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INDEX A American Association of Thoracic Surgery, 19 Abiomed total artificial heart, 197 American College of Cardiology, 69 ACE inhibitors, 118 Amosov, Nikolay, 30–31 adenovirus, 199 anasarca, 63 Agnew Clinic, The, 16 anastomosis, 222 Akutsu, Dr. Tetsuzo, 186, 189 aneurysms alcohol aortic, 223–225 blood lipids, relationship between, catheter treatment, 225 53–54 challenges, surgical, 224 breast cancer link, 55 diagnosis, 224 consumption, 51, 53–54 discovery, 223 dangers, 55 dissection, 226–227 French Paradox, 52 stent treatment, 225 life expectancy, 56 stent-graft treatment, 225–226, mortality rates, 55 231–232 pattern of consumption, 54 surgical treatment, 230 red wine consumption, 54 symptoms, 223 scientific data summary, 55 types, 223–225 wine drinker profile vs. beer drinker angina pectoris, 42, 159 profile, 54 classic symptoms, 60 alpha-linoleic acid, 49 signaling impending heart attack, 61 alveoli, 35 angiogenesis, 199 ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring, angiography, coronary, 86 74 angiography, pulmonary, 86 284 INDEX antibiotic protection, dental surgery, 57 arterial blood samples, 81 anticoagulant use, 134 arterial oxygen levels, 81 aorta, 32, 38, 96 arterial revascularization, 241 aortic arch, 103 arterial system, 221 aortic incompetence, 159 artery, definition, 33 aortic valve, 35, 64 artherosclerosis, 45 aortic valve disease, 158–159 artificial heart, 186 aortic valve incompetence, 159–160 Akutsu, Dr. Tetsuzo, 186 aortic valve stenosis, 64, 158–159 Clark, Barney, 188 aortomyoplasty Cooley, Dr. Denton, 186 advantages, 193 DeBakey, Dr. Michael, 186 application, 193 development, 186 definition, 192 DeVries, Dr. William, 188 Arbulu, Dr. Agustin, 163 first implantation, 186 argyria, 66 flaws, 200 arrhythmia, 64, 74 Jarvik, Dr. Robert, 188 advancements in studies, 217 Jarvik-7, 187–188 atrial, 140 Jarvik-2000, 201 atrial fibrillation, 215, 218 Kolff, Dr. Willem, 186, 188 atrial tachycardia, 216 left ventricular assist devices, 200 bradycardia, 214 obstacles, 186 causes, 205, 217 technological future, 200–201 defibrillators, implantable, 215 ascites, 63, 162 definition, 205 atherectomy, 90 diagnosis, 205 atherosclerosis, 53 future treatments, 217 atherosclerotic disease, 227– 228 management, 214–215 atrial fibrillation, 140, 215–216, 218 observations, 217 atrial septal defect, 91, 102 sinus rhythm, 205 atrial tachycardia, 216 strokes from, 219 atrioventricular canal defect, 102 surgery, 218 atrioventricular node, 206 surgical development, 218–219 surgical options, 218–219 B symptoms, 205, 215, 217 tachyarrhythmia, 215 Bailey, Dr. Charles, 112, 150 tachycardia, 214 Bailey, Dr. Leonard, 107 treatment, 205, 214 Bakken, Earl, 207 triggers, 217 balloon angioplasty, 71 ventricular, 216 balloon catheter therapy, 91, 163 285 STATE OF THE HEART Barnard, Dr. Christiaan, 180–181 systolic pressure, 36 Barratt-Boyes, Sir Brian, 101, 154 understanding readings, 36, 38 Batista procedure, 198 blood tests, 80 application, 190 blue baby operation, 96–97, 105 mortality rates, 190–191 body fat, 49 Batista, Dr. Randas, 190, 198 bone marrow, 37 Beck, Dr. Claude, 111 brachial artery, 133 Berk Enamelworks, 188 bradycardia, 214 beta blockers, 118 breast cancer, alcohol consumption link, Bethea, Dr. Morris C., 49 55 Blalock, Dr. Alfred, 27 breathing problems, 61–62. Blalock-Taussig shunt, 30, 96 See also dyspnea blood Brock, Sir Russell, 27, 180 amount in body, 37 Brukhonenko, Dr. S.S., 21 arterial and venous oxygen levels, bubble oxygenator, 27, 29 81–82 bundle of His, 38 clotting process, healthy, 37 bypass graft closure, 250 complexity, 37 coughing up, 62 C journey through heart, 33, 36 oxygenated, 35, 37 calcium channel blockers, 119 unoxygenated, 37 Cambridge Heart Anti-Oxidant Study, blood clots. See also embolus 47–48 deep vein thrombosis, 228 Campbell, Dr. J.M., 151 filter implantation, 229 canola oil, 49 healthy, 37 capillaries, 33, 35 pulmonary embolus, 229 Cappelen, Dr. Ansel, 18 superficial thrombophlebitis, 228 carbohydrates, 50–51. See also nutrition venous, 228 cardiac catheterization. blood pressure, 45 See catheterization, cardiac definition, 36 cardiac cycle, 38–39 device to measure, 38 cardiac enzymes, 80 diastolic pressure, 36 cardiac malformations, 99 high, 45 cardiac rehabilitation programs, 249 low, very, 67 cardiac rehabilitation, 141, 248 measurement, 38 cardiac surgeons. See surgeons, cardiac phases, 36 cardiac tamponade, 67 pregnancy (see pregnancy) cardiac ultrasound, 42 sphygmomanometer, 38 cardiogenic shock, 67 286 INDEX cardiologists, 83 patent ductus arteriosus, 91 accreditation, 68 paths, 87–88 board certification, 69 percutaneous transluminal coronary choosing, 69 angioplasty, 88–89 diagnostic testing used by, 70–71 preliminary experiments, 85 interventional, 68 procedure, 85, 87 referral to, 68 