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Home , Holter monitor, Norwood procedure

INDEX

A American Association of Thoracic Surgery, 19 Abiomed total artificial , 197 American College of , 69 ACE inhibitors, 118 Amosov, Nikolay, 30–31 adenovirus, 199 anasarca, 63 Agnew Clinic, The, 16 anastomosis, 222 Akutsu, Dr. Tetsuzo, 186, 189 aneurysms alcohol aortic, 223–225 lipids, relationship between, catheter treatment, 225 53–54 challenges, surgical, 224 breast cancer link, 55 diagnosis, 224 consumption, 51, 53–54 discovery, 223 dangers, 55 dissection, 226–227 French Paradox, 52 treatment, 225 life expectancy, 56 stent-graft treatment, 225–226, mortality rates, 55 231–232 pattern of consumption, 54 surgical treatment, 230 red wine consumption, 54 symptoms, 223 scientific data summary, 55 types, 223–225 wine drinker profile vs. beer drinker angina pectoris, 42, 159 profile, 54 classic symptoms, 60 alpha-linoleic acid, 49 signaling impending heart attack, 61 alveoli, 35 angiogenesis, 199 ambulatory electrocardiogram , , coronary, 86 74 angiography, pulmonary, 86

284 INDEX

antibiotic protection, dental surgery, 57 arterial blood samples, 81 anticoagulant use, 134 arterial oxygen levels, 81 , 32, 38, 96 arterial , 241 aortic arch, 103 arterial system, 221 aortic incompetence, 159 , definition, 33 aortic valve, 35, 64 artherosclerosis, 45 aortic valve disease, 158–159 artificial heart, 186 aortic valve incompetence, 159–160 Akutsu, Dr. Tetsuzo, 186 aortic valve stenosis, 64, 158–159 Clark, Barney, 188 aortomyoplasty Cooley, Dr. Denton, 186 advantages, 193 DeBakey, Dr. Michael, 186 application, 193 development, 186 definition, 192 DeVries, Dr. William, 188 Arbulu, Dr. Agustin, 163 first implantation, 186 argyria, 66 flaws, 200 , 64, 74 Jarvik, Dr. Robert, 188 advancements in studies, 217 Jarvik-7, 187–188 atrial, 140 Jarvik-2000, 201 , 215, 218 Kolff, Dr. Willem, 186, 188 atrial tachycardia, 216 left ventricular assist devices, 200 bradycardia, 214 obstacles, 186 causes, 205, 217 technological future, 200–201 defibrillators, implantable, 215 ascites, 63, 162 definition, 205 , 90 diagnosis, 205 atherosclerosis, 53 future treatments, 217 atherosclerotic disease, 227– 228 management, 214–215 atrial fibrillation, 140, 215–216, 218 observations, 217 atrial septal defect, 91, 102 sinus rhythm, 205 atrial tachycardia, 216 from, 219 atrioventricular canal defect, 102 surgery, 218 atrioventricular node, 206 surgical development, 218–219 surgical options, 218–219 B symptoms, 205, 215, 217 tachyarrhythmia, 215 Bailey, Dr. Charles, 112, 150 tachycardia, 214 Bailey, Dr. Leonard, 107 treatment, 205, 214 Bakken, Earl, 207 triggers, 217 balloon , 71 ventricular, 216 balloon catheter therapy, 91, 163

285 STATE OF THE HEART

Barnard, Dr. Christiaan, 180–181 systolic pressure, 36 Barratt-Boyes, Sir Brian, 101, 154 understanding readings, 36, 38 , 198 blood tests, 80 application, 190 blue baby operation, 96–97, 105 mortality rates, 190–191 body fat, 49 Batista, Dr. Randas, 190, 198 bone marrow, 37 Beck, Dr. Claude, 111 brachial artery, 133 Berk Enamelworks, 188 bradycardia, 214 beta blockers, 118 breast cancer, alcohol consumption link, Bethea, Dr. Morris C., 49 55 Blalock, Dr. Alfred, 27 breathing problems, 61–62. Blalock-Taussig shunt, 30, 96 See also dyspnea blood Brock, Sir Russell, 27, 180 amount in body, 37 Brukhonenko, Dr. S.S., 21 arterial and venous oxygen levels, bubble oxygenator, 27, 29 81–82 bundle of His, 38 clotting process, healthy, 37 bypass graft closure, 250 complexity, 37 coughing up, 62 C journey through heart, 33, 36 oxygenated, 35, 37 calcium channel blockers, 119 unoxygenated, 37 Cambridge Heart Anti-Oxidant Study, blood clots. See also embolus 47–48 deep thrombosis, 228 Campbell, Dr. J.M., 151 filter implantation, 229 canola oil, 49 healthy, 37 capillaries, 33, 35 pulmonary embolus, 229 Cappelen, Dr. Ansel, 18 superficial thrombophlebitis, 228 carbohydrates, 50–51. See also nutrition venous, 228 . , 45 See catheterization, cardiac definition, 36 cardiac cycle, 38–39 device to measure, 38 cardiac enzymes, 80 diastolic pressure, 36 cardiac malformations, 99 high, 45 cardiac rehabilitation programs, 249 low, very, 67 cardiac rehabilitation, 141, 248 measurement, 38 cardiac surgeons. See surgeons, cardiac phases, 36 cardiac tamponade, 67 pregnancy (see pregnancy) cardiac ultrasound, 42 sphygmomanometer, 38 cardiogenic shock, 67

