DOCSLIB.ORG

Multigene Phylogeny of the Mustelidae: Resolving Relationships

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Multigene Phylogeny of the Mustelidae: Resolving Relationships BMC Biology BioMed Central Research article Open Access Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: Resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation Klaus-Peter Koepfli*1, Kerry A Deere1, Graham J Slater1, Colleen Begg2, Keith Begg2, Lon Grassman3, Mauro Lucherini4, Geraldine Veron5 and Robert K Wayne1 Address: 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA, 2Postnet Suite 230, Private Bag X18, Rondebosch, 7701, Republic of South Africa, 3Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, MSC 218, 700 University Boulevard, Texas A and M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA, 4Grupo de Ecología Comportamental de Mammiferos (GECM), Cátedra Fisiología Animal, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur – CONICET, San Juan 670, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina and 5Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département Systématique et Evolution, CP 51 USM 601-UMR 5202, Origine, Structure et Evolution de la Biodiversité, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France Email: Klaus-Peter Koepfli* - [email protected]; Kerry A Deere - [email protected]; Graham J Slater - [email protected]; Colleen Begg - [email protected]; Keith Begg - [email protected]; Lon Grassman - [email protected]; Mauro Lucherini - [email protected]; Geraldine Veron - [email protected]; Robert K Wayne - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 14 February 2008 Received: 29 January 2008 Accepted: 14 February 2008 BMC Biology 2008, 6:10 doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-10 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/10 © 2008 Koepfli et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Adaptive radiation, the evolution of ecological and phenotypic diversity from a common ancestor, is a central concept in evolutionary biology and characterizes the evolutionary histories of many groups of organisms. One such group is the Mustelidae, the most species-rich family within the mammalian order Carnivora, encompassing 59 species classified into 22 genera. Extant mustelids display extensive ecomorphological diversity, with different lineages having evolved into an array of adaptive zones, from fossorial badgers to semi-aquatic otters. Mustelids are also widely distributed, with multiple genera found on different continents. As with other groups that have undergone adaptive radiation, resolving the phylogenetic history of mustelids presents a number of challenges because ecomorphological convergence may potentially confound morphologically based phylogenetic inferences, and because adaptive radiations often include one or more periods of rapid cladogenesis that require a large amount of data to resolve. Results: We constructed a nearly complete generic-level phylogeny of the Mustelidae using a data matrix comprising 22 gene segments (~12,000 base pairs) analyzed with maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. We show that mustelids are consistently resolved with high nodal support into four major clades and three monotypic lineages. Using Bayesian dating techniques, we provide evidence that mustelids underwent two bursts of diversification that coincide with major paleoenvironmental and biotic changes that occurred during the Neogene and correspond with similar bursts of cladogenesis in other vertebrate groups. Biogeographical analyses indicate that most of the extant diversity of mustelids originated in Eurasia and mustelids have colonized Africa, North America and South America on multiple occasions. Page 1 of 22 (page number not for citation purposes) BMC Biology 2008, 6:10 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/10 Conclusion: Combined with information from the fossil record, our phylogenetic and dating analyses suggest that mustelid diversification may have been spurred by a combination of faunal turnover events and diversification at lower trophic levels, ultimately caused by climatically driven environmental changes. Our biogeographic analyses show Eurasia as the center of origin of mustelid diversity and that mustelids in Africa, North America and South America have been assembled over time largely via dispersal, which has important implications for understanding the ecology of mustelid communities. Background latter scheme was proposed in recognition of demon- "Wave after wave of immigration came in from Asia, strated paraphyly of the traditional subfamilies by more recruiting the fauna at each successive stage, but leaving recent morphological-based