The Diocese of Southern Ohio in Partnership with the Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity – The Ohio State University The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling Volume 2 – Disparate Treatment Analysis Merelyn Bates-Mims, PhD – Principal Investigator Sharon Davies, JD – Principal Investigator Campuses Eric Abercrumbie, PhD; Prince Brown, PhD; Gary Boyle, PPC; Charles O. Dillard, MD; William B. Lawson, MD, PhD; Brandon Abdullah Powell, BFA; Thomas Rudd, MS; Melvin C. Washington, PhD; Tyrone Williams, PhD A Research Project – November 2013 “Sands has argued that the results [of our study on stop and frisk] are not valid because officers often don't know the race of the suspect when they decide to pull over a car. That may or may not be true. But our study looked not just at motor vehicle stops but at pedestrian stops as well, which also showed racial disparities. We also found that, once people were stopped, officers were more likely to frisk, search or arrest African Americans and Latinos than whites. At the point of making these decisions, officers can certainly see the apparent race of the suspects.” –Ian Ayres. Yale Law School Source: articles.latimes.com/2008/oct/23/opinion/oe-ayres23 Contents Volume 2 The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling Executive Summary Disparate Treatment Tell Us Your Story 3 Narrative Summary 4 Part 1 General Public (GP) 5 Narratives 6 General Public (GP-A) Homeless 19 Part 2 Accomplished Professions (AP) 22 Narratives 24 At-Risk 34 Urban Hip-Hop Youth 35 Narratives 36 At-Risk 37 Part 3 Congregations 38 Narratives 39 At-Risk 79 Congregation C-A 80 Narratives 81 At-Risk 85 Summary 86 Bibliography 87 Appendix Race/Color Discrimination 89 Acknowledgements We acknowledge with gratitude the hard work and cooperative spirit of all those associated with this work. –Merelyn B. Bates-Mims, Principal Investigator 2 | P a g e Volume 2 Disparate Treatment – Tell Us Your Story Comparisons: Citizenship and Racial Profiling The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling Executive Summary The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling “Is Stand Your Ground just law?” “Is good citizenship an effective hedge against being racially profiled?” “Is high professional accomplishment an effective hedge against being racially profiled?” According to statistical discrimination theory, inequality may exist and persist between demographic groups even when economic agents (consumers, workers, employers, etc.) are rational and non-prejudiced. This type of preferential treatment is labeled "statistical" because stereotypes may be based on the discriminated group's average behavior. - Arrow, K. J. (1973), "The Theory of Discrimination", in O. Ashenfelter and A. Rees (eds.), Discrimination in Labor Markets, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Judge Robert L. Wilkins, who serves on the United States District Court and was confirmed three years ago in a unanimous voice vote, gained national prominence in a case that helped popularize the term “driving while black” when he sued the Maryland State Police after they pulled him over in the 1990s, reports a NYTimes November 18, 2013 article. Race and religion constitute one of the oldest combinations, one that has faithfully served the worldwide practice of hegemonic dominance of nations and peoples over others. In combined sentience, the emotional psychology or natural tendency for hasty expression of emotion devoid of reason or self-control, race and religion remains fundamental to majority opposition to civil, political, and economic advancements for minority populations. Historically race combined with religion has exerted rampant resistance against factual ‘freedom’ of participation in the nation (voting and other citizenship rights, as examples). Might sentience and modern Canaan ethnonationalism underlie 2013 prevalent national perception that black men and boys are less worthy beings—as black sons and fathers and husbands and brothers are systemically swept up in New Age Prison Slavery via 13th Amendment loophole in the language permanently abolishing slavery and involuntary servitude “except as punishment for crime…?” Do Biblical maledictory retentions and universal denkstil prejudicial mindset and beliefs contribute to and devoutly underlie 2013 American racial profiling patterns and practices? In July, 2013, Republican Senator John McCain joined President Barack Obama in a call for review of "Stand Your Ground." Does racial profiling, the aberrant acts and attitudes driven by race perception create a chilling effect on the life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness freedoms of targeted groups of Americans? Together, Disparate Impact coupled with Disparate Treatment collections of individual stories meet the evidence standards probative of discrimination theory specific to Stand Your Ground discrimination permitted by State legislation. 