286 INDEX

cardiologists, 83 patent ductus arteriosus, 91 accreditation, 68 paths, 87–88 board certification, 69 percutaneous transluminal coronary choosing, 69 angioplasty, 88–89 diagnostic testing used by, 70–71 preliminary experiments, 85 interventional, 68 procedure, 85, 87 referral to, 68 radiopaque dyes, 87 referral to cardiac surgeon, 71 rates, national, 85 self-referral, 68 removal, 88 specialization, 68 Richards Jr., Dr. Dickenson W., 86 typical visit to, 69–70 risks, 88 cardiomyopathy, 61 Sigwart, Dr. Ulrich, 90 , 156, 191 Sones, Dr. Mason, 87 solution, 136 stenting, 90 Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute of, 31 therapeutic, 88–90 carotid artery, 96 transmyocardial laser revascularization, Carpentier, Dr. Alain, 155–157, 169, 171, 90 192 transposition of the great , Carrel, Dr. Alexis, 111, 179, 222 91 catheter procedures, 90–91 treatment use, 86 catheterization, cardiac, 42, 71 cerebral vascular accident, 67 angiography, coronary, 86–87 Chachques, Dr. Juan Carlos, 192 angiography, pulmonary, 86 Chardack, Dr. William, 206 applications, 85–86, 88 chest computed tomography, 76 atherectomy, 90 chest pain, 59–60 blood samples taken during, 87 chest x-ray, 42, 76 catheter heart valve procedures, 90–91 chloroform, 17–18 coarctation of the aorta, 91 cholesterol, 45–46. See also nutrition definition, 85 definition, 45 description, 85 dietary effects, 46 diagnostic use, 86 high-density lipoprotein, 47 first performed, 85 insulin, effects, 50 Forssmann, Dr. Werner, 85–86 level, 46, 82 Gruentzig, Dr. Andreas R., 89 low-density lipoprotein, 46 hematoma, 88 lowering, 47 insertion, 87 statin therapy, 47 labs, 84, 87 chordae tendinae, 34, 149 laser use, 90 Clark, Barney, 188 nobel prize, 86 claudication, 67

287 STATE OF THE HEART

Cleveland Clinic, 112, 115 exercise, postoperative, 141 clot-dissolving drugs, 118 exercise stress test, postoperative, 141 coarctation of the aorta, 91, 97, 103 gastroepiploic artery, 133 congenital heart defects, 30, 96–99. graft placement, 136–137 See also pediatric heart conditions heart-lung machine, 134 conjoined twins, 108–109 intensive care unit, 137 Cooley, Dr. Denton, 27–29, 186–187, 209 internal thoracic artery, 132 Cooper, Dr. Joel, 183 intra-aortic balloon pump use, 137 coronary angiogram, 47 left internal mammary artery, 132 history, 87 lifting restrictions, postoperative, 141 procedure, 87 lump, breastbone, 143 coronary angiography, 71, 87 operative procedures, 134–136 coronary arteriogram, 81 palmar arch artery, 133 coronary arteriography, 81, 112 placement, 136 coronary artery, 39 postoperative care, 137–138 anatomy, 32, 116 preoperative preparation, 134 coronary artery bypass grafting, 112, 126. pulmonary insufficiency, 139 See also race and coronary artery radial artery, 132 surgery; women and coronary recovery from. See recovery artery surgery retrograde coronary perfusion catheter, 35 anticoagulant use, 134 right internal mammary artery, 132 application, 126 risk factors, 138 , atrial, 140 saphenous vein, 132 arteries used, 132–134 stainless steel staples use, 137 atrial fibrillation, 140 occurrences, 140 battery of tests, 131 survival rates, 138 blood typing, 131 Swan-Ganz catheter, 134 brachial artery, 133 ulnar artery, 133 breathing tube, 138 vein harvesting, 132 cannula use, 135 ventricular assist device, 137 cardioplegia solution, 136 vigorous activity, postoperative, 141 closure procedures, 137 walking, postoperative, 141 complaints, postoperative, 141–143 . See also complications, 139–140 transmyocardial laser revascularization. conduit selection, 132 ace inhibitors, 118 cooling patient’s temperature, 135 angina equivalent, 117 determination of necessity, 130 arteriosclerosis experimentation, 114 discharge, 140–141 Bailey, Dr. Charles, 112 drainage tubes, 137 Beck, Dr. Claude, 111

