in a mid-Atlantic state in late '60's. We were planning to move and our house was not

49 | P a g e selling. I mentioned to the real estate agent that there were some people (a church committee) interested in seeing a black family consider our house. The next day there was an eager white buyer! I did not immediately catch the connection between my comment and the quick sale. Apparently that real estate agent was not willing to "break the block" and I thought I couldn't refuse the chance to get that house off our hands.

The bank refused a mortgage in suburbia.

Moving and needed to open a new bank account. I was dirty and in very old clothes. The bank would not cash a check for me to do my marketing. I went to our new home showered and put on clean clothes and some jewelry, returned to the bank and cashed my check. Then I spoke to the Bank Manager. Please tell Tom Breidenthal thank you for doing this survey.

I am weary, but redlining when trying get a mortgage/purchase property. Vandalism with little or no response from police. Almost getting shot by police when entering my residence with groceries. Accused of cheating on an IQ test so I was forced to take a more difficult test at Columbia with several proctors and witnesses in an amphitheater. Scored 13 points higher. Walking in a group of whites and being stopped, singled out. Being followed in stores. Getting slapped on the hand for reaching for some change at a register. Denied admission to stores and clubs. Ethnic slurs and racist scrawls on campaign posters when a relative ran for political office. Race related ethnic threats left on answering machine. Accused of being the recipient of affirmative action. Being mistaken for the maid/washroom attendant/etc.

I am a Caucasian mother of six, formerly married to a man of color and the grandmother of 12 grandchildren of color. We have ALL suffered discriminations and profiling based on age, race, sexual orientation, and misinterpretation. Probably the most hurtful was the time I rented a great apartment near a wonderful school where we had dreamed of living so the kids could attend that school. Money changed hands and the keys were handed over. When I brought my husband and children out to see our new home, they were delighted. When I went back at the beginning of the following week to take measurements for draperies, the lock had been changed.

Trying to find a home in an area of great schools (when we were raising our children) meant going into predominantly white neighborhoods (a problem that this is the case in the US). But brokers consistently steered us away from these neighborhoods, claiming no openings at out price level.

It was okay to rent to a nice white lady, but when the owners saw my children and their father, it was no longer okay. During a recent discussion about racial profiling with my employer, I was told that I was in the wrong in that situation as I could have chosen to live anywhere, but had chosen a neighborhood that was predominantly white, thus leaving myself open for problems. As it had turned out, we ended up living in a more racially mixed neighborhood farther from the school, where I knew we could live in peace. One of my sons was beaten and left for dead coming out of a restaurant on his first wedding anniversary with his white wife. He was jumped by three Italian American boys and told to go back where he came from. Where was he to go? My family is so ethnically and racially mixed: English, Irish, German, Scotch, Dutch, Romanian, French, Spanish, West African, Taino, Cherokee - where are we to go? The stories can go on and on and on.

I have experienced rental discrimination (by phone the apt was available but 10min. later it was rented when the owner saw me). More than once I have noted "surprise" when appearing for job interviews and graduate school orientation. I have been questioned about my identity. I have been followed while shopping and while driving (I live on Palm Beach). I have been assumed to be someone's domestic worker or caregiver in my condo development. Finally, my first experience at age 12, while shopping with my family, was overhearing the salespeople who were watching us when one said, "Everybody watches black people."

50 | P a g e

I have observed others being unfairly profiled, and have heard stories of people's experience. Many come from the time I worked in a seminary located in a residential area that was predominantly white. Both faculty and students of color reported being stopped on their way to the school to be asked what they were doing in the area. My brother-in-law is a person of color, and I have observed the suspicion he encounters, as well as the unthoughtful treatment my nieces experience from others. I have been shopping and experienced my friend being followed by security because she is a person of color.

Perhaps the most blatant experience that directly impacted me was when my husband and I were looking to buy a home. I had researched homes in the county we were looking at, and found a house in our price range that I was extremely interested in. When I showed the agent the listing, she stated we would not be interested in that house. I asked why, and she said it was in a community with a large population of "those people." When I asked what she meant, she replied that, while she wouldn't usually say anything, she does not show houses in that town to "people like us" because of the large number of Hispanics. I insisted I wanted to see the house, and we did purchase it, despite the unwillingness of our agent. It was a wonderful community to live - and provided rich cultural experiences for our children.

When we lived in Oakland, CA. we purchased a house in 1964. The Real Estate contract specifically stated that it was not to be sold to Negroes. The realtor actually took off $2,000 from the purchase price because the people next door were a mixed couple. She was from Japan and he was black. He is a doctor. They were the best neighbors we have ever had.

Growing up, my youngest brother and I moved to Texas - from Syracuse, NY, to live with my father. We had never seen segregation in action. Several Negro older people told us that we had to go to the “front of the bus". There were signs warning them to be out of our neighborhood after dark. Separate eating places in department stores, bathrooms, drinking fountains. WE WERE SHOCKED and saddened. NO ONE should be discriminated against because of color, wealth or not, education. We are all gifts in this world. Helping each other is key to a good life.

I grew up in Mt. Adams during the 1940-50. It was totally white and some violence happened when there was rumor that a black child would be enrolled in the elementary school (the president of the PTA was burned in effigy) and when a house was to be sold/or rented to a black family, a rock was rolled down a hill onto the roof of the house.

Employment I had a colleague remark that I must be really qualified because my employer did not hire blacks. I was being paid $30,000 less than the white male doing the same job with equivalent qualifications. I go into clerk's offices and request documents. Staff say that "you have to be an attorney to get that information." I say "I am an attorney." They say, "not a paralegal, an attorney." I end up having to produce my bar card and driver's license. At security, deputy let a white female attorney walk through. The same deputy searches my briefcase and goes through my purse. A priest asked to hear me read before she would let me read the Gospel during Mass after I had been ordained. People assume because I grew up in NYC that I grew up poor. I did not. I grew up in an upper middle class family.

I do not wear my collar all of the time, although it is often overlooked when I do (once came to do supply in a NYC church and was mistaken for someone just there to get warmed up -- I guess they thought my vestment pack was my "luggage"). Have learned to maintain a sense of humor with it all. Funniest example -- once, while in seminary, I stopped in a store carrying my backpack. I usually am followed around in stores, whether carrying a backpack or not. Selected some clothes to try on, and did. When I came out (with the clothes I had selected on my arm), the sales people demanded to see what was in my backpack. They were not too pleased to find my Bible...

51 | P a g e

I was interviewed in the early 1990's for a principal's job in Midlothian, Tx. where I was then working as an Educational Diagnostician. The superintendent at the time called me the next morning and proclaimed that I had done at magnificent job at the interview and if times were different and the community ready, I should rightfully have the job but insomuch as fewer than 5 blacks worked for the district, he could not move my name forward. Yes, he actually said those exact words to me. More recently, I experienced similar outcomes while working as an Executive Director in Cleburne, Texas.

I was applying for a school district leadership position. The school board knew me, but noticed I attended a church called Grace Methodist Church. They asked to meet and interview my wife. I later learned they thought the church might be a black church and wanted to see if she was black. They offered me the job which I accepted. i know these were ethical people and do not know if they would have hired me if my wife was black...perhaps they would.

Although it was almost 40 years ago, I still feel the sting of experiences I had as a 24 year old female attorney. I made a good salary but was turned down for a mortgage. I was asked what I would do if and did I have plans to have children. One employer said he would hire a woman when she could pee standing up. A colleague was asked what birth control method was she using. A local bar association continued to meet in an all male setting. A young woman was not taken seriously as a adversary. One woman told me I took a slot in law school that her son should have. I am smart, persistent and carved out a solid reputation as a lawyer to the surprise, dismay, and puzzlement of the court, the male bar, and public perception. My daughter will not have these experiences but I know the feeling of just being 'wrong' and out of place because of something I had no control over.

Based solely on one's appearance, individuals pre-judge one's facility with the English Language in both spoken and written forms almost daily. In incidents too numerous to recount, individuals , in what is meant to be complimentary, exclaim surprise w/ how articulate I am (English is indeed my first language). I will not continue as I am certain that you have a clearer understanding of the incidents that come to define one's life, but not who the person has become. I receive all with equal parts of amusement, bewilderment and, yes, at times, anger. Thanks for asking and for listening.

I was interviewed in the early 1990's for a principal's job in Midlothian, TX. where I was then working as an Educational Diagnostician. The superintendent at the time, called me the next morning and proclaimed that I had done at magnificent job at the interview and if times were different and the community ready, I should rightfully have the job but insomuch as fewer than 5 blacks worked for the district, he could not move my name forward. Yes, he actually said those exact words to me. More recently, I experienced similar outcomes while working as an Executive Director in Cleburne, Texas.

I was described as racist by someone who did not want competition for a position.

My working career has spanned 35 years, so I have witnessed discrimination of several kinds, not including race. The discrimination against me have concerned my gender and my age, and they are harder to prove or to address. It is my suspicion that "profiling" is part of human discernment and it is used by us to make decisions requiring choice. Those who did not choose me for a job because I was an older white woman, or because I was a young white woman missed a chance to have an intelligent human on their team. I did get chosen for some wonderful positions in some excellent companies. I also believe my race has given me opportunities and advantages not given equally to all. Racism is alive and well in our community, but so is ageism and misogyny.

I have now reached the age of elder 58 1/2 and am unemployed. I feel that now is a hard time to find employment because I am at the top employment category for my profession and most people seem to want to hire someone with family who are younger.

52 | P a g e

I am in charge of hiring at a large nonprofit and I know my staff and I have to be constantly mindful to NOT profile people and to take each candidate on his or her merit. It can be extremely difficult and if we deny that fact we are more susceptible to profiling others. Even more challenging are the hiring managers who care a lot about meeting operations goals and may find profiling to be efficient and helpful. I don't see overt profiling often--but I have seen it at times-- but we still work to block the covert and subtle.

Wasn't given any career counseling (back in the late 60s), and it was assumed I'd do illustration as a "hobby" while being a wife and mother--Have seen my African-American gay goddaughter having some problems because she doesn't hide what she is. And my African-American foster daughter runs into prejudices trying to get a job, and has been stopped by cops because she a young black woman.

Both my husband (also black) and I have experienced the failure to get a job or even an interview when the company learned of our race. Of course it is done in a way that cannot be proven legally, but we have seen the startled looks on the employers' faces when we appear at the worksite, and then never hear from them again. (Our names sound relatively "Anglo", especially my husband's.)

I have had a long-term relationship with a black man. When we were together in New York, I was the one to hail the taxi (one time we were in black tie coming out of Lincoln Center and although no cab would stop for him, I hailed on almost instantly.) We have been told at the doorway of empty restaurants that we couldn't be served because "every table is reserved." At 5:30 on a Tuesday afternoon? Oh please. I have been shopping numerous times with people of other races and have observed that they are often followed and treated differently than I am. I saw racism and anti-Semitism in my own parish church in New York. It was subtle but it was there.

I contacted a very well known attorney in Los Angeles who is also nationally known.... she contacted the Dept. of Justice who came to see me.... While I never got promoted in that district, with in the year the first woman in that school district was made principal of a junior high school. I went on to a larger school district and had no problems being placed in administrative positions there.

I know people who are African-American who have been unjustly judged in employment hiring and promotion. I know folks who have been unjustly accused of crimes. I am white and have never personally had these experiences.

I was in an interracial relationship and got to see these things happen to my African/American boyfriend at the time. He made twice as much money as I did and was a federal officer. I have been with him when older white men have called him "Boy." I have seen him be subject to credit checks for certain big price items that haven't applied to me. I have had retail workers come up to me to offer help, but not to him in a store.

I have been refused work as being overqualified or over age. The second was rectified when others began filing complaints concerning age discrimination.

A Native American seeking priesthood in the Episcopal Church in Oregon who was labeled and given prejudgments about ability to be competent in a hierarchical system in the Episcopal Church in Oregon by a majority class male. This is about labeling in another institution rather than a law enforcement or community organization.

As a woman priest I was always being questioned (non-verbally) about my competence. I was not one of the boys, but a strong and ideas-driven female. My colleagues, and some parishioners, found this difficult. Being the rector of a growing parish, in the midst of those experiencing difficulties made it even more so.

53 | P a g e

I applied for a job where I was quite qualified and turned down "because someone applied earlier." I responded that the job was just posted. This individual did not last long and I was asked to reapply I told them no, they can hire someone with lighter skin.

In the workplace they always talk about "perception" which in my opinion translates to profiling. I am the mother of African American sons and I am so nervous for their future. It's bad enough that my parents were a part of the Civil Rights movement/segregation, couldn't travel during the day -they could only travel at night, now fast forward 2013 and it is a very similar dynamic.

Applied for a job in Kentucky. Got called for an interview when I walked in the receptionist was surprised of my appearance being what my name is, she went to tell the interviewer i was there he may have asked me maybe 2 or 3 questions and told me right on the spot I didn't get the job and would not give me an explanation. From the way they both looked at me I guess a black girl should not have the name I have I guess it is uncommon. Driving through town picking up pizza police parked on the side of the road, since it was kinda dark I could barely see them I did not break any laws. I was pulled over for no reason and was held up sitting in my car for almost 30 minutes before I was let go. Who knows lol.....

Because I was a parent of small children and SEPARATED from my husband, I was denied a job at a very reputable company in our city : reason given was that "he may come to the job and cause trouble". I had passed every test they gave with excellent scores but that meant nothing.

Employment salary has always been lower until I started looking for other jobs then all they were suddenly able to find more money to keep in my area. When I knew other people had been making more then I was doing less.

Shopping When I go shopping I am followed around the store they automatic think I an going to steal because I am black, while they are watching me I see other people of different races stealing the store blind. I am also treated different regarding jobs.

It was not with law enforcement, but in a store with a store security person (white, male). In January 2013, I was dressed extremely casual on a Saturday, and went in the store quickly to get a few items, including a present for one of my teenage granddaughters. I was walking from rack to rack, uncertain what to buy a 14-year-old girl. I was treated suspiciously, and clearly followed and observed while I was in the store. The store was Macys. Such a scenario has been a common occurrence over the years for Black people. Being closely observed in stores, while still offensive, sometimes is just ignored. I can say it is much less overt and mean-spirited than in the 1970s and 80s; but it still occurs.