3 | P a g e Thus, the Task Force Research on Racial Profiling divides the report into two sections: 1) Disparate Treatment Statistics; and 2) Disparate Treatment individual stories of Racial Profiling Experiences (RPEs). “A unique feature of this survey research is that it provides an opportunity for respondents to tell individualized stories about experiences with racial profiling. This component of the survey provided students an open‐ended opportunity to tell the story of any incident(s) in which they or someone they know experienced racial profiling, omitting any identifying details. Although the experiences students reported were most often education‐focused, the stories nonetheless described shopping and traffic stops/driving in a vehicle as the next most commonly cited context of profiling occurrence. The samplings are loosely grouped by theme or context, though the categories are not necessarily mutually exclusive and are largely kept intact with only minor editing for accuracy and clarity. In some cases, the passages in this section represent excerpts from lengthier multipart responses.” –Thomas Rudd, Lead Researcher; The Kirwan Institute, OSU -Language adapted from The Kirwan Institute-The Ohio State University ”Tell Your Story: Racial Profiling” Disparate Treatment Report Page 10. Campus Survey on Racial Profiling. 2013. Research conducted in partnership between The Kirwan Institute and The Episcopal Diocese of Southern Ohio. The methodology for recording non-campus disparate treatment stories contained in this report replicates the campus story-telling methodology, cited above. Narrative Summary n=2,168 Total Narratives by Population Narratives % of Overall Population Survey Type (Non-Campus) Numbers counts/rates n=2,168 [100%] GENERAL PUBLIC (GP) 219 [10.10%] 92 (42.0%) 4.24% GENERAL PUBLIC-A [HOMELESS] 102 [4.70%] 31 (30.39%) 1.42% ACCOMPLISHED PROFESSIONALS 141 [6.50%] 63 (44.68%) 2.9% URBAN HIP-HOP YOUTH 29 [1.33%] 13 (72.41%) 0.59% CONGREGATIONS [TEC] 1,518 [70.01%] 453 (29.84%) 20.89% CONGREGATION-A [NJBC HIST. BLACK] 159 [7.3%] 52 (32.7%) 2.39% TOTAL 2,168 704 (32.84%) Population numbers answers the question: Among the survey populations, what is the numerical count /percentage representation for each group? GP=219/2168 (10.10%) Narrative counts/rates answers the question: What percentage volume of narratives was submitted by a given population? GP=92 /219 (42.0%) Percent of population answers the question: What percent of the overall population, by category of respondents, submitted disparate treatment stories? 92/2168 (4.24%) of GP respondents. 4 | P a g e Part 1 General Public (GP): Disparate Treatment Narratives Q. #21 Racial Profiling Experiences (RPEs) n=117 respondents Total Survey respondents n=219 “Is good citizenship an effective guard against bein racially profiled? Tell Us Your Story Source: Data - The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling. Erika King-Betts, PhD; Various website postings. General Public (GP) Q.#13 “Stand Your Ground laws are unjust for certain citizen groups.” ‘YES’ 73.0% n=146 Total Survey respondents n=219; Source: Data - The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling. Erika King-Betts, PhD; Various website postings. 5 | P a g e General Public - Demographics Q.#14 “What race/ethnicity best describes you? White/Caucasian n=108, 50.2%; Black/African-American n=89; 41.4% Total Survey respondents n=219 Source: Data - The Bishop’s Task Force on Racial Profiling. Erika King-Betts, PhD; Various website postings. General Public Surveys Part A: General Public (GP) survey instrument Electronic collector across 22 states. Racial Profiling Experience (RPE) type appears in bold. “…[T]he events that define our experience with race are often small, unpredictable moments that leave a big impression.” –Michelle Norris, NPR, The Race Card Project. Too many to mention, but specially high school, in living in an urban location, competence perceptions, etc Two weeks after the Trayvon Martin verdict my 20-yr old son was pulled over under the pretense of a "routine" stop. No probable cause was cited...more concerning is that my son felt that it was okay. This thinking concerns...why does he feel this is ok?? I was driving in a rural section of Indiana and was stopped by the police. When I asked the policeman why I was stopped, he told me that he was just doing a "stop". He then stated that he'd be "right back," presumably running my plate, & returned saying "everything's ok" & told me to have a nice day. In short, i was stopped for driving while black in a rural area. I've been stopped for "driving while white" when cops wanted to caution me from being in the "wrong" neighborhood. “Harassed by police officer trailing me during rush hour traffic while running my licenses plate for no apparent reason or traffic violation. Stopped and ticketed for false offense. Ticketed dismissed at court when officer didn't show up. Threatened to be shot by police officer in front of my office building on a downtown urban college campus stemming from a traffic altercation with a construction worker in which I was the victim. Construction worker was found guilty of menacing but complaint against officer was determined "unsubstantiated." None of my witnesses were contacted by the office of professional standards for the police department.