288 INDEX

beta blockers, 118 rates, today, 116 bypass graft controversy, 114 restenosis, 119 bypass graft success, 115 rotablator, 119 bypass grafting, 121 Sabiston, Dr. David, 114 bypass grafting development, 112 saphenous vein, 112–113, 115 calcium channel blockers, 119 skepticism, 113 Carrel, Dr. Alexis, 111 Sones, Dr. Mason, 112 causes, 110, 116–117 Spencer, Dr. Frank, 116 coronary arteriography, 112 stenting, 119 DeBakey, Dr. Michael, 114–115 symptoms, 117 Dennis, Dr. Edward W., 115 transmyocardial laser revascularization, diabetes neuropathies, 117 120, 124 diagnosis, 118 treatment, 118 , 111, 114 vein grafting, 113 evolution of bypass techniques, Vineberg, Dr. Arthur, 111 112–113, 116 women, rates, 128 Favaloro, Dr. Rene, 112 coronary bypass grafting, 121 first operation, 111 coughing up blood, 62 first successful bypass graft, 115 Cournand, Dr. Andre F., 86 first successful human bypass Crafoord, Dr. Clarence, 19, 21 operation, 114 creatine kinase, 81 French Paradox, 52 cross-circulation, 23 Garrett, Dr. H. Edward, 115 blood type issues, 22 Green, Dr. George, 112 ethical issues, 22 Hirose, Dr. Teruo, 112 obstacles, 22 historical overview, 111–112 repair records, 98 interventional therapy, 119, 120 technique, 21–22 Johnson, Dr. W. Dudley, 113–115 Cutler, Dr. Elliot, 150 Kolessov, Dr. V.I., 112 cyanotis, 66, 105. See also pediatric heart left ventricular aneurysm, 121 conditions Lepley, Dr. Derward, Jr., 114 cyclosporine, 182 Leriche, Dr. Rene, 111 medication prescription, 118 D mortality rates, 52, 116 nitrates, 118 dacron, 222 occurrence rates, 116 DCMP. See dynamic cardiomyoplasty papillary muscle rupture, 123 DeBakey, Dr. Michael, 20, 114–115, 186, 222 post- ventricular Debost, Dr. Charles, 156 septal defect, 122 defibrillator

289 STATE OF THE HEART

development, 209 heart-valve problems associated with, implantable, 215 176–177 Demikhov, Dr. Vladimir, 179–180 removal of drugs from market, 176 Dennis, Dr. Clarence, 21 digoxin, 63 Dennis, Dr. Edward W., 115 dissection, aortic, 226–227 dental surgery and heart conditions, 57 Dodrill, Dr. Forrest, 21 DeVries, Dr. William, 188 Dodrill-General Motors blood pump, DeWall, Dr. Richard, 27 21, 26 Dhabuwala, Dr. Chipriya, 237 Dogliotti, Dr. Mario, 21 diabetes, 49 Donald, Dr. David, 26 diabetes neuropathies, 117 Doppler ultrasonography, 80 diagnosis Down’s syndrome, heart problems, 103 blood tests, 81 ductus arteriosus, 24, 100 chest computed tomography (see chest Duran, Dr. Carlos, 155 computed tomography) DuShane, Dr. Jim, 26 chest x-ray (see chest x-ray) dynamic cardiomyoplasty, 191–192 doppler ultrasonography (see doppler dyspnea, 41 ultrasonography) cardiomyopathy, 61 (see echocardiography) definition, 61 electrocardiogram (see electrocardiogram) description, 61 exercise echocardiogram (see exercise hyperventilation, 61 echocardiogram) pulmonary edema, 61 exercise stress test (see exercise stress tachypnea, 61 test) types, 61 (see Holter monitor) magnetic resonance imaging E (see magnetic resonance imaging) MUGA scan (multigated acquisition Eakins, Thomas, 16 study) (see MUGA scan (multigated echocardiography, 70, 74–75 acquisition study)) ectopia cordis, 108 nuclear perfusion tests (see nuclear edema, 62 perfusion tests) first signs, 63 positron emission tomography (PET heart failure, associated with, 63 scanning) (see positron emission in pregnancy, 42 tomography [PET scanning]) Edwards, M. Lowell, 152–153 second opinions, 82–83 Einthoven, Dr. William, 73 diastole, 36 elderly, heart surgery in, 235–241 diet. See nutrition complications associated with, 236 diet pills coronary artery disease, 237