The stories are too numerous to tell and most, because they happen so frequently, are simply the "cost of being Black in America." My first "real" experience with racial profiling was in Bal Harbor Shops in Dade County, FL on my 15th birthday. My cousin took me to Saks to buy me a birthday present. We were followed around the store--very closely--until my cousin turned to the man and pulled out his money clip and said, "I have enough money to buy her anything she wants. We don't need to steal anything from this store." We promptly left and I don't shop at Saks to this day. I don't know if this counts for profiling or just plain discrimination, but I and my fiancé were not served as a long-time Charlottesville, VA barbeque restaurant. We were simply ignored. My fiancé asked to see the manager and we never saw him. Again, never ate there again--even when it was provided at a catered event.

In shopping in Minnesota, I am commonly followed around the store and I'm sure its profiling because I used to work in retail and know the floor associates aren't that interested folding clothes already folded! While living in TN in the mid-90s I stopped on Interstate 40 between Knoxville and Nashville to get gas,

54 | P a g e

when I pulled up the person in the convenience store looked out squinted and then shut down the pumps (all of the electricity went out by the pumps). I sat there for a minute and then realized what was going on and drove back towards Nashville where it is a more metropolitan area.

My husband and I decided to go shopping for bedroom furniture. We go a well known furniture store in Tri County. We spend some time looking at furniture and finally come to a decision to buy. We go to the area where the bed is (we were buying a king size bed and two bedside tables totaling about $3,000) and there was a salesman already there trying to sale the very bedroom set we were interested in to a white couple. We waited until he was finished with them to tell him we were interested in buying it. The salesman totally ignored us and walked away. We had to actually walk around and look for someone to sell us the furniture. We found an African American saleswoman and gave her or business. And we paid cash!

I am a 23 year old African American man, and I have been racially profiled many times over the last 10- or-so years. I will share just a few of the most egregious instances. I have often been followed or tracked in stores by sales associates who expect that I could be likely to steal something, while white customers are left alone.

When I attended an elite private school during from the sixth through twelfth grades, I have had other students assume (and mention out loud) that I must be on affirmative action, even though my grades were better than many of theirs. Frustration with this assumption is part of what prompted me to attend a historically black college as an undergraduate.

While standing a few steps away from my house (waiting for a taxi) wearing a polo shirt and khakis, I had a nearby police officer ask me if I lived around there and what I was up to. I have had the sales clerk at a 7-Eleven demand that I empty the pockets of my shorts as I went to pay for a purchase, to make sure I wasn't shoplifting. Other customers were not made to do so.

When shopping with friends who are people of color and when shopping with a group of gay men, I have been aware of the "looks" we get and the increased scrutiny given even when we were "just looking" at merchandise. This is more prevalent in smaller communities than larger cities.

I was stopped once after leaving a 7-11 in Las Vegas while driving a rental car with temporary plates (the car was new). The police officer questioned me as to what I was doing at the 7-11. I told him that I had bought various things. Then he shined his flashlight at my friend in the passenger seat (who was white) and said "oh!". He then explained that people went to that particular store to pick up their drug dealer and go around the block. I have a feeling that if my friend had been black we would have been taken out of the car and searched.

I have been singled out by police for looking 'suspicious' while standing on my own street corner (immediately outside my house) even though I was dressed in khakis & a polo shirt waiting for a taxi. I've been stopped at a convenience store & had my pockets searched because I was a young black man in basketball shorts. And I have been asked if I got into a prestigious private school based on affirmative action, despite the fact that I was qualified for entry based on my grades & test scores.

(Un)Intelligent Because I am Native American, there is an assumption that I am uneducated and do not understand discussions so people will "translate" into smaller pieces of information because they think I cannot grasp the big picture. People do not treat me as if I can contribute to a discussion. People interrupt me while I am speaking as if to say what I'm saying has no relevance.

55 | P a g e

As a semi-finalist in a search for rector, a member of the vestry told me if they were to call me members of the congregation would be upset. I have been followed while shopping. Some white people have assumed I lacked common knowledge about some basic things and therefore felt it their duty to inform me.

When I entered seminary, the Dean mistakenly copied me on an email he sent one of my professors. He stated, "Oh, great just what we need another dumb blonde." I do color my hair and have for years, since college, but I never realized it had affected my IQ. Fortunately, I have lived a while and didn't take the comment too seriously, but it still stung, and obviously has left an impression.

In graduate school remarks made as to my having benefitted from affirmative action. On other occasions, questions as to how long I'd been a Baptist when I am virtually a cradle Episcopalian. When hired to teach in a predominantly white private school, I had to give an oral committee report and was congratulated by a co-worker who expressed her shock at my command of the English language. I still wonder what she expected as I had two graduate degrees from predominantly white universities and a BS from an outstanding black undergraduate college. It never ends and that's why eternal vigilance is my watchword! Stops for accusations of speeding or brake lights out late at night when no businesses are open to buy a replacement. Also in "certain" parts of town, namely predominantly black neighborhoods you can bet on being stopped if you're driving a certain make of car. Being followed in certain stores when ironically, I have the store's credit card. Never get too complacent is my motto!

Based solely on one's appearance, individuals pre-judge one's facility with the English Language in both spoken and written forms almost daily. In incidents too numerous to recount, individuals, in what is meant to be complimentary, exclaim surprise w/ how articulate I am (English is indeed my first language). I will not continue as I am certain that you have a clearer understanding of the incidents that come to define one's life, but not who the person has become. I receive all with equal parts of amusement, bewilderment and, yes, at times, anger. Thanks for asking and for listening.

During a short period of unemployment I inquired about a job posting that I noticed on the bulletin board at my local unemployment office. Without even asking my background, the government employee informed me that I could not apply for that particular job because a "degree" was required.

During a job interview, I have been asked whether a third person "helped me" write a particular news item of my authorship because the interviewer perceived my accent to be a sign of a language deficiency. (An accent on the tongue does not mean there must be an accent in the brain, therefore, phonological variations are not a measure of competence.) I have been followed around stores because a store clerk overheard me speak another language with a family member and considered that suspicious.

It is assumed because I am black, that I’m unintelligent. at work the higher ranking individuals are non- black. There has not been a black team lead in my test lab. I was qualified, had the most time on the job, been an electronic test technician for 25 years, been a cosmetologist for 20 years, yet they gave the Team lead role of the PG hair test lab to a white female with less time than I had and very green about the happenings in our lab.

Competence perceptions - undervaluing of my capabilities is constant and consistent - it happened in law and it happens in the priesthood.

I don't think any kind of profiling is necessarily a bad thing. It only becomes a bad thing if someone's civil rights are violated because of it.

56 | P a g e

Police Stops Our biracial children are always being pulled over. Our son was riding as a passenger in a Caucasian boy's car; police pulled the car over for no obvious reason and made our son get out. Sad! Our daughter also has trouble with people and police in Dayton.

I was with a black male friend driving down the main street of town - he was giving me a ride home and both of us were in our late 30's early 40's. We were pulled over and the officer claimed that my friend was going 20 miles over the speed limit. I asked the officer how that could be because I was able to see the speedometer and we were clearly going only the posted limit of 35. The officer started to yell at me until he noticed that I was white. He then apologized and let us go on our way. I shudder to think what might have happened had I NOT been in the car.

I have not personally experienced this but I have over heard police officials laugh that they "pulled him over for driving while black."

I have been stopped by police on three occasions for DWB (Driving While Black). In each instance, I received no traffic ticket or warning and was advised by the officer that he "thought something was wrong." I have been suspected of shoplifting from a bookstore I frequented regularly one day when I was wearing jeans and a sweatshirt instead of my "professional clothes." On several occasions, I have been outright denied or received substandard service in restaurants when I was there with an attractive white woman. I often "get glances" when I enter an establishment that is full of mostly or all white patrons. This again is especially true if I am accompanied by a white female.

I am part of the white minority in my community. My experiences of profiling are positive but equally unjust. The assumptions are 1. that I really don't live in the zip code I report or 2. that I am a visitor from a wealthy suburb and not a resident. I can generally talk myself out of a ticket or warning for routine traffic stops even if not carrying my license. Neighbors in similar situations are ticketed and sometimes arrested and vehicles towed. Pan handlers approach me rather than people of color when walking in the same area. When working in the yard we have been verbally harassed when declining to hire one of the guys walking around looking for odd jobs. These are not complaints, just an acknowledgement of white privilege and that racial profiling goes both ways. Relationships and community are damaged whenever we make assumptions based on race be they positive or negative.

My grandson has several black friends. One lives in a low rent subsidized apartment. My grandson has been stopped several times by police when visiting or picking up his friend. He and another black friend sat on a bench waiting for the friend's wife to finish shopping at the mall. The friend's tiny baby was in a carrier. A mall security guard made a big point of stopping nearby, and eyeing the baby carrier until the baby was picked up, and he could see that no weapons, etc, were hidden in the carrier. Small incidents, but definitely profiling.

My son is 24 and gets pulled over by the police quite often and ticketed for minor things. He feels he is stalked by the police. He is white and works. Although this is minor to many other racial things that his friends go through it has created a hatred for the local police from him. Seems the police are always looking to ticket and charge the youth instead of helping them and encouraging them and being a mentor.

I was driving through an unfamiliar neighborhood to pick up a friend to go to a support group and the officer pulled me over and told me that he did so because I was white driving through a black neighborhood and thought I was looking for drugs.

I have had multiple experiences of houses/apartments being available when I called on the phone, and not available when I turned up in person, as depicted in some TV ads. I have been told repeatedly that I "do not sound black". I have yet to understand what this means. I have been stopped by a Police Cruiser.

57 | P a g e

After checking my ID & license tags (all in order), & calling my information in on his car device, the Officer informed me that he had stopped me because I "looked as if I might have been speeding".

I'm a white male and an Episcopal Priest who, until my recent retirement, wore a collar most of the time. I've never had a problem with the "authorities." (Oh. maybe some 'dirty looks' when I was demonstrating against the Viet Nam War.) But I've seen these things 'way to often involving people who don't look like me! (Don't you just love seeing the police writing tickets for the heinous crime of DWB?)

On a few occasions I've been stopped by police on I-75 while driving to/from FL. The police were using the "Drivers License" check to observe suspicious behavior to impede the flow of illegal drugs. When asked where I came from and where was I going my answers were not challenged. I gave my permission to "take a peek" into my trunk. The officer grinned and said, "That's not necessary. Have a safe drive." It's impossible to live without creating categories into which we assign people. I'm from the South and I've been called a hillbilly, a red neck, and Confederate all of my life. A wonderful part of life is countering those prejudgments we encounter. I speak publicly often throughout the US. Often I begin with a "You might be a Redneck if . . . " to the delight of my audience. When finished, I often hear, "Well. You're a Redneck, but you sure as hell know what you're talking about."

My daughter was stopped by police while driving near our home when she was about 18 because she was in a 'nice' car and is Hispanic. They said they suspected her of car-prowling.

At age 14 accused of stealing because the white suspect ran through my yard. During graduate school, I was stopped in my housing complex late at night (after coming back from field work) because a woman was threatened in the complex, I was held until the woman was called to make an identification; she said I was not the person.

A friend and I volunteered to be designated drivers for some friends. My friend was stopped and tested for DUI. Another time while driving near the twin cities a carload of drunken Caucasians kept harassing us so I stopped a patrolman and reported them. The patrolman asked me for my drivers license, insurance and ran a check on me. I mentioned to the patrolman that "those drunks are getting away and I don't drink alcohol." Those drunks got away.

THE STATE Patrol stopped me late at night due to crossing form one lane to the other without a turn signal while traffic was extremely light. They tried to charge me with DUI but all there tests failed seeing as the tests along the highway are no longer acceptable. It helped that I failed to cooperate as I said I would do or say nothing until I had an attorney present. I specifically said I had not had anything to drink and hence by saying that they had no reason to do the tests.

I am white, but my children and grandchildren are bi-racial so I speak to their experiences. They have been stopped and frisked and told they met the criteria for a person who had just robbed a bank. This was while they had their two-year old in the car with them. I was stranded on the highway with them in the car and nobody would stop to help. My son was stopped for driving too slowly in an all-white area as he was trying to find an address of a friend. They have been turned down for apartments that were "already rented" only to find later that they were actually still vacant. This was just in the past few months. Because they look like they could be Hispanic or even middle-eastern, they have received even more profiling than they used to get when people just thought they were black.

My son, who was then 20, was attending a parish youth group reunion at the home of a parishioner. When he went out to his car to retrieve a tape (this was in 1996) a police patrol car stopped and asked him what he was doing in this neighbor hood. Fortunately someone in the house saw what was up and yelled “hey did you find it?” The cops pulled away. When he left the party he was going to take a friend home before he returned to my house. The patrol car started following him so they came back around to our home. He honked and I came out. The patrol car was stopped at the bottom of our street. Our street

58 | P a g e was one side of a Y shaped, cul de sac with 5 homes on it. When I came out and my guest pointed out the patrol car, I waved and started walking down the drive. The patrol car left as soon as I started walking. This person is a medium to light skinned, black eyed male who at that time had short dreads and a beard. I’m a short, blue eyed, natural blond. All of this took place in an area of $200,00o to $800,000 homes.

Even though I am white I gave him the “talk” and fortunately he listened, A year later an African American couple from our parish, who lived in the same area, was on their to the opening Gala of the Dayton Opera, dressed to the nines, her Black Gama mink coat and diamonds, his cashmere over coat and white silk scarf, diving a Volvo with a bad taillight ( parts were on order at the dealer). A police patrol car pulled them over two blocks from their home and asked what they were doing in this neighbor. They lived in one of the $800,000 homes. The husband told the office that they were on their way to the Opera Gala and the lived in the neighborhood and pointed toward their street. The officer didn’t believe them and asked to see his driver’s license, which of course had the address of their home two blocks away. Hey you got to look out for those Volvo driving, mink wearing, opera going, retired Apple founding, African Americans. A few words to some lawyers on their block and a nicely drafted letter led to some retraining for the officers in our area.