phylogenetic studies [8]. little opportunity for new types to arise here. Even those genera which seem to be of native origin, might prove to During the last decade, DNA sequence-based studies have be immigrants, if all their history were known ([1], p begun to challenge the validity of the five-subfamily 593)." scheme and even monophyly of the family itself. Studies using both mitochondrial and nuclear sequences have The diversification of the Mustelidae (Carnivora, Mam- consistently demonstrated that skunks and stink badgers malia) is a striking example of adaptive radiation, the evo- (Mydaus) descend from a common ancestor and together lution of ecological and phenotypic diversity from a form a lineage (Mephitidae) that diverged prior to the common ancestor [2]. Mustelids exhibit both locomotor split between Mustelidae and Procyonidae [9-11]. These and dietary diversity, with taxa that are fossorial (badg- studies and those more focused on mustelids [12-17] have ers), semi-arboreal (martens) and semi-aquatic (otters), also suggested that: (i) the Lutrinae is monophyletic; but and diets that vary from specialization on rodents (wea- that (ii) both Melinae and Mustelinae are polyphyletic. sels) to piscivory (otters). Ecomorphological diversity in However, phylogenetic relationships within the family the family is thus correspondingly high, reflecting the remain uncertain or unknown because taxon sampling, adaptation of different species of mustelids to different especially for genera, has been incomplete. Further, ade- habits and habitats. As with other cases of adaptive radia- quate character sampling is also an important issue tion [3], resolving relationships within the Mustelidae, because adaptive radiations are often composed of line- especially among genera, has been challenging. Many tax- ages that have rapidly diverged [2,3]. Short stem lengths onomic schemes proposed for mustelids within the last of topologies revealed in recent studies, albeit with century were based on morphology and classified genera incomplete taxon sampling [11,13] suggests that deeper into various numbers of subfamilies [4,5] whose bounda- lineages of mustelids may have radiated within a short ries were largely determined by ecomorphological simi- span of time. Adequate character sampling is therefore larity. At one extreme, Pocock [4] divided extant mustelids critical in achieving an accurate, well-resolved and robust into 15 (mostly monotypic) subfamilies based on descrip- phylogenetic hypothesis. tive analyses of external characters (e.g. structure of the rhinarium and feet). At the other end, the system pro- Fossil evidence indicates that the biogeographic history of posed by Simpson [5] cast mustelids into five subfamilies mustelids is characterized by numerous intercontinental based on both phylogeny and 'similarity in adaptiveness' dispersals, primarily originating from Eurasia where the of constituent genera: Lutrinae (otters), Melinae (badg- earliest fossil remains of the family (of Late Oligocene ers), Mellivorinae (honey badger), Mephitinae (skunks) age) are found [18,19]. For instance, a large majority of and Mustelinae (martens and weasels). While such a mustelid diversity in North (and South) America is con- scheme may indeed reflect the true phylogeny in some sidered to have originated from lineages that repeatedly instances, morphological similarity does not necessarily dispersed from Eurasia via the Bering land bridge [19,20]. imply phylogenetic affinity, as has been well demon- The earliest immigrants to North America arrived in the strated in certain groups that exemplify adaptive radiation Early Miocene and included a paraphyletic group of stem (e.g. Anolis lizards [6]). Moreover, such criteria can lead to taxa referred to as 'paleomustelids', whose affinities to recognition of polyphyletic grades rather than mono- crown group mustelids ('neomustelids') remains ambigu- phyletic groups. Nonetheless, Simpson's subfamilial clas- ous, as well as genera that belonged to the extinct sub- sification of the Mustelidae has been followed for many family Leptarctinae [20-25]. The first appearance of years, although the latest classification provisionally various mustelid genera in North America is used to help places all mustelids (excluding skunks and stink badgers) define the beginning of biostratigraphic boundaries of into two subfamilies, Lutrinae and Mustelinae [7]. This North American land mammal ages (NALMAs) during the Page 2 of 22 (page number not for citation purposes) BMC Biology 2008, 6:10 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/10 Neogene [19,26]. For example, the first appearance of pelage (Galictis, Ictonyx, Poecilogale and Vormela; node 27).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download Full Article in PDF Format