290 INDEX

cut-off ages, 235 Viagra, 238–239 discretion, 236 esophageal reflux, 42 economic issues, 236 ether, 17 eligibility, 237 examination, physical, 59 erectile dysfunction (see erectile exercise echocardiogram, 75 dysfunction) exercise, role in reducing heart disease, ethical issues, 236 48 occurrence rates, 235 exercise stress test, 42, 73–74 population, aging, 235 preoperative selection, 236–237 F Viagra use, 237 electrical conduction system, 38 fat, polyunsaturated, 49 electrocardiogram, 42, 65, 70, 73, 137 fat, saturated, 49 electrophysiologic study, 71 fatigue, 62 Ellison, Dr. R. Curtis, 51 Favaloro, Dr. Rene, 112 Elmquist, Rune, 206 fenfluramine-phenteramine, 176–177 Eloesser, Dr. Leo, 19 Fen-Phen, 176–177 embolic stroke, 67 Fontan operation, 107 embolism, 67, 144 Forssmann, Dr. Werner, 85–86 endarterectomy, 111, 112, 114 Frazier, Dr. O. Howard, 120 endocarditis, 101, 157, 162 French Paradox, 52 erectile dysfunction, 237 causes, 237–238 G definition, 237 guanosine monophosphate, 238 Garrett, Dr. H. Edward, 115 inflatable penile prosthesis, 239 gastroepiploic artery, 133 Leriche’s syndrome, 238 gene therapy, 199 mechanism, 237 general anesthetics, development of, 17 medical treatment, 238–239 Gibbon heart-lung machine, 25–26 penile injection therapy, 239 Gibbon, Dr. John, 19–20 penile prosthetic implants, 239 Gibbon-IBM heart-lung machine, 98, 101 postoperative complications, 239–240 Glenn operation, 107 semirigid prosthesis, 239 Gohlke, Mary, 182 surgical arterial revascularization, Greatbatch, Dr. Wilson, 206 241 Green, Dr. George, 112 surgical treatment, 239–240 Gross, Dr. Robert, 24, 97 treatments, 238 Gruentzig, Dr. Andreas R., 89 vacuum devices, 239 Gunning, Dr. Alfred, 155 venous incompetence, 240 Guthrie, Dr. Charles, 179, 222

291 STATE OF THE HEART

H tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), 118 heart conditions and dental surgery, 57 Hardy, Dr. James, 180 heart disease, 29 Harken, Dr. Dwight, 150–151, 186 alcohol consumption, 51, 53–54 Harper Hospital, 21 antioxidant study, 47 Harvard Medical School, 19 blockages of coronary arteries, 39 heart carbohydrates, 50–51 anatomical views, 32 causes, 39, 45 beats per minute, 34 (see also cardiac cholesterol, 46–47 cycle) development, 44 blood’s journey within, 33, 35–36 diabetes, 49 cardiac cycle, 35, 36 dietary effects, 49 cell transplantation, 202–203 dietary guidelines, 49 chambers, 34 exercise, 48 cut-away view, 34 French Paradox, 52 efficiency, 33 hypertension, 45 function, 79 insulin, 50 location, 33 nutrition, 49–52 murmur, 106 obesity, 49 muscle, 33–34 pregnancy, 40–41, 43 pumping capacity, 34 prevention, 45 rate, average, 34 rheumatic fever, 45 rhythm establishment, 38 risk factors, 45 right side, 33, 35 smoking, 45 role, 33 stress, 48 size, 33 susceptibility, 45 valve (see valve) symptoms (see symptoms) heart assists, 185–186 vitamin E, 47–48 heart attack heart murmur, 106 blood clots, 118 heart pump, built from back muscle, 195 causes, 118 heart surgery recovery. See recovery clot-dissolving drugs used during, . See transplants 118–119 heart transplantation, newborn. See complications, 121–123 newborn heart transplantation definition, 117 heart-cell transplantation, 202–203 interventional therapy, 119–120 heart-lung machine, 18, 134 muscle death, 117 animal experiments, 19–20 scar tissue following, 117 blood oxygenation, 19 symptoms, 61 development, 18–20, 98

292 INDEX

Gibbon, Dr. John, 19 internal thoracic artery, 132 human patients, first, 20 International Business Machines Kirklin’s machine (see Kirklin, John) Corporation, 19 Massachusetts General Hospital, 19 interventional cardiologists, 68 Mayo-Gibbon type, 27 interventional therapy, 119 purpose of machine, 18–19 intra-aortic balloon pump, 137, 185–186 heartbeat, irregular. See arrhythmia intracardiac repairs, 98 Hemopump, 197 ischemia, 53, 60, 117 heparin, 134 high-density lipoprotein, 47, 82 J Hill, Dr. Luther, 18 Hirose, Dr. Teruo, 112 Jarvik, Dr. Robert, 188 Holter monitor, 70, 74 Jarvik-2000, 189, 201 homograft, 101, 154 Jarvik-7, 187–188 Hopkins, Johns, Medical School, 27 Jefferson Medical College, 19 Hufnagel, Dr. Charles, 151 Johnson, Dr. W. Dudley, 113–115 hypertension, 45 Jongbloed, Dr. J., 21 hyperventilation, 61–62 hypoplastic left heart syndrome, 106–108 K Bailey, Dr. Leonard, 107 definition, 106–107 Kantrowitz, Dr. Adrian, 181, 185 Fontan operation, 107 Karolinska Institute, 19, 21 Glenn operation, 107 Kirklin, Dr. John C., 22, 98, 101 , 107 ambitions, 25 Norwood, Dr. William, 107 “bubble” type oxygenator, 27 occurrence rates, 107 competition, 26 survival rates, 108 Dodrill pump, 26 treatment, 107–108 Donald, Dr. David, 26 hypothermia technique for repairing heart DuShane, Dr. Jim, 26 holes, 21 education, 24 first open heart surgery, 27 I Gibbon heart-lung machine, 25–26 heart-lung machine, 24, 26–27, 29 infectious endocarditis, 57 interests, 24 inferior vena cava, 38, 102 laboratory progress, 26 anatomical view, 32 Mayo-Gibbon heart-lung machine, 27 cut-away view, 34 mortality rates of patients, 27 innominate artery, 96 obstacles, 25 insulin, 50. See also nutrition open-heart program, 24