Most occurrences occurred when I grew up in Chicago. As a teenager, I had been pulled over and placed on the hood of my car because the police were looking for four African Americans for "something". Myself and three other friends were ordered out of the car, placed on the hood of the car, and then released 10 minutes later when the cops realized we were the wrong group. Shopping, I have been followed in stores, usually in Asian owned stores.

When walking around at night, especially in the winter time when more of my body is covered, people often cross on the other side of the street, clutch purses, watch me carefully, lock car doors, check for bystanders etc as I walk by. In order to avoid those reactions, I often remove my hat and scarf (or wear a hat with a visible university logo), take my hands out of my pockets, sometimes remove my gloves (people worry that I may have some weapon in my hands or pockets), wear lighter colored North Face style jackets rather than black coats, wear a collared shirt and sweater under my coat rather than a hoodie etc.

While driving, I have had police sheriffs "ride my tail" while I have been in certain "upscale areas" of the city of Cincinnati. The police cars seem to appear out of nowhere and ride my bumper for several minutes. I'm aware that my tags are being run and when this is over, the police car will abruptly turn and go down another street or turn completely around and go another way. They will disappear as fast as they came. This has happened on numerous occasions.

While driving to the hospital to visit my Grandmother, I had my hood on because it was early in the morning and was a bit chilly. I noticed that a police car began following me. At first, I did not think anything of it, until I made 2 turns and he still continued to follow me. My mother was in the vehicle with me and advised me to take my hood off. Once I took my hood off, the police officer put his lights on and pulled me over. I believe that he finally saw that I was not a black male, but figured I was associated with someone.

Once he was at my vehicle, he asked me if I was connected to some man that I never heard of. My mom and myself advised the police officer that I did not know the man he was speaking of, but he ends his statement with, "Well when you speak to him, let him know he has a warrant out for his arrest!" Come to find out from another incident that happened, they had missed typed one of the letters from the man he was speaking of license plate in the Hamilton County System which was my correct license plate number!!! But it just burned me up that the police office just continued to badger me as if I knew the man.

My daughters and I were harassed by local policeman several times and for no apparent reasons we were often stopped due to the type of car (black Mercedes) owned by me (mom) and checked for drugs. I

59 | P a g e

made a complaint to the city concerning racial profiling. I also worked for the justice system as well as my brother, who worked as an attorney for the county. Following the complaint, this policeman began to stalk my daughter and develop trumped up tickets, such as, no front license plate and parking too close to my driveway and leaving the car parked in a private drive way for over 2 days. This policeman literally dragged me and my daughter into the city jail handcuffed like hardened criminals and then handcuffed us to a desk, saying it was outstanding warrants for not paying tickets which were not going to her address.

Intervention by my supervisor and my brother place a non bond to get us out until court. Most of our cases were dismissed or we paid small fines. This cop was known in the city to be racist, bigoted, rogue cop and profiled black males as drug dealers and thugs and women as prostitutes. Part of our complaint on file was that he wanted sex in exchange for not paying a ticket. Due to complaints made to the city he was brought in for questioning. He wanted revenge. He used other policeman to antagonize my daughter and would stalk my daughter and her husband, looking in her windows, watching their comings and goings. I prayed for justice but as God will have it, that rogue cop was killed in a horrific car incident in his own cruiser.

Medical Care For a period of about five years, I encountered store personnel who would shadow me in an intrusively vigilant "you really ought to leave" manner. I thought that my attire and recent purchases might have indicated my inclination to pay for things.... but no. In the same period of time, on one occasion, I received verbally abusive treatment by a pediatrician and his nurse who seemed to think my daughter and i were a different "frequent flyer" pair (he derided me for not listening to prior repeated advice). This was the first day either I or my daughter had even been in the building! I believe I was mistaken for someone else (another Caucasian female) who lived in the area at the time who resembled me. None of these experiences was pleasant, but they're pretty mild compared with what non-Caucasian people experience, I'm very sorry to say.

I'm a woman who doesn't cry at the drop of a hat. I am more likely to demonstrate knowledge of the other person's topic. I work with animals and so my clothes are appropriate for that, and often hairy. I hate makeup. I am 6'3". My father taught me not to use a little girl voice, but to keep it low and enunciate. People stare hard, and sometimes make rude gender related remarks. A very long time ago I worked as a grocery bagger and wore a skirt and smock. A shopper remarked that she puzzled a long time about me and concluded I was a boy. I was once prevented from going into the ladies dressing room. In college I called for a pap smear appointment and was told it was unusual for a man. I protested and the staff person said she did indeed believe she heard my feminine hysteria. No, it's not particularly dangerous, but I struggle with hate and self loathing.

Profiling and stereotyping causes pain. When you come from the dentist and your mouth droops, they will assume you are retarded. I need to use public health, but I get looks of disdain from all the little Hispanic women in the clinic. They often skip me and talk to each other. I can't prove it of course.

I have had a lot of problems with my teeth. I currently have a missing tooth in the front, and I have noticed that I never get called in for a second interview, even though I meet qualifications (and more, because I have a BA degree) and I am a people-person. I cannot afford to have it fixed because I have other, more important medical matters to deal with (I have epilepsy). I am living in a homeless shelter; I have a job but it isn't steady.

Medical care- I have played tennis all my life. I tore a meniscus while playing tennis; and as an obese black female I was questioned as if I were lying about what I was doing when my meniscus torn. I had meniscus repair surgery but was not offered physical therapy as if I would never want to play tennis again.

60 | P a g e

I was removed from my position, only Black on treatment team. Did not want to hear about treatment of AFRICANS OR POOR ETHNICITIES, Replaced me with a young inexperienced white female.

In medical care - not offered pain medication when treated for external burn (hot liquid from microwave) - but when a nurse came in she was shocked that my complaints of pain had not been acknowledged. She got the doctor to prescribe pain medication immediately.

My last comment concerns ignorant and untrained perceptions of the aberrant behavior of the mentally challenged or disabled. In South Florida, I had one adventure after another with the police because of a foster child who stayed with me years after he turned 18 because of a severe brain injury.

At brain injury support group we would hear story after story of TBI survivors (especially young men) who were stopped and even arrested because of uneven gait or inability to quickly show ID or "explain themselves".

I documented one case in 2007 of a man who was arrested for DUI although he had had nothing to drink, was placed in an upper bunk of the Broward Co. Jail even though he explained he had recently had cranial surgery, he fell and ruined the surgical repairs, was denied a single phone call for more than a week by putting him in a "mental" unit, got none of the meds he needed, and died of cardiac failure before we could help him file a lawsuit. My foster child, at age 37, wandered all night once under the bridges of downtown Fort Lauderdale, but cops he approached for help would not give him directions how to get back up on a main street or to a bus.

Racial profiling isn't the only kind. I've experienced age and gender profiling in employment, medical care and business. With the church I've experienced age profiling, including within the church, regarding whether I'm competent to perform an employment task based on my age and appearance. My experiences aren't the worst, though. A friend of mine was unable to get a job for which she was highly qualified as a priest), based on her age, gender, and appearance. She has since died.

Guns/Weapons Have become increasingly aware of need for home protection. Dept. Homeland Security has recently issued a proposal to buy 7,000 Select (semiautomatic/full automatic) AR-15 rifles, with 30 round magazine capability. DHS has designated them as personal defense weapons for use in close quarters. Most civilians who wish to comply with the DHS designations will have access to the semiautomatic version only, and only if the Feinstein ban does not materialize. To see full information on the DHS action, Bing: “DHS AR-15” Perhaps the question that we all should be demanding an answer to is, “Why is Homeland Security buying 7,000 AR-15 automatic rifles, and 1.6 billion rounds of ammunition?”

I do not have a "story". I am very blessed. I do not take unnecessary risks. However, I believe the church should put its full moral force behind curtailing the proliferation of arms, especially assault and war weapons and multiple-bullets clips. I would like to see our church support increased gun registration laws and their enforcement, as well as increased registration of those with mental illness and a felony background. If we do, then we must also support increased services for the mentally ill and disturbed. I am quite sure this is what Jesus would have us do.

While knocking on doors for a political campaign in predominantly white neighborhoods, I have dealt with numerous incidents of being called racial epithets, being followed in cars, having the police called, being threatened with rifles, etc.

My husband had guns drawn on him and it was a case of mistaken identity, he sued the City and won a small settlement. I could go on and on but I have to get back to work.

61 | P a g e

Stopped while driving, pulled over, cop drew his gun. I fit the profile of a person who stole a car. Followed from club at 2:30 a.m., for no reason. Followed in boutique in Soho NYC. At the Ohio State University, in so many ways. While studying for FCC license in NYC.

Suspicious character/Guns/Intimidation I was visiting New Orleans and staying with a fellow chaplain. He was spending the summer being a police chaplain and took me for a drive through his stations geography. It was late afternoon and we were coming out of a very dangerous area known for drugs and crime. My friend drives a top-of-the-line 4WD souped up truck. A police car pulled up behind us, turned on their bright overhead lights, spoke on the speaker, got out of the car, and drew their guns at us. My friend was searched under gun point until they found his ID showing him as one of their police chaplains. It worked out fine, but, it was a bit scary. I am glad that they were doing such stops though.

I have been followed in clothing stores and when I have said something the clerk backed off. In some stores, the doors are locked and one needs to be buzzed in. Upon seeing a black or brown face, they come to the door to ask "what do you want here?". I reply "nothing now because I won't spend my money where it is not welcomed."

When I graduated from High School in 1990, my family lived in the Chicago area. I decided to go to college at Eastern New Mexico University in Portales, NM. At one point, my friend Kevin and myself decided to drive to Chicago for a visit. We used Kevin's car (as I did not own a car), which had a New Mexico license plate. We drove through Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, and rural Illinois with no issue. As soon as we hit the Chicago suburbs, we were pulled over. We were not speeding or violating any traffic laws when we were pulled over. We were in the "slow lane" as the upcoming exit was the one we were going to take. The officers came to the driver and passenger windows with their guns in hand, and instructed us to place both hands on the dash (they also instructed me to also roll down my window in the passenger seat).

It wasn't necessarily "racial" profiling, but being in the wrong place at the wrong time. I was driving in the country at night when the police stopped my car thinking my passenger and I were the ones who "beat up a white girl." When they realized we were not black, they allowed us to leave. I wonder what the outcome would have been if we had been other than white? In the employment category, I was passed over for permanent employment several times because I was Caucasian, due to the fact that the hiring agency had a quota to fill of minorities, even though I was better qualified. I understand the need for affirmative action, but felt I was being held back just as a minority person, and I felt the same resentment at the time.

[Police] didn't ask for ID at this point. They initially said that they pulled us over for a lack of a front license plate. When my friend told them that New Mexico doesn't have front license plates (and, by the way, still does not), he was told that if we were going to drive our car in this country, then we needed to comply with American rules while on American roads, and that American cars always have front license plates. By this point, four other police cars had arrived, one with a dog. My friend told them that both he and the car are from New Mexico, not Mexico, and that New Mexico has been a state since 1912. When they asked, and were told that I was from very near where they pulled us over, they would not let me move my hands to get my ID and show them.

Instead they quizzed me on how to drive home from where we were stopped (which was really easy: get off this exit and head east on Sauk Trail, turn right on Torrance Ave, and turn right onto Orion Ave.). They then moved us into two separate police cars and began questioning us about whether we were smuggling drugs or weapons for at least an hour while they had the dog go over the car to try to find anything suspicious (which it did not) and manually searched through our things. They kept insisting to me that the

62 | P a g e only reason people would come up from New Mexico to Chicago would be to smuggle drugs or guns. They kept asking me about Portales (where we went to school) and Clovis (where my friend was from), but didn't believe my answers. If the internet had been as prevalent and mobile then as it is now, they could have seen that yes, they grow peanuts in Portales (it's the peanut capital of the world) and that Cannon Air Force Base is in Clovis.

When [police] went through my purse (as they searched the car), they found out that I indeed was still a resident of Illinois (driver's license), lived where I said I lived, and was a student at Eastern New Mexico University in Portales (student ID). They also found our school work that we brought with us. When they finally verified that we/the car were American and not from Mexico (why did they not already know this?

[Police] asked why we had no cash and I told them it was because we were college students who put everything on credit cards, and then spent our paychecks making credit card payments. When they finally gave up trying to find something to arrest us for, I was told that the next time I came home I should just fly or take the bus, so that I wouldn't be mistaken for a drug and gun smuggling Mexican again; that driving in a car with New Mexico license plates just made us a legitimate target. Years later, I did drive my own New Mexico registered car back to the Chicago area (for my brother's wedding) and got off the interstate before hitting suburban Chicago to avoid the same situation as before.

I am mixed race female with fair skin, green eyes, and light hair. I am often mistaken for white. I have married within my race and have four beautiful children. When I am alone, I have not experienced any problems; however, when I am with my husband or children, it is a different story. My husband and I have been shopping and have been approached by two different sales clerks. Once, I was even spat on when I was with him by a Caucasian woman. When my girls were younger, I was often asked if they were mine.

Upon moving into our home in a predominately “white” neighborhood, a Caucasian woman came to our door and told me that the Klan met two blocks over.

As a student at The Ohio State University in the 1960’s, there was a bus strike. My mother, who looks mixed, picked me up from my last class. The next day, I was approached by the professor and asked if that was my mother as he thought we looked alike. When I told him yes, he offered the following advice: “If you want to graduate, you should not associate with any Negroes.

I could go on and on but I think you get the picture. I will close with a story about one of our sons. He was called the “N” word and was appalled. Instead of proving them right by acting in a negative manner, he told them that he was the furthest thing from a “N” word that they would ever meet and walked away. “Nuff” said!

I remember my time of being at school in 1st grade and being spanked for telling the teacher a classmate called me a 'n…..r'. I was spanked by a racist principal. That was my first indoctrination to racism. My mother was probably too shocked and afraid of causing trouble in our lily white neighborhood she never confronted the school. I remember that strongly today as a 46 year old.

