Tsai Firm in the Face of Pressure
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CHINA- TAIWAN RELATIONS TSAI FIRM IN THE FACE OF PRESSURE DAVID G. BROWN, JOHNS HOPKINS SCHOOL OF ADVANCED INTERNATIONAL STUDIES KYLE CHURCHMAN, JOHNS HOPKINS SCHOOL OF ADVANCED INTERNATIONAL STUDIES Beijing has ratcheted up pressure on President Tsai Ing-wen, while also promoting Taiwan’s integration with China. In response, Tsai has strengthened ties with major powers and modestly increased support for defense. Despite Chinese and domestic pressures, Tsai has adhered to her cross-strait policy. Taiwan’s November local elections could have implications for the 2020 presidential election and future cross-strait relations. Beijing remains concerned about US policy toward Taiwan. The Trump administration has taken steps to support Taiwan, but the president appears at times to see Taiwan as an element useful in US-China negotiations. The American Institute in Taiwan (AIT) dedicated its new office building in Taiwan, but no Cabinet official participated. This article is extracted from Comparative Connections: A Triannual E-Journal on East Asian Bilateral Relations, Vol. 20, No. 2, September 2018. Preferred citation: David G. Brown and Kyle Churchman, “China-Taiwan Relations: Tsai Firm in the Face of Pressure” Comparative Connections, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp 61-70. CHINA-TAIWAN RELATIONS | SEPTEMBER 2018 61 Beijing increases pressure (formerly Swaziland), to follow suit by joining the international trend to accept Beijing’s One The big picture has changed little since the fall China principle. of 2016. Cross-strait relations remain stuck in an unproductive impasse. President Tsai Ing- This quick succession of events particularly wen is not prepared to accept a One-China angered President Tsai. She lashed out at framework despite Beijing’s increasing “China’s serial acts of suppression” and China’s pressure, and Beijing is unwilling to be flexible use of dollar diplomacy to lure away Taiwan’s on this core principle. In the absence of allies. She said China’s actions challenge dialogue, problems arise that strain relations Taiwan’s bottom line and damage cross-strait and deepen mutual suspicions. Nevertheless, relations. There is ample evidence of further the past four months have seen significant efforts to undermine Taiwan diplomatically. On developments. Aug. 21, Taipei unilaterally severed its diplomatic relations with El Salvador, saying Beijing continues to ratchet up diplomatic, that San Salvador had asked Taipei for an commercial, and social pressure to deter astronomical sum of foreign aid and support for independence and induce President Tsai to the ruling party’s election expenses. This step accept the 1992 consensus on One China. The occurred hours before El Salvador established PLA has continued to conduct military exercises diplomatic relations with Beijing. Tsai again near Taiwan, often publicizing them for harshly criticized China, charging that its propaganda purposes. In May, CCTV streamed actions violated Taiwan’s bottom line, which footage of an amphibious training exercise near she defined as the sovereignty of the Republic of the Strait. PLA aircraft continued “island China (Taiwan). encircling exercises” and Navy ships transited the Strait. In July, the PLA conducted a large but routine six-day joint service exercise along the Zhejiang coast. Once again this year, Beijing blocked Taipei’s receiving an observer invitation to the World Health Assembly (WHA) in May and blamed the Democratic Progressive Party’s (DPP) refusal to accept the 1992 Consensus for this outcome. Taipei’s allies again presented a resolution calling for Taiwan to be invited, which received somewhat broader support, but was defeated. Figure 1El Salvador's Foreign Minister Carlos Castaneda Taipei’s health minister, Chen Shih-chung, shakes hands with China's Foreign Minister Wang Yi in traveled to Geneva to advance Taiwan’s case, Beijing on August 21. Photo: CNN met extensively with other representatives, and Beijing has significantly increased pressure on received an award from the private World foreign businesses to comply with Beijing’s Federation of Public Health Associations for his views about Taiwan. Social media pressures in work supporting the WHO’s Global Heath China forced the GAP company to apologize for Charter. Despite being banned, Taipei a T-shirt with a map of China that did not announced May 26 a donation of $1 million to include Taiwan. In April, the Civil Aviation the WHO to fight the Ebola virus. Administration (CAA) sent letters to some 40 foreign airlines with instructions on how they Beijing significantly increased efforts to should refer to Taiwan. It would no longer to be persuade Taipei’s remaining diplomatic allies to sufficient to avoid listing