293 STATE OF THE HEART

Senning, Dr. Ake, 26 success, 23 surgery, open heart, mortality rates, training, 22 27 linoleic acid, 49 Knyshov, Dr. Gennady, 31 loop recorder, 42 Kolessov, Dr. V.I., 112 Loulmet, Dr. Didier, 171 Kolff, Dr. Willem, 186, 188–189 low-density lipoprotein, 47, 82 Koop, Dr. C. Everett, 99 Korean War, coronary techniques during, M 112 magnetic imaging, 70 L magnetic resonance imaging, 77 mammary souffle, 42 lactate dehydrogenase, 81 Massachusetts General Hospital, 19 Lancet, 47 Mayo-Gibbon heart-lung machine, 27 Lanoxin, 63 mechanical assist devices, 196–197 laser use, 90, 124 artificial heart (see artificial heart) Lauer, Dr. Richard, 179–180 Jarvik-2000, 201 left internal mammary artery, 132 left ventricular assist device, 196, 200 left , enlarged, 190 technological future, 201 left ventricular aneurysm, 121–122 mechanical heart, 188–189 left ventricular assist devices, 196, 200 Medtronic, 165, 192, 297 leg pain. See symptoms MIDCAB (minimally invasive direct Lepley Jr., Dr. Derward, 114 coronary artery bypass surgery) Leriche, Dr. Rene, 111 applications, 146 leukocytes, 37 benefits, 146 lifestyle after surgery, 251. See also eligibility, 139 nutrition off-pump coronary artery bypass, 147 Lillehei, Dr. C. Walton, 21–22, 98, 101 procedure, 138–139 bubble oxygenator implementation, minimally invasive heart surgery, 172 27 advantages, 173 development, 24 development, 169 competition, 22, 26 mortality rates, 173 contributions, 23 sternotomy, partial, 172 Cooley, Dr. Denton, association, 29 technological evolution, 173 cross-circulation technique, 21–22, 24 thoracotomy, 172 death, 23 Minnesota, University of, 21–22 pacemaker advances, 206 Mitchinson, Dr. Malcolm J., 47 pacemaker, development, 207 mitral valve, 35 publication, 24 cut-away view, 34

294 INDEX

disease, 160–161 O incompetence, 161 replacement, 123, 151 olive oil, 49 mitral valve prolapse, 158 open heart surgery Mohr, Dr. Friedrich Wilhelm, 171 current standards, 29 mortality rates, animal, 20 development, 17 MUGA scan (multigated acquisition elderly (see elderly, heart surgery in) study), 79 first operation, 17–18 MVP. See mitral valve prolapse first stitch closure, 18 myocardial infarction. See heart attack operative mortality rates, current, 29 myocardium, 32, 34 pediatric, development, 29 Myrick, Henry, 18 scientific cooperation, 29 myxoid degeneration, 161 specialization, 29 stitching, 18 N survival rates, late 1800s, 18 operating room, 16 neonate, 106 orthopnea, in pregnancy. See pregnancy Ness, Dr. Andy, 47 oxygenation, blood, 19 newborn heart transplantation, 107–108 P nineteenth century development, 17 nitrates, 118 PA chest x-ray, 76 node pacemakers atrioventricular, 36, 38 application, 206 sinoatrial, 36, 38 atrial tachyarrhythmias, 212 noninvasive cardiologists, 68 atrioventricular node, 206 Norwood procedure, 107 Chardack, Dr. William, 206 Norwood, Dr. William, 107 definition, 205 nuclear cardiologist, 68 development, 205 nuclear perfusion tests, 77–78 dual-chamber, 210, 212 nutrition Elmquist, Rune, 206 carbohydrates, 50–51 first, 207, 211 diets, 49 Greatbatch, Dr. Wilson, 206 healthy heart diets, 49 historical use, 206 insulin connection, 50 implantation, 211–213 low-fat diets, 49 Lillehei, Dr. C. Walton, 206–207 obesity, 49 prototype, 206 sugar intake, 49–50 Senning, Dr. Ake, 206, 211 water, drinking sufficient, 51 single-chamber, 208–209