On an area university in Ohio (PWI) campus where I once worked, my colleague (a vice president of a major administrative unit) was racially profiled by the university police department. New to his position, he was scheduled to meet with some of his staff across campus. He was dressed in a suit and tie - his daily attire. He walked from his office to his car to drive to another area of campus for a meeting. After a few minutes, he noticed, in his rear view mirror, a university police car following him. As he turned each corner toward his destination, the police officer made the same turns. This went on for nearly five minutes until my colleague pulled his car to the curb of a nearby street, stepped out of his vehicle, and looked squarely in the eyes of the officer who then rolled down his window to ask my colleague who he was. They engaged in tense conversation for about 2 minutes when the officer finally said, "You just don't look like you belong here."

63 | P a g e

This exceptional man didn't stay long at this institution of higher education because of a "plantation" mentality that was pervasive and apparent each day. However, he rose to become the President of an east coast PWI where he is accepted as the leader without prejudice.

A number of years ago in our liberal, well-educated community, an African American friend of a friend was questioned roughly by local police. The person is an attorney, was dressed as a gang member for a local production of "West Side Story," and was lounging against the side of his car. A police officer pulled up and forced him down on the hood of the car, accusing him of attempting to steal it.

Several years after that, a family in our parish was targeted by local youth who harassed the then-high- school age son about his mixed racial background. After repeated incidents of the harassment, including vandalizing their home, mom finally was fed up and wrote a letter to the editor about parents who don't stay on top of their teens' nocturnal activities. She was attacked in other letters by people who didn't believe that the harassment could have been racially motivated and that it was just "kids being kids."

Within a year after that, another family moved out of the community after finding racial epithets spray painted on their home. In teaching large-enrollment college mathematics classes, I require students to keep a journal as a means of enhancing their learning. For the first entry, I always require students to tell me something about themselves and to include a creative description of their facial features so that I can match faces and names more easily.

Most Asian or white students list their race in their description. Most African-American students do not and Latinos fall somewhere in the middle. Several subsequently expressed relief to me when it became apparent that I expected them to succeed in a challenging course and didn't particularly care if they were white, black, or green.

I have five nephews all over the age of 24. Unfortunately I am told by each about entering a Walmart or some other place of business and being followed. It is actually a joke that I have heard coming from young people of color. The joke is to go shopping with your white friends. The white friends can shoplift undetected because all eyes/cameras are on the kids of color.

I was driving on a country road. In the passenger seat was client, a teen who was white. We had the windows down and she untied her hair and let it blow in the wind. I was going 58 on a 55 MPH road. Suddenly a cop pulled me over. When the officer walked up and asked for my license and registration, his face turned red. I could see in his eyes that he thought I was a black male with a white woman. He gave me a verbal warning. When the incident was over my passenger indicated that she has NEVER been pulled over for going 3 miles over the speed limit. I said nothing. I knew that she would not know what I meant.

When I was very young, a black girl walked in front of our home and I called her a “‘n…..r’”. She stopped in front of me and just stared with anger and hurt. I was so ashamed of myself even at that age of perhaps six or seven that I never, ever did anything like that again and never told anyone what I had done….not even a priest. I still clearly remember her face as she looked at me and then just walked away, and I am now in my 70’s. I didn’t even say, “I’m sorry.” The incident is burned into my soul. I shall go to my grave with it. But it did most certainly and positively shape my relationship with others different from me. For that aspect, I am truly grateful.

64 | P a g e

Airports/Travel TSA! Innumerable times.....various airports.....

I traveled a lot for work; domestic and international. I have Global Entry clearance back into the US. I have TSA Pre-Approval Clearance. I am a Platinum/Gold member of a major airline. In the last 6 months, alone, my position in TSA-Pre Approval line has been questioned by the TSA agent (a white female), even before looking at my documentation.

Most recently in May 2013, at Bradley Airport in Hartford, CT, I went to a line titled "TSA Pre-Approve" since that is what was printed n my ticket. Once in line, the TSA agent ignored me and took 5 white passengers (not related to each other and not in the TSA Pre-approve line). She finally looked at me and told me that I was in the wrong line. Other passengers were watching. I asked if this was the TSA Pre- Approval line. She said "yes." I placed my documents in front of her and said, "I AM TSA pre-approved. Do I need any other proof since the clearance was printed on my e-ticket? She blushed, took the ticket and my identification. I do not like playing the race card, but I could not see any other reason why the TSA agent would assume that I was in the wrong line and ignore me without even looking at the documents. This story is just the most recent.

Have been profiled at airports, for my ethnicity, looks and surname.

Mélange Age discrimination when applying for work. No one wants to hire the elderly.

College advisor thought I couldn't pass their curriculum. My students thought they could steal from me because I was white & must be rich. I couldn't hurt as much when turned down for a job because I wasn't black.

Whilst returning home from my church, the police in the town between the church and my city followed my car from border to border, including the stop at in and out burger for dinner. When discussed at anti- racism training, several people said it wasn't profiling and I was mistaken. Because my intelligence was questioned - clearly I, an African American priest cannot tell when I'm followed by a squad car and when I'm not - that is why I considered it profiling for pre-judgment by my sisters and brothers in Christ.

Sometimes in a store the sales person almost runs to help me when I'm looking at gold.

Being over 50 seeking employment in a new field is filled with hidden discrimination. Employers profile and design the position wanting a certain gender and age, then advertise the job without honestly listing those qualifiers. You are eliminated early in the process or are kept in as the "token" so the process does not look discriminatory.

While trying to apply for school on for all three stints in higher education, I had an extremely difficult time finding funding sources since in am a middle class white male from a 2 parent household. If I had been another race, gender, or socio-economic class I would have been fine. I would have been able to receive enough money that I would not need loans.

Assumptions that I don't speak English 2) assumptions that I must be Chinese (I am not) 3) assumption that an Asian cannot teach German although I was qualified to teach that language 4) prejudgment that I must be lost or not meant to be in that area of town 5) B&B innkeeper did not want non-white guests and tried to screen guest applicants by phone interview

The negative profiling aspects I've experience are certainly less drastic than the Trayvon Martin tragedy or the too frequent DWB/H (Driving While Black/Hispanic) practice. Nevertheless, there is an intrinsic aspect

65 | P a g e of prejudice that underlies every relationship that can be similarly dispiriting and depersonalizing. The knee-jerk reaction is somewhat comprehensible, yet deeply wounding. Long ago, Desmond Morris (does anyone remember him) opined that humankind's essential drive was to find and be a part of community, like-gathering-to-like. While the suspicion may be miniscule, we are still suspicious of anyone who doesn't resemble us. The need is to continuously teach and guide others to "respect the dignity of every human being." Though much maligned, the pressing need is to broaden our efforts, away from singularly focusing on race. There is a growing awareness of a need for considering ethnic differences, but there is a need to emphasize and re-emphasize the need to apply respect to EVERY The profiling incidents I've encountered were (and are) prompted by my gender, age and weight. Early in my working career I experienced discrimination because of gender.

One employer directly informed me, with the stated caution, "Of course this is confidential and off the record," that I didn't qualify for promotions because I was a female. Not so long ago, the question, "Do you believe you're pregnant?" was a standard query on an employment application. (One, a friend explained, circumnavigated by holding the mental reservation, "I'm pregnant, but I don't believe it!") And, of course, there is the persistent paycheck disparity. Nursing and teaching salaries never approached equity until men began entering the professions. Paradoxically I've encountered age discrimination at either end of my working life. Early I was considered too young (along with too female) to be considered for positions with any responsibility. Now I find I'm considered "too old." I was laid off from a long held job in favor of a younger, less experienced coworker. This despite the fact that I was highly regarded and respected in the post, even being responsible for designing programs that received national and international accolades. The person in charge wanted to put a younger face on his church staff. Since then I've encountered persistent discrimination because, at just slightly 60+, I'm too old. Of course that's never directly stated. All that I can now find are jobs that would place me as a purveyor of fast food or big-box store greeter.

I have not experienced racial profiling.

Although I am white, my children are not. They have faced multiple overt and subtle racial encounters. In the schools most tragically, but also on the playing fields and in stores and other circumstances.

At work, my ideas/recommendations are often ignored. However, when an idea/recommendation of mine is presented by another person, it's viewed positively and is given serious consideration for pilot and implementation. Denied promotion due to lack of qualifications however the person hired had less education and qualifications than me. Finally, entering some smaller boutique-type specialty stores, some store clerks will follow me. I was in a drug store once and every aisle I went into, the security guard was standing at the opposite end of th aisle.

In 1971 was told I did not "need" a job because I was married to an employed man. After going through complete process of applying for a job teaching Biology, the school system in Mass. told me they had hired a man. He was not qualified to teach Biology but he needed a job and he was a coach. The principal of the school was very disappointed and tried to fight for my employment, but he was unable to change the minds of his superiors. 2. In 1986 - 1990, while working as a Middle School science teacher (Herndon, VA), if I complained or challenged a decision regarding placement of students in my classroom, I was told that I was experiencing PMS, or that I needed to go down to elementary school and teach. 3. This changed in 1991 after a change in upper administration and repeated law suits filled and won in Fairfax, VA, regarding gender bias.

I have been living in pain for the last 45+ years. I would complain about my pains and was repeatedly told - It's in your head - or - We will send you to a psychologist. After years of suffering, I finally found out that I had severe allergies to foods and airborne particles; hiatal hernia; asthma; arthritis in my knees and spine; and other disorders. As a 66 yr old, I am still struggling with asthma, but it is under control. I have

66 | P a g e had numerous surgeries to repair defects. I no longer am in pain, thanks to the many wonderful women physicians who have helped me.

I have not outwardly experience racial profiling however; I know that it exist. If I did not have economic freedom my experience may be different as my exposure and options may have been limited.

I just suffer "white privilege" as best I can.

Recently while shopping in a retail store I realized I was being followed by store personnel. I recall responding to a classified ad for a vacant apartment, inquiring by telephone to confirm its availability only to be told it had just been taken. Similar incidents have occurred with respect to employment. Several years ago I recall moving into a middle class 50-unit development and on the second day of arrival, while taking a walk to become acquainted with the community, a police car pulled up and the white police officer asked point blank "Who are you?" - The remaining 49 home owners were white. The incidents are lifelong and continue almost daily -- even as an older person. One hopes that they would stop but they still do pop up - albeit not as blatant (e.g., no such incidents experienced as a customer of Disney World, etc. - thankfully - they train their employees well)

Working in a male dominated industry (water filtration and sanitizing) as a sales engineer and female, I was typically "tested" on my knowledge of products by bosses and co-workers and subject to sexual innuendo frequently. Additionally, when I had the largest sales increase for the previous year (129%), I received no recognition or bonus as had always been done in the past (I was the only female in an organization with 18 other male sales people). I left that position because of this profiling (while not racial, just as damaging) and took a job with a much better philosophy regarding sales and achievement in the workplace as much more important than your sex.

Human perceptions are the trouble: Liars don't believe you. Thieves think you're trying to steal something. Violent people think you're about to attack.

My most frequent experiences of profiling occur among my fellow Episcopalians, who toss around the words "biblicist" and "fundamentalist" as the religion world's equivalent of racist labels.

Guests including people of color in our drop-in center are routinely asked to "move on" from the local bus station or from the sidewalks if they are simply standing there. I, a white/middle class/educated/woman could sit for hours in the bus station and I'm sure no one would ask me to leave......

As a gay white male, it is relatively easy "to blend" and I would not say that homophobia is the same as racial profiling but it is equally damaging and limiting at times. I happen to live in a liberal state whereby sexual orientation is not as divisive a topic as other areas but it still occurs. Unfortunately, because of our multi-cultural population, I regularly witness racial profiling and a second or third level of care and concern when people are dealing with people of color or with a non-native English speaking person.

Although I have only once experienced racial profiling, from a group of black Episcopalians who assumed that because I am a Southerner born and raised I was actively racist against them. They assumed this because I worked with someone who had made prejudicial remarks in my presence and in theirs. They made life very uncomfortable for me. i have, however, consistently been negatively profiled because I was a woman with a southern accent.

Though my test scores were the highest out of over one hundred testing, I was denied employment with the US Postal service because I am white.

67 | P a g e

I have not been racially profiled. I have just been outwardly discriminated against, particularly by the church, my own and other denominations.

I'm a short female and because clerks don't see me (don't look for me), they always take tall men first. I am moderately conservative in a liberal state and was told by the interviewer for a position (non-church) that I needed to support gay marriage in order to work in that particular agency. He said that I was qualified in all other ways. I was not put on a school committee because they needed to have "balance" and with an African American woman they could "kill two birds with one stone." I could go on. I left my last parish because the rector was continually "advising" me against my stand that single priests should be chaste. I never said that in a public setting nor tried to impose my views on the parish. Never-the-less, he would corner me to explain, once again, the justice demands of the Bible.

AS a female Southerner w/ a Southern accent, I have been viewed, upon occasion, as being unintelligent because of my accent and/or the state where I grew up (AL). I have also been viewed as being racially prejudiced just because of my accent and state of origin.

In my younger days during the 1960's I was stopped by the California police, while visiting there, and told to get out of the state. I was prevented from going to my daughter-in-laws' father's funeral because I was not Native American.

Immigration officials were suspicious of my English accent when I was returning by car from Canada. Even though it wasn't then required, I fortunately had my American passport with me.

In mid-20s, my wife and I were shopping for new car. Interested in new convertible. Salesman blew us off assuming we were too young and poor to be taken seriously. Went to another Ford dealer and bought car that afternoon and took it by other dealer to show it to salesman.

This isn't exactly racial, but I do consider it profiling. I am often pre-judged because I am financially well off. Sometimes, there is the assumption I am going to be snobbish or unfriendly or look down on others. There is often the assumption that money doesn't matter--that I should never ask, "How much will this cost?", and get labeled a "Scrooge" if I do ask, or if I back away from something because it's more than I want to pay. I guess no matter our situation in life, financial, race, gender, age, etc. there are problems of one sort or another. It seems to me to be an inordinate amount of whining going on these days over our situations which aren't perfect, rather than thankfulness for the blessings that do come our way.

Because I am a woman I have experienced profiling as unable to do certain jobs and in regard to pay, and also in regard to ability to take care of myself!