    A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans Robert W. BOESSENECKER Department of Geology, University of Otago, 360 Leith Walk, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054 (New Zealand) and Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University 200 Traphagen Hall, Bozeman, MT, 59715 (USA) and University of California Museum of Paleontology 1101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720 (USA) [email protected] Boessenecker R. W. 2013. — A new marine vertebrate assemblage from the Late Neogene Purisima Formation in Central California, part II: Pinnipeds and Cetaceans. Geodiversitas 35 (4): 815-940. http://dx.doi.org/g2013n4a5 ABSTRACT e newly discovered Upper Miocene to Upper Pliocene San Gregorio assem- blage of the Purisima Formation in Central California has yielded a diverse collection of 34 marine vertebrate taxa, including eight sharks, two bony fish, three marine birds (described in a previous study), and 21 marine mammals. Pinnipeds include the walrus Dusignathus sp., cf. D. seftoni, the fur seal Cal- lorhinus sp., cf. C. gilmorei, and indeterminate otariid bones. Baleen whales include dwarf mysticetes (Herpetocetus bramblei Whitmore & Barnes, 2008, Herpetocetus sp.), two right whales (cf. Eubalaena sp. 1, cf. Eubalaena sp. 2), at least three balaenopterids (“Balaenoptera” cortesi “var.” portisi Sacco, 1890, cf. Balaenoptera, Balaenopteridae gen. et sp. indet.) and a new species of rorqual (Balaenoptera bertae n. sp.) that exhibits a number of derived features that place it within the genus Balaenoptera. is new species of Balaenoptera is relatively small (estimated 61 cm bizygomatic width) and exhibits a comparatively nar- row vertex, an obliquely (but precipitously) sloping frontal adjacent to vertex, anteriorly directed and short zygomatic processes, and squamosal creases.
    [Show full text]
  • A Statistical Analysis of Marine Mammal Dispersal Routes Across Major Ocean Regions Using Beta Diversity at the Generic Level
    A Statistical Analysis of Marine Mammal Dispersal Routes Across Major Ocean Regions Using Beta Diversity at the Generic Level A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at George Mason University By Carlos Mauricio Peredo Bachelor of Science Seton Hill University, 2012 Director: Mark D. Uhen, Assistant Professor Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Earth Sciences Spring Semester 2015 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Copyright 2015 Carlos Mauricio Peredo All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION Dedicated to my wonderful parents, Mauricio and Julie Peredo, who left behind everything they knew and started fresh in a foreign land purely in the pursuit of a better life for their children; to my older brother Miguel, whose witty humor, eternal optimism, and fierce loyalty has kept my head above water and a smile on my face throughout countless tribulations; to my younger brother Julio, who has far surpassed us all in talent and intellect, and who inspires me to never stop learning; and most of all, to my loving wife Molly, who has never stopped believing in me and drives me to settle for nothing less than perfection. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee members, Drs. George, Lyons, and Parsons, for their tireless revisions and hard work on my behalf. I would like to thank George Mason University and the Smithsonian Institution for providing the support and inspiration for much of this project. I would like to thank the Paleobiology Database, and all of its contributors, for their ambitious vision and their relentless pursuit of its execution.
    [Show full text]
  • Giant Mustelids Roamed South Africa 5 Million Years Ago - Study
    1 June 2020 Giant mustelids roamed South Africa 5 million years ago - study Over five million years ago wolf-sized otters and leopard-sized relatives of living wolverines (members of the weasel family that look more like badgers than wolves) lived along the West Coast of South Africa. This is according to recent discoveries by scientists at the University of Cape Town (UCT) and Iziko Museums of SA. These animals known as mustelids – a family of carnivorans that include weasels, otters and badgers among others – represent the first mustelid specimens described from Langebaanweg in over 40 years. In an article published in the journal PeerJ, Dr Alberto Valenciano and Dr Romala Govender of UCT’s Department of Biological Sciences, describe the teeth, forelimb and hindlimb skeletons of these giant mustelids: the wolf-sized otter (Sivaonyx hendeyi) and the leopard-sized wolverine (Plesiogulo aff. monspesulanus). “Our