295 STATE OF THE HEART

sinoatrial node, 206 patent ductus arteriosus, closure, 97 VVI, 208 stenosis, 105–106 Zoll, Dr. Paul, 205 Streider, Dr. John, 97 palliative treatment, 98 tetralogy of Fallot, 104–105 palmar arch artery, 133 transposition of the great arteries, . See symptoms 103–104 papillary muscle, 34, 123, 149 treatment plans, 99 parasympathetic nerves, 65 twins, thoracopagus, 108 patent ductus arteriosus, 91 ventricular septal defect, 99–100 closure, 97 pediatric heart surgery, relationship to complications, 100 adult heart surgery, 29 function, 100 penile prosthetic implants. See erectile survival rates, 102 dysfunction treatment, 100, 102 percutaneous transluminal coronary pediatric heart conditions, 29, 97 angioplasty, 88–90 atrial septal defect, 91, 102 PET scanning. See positron emission Bailey, Dr. Leonard, 107 tomography (PET scanning) Barratt-Boyes, Sir Brian, 101 Petrovsky, Dr. Boris, 30 coarctation of the aorta, 97, 103 plasma, 37 congenital aortic stenosis, 106 platelets, 37 congenital heart defect, 97 pleural effusion, 62–63 congenital heart defect successes, 98 pleurocentesis, 63 diagnosis, 99 polyunsaturated fat. See fat, polyunsatu ductus arteriosus, 100 rated ectopia cordis, 108 positron emission tomography (PET endocarditis, 101 scanning), 79–80 Fontan operation, 107 post–myocardial infarction ventricular Glenn operation, 107 septal defect, 122 Gross, Dr. Robert, 97 postoperative recovery. See recovery historical overview, 97–98 pregnancy, 40–43 homograft implantation, 101 acquired heart disease, 43 hypoplastic left heart syndrome, anemia, 40–41 106–107 angina pectoris, 42 in utero diagnosis, 99 blood pressure, 41 newborn heart transplantation, 107 blood volume, 40–41 Norwood procedure, 107 cardiac catheterization, 42 Norwood, Dr. William, 107 cardiac output, 40, 42 occurrence rates, 99 cardiac ultrasound, 42 palliative treatments, 98 cardiovascular challenges, 40 patent ductus arteriosus, 100, 102 chest pain, 42

296 INDEX

chest x-ray, 42 pulmonary valve disease congenital heart defects, 43 incompetence, 163 coronary artery angioplasty during, 43 stenosis, 106, 163 demands of labor on heart, 41 pulse demands of pregnancy on heart, 40 monitoring, 246 drugs, cardiac, safe during, 43 thready, 67 dyspnea, 41 weak, 67 echocardiography, 42 pyrophosphate technetium-99m, 79 edema, 42 electrocardiogram, 42 R esophageal reflux, 42 exercise stress testing, 42 race and coronary artery surgery fainting, 42 complications, 129 first trimester, blood volume, 40 conclusions, 129 heart disease, 43 impact, 126 heart disease symptoms, 41 occurrence rates, 126 hormonal changes, effects on blood postoperative characteristics, 127 pressure, 41 preoperative characteristics, 127 hyperawareness of breathing, 41 preparation for surgery, 126, 127 hypotensive syndrome of pregnancy, 41 procedural characteristics, 127 lightheadedness, 42 risk factors, 126 loop recorder, 42 radial artery, 132 mammary souffle, 42 radioisotope, 70 multiple fetuses, 41 radionuclide, definition, 77 older women, 43 Rashkind , 91 orthopnea, 41 Rashkind procedure, 91 rheumatic disease, 43 Rashkind, Dr. William, 91 Supine Hypotensive Syndrome of reconstruction, cardiac, 198 Pregnancy, 41 recovery symptoms, heart disease, 40–41 appetite, decreased, 247 tests, safe, 41 bypass graft closure, 250 vein engorgement, 42 cardiac rehabilitation, 248 weight gain, 41 cardiac rehabilitation programs, 249 Provident Hospital, 17 complaints, postoperative, 141–143 pulmonary, 35 coronary bypass surgery, 248 , 32, 35, 38, 96 discharge, 140–141 pulmonary edema, 61–62 discharge home, 243–244 pulmonary embolus, 229 exercise, 245 pulmonary insufficiency, 139 exercise, postoperative, 141

297 STATE OF THE HEART

exercise stress test, 248 methods, 170–171 exercise stress test, postoperative, 141 minimally invasive surgery, 169 heart valve surgery, 248 Mohr, Dr. Friedrich Wilhelm, 171 home, 244–245 technology, evolving, 168 initial period, 243 video-assisted minimally invasive intensive care unit, departing, 243 surgery, 169 lifestyle changes, 251 video-directed mitral valve lifting restrictions, 247 replacement, 170 lifting restrictions, postoperative, 141 roller pump, 20 postoperative care, 137–138 Ross, Dr. Donald, 154–155 pulse monitoring, 246 , 154, 166 resuming activity, 247 rotablator, 119 salt, avoiding, 244 rupture, traumatic aortic, 227 second coronary bypass operations, 250–251 S transfer from ICU, 243 vigorous activity, postoperative, 141 Sabiston, Dr. David, 114 walking, 243 Salmons, Dr. Stanley, 191 walking, postoperative, 141 salt intake, curbing, 244 wound care, 244 saphenous vein red blood cell, 37 bypass, 115 Rehn, Dr. Ludwig, 18 technique, 112–113 Reitz, Dr. Bruce, 182 saturated fat. See fat, saturated restenosis, 90, 119 second coronary bypass operations, 249– 251 retrograde coronary perfusion catheter, second opinions, 82–83 135 Sellers, Dr. Thomas Holmes, 150 rheumatic fever Senning, Dr. Ake, 26, 206, 211 childhood occurrence, 156 septum, 33–34 definition, 45 serum, 37 symptoms, 156–157 shock, cardiogenic, 67 valve injury, 156–157 SHSOP. See Supine Hypotensive Richards, Dr. Dickenson W. Jr., 86 Syndrome of Pregnancy right internal mammary artery, 132 Shumway, Dr. Norman, 179–180 robotic heart valve surgery Siamese twins. See conjoined twins; twins, Carpentier, Dr. Alain, 169, 171 thoracopagus developments, 171 Sigwart, Dr. Ulrich, 90 future possibilities, 170 sinoatrial node, 206 limitations, 171 sinus rhythm, 205 Loulmet, Dr. Didier, 171 skeletal muscle cardiac assist, 191