Stealing & vandalism from minority students because I am white & could afford it (when I was a single parent working 2 jobs). Traffic stops & tickets by police when I had a bumper sticker on my car supporting a mayor whom the police didn't like (first woman mayor of this major US city). I was told by a police officer that I would be stopped less frequently if I removed the bumper sticker & replaced it with 1 from the 100 Club! Several times told I shouldn't be a priest because I'm a woman.

I experienced prejudice and misjudgment in grade school because I was very fat. As an adult being homosexual added to the problems. On more than one occasion as an adult someone has apologized you their "first impressions" and many contacts were too short for second impressions. Loudly stated in a buffet line, "Better get all you want now. There won't be anything left after she goes through." Comment from a cardiologist after an examination, "I thought you were just another one of those lazy slobs. You have a mind. You should make something of yourself."

An African American clergy member known for his personal claims of being racially mistreated, assaulted my racial background (not for the first time) by claiming that Irish people have short

68 | P a g e tempers/fuses. This happened in a very public meeting setting. I have a very, very calm temper but for some reason that day, I took offense to his remarks. I calmly confronted him privately after the meeting and told him I didn't appreciate his racism. He was surprised and totally unaware that he had negatively profiled my racial background. He did apologize and we were able to continue in a safe work environment from that point on.

I have been singled out for special treatment by airline security personnel, in both positive and negative ways, in countries where another race is dominant

In the business community we are all subject to profiling in our financial transactions, use of a phone, where we will work, what language do we speak, why are we in this area, all things we do in relationships with the communities we live in. Sometimes we just do not fit. Therefore we all exist in like kind comfort areas. Se we need to quit complaining and just get over it.

I had a Grandmother that was Jewish. I was staying with friend in PA and her daughter had returned home from a Bible School. When her Mother had ask her what she learned, the girl said, "Do you know that all Jews are really demons with horns and tails." Upon hearing this I went into the kitchen and ask her to tell me again what the church was teaching her. She repeated what she had said. I look at her and ask her, "Do I have horns or a tail?" She ask, "Why are you asking that? You are not A Low Life JEW." With that I informed her in fact my grandmother was a Jew. Little to say our relationship changed on the day. It took 2 years before she said, "I am sorry for learning that and hurting you."

I was called wop in school and my children were told that "all Italians are liars" by a teacher

Profiling is not just racial. My partner and I have had eggs thrown at us just walking (no overt display of affection) on the sidewalk, have had the word "FAG" spay painted on our house. Have had people shout out of their cars, "faggot." Have been told while traveling in the South, "we don't have a bathroom for your kind." We have been lucky as we know people who have been beaten just for the "way they walk" or the "way they talk," and have not had that type of violence against us. We have been a couple for 34 years and it is impossible to be out in public and not appear as a couple, Couples relate to one another as couples. It is easy to do a study of profiling if it is "racial" but that is exclusive and not inclusive. Profiling is much more than the perceived racial group a person belongs to.

It doesn't look nice" (for me to be in my wheelchair, waiting for my laundry to dry) people talking to somebody behind my wheelchair--who was not pushing it! instead of to me. Assuming that my disabilities were not real if not visible, and that therefore no accommodation was justified. & that therefore I was a troublemaker.

At work younger people were chosen over age. Asking for help on issues, treated like you don't know much because of age.

Fired from military job for no reason other than to put a woman in my position as commander.

I have been followed many times while shopping. I also have been pulled over when driving in certain areas for no reason.

As a queer, Asian-American, out person married to a same-sex spouse, living in a fairly blonde and semi- rural community, being aware of who is around and what is going on, is constant. In different communities, we have been harassed and threatened. While it's not overt here, it always makes me wonder if it's coincidence or harassment. We have a neighbor who is quite conservative, lives alone, becoming elderly and demented. He has been somewhat friendly with our son, but I have always been cautious. He's never felt "right." I know he has unsecured guns and other weapons in the house, so my son knows he is not allowed in the house, and he may not be on their property unless I have given

69 | P a g e permission. We would like to be able to be more neighborly as this person is becoming more indisposed, but not unless I know the guns and other weapons are secured. It's possible that another neighbor might help out with that.

During college I took classes that included field trips to mud flats and beaches. I wore very old clothing that could become muddy. In McDonalds one morning, a woman was obviously suspicious of me in the bathroom. I was dressed to go out in the field that morning.

The issue is xenophobia- racial is only one subset of those who differ. Did you know lesbian women are sexually and physically assaulted almost twice as often as "straight" appearing women? And women who are persons of color are even more at risk?

In general, not being warmly received at public events where I am in the minority.

When you're a bi-racial Native/White gay male the opportunities of The System are endless to help you be segregated and profiled.

I am a lesbian. I have been mocked and shunned - though I am not "flagrant" - and have been challenged by men in a threatening way. Not so now because I am elderly, but younger women may still be vulnerable.

Having lost my position as a teacher when high school closed, I hoped to be hired a replacement school. Turned out that I was not only the wrong religion, but also too old. (50 at the time). Applied at many other school districts, but the reception was very cool. Finally found part-time work in adult ed. evenings but was discriminated "for" because I came from Ohio. Odd. I now work with some Hispanic women who are probably not citizens--and too old for the Dreamer exceptions. They came here as children, and there should be some way that they can be considered legal--they are hard working, intelligent, and an asset to our country. They are nervous about driving, for fear of being stopped for a minor infraction. We'll miss a bet if they don't become citizens.

As a clergy person in a black parish my awareness is not first hand but rather the experiences of others that have been shared with me.

I’ve been caught up in the stop and frisk that is happening in New York City. The police stopped me and searched my belongings outside of my apartment.

I have not suffered profiling; I am a profiler. I am more guarded, for example, when unknown people of color walk through our neighborhood. I am always conscious of race. It is indelibly a part of my reactions and interactions.

I have NOT had such experiences but do know of others (African Americans) who have had such experiences, especially while shopping in high end clothing stores -- including 2 episcopal women priests!!

Factory work, blacks are told to do lower level duties.

I have been followed by store security multiple times while shopping in department stores. When I purchased a luxury car, I was pulled over during the time I had my 30-day tags.

When I was 27, I had my hair cut very short like a boy's. I was driving my grandmothers Lexus through New Jersey and a highway patrolman stopped me, peered in the vehicle, and apologized for stopping me. His comment was " I thought you were a boy." He then proceeded back to his car and drove away.

70 | P a g e

Teachers have prejudged upon appearance being black and in the chosen field of my capability to do the work. I graduated 1 out of 2 blacks in the graduating class. Finding work was next to impossible.

During a job interview, I have been asked whether a third person "helped me" write a particular news item of my authorship because the interviewer perceived my accent to be a sign of a language deficiency. (An accent on the tongue does not mean there must be an accent in the brain, therefore, phonological variations are not a measure of competence.) I have been followed around stores because a store clerk overheard me speak another language with a family member and considered that suspicious.

A friend of mine, a 70-year-old African-American woman, was harassed by a bus driver. A supervisor was called, which resulted in the delay of the bus, and frustration on the part of the other passengers. The supervisor said nothing was wrong with my friend and criticized the bus driver. I attend a predominantly African American church, and I witness and hear about subtle discrimination frequently. Unfortunately, racism still exists in this country.

I am a Lesbian and went to the bars a lot during the 70's. Police would come in frequently and harass some of the guys. When Southern Bell learned I was a Lesbian they fired me and threatened investigation to the point everyone would learn I was homosexual. Also I have weighed well over 300 lbs. all my adult life. On several occasions I have been received with obvious contempt by professionals, including MD's who should have known better, and observed that attitude change to respect on only an hour or two.

I was unjustly accused of being prejudice because I was white and the employee was black she accused me of giving her a poor work performance just because I was white thus getting me disqualified for advancing in the company. I was prejudged. It later came to light that the employee was indeed under qualified for the job.

Racial discrimination if you are black man jobs, school, walking down the street, and buying things in the store following you Around the store, getting thrown out of stores.

Followed into dressing rooms by white store clerks, followed in drug stores by white/hispanic security guards. One day while shopping in a leather goods store, the clerk actually stood so close to me I could feel her breath on my neck! At one point she even stood in front of the merchandise. I left the store. In high school, I had an English teacher that was very harsh towards me. Often grading my papers more negatively than other white students who made similar mistakes; in some cases the exact same mistake, I was penalized higher than the white students. Even today, after earning an MBA and having more than 20-years experience in management, my decisions are questioned and my mistakes, although very few, are highlighted with great intensity. I've attended meetings where I am the only minority and have been either ignored or stared at, my input dismissed. I am African American but my name appears Irish. I'm often invited to meetings and asked to join working groups based on my resume, phone discussion or via email. When I arrive at the first meeting, people are shocked to learn I'm not white.

I am active with Franklin County Citizens for Bias-Free Policing. We are attempting to put a stop to the county sheriff's department's practice of detaining car passengers with brown skin during routine traffic stops and turning them over to the Border Patrol, who are overactive in our border county.

As an adolescent, I recall being stopped in a grocery store because they believed I was shoplifting and when applying to colleges I was denied enrollment due to my race since the College was trying to meet certain racial quotas (e.g., more Asian students).

I prepare taxes as tax professional during tax season. I had recently taken my braids out and wore an afro to work. Because it was the last day of tax season, I did not leave work until 1 a.m. I was pulled over for "not having my license plate illuminated." I asked the office if I could get out of my car so that he could

71 | P a g e show me the problem. He refused. When he asked for my driver's license, I informed him I needed to retrieve it from the trunk of my car. When I get out to go to the trunk I checked my license and saw there was no place to light up my plates. I asked what law required my plates to be lit up and he told me to get in my car and leave...

Delayed service in department stores. Followed in department stores. Followed in traffic by police. Ignored when asking questions. Ignored while waiting to be served. Questioned two extendedly about qualifications.

Well for one, when applying to jobs I have found that if my résumé reflects my nickname vs my real name (a bit more "ethnic" I get more call backs and interviews Also I have been victim of the typical "tailing" when shopping. I think I dress professionally and to be followed is downright embarrassing to be followed in a mediocre store in which I can afford everything in.

As I parked my truck the campus cops turned the lights on as I was getting out of the truck. They told me I was driving crazy and all over the place. I told office Hoffman I have my CCW license and I have a gun on me. He put me in handcuffs and put me in his truck. He didn't read my rights. While I was stuffed in the back of this truck, they went threw the truck. 45 minutes later they took me into the university’s holding cell. Two hours later they tell me they found the bottle of alcohol in my truck. What they found was oil [air freshener] After he changed my ticket, they took me to the Justice Center. They charged me with two felonies and two mis.

I lived in Texas for twelve years. Drinking fountains & restrooms in the 1960s were designated as: White, Colored or Mexican. No one could use the "WRONG" ones, despite thirst. While stationed in the USAF Nurse Corps in 1961 in Montgomery, Alabama, I was not "allowed" to use a "colored" dressing room in a Dept. store.

What changed the neighborhood over the years was a marked influx of Hispanic residents after Hurricane Andrew, a change in property ownership, etc. The increased presence of guns was scary, but the police didn't seem to be able to do anything at all. Earlier in life, I was unable to get credit, home ownership, etc. after my divorce because I was a single woman. By the time of owning the house in the neighborhood described above, I could not get a fix-up loan because of its location in a mixed-race area of older homes. Until 2003, I had never worked in a place in South Florida that would hire blacks. I worked in smaller businesses (printing, retail). One printing company fired a pressman because he was caught speaking Spanish with another pressman. I lost a job at the University of Miami in the early 70s because I reported that a black student was denied a part-time job in my dept. because of race. I know so many things are so much better now, but many aspects of life in South Florida, especially in employment, are still difficult for Hispanics and especially blacks.

The Bishops need to do a similar survey on LGBT profiling! That is a reasonable step in the charge they were given by General Convention, so get with it! It is also the reason that an organization like INTEGRITY exists, and needs to continue to exist, and why many cradle Episcopalians are leaving the Church for gay- friendly churches such as the MCC.

To uphold biblical teachings on sexuality can lead to prejudicial profiling which is a danger to individual Christians and congregations.

As far as profiling goes, I cannot say I am completely opposed to it as it makes sense to me in certain circumstances. Like so much in life, there are many issues which are not either completely right or wrong. Context is important. I think the Marin case was tragic and am sure justice was not served. I do not think, however, that Trayvon was an innocent child. I do think he was a victim and did not deserve to be killed. I do understand letting the police know about his presence since there were several break-ins in that area

72 | P a g e by youth that matched his profile. Zimmerman should have called the police (profiling) and stayed in his car. By leaving his car and confronting the young man, he was guilty of creating a grave injustice.

As a female medical student, I felt excluded from the normal camaraderie that the men had. Also some of the professors were more intense and particular when examining the female students compared to the male students. In school and residency, we women did not dare to have tears as we faced ridicule. When applying for credit cards or credit in general, if I would put my name down without using the doctor title, I would sometimes get the brush off. When using the Dr. prefix, I received much better service.

The death of Trayvon Martin was tragic, but Florida's "Stand Your Ground Law" was not mentioned by either the Defense or Prosecution, so why the focus on that law here? Further, it was reported that the Stand Your Ground Law is invoked disproportionately more by African Americans than whites in Florida, so overturning it may deprive of the right to stand their ground. There has been a huge number of murders of black on black adolescents. The adolescent murder rate is more that three (3) times the national average, and Mayor Dave Bing of Detroit has said "we've lost respect for each other and for life".

And it's worse in Chicago. This past week three large 16 year old black youths savagely beat a 13-yr old black youth on a school bus, breaking his arm and beating his head. Yet we do not collect surveys on this. And there is little or no if any speaking out about this. I am not surprised that Al Sharpton and Jesse Jackson have not spoken, since this is outside their bailiwick, but am surprised and disappointed that there has been so little leadership on this from the Episcopal Church. Is murder of black youths by black youths somehow OK? Of course not. Yet why no attention to this, since it a far larger problem?

Is a fear of being labeled racially insensitive at work here and is this keeping us from addressing the larger issues? RE: Stop and Frisk actions by police have been vigorously defended by NY State Supreme Court Judge Rena Uviller, who argued that these practices have evolved under the 4th Amendment, that police in her jurisdiction are well trained about proper conditions for its use, and that most motions to suppress evidence are denied because judicial scrutiny shows the officer acted appropriately.