work has led to important new data about the locomotion and diet of the rather poorly known giant otter (Sivaonyx hendeyi), that is unique to Langebaanweg. In addition, we confirm that Langebaanweg’s wolverine (Plesiogulo aff. Monspesulanus), is a different species to that of the large bodied Plesiogulo botori from Kenya and Ethiopia,” shared Valenciano. The carnivores at the Langebaanweg fossil locality are quite common and they include a minimum of 20 different species of mustelids, bears, seals, jackals, hyenas, saber-tooth cats, giant civets and mongoose. “We report for the first time the presence of both giant mustelids in the main members at Langebaanweg,” Govender added. The team hypothesises that the wolf-sized otter (Sivaonyx hendeyi), that lived five million years ago, had a role similar to that of the living African clawless otter and the Asian small- clawed otter.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Otter of Giant Size, Siamogale Melilutra Sp. Nov. \(Lutrinae
    UCLA UCLA Previously Published Works Title A new otter of giant size, Siamogale melilutra sp. nov. (Lutrinae: Mustelidae: Carnivora), from the latest Miocene Shuitangba site in north-eastern Yunnan, south-western China, and a total- evidence phylogeny of lutrines Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/11b1d0h9 Journal Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 16(1) ISSN 1477-2019 Authors Wang, X Grohé, C Su, DF et al. Publication Date 2018-01-02 DOI 10.1080/14772019.2016.1267666 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Journal of Systematic Palaeontology ISSN: 1477-2019 (Print) 1478-0941 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tjsp20 A new otter of giant size, Siamogale melilutra sp. nov. (Lutrinae: Mustelidae: Carnivora), from the latest Miocene Shuitangba site in north- eastern Yunnan, south-western China, and a total- evidence phylogeny of lutrines Xiaoming Wang, Camille Grohé, Denise F. Su, Stuart C. White, Xueping Ji, Jay Kelley, Nina G. Jablonski, Tao Deng, Youshan You & Xin Yang To cite this article: Xiaoming Wang, Camille Grohé, Denise F. Su, Stuart C. White, Xueping Ji, Jay Kelley, Nina G. Jablonski, Tao Deng, Youshan You & Xin Yang (2017): A new otter of giant size, Siamogale melilutra sp. nov. (Lutrinae: Mustelidae: Carnivora), from the latest Miocene Shuitangba site in north-eastern Yunnan, south-western China, and a total-evidence phylogeny of lutrines, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2016.1267666 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2016.1267666 View supplementary material Published online: 22 Jan 2017. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tjsp20 Download by: [UCLA Library] Date: 23 January 2017, At: 00:17 Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2016.1267666 A new otter of giant size, Siamogale melilutra sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleoecological Comparison Between Late Miocene Localities of China and Greece Based on Hipparion Faunas
    Paleoecological comparison between late Miocene localities of China and Greece based on Hipparion faunas Tao DENG Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044 (China) [email protected] Deng T. 2006. — Paleoecological comparison between late Miocene localities of China and Greece based on Hipparion faunas. Geodiversitas 28 (3) : 499-516. ABSTRACT Both China and Greece have abundant fossils of the late Miocene Hipparion fauna. Th e habitat of the Hipparion fauna in Greece was a sclerophyllous ever- green woodland. Th e Chinese late Miocene Hipparion fauna is represented respectively in the Guonigou fauna (MN 9), the Dashengou fauna (MN 10), and the Yangjiashan fauna (MN 11) from Linxia, Gansu, and the Baode fauna (MN 12) from Baode, Shanxi. According to the evidence from lithology, carbon isotopes, paleobotany, taxonomic framework, mammalian diversity and faunal similarity, the paleoenvironment of the Hipparion fauna in China was a subarid open steppe, which is diff erent from that of Greece. Th e red clay bearing the Hipparion fauna in China is windblown in origin, i.e. eolian deposits. Stable carbon isotopes from tooth enamel and paleosols indicate that C3 plants domi- nated the vegetation during the late Miocene in China. Pollens of xerophilous and sub-xerophilous grasses show a signal of steppe or dry grassland. Forest mammals, such as primates and chalicotheres, are absent or scarce, but grass- land mammals, such as horses and rhinoceroses, are abundant in the Chinese Hipparion fauna. Th e species richness of China and Greece exhibits a similar KEY WORDS trend with a clear increase from MN 9 to MN 12, but the two regions have Hipparion fauna, low similarities at the species level.