298 INDEX

skeletal muscle ventricle procedure, 195 surgeons, cardiac, 71 Smith, Dr. George Davey-, 47 adult vs. pediatric specialists, 29 smoking, 45 databases, 92–93 Society of Thoracic Surgeons, 92–93 hospital quality levels, 94 Sones, Dr. Mason, 112 hospital size, 94–95 Spencer, Dr. Frank, 116 medicare statistics, 93 sphygmomanometer, 38 minimum yearly operations to keep Starr, Dr. Albert, 151–152 team trained, 94 army service, 152 mortality rates, 92 education, 152 questions to ask, 95 experimentation, 153 recommendations, 92 internship, 152 specialization, 29 inventions, 152–153 surgical quality, 92 residency, 152 Swan-Ganz catheter, 134 Starr-Edwards heart valve, 152–153 sympathetic nerves, 65 statin therapy, 47. See also cholesterol symptoms statins, 47 blackouts, 64 stenosis, 90, 150 breathing problems, 61–62 stent-graft treatment, 230–232 chest pain, 59 (see also chest pain) stenting, 71, 90, 119 chief complaint, 59 sternotomy, partial, 172 claudication, 67 Streider, Dr. John, 97 coordination, 67 stress, 48 coughing blood, 62 stress test, exercise. See exercise stress test dyspnea, 61 stress testing, 70 edema, 62–63 stroke, 67 fainting, 64 causes, 67, 144–145 fatigue, 62 embolic stroke, 67 fluid, chest, 63 occurrence after coronary artery heart attack, 61 bypass grafting, 140 heart disease, 59 occurrence rates, 144 leg pain, 67 subclavian artery, 96 lightheadedness, 64 Sugar Busters!, 49 loss of consciousness, 64 sugar intake, dietary, 49–50 medical attention, 59 , 38, 102 palpitations, 65 anatomical view, 32 sensation changes, 67 cut-away view, 34 shock, cardiogenic, 67 Supine Hypotensive Syndrome of skin color, 66 Pregnancy, 41 speech changes, 67

299 STATE OF THE HEART

strength changes, 67 exercise stress test, 42, 70, 73, 74 vasovagal fainting, 64 Holter monitor, 70 vision changes, 67 invasive, 71 systole, 36 loop recorder, 42 magnetic imaging, 70 T magnetic resonance testing, 77 MUGA scan (multigated acquisition tachyarrhythmias study), 79 atrial fibrillation, 215–216 noninvasive, 70 atrial tachycardia, 216 nuclear perfusion tests, 77–78 symptoms, 215, 217 positron emission tomography (PET ventricular arrhythmias, 216–217 scanning), 79–80 tachycardia, 214 radioisotope, 70 tachypnea, 61 stenting, 71, 90 Taussig, Dr. Helen, 97 thallium testing, 42 technetium, 79 transesophageal echocardiogram, 70 technetium-99m, 78 ultrafast computed tomography, 76–77 Terebinsky, Dr. N.N., 21 tetralogy of Fallot, 30, 151 testing complications, 105 ambulatory electrocardiogram definition, 104–105 monitoring, 74 survival rates, 105 balloon angioplasty, 71 treatment, 105 battery, before coronary bypass Texas Heart Institute, 197 surgery, 131 thallium, 42, 77 blood tests, 80 therapeutic cardiac catheterization, 88–90 cardiac catheterization, 42, 71 therapy, interventional, 119 cardiac ultrasound, 42 Thomas Jefferson University, 20 chest computed tomography, 76 thoracic aorta surgery, 233 chest x-ray, 42, 76 thoracopagus twins, 108–109 cholesterol level, 82 thoracotomy, 172 coronary angiogram, 47 thrombosis, 53, 54 coronary angiography, 71 tilt-table test, 65 coronary arteriogram, 81 tissue engineering, 174–175 Doppler ultrasonography, 80 tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), 118 echocardiogram, 70 transesophageal echocardiogram, 70, echocardiography, 74, 75 74–75 electrocardiogram, 42, 70, 73 transient ischemic attack, 67 electrophysiologic study, 71 transmyocardial laser revascularization, exercise echocardiogram, 75 90, 120, 124