radiopaque dyes, 87 referral to cardiac surgeon, 71 rates, national, 85 self-referral, 68 removal, 88 specialization, 68 Richards Jr., Dr. Dickenson W., 86 typical visit to, 69–70 risks, 88 cardiomyopathy, 61 Sigwart, Dr. Ulrich, 90 cardiomyoplasty, 156, 191 Sones, Dr. Mason, 87 cardioplegia solution, 136 stenting, 90 Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute of, 31 therapeutic, 88–90 carotid artery, 96 transmyocardial laser revascularization, Carpentier, Dr. Alain, 155–157, 169, 171, 90 192 transposition of the great arteries, Carrel, Dr. Alexis, 111, 179, 222 91 catheter heart valve procedures, 90–91 treatment use, 86 catheterization, cardiac, 42, 71 cerebral vascular accident, 67 angiography, coronary, 86–87 Chachques, Dr. Juan Carlos, 192 angiography, pulmonary, 86 Chardack, Dr. William, 206 applications, 85–86, 88 chest computed tomography, 76 atherectomy, 90 chest pain, 59–60 blood samples taken during, 87 chest x-ray, 42, 76 catheter heart valve procedures, 90–91 chloroform, 17–18 coarctation of the aorta, 91 cholesterol, 45–46. See also nutrition definition, 85 definition, 45 description, 85 dietary effects, 46 diagnostic use, 86 high-density lipoprotein, 47 first performed, 85 insulin, effects, 50 Forssmann, Dr. Werner, 85–86 level, 46, 82 Gruentzig, Dr. Andreas R., 89 low-density lipoprotein, 46 hematoma, 88 lowering, 47 insertion, 87 statin therapy, 47 labs, 84, 87 chordae tendinae, 34, 149 laser use, 90 Clark, Barney, 188 nobel prize, 86 claudication, 67 287 STATE OF THE HEART Cleveland Clinic, 112, 115 exercise, postoperative, 141 clot-dissolving drugs, 118 exercise stress test, postoperative, 141 coarctation of the aorta, 91, 97, 103 gastroepiploic artery, 133 congenital heart defects, 30, 96–99. graft placement, 136–137 See also pediatric heart conditions heart-lung machine, 134 conjoined twins, 108–109 intensive care unit, 137 Cooley, Dr. Denton, 27–29, 186–187, 209 internal thoracic artery, 132 Cooper, Dr. Joel, 183 intra-aortic balloon pump use, 137 coronary angiogram, 47 left internal mammary artery, 132 history, 87 lifting restrictions, postoperative, 141 procedure, 87 lump, breastbone, 143 coronary angiography, 71, 87 operative procedures, 134–136 coronary arteriogram, 81 palmar arch artery, 133 coronary arteriography, 81, 112 placement, 136 coronary artery, 39 postoperative care, 137–138 anatomy, 32, 116 preoperative preparation, 134 coronary artery bypass grafting, 112, 126. pulmonary insufficiency, 139 See also race and coronary artery radial artery, 132 surgery; women and coronary recovery from. See recovery artery surgery retrograde coronary perfusion catheter, 35 anticoagulant use, 134 right internal mammary artery, 132 application, 126 risk factors, 138 arrhythmias, atrial, 140 saphenous vein, 132 arteries used, 132–134 stainless steel staples use, 137 atrial fibrillation, 140 stroke occurrences, 140 battery of tests, 131 survival rates, 138 blood typing, 131 Swan-Ganz catheter, 134 brachial artery, 133 ulnar artery, 133 breathing tube, 138 vein harvesting, 132 cannula use, 135 ventricular assist device, 137 cardioplegia solution, 136 vigorous activity, postoperative, 141 closure procedures, 137 walking, postoperative, 141 complaints, postoperative, 141–143 coronary artery disease. See also complications, 139–140 transmyocardial laser revascularization. conduit selection, 132 ace inhibitors, 118 cooling patient’s temperature, 135 angina equivalent, 117 determination of necessity, 130 arteriosclerosis experimentation, 114 discharge, 140–141 Bailey, Dr. Charles, 112 drainage tubes, 137 Beck, Dr. Claude, 111 288 INDEX beta blockers, 118 rates, today, 116 bypass graft controversy, 114 restenosis, 119 bypass graft success, 115 rotablator, 119 bypass grafting, 121 Sabiston, Dr. David, 114 bypass grafting development, 112 saphenous vein, 112–113, 115 calcium channel blockers, 119 skepticism, 113 Carrel, Dr. Alexis, 111 Sones, Dr. Mason, 112 causes, 110, 116–117 Spencer, Dr. Frank, 116 coronary arteriography, 112 stenting, 119 DeBakey, Dr. Michael, 114–115 symptoms, 117 Dennis, Dr. Edward W., 115 transmyocardial laser revascularization, diabetes neuropathies, 117 120, 124 diagnosis, 118 treatment, 118 endarterectomy, 111, 114 vein grafting, 113 evolution of bypass techniques, Vineberg, Dr. Arthur, 111 112–113, 116 women, rates, 128 Favaloro, Dr. Rene, 112 coronary bypass grafting, 121 first operation, 111 coughing up blood, 62 first successful bypass graft, 115 Cournand, Dr. Andre F., 86 first successful human bypass Crafoord, Dr. Clarence, 19, 21 operation, 114 creatine kinase, 81 French Paradox, 52 cross-circulation, 23 Garrett, Dr. H. Edward, 115 blood type issues, 22 Green, Dr. George, 112 ethical issues, 22 Hirose, Dr. Teruo, 112 obstacles, 22 historical overview, 111–112 repair records, 98
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