    [Show full text]
  • Mustelidae: Carnivora) from the Late Miocene of Africa
    A new species of Plesiogulo (Mustelidae: Carnivora) from the Late Miocene of Africa Yohannes Haile-Selassie1, Leslea J. Hlusko2* & F. Clark Howell3 1Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106, U.S.A. 2Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A. 3 Laboratory for Human Evolutionary Studies, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A. Receiced 21 October 2003. Accepted 9 November 2004 A new species of Plesiogulo (Plesiogulo botori sp. nov.) is described from 5.5–6.0 Ma deposits in East Africa. This new fossil material comes from two localities: Lemudong’o in southern Kenya, and Adu Dora, in the Afar Depression of Ethiopia. The new mustelid species is larger than all known Old World Plesiogulo species and extends the temporal and spatial range of the genus in Africa. Plesiogulo botori sp. nov. documents the earliest occurrence of the genus in Africa in general and the first evidence of its occurrence in late Miocene deposits of eastern Africa. Associated mammalian fauna at both localities where the species has been found indicate a closed/wooded habitat for the genus. This and other occurrences of the genus across Europe, Asia, and the New World indicate that the genus Plesiogulo was geographically widely dispersed during the upper Tertiary. Keywords: Late Miocene, Carnivora, Mustelidae, Kenya, Ethiopia. INTRODUCTION considerably smaller than those of P. crassa. However, The large mustelid Plesiogulo (Zdansky, 1924) was first Harrison (1981) has since reported that P. crassa falls described from the late Miocene or early Pliocene of China within the range of variation observed in P.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Middle Miocene Temblor Formation of Central California
    PaleoBios 29(1):13–23, June 22, 2009 © 2009 University of California Museum of Paleontology A new immigrant mustelid (Carnivora, Mammalia) from the middle Miocene Temblor Formation of central California zhiJie JaCk tseng1,2, XiaoMing Wang 2, J.D. steWart2 1integrative and evolutionary Biology Program, Department of Biological sciences, University of southern California, 3616 trousdale Parkway, Los angeles, Ca, USA 90089-0371; [email protected]. 2Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, natural history Museum of Los angeles County, 900 exposition Boulevard, Los angeles, Ca, USA 90007 a new mustelid genus from the Barstovian (middle Miocene) marine temblor Formation in California is described. the material of Legionarictis fortidens includes an incomplete cranium with partial upper dentition. the straight lingual border and slightly expanded posterointernal cingulum of M1 are plesiomorphic traits, as in the european Dehmictis. however, the M1 is not as posteriorly expanded, and the P4 does not have a lingual hypoconal crest, differentiating L. fortidens from younger north american forms. Furthermore, the P4 protocone is posteriorly placed from the para- style crest, as in the extant south american Eira. an autapomorphic feature of L. fortidens is its highly hypertrophied P4 paracone with a bulbous crown. the robust upper carnassial, very strong development of the sagittal crest, and derived enamel microstructure all suggest a hard food component in its diet. the coastal depositional environment indicated by the presence of marine taxa in the temblor Formation suggests that hard shelled invertebrates might have been a food source of L. fortidens. a combination of plesiomorphic and derived dental characteristics puts the new form at an evolutionary stage basal to otters and closer to the living Eira.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Socio-Sexual Behaviour of the Extinct Ursid Indarctos Arctoides: an Approach Based on Its Baculum Size and Morphology
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital.CSIC On the Socio-Sexual Behaviour of the Extinct Ursid Indarctos arctoides: An Approach Based on Its Baculum Size and Morphology Juan Abella1,2*, Alberto Valenciano3,4, Alejandro Pe´rez-Ramos5, Plinio Montoya6, Jorge Morales2 1 Institut Catala` de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Auto`noma de Barcelona. Edifici ICP, Campus de la UAB s/n, Barcelona, Spain, 2 Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain, 3 Departamento de Geologı´a Sedimentaria y Cambio Medioambiental. Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC, UCM), Madrid, Spain, 4 Departamento de Paleontologı´a, Facultad de Ciencias Geolo´gicas UCM, Madrid, Spain, 5 Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de Vale`ncia, Paterna, Spain, 6 Departament de Geologia, A` rea de Paleontologia, Universitat de Vale`ncia, Burjassot, Spain Abstract The fossil bacula, or os penis, constitutes a rare subject of study due to its scarcity in the fossil record. In the present paper we describe five bacula attributed to the bear Indarctos arctoides Depe´ret, 1895 from the Batallones-3 site (Madrid Basin, Spain). Both the length and morphology of this fossil bacula enabled us to make interpretative approaches to a series of ecological and ethological characters of this bear. Thus, we suggest that I. arctoides could have had prolonged periods of intromission and/or maintenance of intromission during the post-ejaculatory intervals, a multi-male mating system and large home range sizes and/or lower population density. Its size might also have helped females to choose from among the available males.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Miocene Indarctos (Carnivora: Ursidae) from Kalmakpai Locality in Kazakhstan
    Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS Vol. 321, No. 1, 2017, рр. 3–9 УДК 569.742.2/551.782.1: 574 LATE MIOCENE INDARCTOS (CARNIVORA: URSIDAE) FROM THE KARABULAK FORMATION OF THE KALMAKPAI RIVER (ZAISAN DEPRESSION, EASTERN KAZAKHSTAN) G.F. Baryshnikov1* and P.A. Tleuberdina2 1Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, Universitetskaya Emb. 1, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; e-mail: [email protected]; 2Museum of Nature of “Gylym ordasy” Republican State Organization of Science Committee, MES RK, Shevchenko ul. 28, 050010 Almaty, Kazakhstan; e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The big bear from the genus Indarctos is studied for the Neogene fauna of Kazakhstan for the first time. Material is represented by the isolated М1 found at the Late Miocene deposits (MN13) of the Karabulak Formation of the Kalmakpai River (Zaisan Depression, Eastern Kazakhstan). Tooth size and its morphology suggest this finding to be referred to I. punjabiensis, which was widely distributed in Eurasia. Key words: biostratigraphy, Indarctos, Kazakhstan, Late Miocene ПОЗДНЕМИОЦЕНОВЫЙ INDARCTOS (CARNIVORA: URSIDAE) ИЗ ФОРМАЦИИ КАРАБУЛАК НА РЕКЕ КАЛМАКПАЙ (ЗАЙСАНСКАЯ КОТЛОВИНА, ВОСТОЧНЫЙ КАЗАХСТАН) Г.Ф. Барышников1* и П.А. Тлеубердина2 1Зоологический институт, Российская академия наук, Университетская наб. 1, 199034 Санкт-Петербург, Россия; e-mail: [email protected]; 2Музей природы, РГП «Гылым ордасы» КН МОН РК, Шевченко 28, 050010 Алматы, Казахстан; e-mail: [email protected] РЕЗЮМЕ Впервые для неогеновой фауны Казахстана изучен крупный медведь из рода Indarctos. Материал представ- лен изолированным М1, найденным в позднемиоценовых отложениях (MN13) формации Карабулак на реке Калмакпай (Зайсанская котловина, Восточный Казахстан). Размеров и зубная морфология позволяет отне- сти находку к I.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Michigan University Library
    CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF PALEONTOLOGY THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN VOL. 22, No.7, p. 75-126 (17 text-figs.) NOVEMBER15, 1968 SYSTEMATICS AND FAUNAL ANALYSIS OF A LOWER PLIOCENE VERTEBRATE ASSEMBLAGE FROM TREGO COUNTY, KANSAS MUSEUM OF PALEONTOLOGY THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF PALEONTOLOGY Director: ROBERTV. KESLING The series of contributions from the Museum of Paleontology is a medium for the publication of papers based chiefly upon the collection in the Museum. When the number of pages issued is sufficient to make a volume, a title page and a table of contents will be sent to libraries on the mailing list, and to individuals upon request. A list of the separate papers may also be obtained. Correspondence should be directed to the Museum of Paleontology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104. VOLS. 11-XXI Parts of volumes may be obtained if available. Price lists available upon inquiry. VOLUME22 1. New species of Porocrinidae and brief remarks upon these unusual crinoids, by Robert V. Kesling and Christopher R. C. Paul. Pages 1-32, with 8 plates and 14 text-figures. 2. Two unusually well-preserved trilobites from the Middle Devonian of Michigan and Ohio, by Erwin C. Stumm. Pages 33-35, with 1 plate. 3. The corals of the Middle Devonian Tenmile Creek Dolomite of northwestern Ohio, by Erwin C. Stumm. Pages 37-44, with 3 plates. 4. Mouth frame of the ophiuroid Onychaster, by Philip R. Bjork, Paul S. Goldberg, and Robert V. Kesling. Pages 45-60, with 4 plates and 4 text-figures.