300 INDEX

angiogenesis, 125 scarcity, donor, 179 application, 120 Shumway, Dr. Norman, 179–180 candidates, 124 survival rates, 184 Frazier, Dr. O. Howard, 120 waiting lists, 184 impact on angina, 125 Washkansky, Louis, 180–181 laser implementation, 124 transposition of the great arteries, 91 postoperative measures, 125 diagnosis, 104 preventative measures, 125 survival rates, 104 procedure, 124–125 treatments, 104 role in treatment, 124–125 transthoracic echocardiogram, 74–75 survival rates, 120, 125 tricuspid valve, 33, 35 transplants Arbulu, Dr. Agustin, 163 application, 179 ascites, 162 Barnard, Dr. Christiaan, 180–181 disease, 161–163 biopsy, 184 endocarditis, 162 Brock, Sir Russell, 180 incompetence, 162 candidates for, 183–184 stenosis causes, 161 Carrel, Dr. Alexis, 179 treatment, 162 Cooley, Dr. Denton, 187 troponin, 81 Cooper, Dr. Joel, 183 Tuffler, Dr. Theodore, 149 cyclosporine, 182 Turi, Dr. Zoltan, 163 Demikhov, Dr. Vladimir, 179–180 Turino, University of, 21 eligibility, 18, 179 twins, thoracopagus, 108–109 first heart-lung, 182 first human-to-human, 180–181 U Gohlke, Mary, 182 Guthrie, Dr. Charles, 179 ulnar artery, 133 Hardy, Dr. James, 180 ultrafast computed tomography, 76–77 heart and lung, 182–183 ultrasound, cardiac. See cardiac heterotopic, 181 ultrasound history, 179–181 urine output, decreased, 67 Kantrowitz, Dr. Adrian, 181 Utrecht, University of, 21 Lauer, Dr. Richard, 179–180 medication, preventive, 184 V newborns, 107 procedure, 184 vagus nerve, 64 Reitz, Dr. Bruce, 182 valve. See also mitral valve; tricuspid rejection, 184 valve research, 184 Bailey, Dr. Charles, 150

301 STATE OF THE HEART

balloon dilatation, 163 Ross, Dr. Donald, 154 Barrett-Boyes, Sir Brian, 154 Sellers, Dr. Thomas Holmes, 150 bileaflet, 158 Starr, Dr. Albert, 151 biological, 154 Starr-Edwards heart valve, 152–153 cage-ball valves, 151, 153 stenosis, 150 Campbell, Dr. J.M., 151 tetralogy of Fallot, 151 Carpentier, Dr. Alain, 155–156 tissue disadvantages, 165 chordae tendinae, 149 Tuffler, Dr. Theodore, 149 congenital bicuspid, 158 Turi, Dr. Zoltan, 163 cut-away view, 34 , 164 Cutler, Dr. Elliot, 150 xenografts, 155 diet pill association, 176–177 valvulotomy, 164 Duran, Dr. Carlos, 155 Varco, Dr. Dick, 27 endocarditis, infectious, 157 varicose . See veins first replacement surgery, 151 vascular atherosclerotic disease, 227–228 Gunning, Dr. Alfred, 155 vascular dissection, aortic, 226–227 Harken, Dr. Dwight, 150–151 vascular rupture, traumatic aortic, 227 heart-lung machine use, 151 heart-lung machine, pre-, 149 anastomosis, 222 homograft, 154 Carrel, Dr. Alexis, 222 Hufnagel, Dr. Charles, 151 development, 222–223 human valves, 154–156 Guthrie, Dr. Charles, 222 mechanical disadvantages, 165 historical development, 223 modern replacement, 156 vascular venous disease, 228 myxoid degeneration, 161 vasovagal fainting, 64–65 narrowed valves, opening, 149–150 veins, 33 operational procedures, 166–167 blood clots in, 228 papillary muscles, 149 varicose, 229 pig, 155, 166 venous disease, 228 pulmonary valve disease, 163–164 venous insufficiency, 229 pulmonary valve problems, 150–151 venous oxygen levels, 81–82 recovery from surgery, 248 ventricle, 38 repair versus replacement, 164 location, 33 replacement surgery, development, ventricular arrhythmias, 216–217 151, 164–166 ventricular assist devices, 188–189 rheumatic fever and valve injury, ventricular dyastole, 148 156 ventricular septal defect, 99–100 robotic. See robotic heart valve surgery ventricular systole, 148 Ross procedure, 154, 166 Viagra, 237–239

302 INDEX

video-assisted minimally invasive surgery, 69 complications, 128 Vineberg, Dr. Arthur, 111 conclusions, 129 vitamin E, 47–48 estrogen use, postoperative, 129 Vrbova, Dr. Greta, 191 grafting choices, 128 impact, 126 WXZ life expectancy, 126 occurrence rates, 126 Wangensteen, Dr. Owen, 22 postoperative characteristics, 127 water, drinking sufficient, 51. See also nutrition preoperative characteristics, 127 Watson, Thomas, 19 preparation for surgery, 126 weight procedural characteristics, 127 gain, pregnancy (see pregnancy) risk factors, 126 loss, difficulties attaining, 55 statistics, coronary artery disease, obesity, 49 128 white blood cell, 37 survival rates, 128 Williams, Dr. Daniel Hale, 17 xenografts, 155 women and coronary artery surgery Zoll, Dr. Paul, 205

303 STATE OF THE HEART

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