Suspicious character: I am perceived as a suspicious character because I ask questions without being angry. In real estate, bids are rejected for housing. Traffic stops in Englewood for no particular reason, only to be told that my license plate bulb was out. I go buy one to replace it and the light is working.

Stopped several times because of driving an expensive car Nearly killed by KKK rider while crossing at the cross walk. Threatened.

I have never been a racial prejudiced person in all of my 70 years. I know not to go to places that are dangerous regardless of who lives there. However, the OJ trial and the Zimmerman trial have caused me to become a bit prejudiced. I have had many friends of other races. I have worked with people of different races. I have never had a problem. I see these trials, along with the outrageous proclamations by so called "black leaders", as racially dividing. I am now more concerned about encountering people that I don't know who are black than I have ever been. I find I am being pushed to declare a racial prejudice. I hate to say this but I honestly feel we have reached a point where any crime against black people is considered unjust while black against white crimes are just accepted.

Two plainclothes officers once jumped out of their car stopping me and my sister while we were walking down the street, because they had a report that two white women had just robbed some houses in the area. Never mind we were carrying nothing, and didn't realize/believe they were police officers. They soon realized their error and let us go, but we were terrified. I just purchased a car, and even though I was purchasing and paying for the car, the salesman deferred to my husband during the entire transaction.

Follow Bill Cosby's and Morgan Freeman's advice.....quit talking about it !!!

73 | P a g e

When I was looking for new employment four years ago, I was told that my husband would have to approve any position I was interested by an employment agency. I picked up my resume from the gentleman's desk and told him where to put his job and walked out the door.

I lived in Shanghai for three years, so the story doesn't apply to live in these m United States, but profiling is profiling - no matter how inconsequential the implications. Whenever I traveled with my Chinese colleagues by train on a business trip, I would have to wait inside the destination depot until one of the Chinese had negotiated the price for a taxi for the day. If a Chinese taxi-driver saw me -- a foreigner -- before the deal was made, the price would double. Ditto for shopping in the street markets for anything but food. This isn't a life-and-death story but it brought home to me the universality of profiling: for profit, for gain self-protection

My son experienced a case of mistaken identity, spent a couple of days locked up, paid an attorney, and we were waiting to see the judge and the cops asked my son name and the next thing we knew the lawyer said the case was being dismissed. When I asked if we could file to have our money returned and the answer was NO.

I am Gay. Over the years, I have been fired from jobs because I am Gay and no other reason. I have been required to do extra work because people with families were exempt from working long hours (beyond the normal 8 hours a day). The manager or owner would say, you can do this extra work while the other person has a family. First job I got fired from was at Auburn University in 1977. I was denied even access to a employer contributed 401K plan in 2008-10. I have had a brick thrown through my window shattering it in San Francisco 1986. I have had dead fish in my mailbox in Maine 1995. I have had slashed tires in Maine 1995-96. My house was shot at in 1996.

I have received "looks" when I have been in upscale stores, i.e., Saks Fifth Avenue. I have also been ignored and passed over by sales associates. I've been waiting in line and had a sales associate help another person instead of me, instead of asking "who was next," they've "assumed" that it was the other person and not me.

I had just finished the police academy in 1993 after completing four years in the U.S. Army. I had applied and gone through a hiring process with a NC State Police Agency. During my final interview the Police Chief apologized that he would not be able to bring me on the department as he had been directed by State Government to hire two black female applicants so his agency was better balanced. Stories like this aren't popular though.

Not taken seriously as a buyer at car dealership, due to being a woman. Age discrimination in trying to find employment. Employment discrimination due to disability. Treated unprofessionally by physician due to disability.

I went into a local Merle Norman store that also sold Brighton jewelry and Vera Bradley bags to buy a birthday present for my mother about four years ago with my husband and son (who was around one at the time). It was a hot day, and we had all been outside playing and then running errands. I was not wearing makeup, and we were all dressed for fun outdoors. We walked in, and were ignored while other, better dressed people walking in were told about specials that were going on in the store. One staff member began following us around the small store, without talking to us. Finally, I picked something for my mother, and went to the register to pay. My husband wrote a check, but the manager, who was working the register, refused to take it. She said that they didn't accept checks, though it was not stated anywhere in the store, and we had paid with a check at that same location at a previous time. At that point, we left without purchasing anything, and took our business elsewhere. While walking around the store, I distinctly heard one staff member commenting about my husband's "nasty tennis shoes" and my "squalling brat" to the manager of the store. Also, when we went to check out, the manager asked if we

74 | P a g e were aware of the price of the item we were purchasing. I am quite certain that our appearance had everything to do with our poor treatment.

In the elevator women of a different origin grab their purses just because I got on the elevator with them. I got passed up on a job that I was more qualified than the one they hired . I could go on an on.

This happened a few times while I was growing up in New Orleans La, stopped at a public event and searched for no reason, called names by police while riding my bike, 10 yrs old.

I may be just another unconscious, non-suspicious elderly White Boy. That, or I'm most likely wearing blinders. Or both. I can say that I believe our law enforcement agents in this city and county have their hands extraordinarily full with FAR too many unsafe drivers (running red lights, talking and tweeting on cell phones, etc.), drunk drivers, thefts (my own neighbors have had TWO autos broken into and stolen from their driveway), homicides and a great deal of domestic violence. This is the city where a teen killed his father, mother and three siblings recently (made national news, partly because he used a semi- automatic rifle). His dad was a chaplain in one of our largest churches.

I live and work in a racially polyglot region rural/urban, native/immigrant/settler, 32 home languages, all major world faiths/ no faiths practiced, military/ civilian, economically very rich, appalling poverty, service/professional/and chronically under and un-employed, Mac mansions/ homeless, 40% over 58 years old, 47% free and reduced lunches, high veteran population. Democratic state by a hair -- south eastern Connecticut urban blight, rural poor, science and tech savvy. NIMBY to our neighbors among wealthy, clothes of my back among working poor and poor...Racial profiling, limitations, prejudgments prevalent because government practices instill it, and reinforce it with every application for jobs, classes, selective service requirements, and advertising. So my students say. Discussing post high school opportunities: black kids gotta go into the military, it's the only place we gonna get respect, R-E-S-P-E-C-T.

Re-hyped every time the census and federal funding is based on racial rather than economic categories and asks us to divide and separate what is now an established blended society of mixed not pure race. It confuses the students to have to do this. [Students] say they "feel like hypocrites". They say they are "just kidding" when they use the "Black" epithet and "most of the time it makes no difference to [them], just to the old people, who should get over it."

In the 1980s, the company with which I was employed worked closely with the US depts. of State and Defense. I traveled and worked for weeks at the time in North Africa and Turkey. The local nationals there looked on me while profiling my white American face! Racism! In Western Europe, I was forced to prove my resident legal status at any time. Profiling!!! Racism!!!

In the Episcopal and United Methodist churches since 1990, I've been told in "those ways" by female clergy that since I have an evil penis, I'm not fit to be around. Although these power gurlz are always ready to let me carry out the garbage, cut the grass, mop the floors, etc. 3. In interviewing for teaching jobs, I have actually been asked if I have children. And, since white males aren't in a special protected EEO category, the question is perfectly legal.

I experienced age discrimination after 16 years I was let go. Not allowed to take a training course to gain knowledge.

My 19-year-old son rode his bike to his job at the Ft. Lauderdale airport. He was stopped by local Hollywood police on the corner of the store where I worked, in his uniform, and accused of being a drug dealer. Police frequently stopped young men, confiscated bikes and refused to return them. I had a rental cottage behind my house. Every time I rented to a new person, he/she (especially he and especially if black) would be stopped at a nearby corner and grilled about why they were turning onto my street and asked for documents to prove where they lived (docs which a new renter would not have).

75 | P a g e

This was part of a police effort to drive drugs out of the neighborhoods; it didn't work, and eventually just drove the more brazen drug trade a few blocks east. I had police officers actually suggest that we home owners pay them to do extra patrolling and to stand in our kitchen windows and spy on the neighbors.

I've been the victim of predatory lending. I've been traffic stopped for mistaken identity. I've been followed while shopping.

Stopped twice within 2 miles of driving suspected of terrorism at a nearby power plant I was driving with my wife intending to visit the biosphere in Arizona after a long wait the officer ( black) let me go

I work in production Control in a electronics' plant. The majority of the supervisors were male. They thought they were superior to any females. They were promoted to higher position than women could move up to although they were qualified.

I was a young man with long hair and beard. I was stopped for drug search. I let them do it without protest.

I'm so old that I remember being unjustly treated just because I was female. Now, when I'm old, financially comfortable, and tough as nails, as well as being blessed to live in a safe environment, none of that applies. But it applies to beloved friends who are of Mexican descent, or multi racial, or Lesbian.

I just want to make a note about why I said "no", I don't want good police protection in my community. I've lived in several cities and neighbors where people of color were in the majority, and in each of those situations, the police did WAY more harm than good, through racial profiling, punitive and selective enforcement, and basic human disrespect. (This is true also for the women I've known who have reported their rapes to police.) I've stopped believing in "good" police protection at all.

I am routinely followed by clerks while shopping.

I entered a store that is predominately frequented by whites. Two white women came into the store directly behind me. They were looking around the store as I was. A white clerk approached me and asked was there anything specific I was looking for. I told her I just wanted to see what type of merchandise they carried. As I walked through the store, this clerk followed me at every turn. No one approached the white women who came in after me. I was dressed in professional business attire while the other younger white ladies were dressed slovenly (ragged jeans, over-sized coat, disheveled hair). This treatment has not since the 60's. Many stories, same result - told manager why I refused to purchase merchandise.

Of course there are several to choose from. Here's one. I was once shopping to buy computer and related items for my office with "company" money. I went into a large retail computer store and was in it for several minutes looking around. The young white, all male sales staff completely ignored me. Not one ever asked if he could help me. So I eventually left, went to another store and made the purchases there where the sales staff immediately acknowledge and assisted me. My experience is NOT an uncommon story among Black women I know. We respond to this form of racism by taking our purchase dollars elsewhere. But that cannot compensate for the insults, aggravation, and likely elevated blood pressure we experience from these kinds of racist encounters.

I was arrested falsely for financial mismanagement at work. Could not afford a trial so settled with a plea of "No contest." Now cannot get a job requiring a background check.

I was refused a job that I was perfectly qualified for in a Norfolk, Virginia, dental office, explicitly because I was white and the practice was predominantly black. I was derided and ridiculed on public

76 | P a g e transportation (bus and airplane) because I was a haole in Navy uniform several times while I was stationed in Hawaii. I was treated rudely by a young woman at a shopping center and called "one of those mean old people."

In 1984 coming home with my family, I was traveling north on Rainier Avenue I had watched a police vehicle traveling also north in the outside lane I was in the inside lane. We saw the police car traveling at a high speed chasing a red charger (model in the 70's). All of a sudden the police car got behind my vehicle put on the red light and stopped me. Now I was going at least 32 mph on a 30 mph road, there were other vehicles going the same speed or higher than what I was traveling on. This tall Caucasian man got out of the car, I took my license out of my wallet hand it over to him before he asked any questions because I did not want to make any statements. He asked me if I knew how fast I was traveling I answered him (yes). Then he began to tell me that I was stupid for traveling at a speed of 42 mph. I replied back to him that he had the right to stop me and ask me questions but had no reason to talk to me in such manner. His response to my statement was that he could talk to me anyway he desired. So I then told him that he should be more cautious. Once again he told me that I was a acting like a fool. At that moment I lost my thoughts and I told him that and I told him that if anyone was a fool it was his mother for giving birth to an idiot like him. He told me to get out of my vehicle which I responded "gladly". He then came towards me, but he did not know that I have a 3 year knowledge in Korean marshal arts. His partner came towards us and separated both of us. Maybe he thought that because I am only 5'5 that I was going to be a easy target. At the same time I was taking police training through home studies.

While visiting Memphis during WW II, I sat in the back of the bus and was told to leave. In high school, another girl (black) and I were sent to visit another school on McMillan St. We stopped in a shop for a soft drink and she was asked to leave. Years later my family moved to Parktown for a brief period. It is close to Music Hall and across from public housing. My son played with other kids in Parktown with no problem. When he went to kindergarten he was the only white child. He wasn't bullied but his difference (touch his hair, "soda cracker", etc.) didn't allow him to stay there.

I think you are trying to do a good thing with this survey, but there is harm in telling people they are unwanted and unsafe by asking for information in this way. I don't feel profiled for my race and I don’t appreciate other people telling me that I should. white people also get stopped by the police, also don’t get jobs they deserve, and some feel disenfranchised. A lot of people have stories about feeling slighted or intimidated by the police, white and black, and if we magnify these stories (especially from black people) into narratives of repression and hate, that harms the whole community. Seek out real injustice and name it when it happens. Denounce police intimidation whenever it occurs-- to a black man in a Mercedes or a white kid on the streets. We don’t need this division of white v black in 2013.

Know of Black friends issues and am appalled by them. We all live here and are all Children of God.... who should be able to live in peace. Thank you for your survey. Born Episcopalian.

Racial profiling happens to African American males everyday. No matter if we are thugs or the President, we have experienced being looked at with a different eye.

This survey assumes the outcome it desires. It has been created only for a very select group and many of the questions are in fact the answer you seek. Boo Hiss!

Afraid I was not much help in your survey. I was taught all people are God's people and that's the way I look at others. I have been called "racist" simply because I think laws are for all of God's people... and all should obey. I was taught to respect people in law enforcement and I would be o.k. if I show that respect. If I don't break laws, I'm o.k. and have nothing to fear. Guess I'm out-of-step with current thinking!

I think it is also important to realize, acknowledge and address that there is such a thing as reverse discrimination. To me this is just as offensive as profiling, in fact another form of it. I am finding it more

77 | P a g e and more. I am a Caucasian, above 65 female. I work hard, pay my bills, serve my church, follow the law and yet I am punished for these qualities that I was taught were good valuable qualities. I can see that this survey is about "stand your ground", racial profiling and the use of deadly force (in this case a gun), however, I feel that too many are making a judgment about this situation, Trayvon Martin, without all the facts being out. Cooler heads should prevail so that what is done is something that will help, not acerbate an already volatile situation. There is more to this story and to base a survey on this ONE PARTICULAR EVENT is not prudent. The real issue today is the deterioration and thus dysfunction of our society, family structure and religion. When this is addressed, we will have a more compassionate and loving world. Yes, I am an Episcopalian, a "cradle Episcopalian.