    [Show full text]
  • Contents VOLUME 135 (2) 2005 135 (2)
    Contents VOLUME 135 (2) 2005 135 (2) Introduction. Ninth International Congress on the Zoogeography and Ecology of Greece and Adjacent Regions (9ICZEGAR) 105 (Thessaloniki, Greece). Assessing Biodiversity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Approaches and Applications Haralambos ALIVIZATOS, Vassilis GOUTNER and Stamatis ZOGARIS 109 Contribution to the study of the diet of four owl species (Aves, Strigiformes) from mainland and island areas of Greece Chryssanthi ANTONIADOU, Drossos KOUTSOUBAS and Chariton C. CHINTIROGLOU Belgian Journal of Zoology 119 Mollusca fauna from infralittoral hard substrate assemblages in the North Aegean Sea Maria D. ARGYROPOULOU, George KARRIS, Efi M. PAPATHEODOROU and George P. STAMOU 127 Epiedaphic Coleoptera in the Dadia Forest Reserve (Thrace, Greece) : The Effect of Human Activities on Community Organization Patterns Tsenka CHASSOVNIKAROVA, Roumiana METCHEVA and Krastio DIMITROV 135 Microtus guentheri (Danford & Alston) (Rodentia, Mammalia) : A Bioindicator Species for Estimation of the Influence of Polymetal Dust Emissions Rainer FROESE, Stefan GARTHE, Uwe PIATKOWSKI and Daniel PAULY 139 Trophic signatures of marine organisms in the Mediterranean as compared with other ecosystems AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL PUBLISHED BY Giorgos GIANNATOS, Yiannis MARINOS, Panagiota MARAGOU and Giorgos CATSADORAKIS 145 The status of the Golden Jackal (Canis aureus L.) in Greece THE ROYAL BELGIAN SOCIETY FOR ZOOLOGY Marianna GIANNOULAKI, Athanasios MACHIAS, Stylianos SOMARAKIS and Nikolaos TSIMENIDES 151 The spatial distribution
    [Show full text]
  • Pleistocene Mustelidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Fairbanks, Alaska
    PLEISTOCENE MUSTELIDAE (MAMMALIA, CARNIVORA) FROM FAIRBANKS, ALASKA ELAINE ANDERSON! Abstract. Five of Mustela species mustelids, presidency of C. E. Bunnell, initiated its cf. erminea, Mustela vison, Mustela eversmanni well known program of collecting the fossils beringiae ssp. no\-., Gulo guJo, and Taxidea taxus, the The are reported from late Pleistocene deposits near exposed during mining operations. Fairbanks, Alaska. This is the first record of the university had little money for such ven- steppe ferret in the New World. It is closely related tures, but Childs Frick of the American if not Mustela the to, conspecific with, nigripes, Museum of Natural History agreed to fi- black-footed ferret. The northernmost occurrence nance the program, and his support con- of Taxidea taxus is reported. The woI\ erine, bad- tinued until the middle 1950's ger and ferret material is characterized by large (except the war little size, and some of tlie specimens are the largest during years when mining was known for the The Fairbanks area was done . Geist in col- species. ) Otto W. was charge of never and the of this glaciated, grassy steppes lecting the fossils. Thousands of specimens refiigium supported a large assemblage of Pleisto- were collected, but because cene mammals. unfortunately, of the methods of collection, stratigraphic INTRODUCTION infonnation is almost entirely lacking. Since the Universitv of Alaska had neither the Remains of Pleistocene mammals are space nor the comparative material, almost abundant in the frozen sediments of central all of the specimens were shipped to the Alaska, and at least 39 species are known. Frick Laboratory at the American Museum Many species of carni\'ores were associated of Natural History.
    [Show full text]