Taiwan as a country; recognize the PRC. On April 30, the Dominican firms must use language that indicates Taiwan Republic established diplomatic relations with is part of China. Some have speculated that Beijing. On May 24, Burkino Faso announced it netizen pressure forced the government’s hand; was terminating relations with Taipei. Two days the specificity in the CAA instruction indicates later, Ouagadougou established diplomatic official commitment to this course. The White relations with Beijing. In a break with past House condemned this “political correctness” practice, at the accompanying press conference, as “Orwellian nonsense.” The Taiwan Affairs Foreign Minister Wang Yi publicly called for Office (TAO) explained that companies doing Taiwan’s one remaining ally in Africa, eSwatini 62 SEPTEMBER 2018 | CHINA-TAIWAN RELATIONS business in China must respect China’s 2017, though specific punitive actions are never sovereignty and territorial integrity. Conscious mentioned in policy statements. General of the China market, most airlines complied. Secretary Xi Jinping has left implementation to The US government publicly and privately others. His one recent engagement with respect objected to Beijing’s requiring private to Taiwan was a meeting with former KMT companies to accept its views. The main US Chairman Lien Chan in July. Xi predictably airlines initially chose to only designate their emphasized the centrality of one China and the destination in Taiwan as Taipei (TPE), which the 1992 Consensus and reiterated Beijing’s CAA characterized as an incomplete response. determination to oppose and deter Taiwan In late August, United Airlines used currency independence. Pressure on Taiwan is to further names to refer to China, Taiwan and Hong Kong those interests, with the military exercises and Macau. How this issue will end is not yet described as underlining opposition to clear. independence. While transiting Los Angeles in August, Xi also reiterated the peaceful development of President Tsai stopped at an 85°C Bakery Café, a cross-strait relations, particularly Beijing’s new Taiwanese chain with outlets also in China. incentives to facilitate Taiwanese living and Netizens in China accused Café of supporting working on the mainland. These United Front Taiwan independence. The chain issued a measures are designed to further integrate statement supporting the 1992 Consensus, Taiwan with the mainland. Various cities and which disappointed some Taiwanese clients provinces have announced the steps they have without satisfying those in China. The netizen taken to implement the “31 Incentives.” In campaign continued, the company was hacked June, Beijing convened its annual Straits Forum, and delivery services dropped Café from their which brought some 8,000 participants from platforms. The company’s stock plunged. In Taiwan, many at Beijing’s expense, to Fujian for this instance of pressure on companies, the programs about Beijing’s peaceful development netizens were the driving force. programs. In August, Fujian province began supplying water through a pipeline to Kinmen Sports was another area in which Beijing under a 30-year contract. Also in August, significantly increased pressure on Taiwan. At Beijing announced that Taiwanese, along with a meeting of the East Asia Olympic Committee people from Hong Kong and Macau, would no (EAOC) convened by Beijing in July, the EAOC longer have to obtain a work permit to hold a job decided to revoke its 2014 decision designating in China. From Sept. 1, Taiwanese, again along Taichung as host for the 2019 East Asian Youth with those from Hong Kong and Macau, will be Games. The TAO said this step was justified eligible to obtain PRC residence cards. These because the DPP administration had allowed a new cards will make it easier for holders to proposal to have a referendum advocating that perform a host of daily tasks in China. However, Taipei participate in the 2020 Olympics under the cards are an element in China’s domestic the name Taiwan to proceed through the surveillance system containing the holder’s required signature collection phase. Taichung, photo, fingerprints, and 18-digit identification now led by a DPP mayor who had spent nearly number. $20 million on the required facilities, appealed the decision. The appeal was rejected. Beijing TAO Director Liu Jieyi has recently taken also sought to have the Asia Rugby Council particular care to show his loyalty to General cancel Taipei’s hosting of the Asia Under-19 Secretary Xi. For example, when the TAO tournament in Taipei, but this was rejected. announced the new residence card, the first And, Beijing pressured organizers of the first point made was that the policy would “sincerely Gay Games in Paris to require Taipei not to use carry out the important views of General the name