I am an elderly female. I think that this survey is slanted and you should stop and look and look at it again.

You should also provide opportunity for people to tell their non-profiled stories. Otherwise the survey will be completely biased - as it currently is.

This is a push poll. How dare you spend our money on a biased poll.

I was in the wrong place at the wrong time. There was a robbery down the street and I fit the description. This could have happened to anyone that is 6"1 dark hair and 180 pounds. I am not upset about the situation. Law enforcement was doing their job. It's a dangerous world and a lot of very bad people out there. Fix the mental health problem before you try to unarm innocent people trying to protect themselves. This survey is so skewed it's stupid.

78 | P a g e

At-Risk “Who’s at risk of racial profiling peril?”

Congregations C – TEC Website Q. #11 “I know that I and my family are at-risk. TEC Survey demographics TOTAL n=1,518 ‘YES’ n=496 33.8% ‘NO’ n=973 66.2%

Source: Data - The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling

Congregations C – TEC Website

Q. #12 “I live my life mindful of safety rules.” ‘YES’ 69.2% n=1,013

Source: Data - The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling

------Q. #14 TEC SURVEY DEMOGRAPHICS Answered question n=1,493; Skipped question n=25; Total population n=1,518

74.3% White/Caucasian n=1,109 17.7 % Black/African American n=264 4.6% Two or more races n=68 1.5% Hispanic American n=23 1.1% American Indian/Alaskan Native n=17 0.8% Asian/Pacific Islander n=12

Source: Data - The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling

79 | P a g e

Part 3.1 Congregations

Congregation (C-A) HISTORICALLY AFRICAN AMERICAN Q. #21 Disparate Treatment Narratives Racial Profiling Experiences (RPEs) “Is good citizenship an effective guard against being racially profiled?”

Survey administered via Paper Handout. Congregations (C-A) THE NEW JERUSALEM BAPTIST CHURCH. HISTORICALLY AFRICAN-AMERERICAN CONGREGATION Q. #14 Demographics Total n=159 Black or African-American – 97.5% n=153

Source: Data - The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling; Cynthia Pinchback Heinz, PhD

80 | P a g e

Congregations (C-A) THE NEW JERUSALEM BAPTIST CHURCH. HISTORICALLY AFRICAN-AMERERICAN CONGREGATION Q. #3 “I want good police protection in my community.” ‘YES’ 99.4% n=156

Source: Data - The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling; Cynthia Pinchback Heinz, PhD

Police Stops Stopped repeatedly by police for no reason. Applied for a position; when I arrived for interview was told position was filled. Lenders told me they are "not lending" in Black neighborhoods for a variety of reasons--one being we have too many loans there already.

The worst was being followed for about a mile, pulled over, and told by a white cop that I did not use my turn signal--a mile back!

While driving in Mason OH & on Int. 75, I've been stopped for minor infractions that were not true. I was able to successfully dispute some of them. I know that I must be extra vigilant because I'm black and live in a white neighborhood.

Regarding a hit and run with no damage or injury, an officer approached me, I drove off. Accused of high speed chase (no tape available). Court review and test for medical problems and drug and alcohol. NONE. License taken away for life. Because judge wanted to be sure this would never happen again. This was first offense. No traffic problems in my forty plus years of driving. Had insurance always.

Once I was pulled over because of my personal license plates. They said I was a dope dealer. Suspicious character. Once I was asked to move quicker on the golf course because of my race.

Driving down the street stopped due to alleged pending ticket. Ask for I.D. ran background check, one person (male) had a criminal background, no pending charges. Made everybody (3 people) get out of the car. Was threaten by police not to move at risk of being shot. Established had no reason to stop us and let us go. Location Beverly Hills, California w/LA Police dept.

I was at Winton Woods Park with my daughter's father just sitting. we were harassed. he was charged with beer that was found in the woods and arrested.

I have grandchildren out in the community either walking are driving get pull over because of what they're driving or wearing; and I'm always being run thru from police in arrears where i guess I should be. This world is just confused about being treated equal.

81 | P a g e

A young black man driving thru Evendale on Reading Road, police stop him. He said you should be driving a nice car. Where are you coming from? He said work. That true. They checked out his plate. Police said everything ok. “You can go.”

While driving my grandson to college at Akron Ohio I was stop by the police. He said he saw my grandson throw something in the back seat. I stated to the officer, “When is it a crime to put something in your back seat?” He asked for ID from both of us, then he returned and told us to have a nice day. He stopped us for no reason.

Black and driving a nice car when I was younger I experienced being profiled on a regular basis.

Driving down the street pulled to the curb to put personal items in secure area because they kept falling out of my pocket. I was approached by a white female who made inquiries about what I wanted to do & how much money I have. My response was non-compliant and I drove off only to be pulled over & given a charge. Appeared in court. The female officer was no-show so the case was dismissed.

Congregations (C-A) – Survey administered VIA Paper Handout. THE NEW JERUSALEM BAPTIST CHURCH – HISTORICALLY AFRICAN-AMERICAN CONGREGATION Total survey respondents n=159. Q. #13 “Stand Your Ground laws are unjust for certain citizen groups.” 94.3% ‘YES’. n=132

Source: Data - The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling; Cynthia Pinchback Heinz, PhD

Guns/Danger/Suspicious character While riding alone, I was pulled over by police and asked to get out of my car and lay flat on my stomach on the ground. While guns were pointed to my head by police officer, other officer searched every part of my car's interior and trunk. Nothing was found, I was told to get back into my car and get the hell out of there. I still don't know what they were looking for. I have been followed in stores many times by security personnel. I had to contact Housing Opportunities Made Equal (HOME) when trying to purchase a home.

At a store in Norwood. My daughter left to get the car in the lot so as to pick me up at the door to the store. I got in the car she goes to hand me the weeks old baby, but she stops to wipe baby's mouth. Police were suddenly everywhere. Police snatched my daughter from the car. I took baby under my coat and got out of car. There were 3 children in the back under 5 years of age. They arrested my daughter. We went to court.

82 | P a g e

I was returning back home from a trip I had taken to GA. I was pulled over by police in KY on I-75 N. Said that he (white police) thought I was drunk yet he only ask for my DL and that he could see that I had some bag in the back seat of car. He also made a remark about was I going to a Halloween party. Yet I was not dress that as if I was going to a party. I had on a uniform from work.

Working 2nd shift driving home I-75 South police pulled me over, saying that my car on which I have personal plates was involved in a robbery. Told color/make of car in which the color of my car w/personal plates was no where near the color police officer gave me. Then another occasion police officer said that I was driving too close behind him and he couldn't see me.

At a gas station getting gas and I put my card in the machine the person inside canceled my transaction and a family of Caucasians were in a van and they began saying what you "doing ‘n…..r’". I got in my car and left. At a local hospital a nurse wouldn't listen to what vein to use. She told me I didn't know what I was talking about and she probed and after telling her that hurts and which vein to use. She rolled her eyes and then did as asked.

Shopping While shopping white clerks ask me if I need help several times while white customers move all around the store. White clerk looks past me to wait on a white man or woman who clearly came in after me. My car insurance rate changed to a higher rate when I changed neighborhoods.

While shopping in certain stores followed and watched as if I'm stealing. Once below. When looking for a house several years ago was directed {suggested} to another area that was predominantly black.

Shopping at Saks Fifth Ave I was followed the whole time I was there. I haven't been back in years because of that.

Followed by a white manager in a small convenience store in Carrollton, KY.

Shopping in a store being followed because I was dressed in jeans and sweat shirt but I could go in the same store in professional work attire at lunch hour and be treated w/respect. Job interview--I sound white over the phone. and when I showed up for interview I was told the job was posted in error. But after they called me and arranged interview and saw my resume.

Being prejudged while shopping in upscale stores while in work attire.

My husband and I were followed through Kohl’s. Sales person pretended she straightened the towels, everywhere we went she followed.

Took my daughters into store to purchase birthday gift for a friend's upcoming birthday party. Salesclerk in the store came up behind us to watch us. Not to assist us with our purchase.

While shopping in certain stores followed and watched as if I'm stealing. Once below. when looking for a house several years ago was directed {suggested} to another area that was predominantly black.

While shopping I was followed around by a salesperson. When purchasing a home was asked to consider a different neighborhood when I met the realtor.

Perception of Intelligence I have many stories but the most recent is: I live in a predominantly white neighborhood with my 3 children. My youngest daughter started kindergarten at the age of 4, so she was the youngest one in her 2nd grade class when she started at her school that she currently attends. She was making As and Bs,

83 | P a g e

when the teachers found out her age. All of a sudden her grades went down to Ds and Fs and they wanted to put her back a grade.

Unqualified At my present job, they feel I'm unqualified for the day to day operations. While with my age & experience I'm probably more qualified than most of them there to say the least.

Job applications/Employment environment After working over 22 yrs in Healthcare, I applied for a position and was told that I didn't qualify. The second incidence was on medical leave due to an injury on the job, and my Caucasian manager terminated me because we had a difference of opinion.

Job interview - Was turned down as soon as I walked in the door. Looked at like I had 3 heads. I knew right away what was going on. I was not even given the respect of a decent interview. I was blown off. Almost shooed away like a stray cat or dog.

When applying for a job at Bell, I was told that I had a southern dialect and was therefore not qualified for their company (1955). In 1980 I was given 3 appointments over the phone when inquiring about ads in the Enquirer. "Are you sure you're "___"?

"There must have been a mistake because we had a temporary and all jobs have been filled." "Sorry but we should not have made the appointment as we have no positions." "...get her out of here! You know I don't talk to no ‘n…..r’ gal!" Too many more to list!

Before i retired from my job in my 30 yrs of employment, I had to go to EEOC twice in my career and both times judgment was in my favor. Got stopped in May because police said I failed to get over while he had been pulled over on side of the road, I believe because it was all people of color in car.

I pulled up to a UDF (United Dairy Farmer) store in my pickup truck. A patrol car (CPD) pulled up beside me and both officers (driver & passenger) exited their car. Driver (with composite drawing in hand) asked me to step out of my truck. Asking me questions and checking to see if I match to sketched drawing. I did not. They thanked me and left the area.

Rejected for numerous jobs at face to face interview after receiving high praise for resume and credentials. Stopped while riding in car with son. He was driving, I was asleep.

I have lived a long time, I have experienced many times. It would take too long to tell it all. I'm 36 yrs of age I been running the streets most of my life. Never thought about anything but where my next dollar was coming from. So one day I ask myself are you going to change? And what is my purpose on earth? One day I woke up went to the store come home and laid down and said I tried everything but God. He made me weak for 3 days couldn't walk or eat and from that day forward. I thank Him because it brought me to Him. There is more but not enough room to write.

84 | P a g e

At-Risk “Who’s at risk of racial profiling peril?” Congregations C-A NEW JERUSALEM BAPTIST CHURCH Q. #11 “I know that I and my family are at-risk. ‘YES’ 80.0% n=120

Congregations C-A NEW JERUSALEM BAPTIST CHURCH Q. #12 “I live my life mindful of special “Safety Rules”. ‘YES’ 98.6% n=145

Source: Data - The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling; Cynthia Pinchback Heinz, PhD ______Summary Findings C- and C-A congregations

Finding #1: Respondents to both C- and C-A congregations survey share an overall [non-crosstab] average of 98.55% ‘YES’ agreement regarding: Citizenship (98.6%); Taxes (98.5%); Good police protection (99.3%); Future (97.65%); Good life 98.8%); Entitlement (98.5%). Volume 1 Pg. 48

Finding #2: But when it comes to profiling, “I have experienced being unjustly profiled,” C and C-A citizens do not share majority similarly-situated status. (Question #7; 47.25% avg.) Volume 1 Pg.49

Finding #3: However, in observing whether ‘Stand Your Ground’ is unjust for certain citizen groups,” non- crosstab average agreement, 85.4% among all congregants say ‘YES’. Volume 1 Pg. 49; 51

Finding #4: Having such disproportionality in citizen ‘unjustly profiled’ experience, the question “Is good citizenship an effective guard against being racially profiled?” commands a ‘NO’ response: 57.5% of C-A historically African-American congregants expressing ‘unjustly profiled’ experience; and 98.6% of C-A living life mindful of ‘safety rules’. 94.3% observe that ‘SYG laws are unjust.’ Volume 1 Pg 49.

85 | P a g e

Making the Case: Stand Your Ground is Unjust Law ‘YES.’ 83% [Across five (5) survey instruments]. Summary of ‘SYG Unjust’ Findings “Is Stand Your Ground unjust for certain citizen groups?” YES. 83% Average -Volume 1 Pg. 72

YES. n=1545 total response Congregations C = 76.5% [green] Congregation C-A = 94.3%. [purple] [C+C-A 85.4% Avg] Accomplished Professionals = 86.4%. [gold] General Public Surveys GP = 73.0% [blue] Homeless GP-A = 83.7%. [gray] [GP+GP-A *78.4% Avg.] Source: Question #12 (AP Survey); #13 (C; C-A; GP; GP-A Surveys) *GP+GP-A 78.4% (78.35% rounded off).

Who is ‘At-Risk’ of Stand Your Ground Profiling Adverse Impact? THE BISHOP’S TASK FORCE REPORT

“I know that I and my family are at risk.” “I live my life mindful of special ‘safety’ rules.” Congregations C [TEC]= 51.5% [Survey Questions #11;12; 33.8%+69.2%] Congregation C-A = 89.3%. [Survey Questions #11; 12; 80% +98.6%] Accomplished Professionals= 83.5% [Survey Questions #16;17; 84.6%+82.4%] Hip-Hop Youth = 87.25% [Survey Questions #16;17; 85.2%+89.3%] General Public Survey GP = 58.8% [Survey Questions #11;12; 44.1%+73.5%] Homeless GP-A = 81.1%. [Survey Questions #11;12; 69.4%+92.8%]

These collections of data across distinct populations of Americans, n=2,961 total count of Campus and Non-Campus respondents, recommend moral voice action toward rescission of Stand Your Ground laws. “Are some citizens more likely than others to be subject to racial profiling?” “Who is at highest risk of Stand Your Ground chilling effect and disparate impact?” The Disparate Impact statistics and the Disparate Treatment individual stories of discrimination published in this 2013 Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling Report give significant statistical and anecdotal reply. –Merelyn Bates-Mims, Principal Researcher. 30 November 2013

86 | P a g e

Bibliography

Farmer-Paellmann vs. Fleetboston Financial Corp. U.S. District Court for Eastern District of New York. “…Slaves helped build Trinity Church, the streets of the city and the wall, from which Wall Street takes its name, that protected the colony from military strikes.” Yale University’s “first endowed professorship, its first endowed scholarships and its first endowed library fund” were financed from slave trade money. Nicholas and John Brown, founders of Brown University, “were slave traders.” “Harvard Law School was endowed by money its founder earned selling slaves in Antigua’s cane fields.” …Slavery constituted an “immoral and inhumane deprivation of Africans’ life, liberty, African citizenship rights… and…deprived them of the fruits of their own labor.” -New York Class Action Complaint; American Slavery Case – March 26, 2002. Findlaw. See Kate Zernike, “Slave Traders in Yale’s Past Fuel Debate on Restitution.” New York Times. August 13, 2001.

Harold D. Nelson. Editor. South Africa: A Country Study. 1981 edition. U.S. Library of Congress. “In 1652 Jan van Riebeeck, the station master of the Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie--VOC), concluded within two months of the establishment of the Cape settlement that slave labor would be needed for the hardest and dirtiest work. In 1658, two shiploads of slaves containing more than 200 people from Benin, and 200 children captured from a Portuguese slaver off the coast of Angola, landed at the Cape. Thereafter, all the slaves imported into the Cape were from East Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar, and South and Southeast Asia: from India, Ceylon, and the Indonesian archipelago. The slave population, exceeding that of the European settlers until the first quarter of the 19th century, was overwhelmingly male and was thus dependent on constant imports of new slaves to maintain and to augment its size.”

New York Historical Society: A Landmark Exhibition. Slavery in New York. October 7, 2005 extended to March 26, 2006. “For most of its history, New York has been the largest, most diverse, and most economically ambitious city in the nation. No place on earth has welcomed human enterprise more warmly. New York was also, paradoxically, the capital of American slavery for more than two centuries. Over 400 years from the mid 15th century, the peoples of Europe, Africa and the Americas transformed the Atlantic world into an economic dynamo based on ships, slaves, plantation crops, and manufactured goods. By the 19th century, New York City had combined all these elements to become one of the most prosperous ports and financial centers in the world.”

Obenga, Théophile. Les Bantu: Langues, peuples, civilisations. [The Bantu: Languages, peoples, civilisations]. Présence Africaine, Dakar, 1985.

L’Afrique Dans L’Antiquité. Egypte Pharaonique – Afrique noire, 1973.

Ojita, Mirta. Finding Manana: A Memoir of a Cuban Exodus. For five months in 1980, more than 125,000 refugees made the trip from Cuba to South Florida. Penguin Press, 2005.

PBS interview. Global Health: America’s Response. President Jimmy Carter (Ethiopia) 2005

Premdatta Varma, Indian Immigrants in USA: Struggle for Equality. In 1870, statutory privilege to receive citizenship by naturalization was extended to “Aliens of African nativity and to persons of African descent.” ...In 1882 the Chinese were debarred...U.S. Supreme Court rulings debarred the Japanese in 1922 and Hindus in 1923. Other races or nationalities excluded were the Koreans, Afghans, Filipinos, Burmese, Hawaiians, and American Indians. There was a “conflict among cases” as to Parsees, Hindus, Arabs, and Mexicans. Armenians and Syrians were adjudged eligible as “free white persons”...The contention was that the words “white persons” meant European race. Heritage Publishers, New Delhi 1995

87 | P a g e

Friendly & Elliott. “Willie Francis’ Two Trips to the Chair: Punishment and the Death Penalty.” In The Constitution: That Delicate Balance. Random House Inc. N.Y. 1984.

Genovese, Eugene D. The World the Slaveholders Made: Two Essays in Interpretation. Wesleyan University Press, Middletown, Connecticut, 1988

Gobineau, Joseph Arthur, Comte de. Inequality of Human Races. Pervaded by anti-Semitism, his racial theories later became “a philosophical justification for Nazi racism.” Influenced the works of Richard Wagner. Howard Fertig; Reprint edition; 1999. ISBN 0865274304.

Belinga, S.M. Eno. L’Epopée Camerounaise: Mvet Moneblum ou l’homme bleu. Fang - French. Mvet tales of the Fang-Bulu peoples of Cameroon, Guinée Equatoriale, and Gabon predate the Pentateuch and are told in more than 3 million verses. These ancient African epics of Canaan relate the deeds of the ‘Sons of God’ as they bounded from planet to planet in their flying saucers, engendering with mortals a divine race of giants described in Numbers 13: 32-33, the Rephaïtes or Rephaïm of Canaan, reported to Moses. Ancient biblical maps label primeval Canaan as Rephaïm land. (see Canaan in the time of the Patriarchs. Illustrating the Pentateuch. A map). [The aboriginal people of Canaan = region called themselves Kanaan. Greek = Phoiniki - Φοινίκη Phoiníkē. Roman (כנענים Kna'anim) Punic).] Yaoundé. 1978.

88 | P a g e

Appendix

Race/Color Discrimination Race discrimination involves treating someone (an applicant or employee) unfavorably because he/she is of a certain race or because of personal characteristics associated with race (such as hair texture, skin color, or certain facial features). Color discrimination involves treating someone unfavorably because of skin color complexion.

Race/color discrimination also can involve treating someone unfavorably because the person is married to (or associated with) a person of a certain race or color or because of a person’s connection with a race-based organization or group, or an organization or group that is generally associated with people of a certain color. Discrimination can occur when the victim and the person who inflicted the discrimination are the same race or color.

Race/Color Discrimination & Work Situations The law forbids discrimination when it comes to any aspect of employment, including hiring, firing, pay, job assignments, promotions, layoff, training, fringe benefits, and any other term or condition of employment.

Race/Color Discrimination & Harassment It is unlawful to harass a person because of that person’s race or color. Harassment can include, for example, racial slurs, offensive or derogatory remarks about a person's race or color, or the display of racially-offensive symbols. Although the law doesn’t prohibit simple teasing, offhand comments, or isolated incidents that are not very serious, harassment is illegal when it is so frequent or severe that it creates a hostile or offensive work environment or when it results in an adverse employment decision (such as the victim being fired or demoted).

The harasser can be the victim's supervisor, a supervisor in another area, a co-worker, or someone who is not an employee of the employer, such as a client or customer.

Race/Color Discrimination & Employment Policies/Practices An employment policy or practice that applies to everyone, regardless of race or color, can be illegal if it has a negative impact on the employment of people of a particular race or color and is not job-related and necessary to the operation of the business. For example, a “no-beard” employment policy that applies to all workers without regard to race may still be unlawful if it is not job-related and has a negative impact on the employment of African-American men (who have a predisposition to a skin condition that causes severe shaving bumps). Source: -The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

89 | P a g e

Laws Enforced by EEOC

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of of 1964 (Title VII) This law makes it illegal to discriminate against someone on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex. The law also makes it illegal to retaliate against a person because the person complained about discrimination, filed a charge of discrimination, or participated in an employment discrimination investigation or lawsuit. The law also requires that employers reasonably accommodate applicants' and employees' sincerely held religious practices, unless doing so would impose an undue hardship on the operation of the employer's business.

The Pregnancy Discrimination Act This law amended Title VII to make it illegal to discriminate against a woman because of pregnancy, childbirth, or a medical condition related to pregnancy or childbirth. The law also makes it illegal to retaliate against a person because the person complained about discrimination, filed a charge of discrimination, or participated in an employment discrimination investigation or lawsuit.

The Equal Pay Act of 1963 (EPA) This law makes it illegal to pay different wages to men and women if they perform equal work in the same workplace. The law also makes it illegal to retaliate against a person because the person complained about discrimination, filed a charge of discrimination, or participated in an employment discrimination investigation or lawsuit.

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) This law protects people who are 40 or older from discrimination because of age. The law also makes it illegal to retaliate against a person because the person complained about discrimination, filed a charge of discrimination, or participated in an employment discrimination investigation or lawsuit.

Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) This law makes it illegal to discriminate against a qualified person with a disability in the private sector and in state and local governments. The law also makes it illegal to retaliate against a person because the person complained about discrimination, filed a charge of discrimination, or participated in an employment discrimination investigation or lawsuit. The law also requires that employers reasonably accommodate the known physical or mental limitations of an otherwise qualified individual with a disability who is an applicant or employee, unless doing so would impose an undue hardship on the operation of the employer's business.

Section 102 and 103 of the Civil Rights Act of 1991 Among other things, this law amends Title VII and the ADA to permit jury trials and compensatory and punitive damage awards in intentional discrimination cases.

Section 501 and 505 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 This law makes it illegal to discriminate against a qualified person with a disability in the federal government. The law also makes it illegal to retaliate against a person because the person complained about discrimination, filed a charge of discrimination, or participated in an employment discrimination

90 | P a g e investigation or lawsuit. The law also requires that employers reasonably accommodate the known physical or mental limitations of an otherwise qualified individual with a disability who is an applicant or employee, unless doing so would impose an undue hardship on the operation of the employer's business.

The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA) Effective - November 21, 2009. This law makes it illegal to discriminate against employees or applicants because of genetic information. Genetic information includes information about an individual's genetic tests and the genetic tests of an individual's family members, as well as information about any disease, disorder or condition of an individual's family members (i.e. an individual's family medical history). The law also makes it illegal to retaliate against a person because the person complained about discrimination, filed a charge of discrimination, or participated in an employment discrimination investigation or lawsuit. Source: -The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Insights Ian Ayres. Racial profiling in L.A.: the numbers don't lie Los Angeles Times. 23 October 2008. Ian Ayres is a professor at Yale Law School and the author of "Super Crunchers: Why Thinking-By-Numbers Is the New Way to Be Smart."

On Monday, the ACLU of Southern California released a report analyzing more than 700,000 cases in which Los Angeles Police Department officers stopped pedestrians and/or drivers of motor vehicles between July 2003 and June 2004. The study, which I wrote with my research assistant, Jonathan Borowsky, asked not simply whether African Americans and Latinos are stopped and searched by the LAPD more often than whites -- it's clear that they are -- but the more complex question of whether these racial disparities are justified by legitimate policing practices, such as deciding to police more aggressively in high-crime neighborhoods.

We found persistent and statistically significant racial disparities in policing that raise grave concerns that African Americans and Latinos in Los Angeles are, as we put it in the report, "over-stopped, over- frisked, over-searched and over-arrested." After controlling for violent crime rates and property crime rates in specific neighborhoods, as well as a host of other variables, we found the following: For every 10,000 residents, about 3,400 more black people are stopped than whites, and 360 more Latinos are stopped than whites. Stopped blacks are 127% more likely to be frisked -- and stopped Latinos are 43% more likely to be frisked -- than stopped whites. Stopped blacks are 76% more likely to be searched, and stopped Latinos are 16% more likely to be searched than stopped whites. Stopped blacks are 29% more likely to be arrested, and stopped Latinos are 32% more likely to be arrested than stopped whites. Now consider this: Although stopped blacks were 127% more likely to be frisked than stopped whites, they were 42.3% less likely to be found with a weapon after they were frisked, 25% less likely to be found with drugs and 33% less likely to be found with other contraband.

91 | P a g e

We found similar patterns for Latinos.

Not only did we find that African Americans and Latinos were subjected to more stops, frisks, searches and arrests than whites, we also found that these additional police actions aren't because of the fact that people of color live in higher-crime areas or because they more often carry drugs or weapons, or any other legitimate reason that we can discern from the rich set of data we examined.

Police Chief William J. Bratton quickly rejected these findings, primarily because the study used data that was more than 4 years old. This is a fair point.

But we had no other choice: The department has not released the more recent stop data that it has been collecting, nor has it analyzed the more recent data to test for racial disparities. If Bratton is truly confident that unjustified racial disparities are a thing of the past, he should be able to show the change in the current data. I would be happy to organize a group of respected academics to help analyze it.

Bratton also asserted that the report was flawed because we failed to control for the race of both officers involved in the stop. On this point, Bratton is simply wrong about how to conduct a statistical analysis. When testing for unjustified racial disparities in who is stopped by the police in cars and on the street, it's inappropriate to control for the race of either of the officers.

The likelihood of being stopped, frisked or arrested shouldn't turn on whether a black, Latino or white officer was involved.

As an ancillary test -- after we'd calculated the general disparities -- we did look at the officers involved, and we found that the racial disparities in the likelihood of arrest were substantially lower when at least one of the stopping officers was the same race as the suspect.

For example, we found that the black arrest disparity was 9 percentage points lower when at least one of the stopping officers was black. Bratton should be troubled that there is less disparity when the officer is the same race as the person stopped, as that result adds credibility to the idea that the disparities in different-race interactions may be because of racial bias.

The president of the Los Angeles Police Protective League, Tim Sands, even more harshly rejected the results of our report. Sands said I appeared to start with my conclusions and then "worked data to fit." This is a vague charge, but one way to respond to the concern is with transparency. I've posted the data I used in the report and the associated statistical files to the Internet so that other academics can easily double-check the report's analysis.

Sands has argued that the results are not valid because officers often don't know the race of the suspect when they decide to pull over a car. That may or may not be true. But our study looked not just at motor vehicle stops but at pedestrian stops as well, which also showed racial disparities. We also found that, once people were stopped, officers were more likely to frisk, search or arrest African Americans and Latinos than whites. At the point of making these decisions, officers can certainly see the apparent race of the suspects. Source: articles.latimes.com/2008/oct/23/opinion/oe-ayres23

92 | P a g e