NARDI FUNDULEA, ROMANIA ROMANIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, NO. 32, 2015 www.incda-fundulea.ro Print ISSN 1222-4227; Online ISSN 2067-5720

CLIMATE WARMING IN RELATION TO PEST DYNAMICS AND THEIR INTEGRATED CONTROL IN TRANSYLVANIAN CROP MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS WITH NO TILLAGE AND WITH AGROFORESTRY BELTS

Dana Malschi1, 2, Adina Daniela Tărău2, Rozalia Kadar2, Nicolae Tritean2, Cornel Cheţan2 1Babeş-Bolyai University, Environmental Science and Engineering Faculty, Cluj-Napoca, Fântânele str., No. 30, Cluj County, România. E-mail: [email protected] 2Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda, Agriculturii str., No.27, Cluj County, România

ABSTRACT The paper presents new research on pest population abundance and integrated pest management (IPM) in winter wheat crops in relation to the climate warming in Transylvania. In 2007-2013, entomological study has been carried out under different cultural soil crop management practices: classical (by ploughing) and conservative no tillage (successive no ploughing), in open field agro-ecosystems and in agro-forestry belts farming system. Major outbreaks of abundance of thrips (Haplothrips tritici); wheat (: Oscinella frit, Meromyza nigriventris, Elachiptera cornuta etc. and Anthomyiidae: Delia coarctata, Phorbia securis, Ph. penicillifera); stem flea beetles (Chaetocnema aridula); leafhoppers (Javesella pellucida, Psammotettix alienus, Macrosteles laevis), aphids (Sitobion avenae, Schizaphis graminum, Rhopalosiphum padi, Metopolophium dirhodum); bugs (Eurygaster maura, Aelia acuminata), etc. were observed. The paper mentions the importance of adjusting the technology of IPM to the structural changes of harmful entomofauna, which is highlighted, in relation to climatic warming and increased aridity, by higher abundance of wheat thrips (as eudominant species), of Chloropidae wheat flies, leafhoppers, aphids, wheat fleas (as dominant groups), cereals bugs, etc. IPM recommends special attention to preventing measures for zone specific pests which still show a high biological potential: cereal flies, leafhoppers, aphids, etc., by respecting the optimal sowing time, agro-technical methods, seed treatment with systemic insecticides and complex plant protection measures. Due to increased aridity and climate warming, the critical attack moments were recorded 3-4 weeks earlier and overlapped. The research results proved the importance of insecticide applications at two different moments: at the end of tillering phase and at ear emergence, in open field area. At the first treatment, the pest groups that focus on spring crops (cereal flies, fleas, leafhoppers, thrips, bugs, etc.) are controlled simultaneously, by recommending the shock and systemic insecticides (pyrethroids, neonicotinoid, etc.), no later than the herbicides are applied. At the second treatment, the ear pests (thrips, aphids, bugs, etc.) are controlled simultaneously and shock insecticides (pyrethroids etc.) with a low negative effect on the entomophag fauna, are strongly recommeded. The IPM is a major section of successive soil no tillage technologies, comprising a special pest control strategy, with insecticides application as seed treatment and in 2-3 successive treatments in vegetation. Entomophagous populations are very active and efficient on the pest natural limitation. They are particularly abundant and present an important species diversity on the agro-ecosystems in open field area, both in the classic technological system-by plowing, but also in soil no tillage conservative system. The research pointed out the efficiency of biological control, using only the entomophagous natural resources, without insecticides application, in the farming system with protective agro-forestry belts – favourable for increasing of useful fauna.

Key words: wheat pests, integrated pest control, no tillage, agro-forestry belts, climate change.

INTRODUCTION Practicing IPM involves the following steps: ntegrated pest management (IPM) is an  Weather forecasting to evaluate the risk I agro-ecological system approach to crop of pest outbreaks. protection that uses several practices to  Monitoring dynamics and attack level of control the pest and minimize the pesticide pest populations; determining the applications (Baicu, 1996; Bărbulescu and thresholds of economical damage. Popov, 2001; Malschi, 2009; Popov et al.,  Crop management control methods: soil 2009; Wetzel, 1995). preparation, using certified seeds.

______Received 10 June 2014; accepted 16 March 2015. First Online: June, 2015. DII 2067-5720 RAR 2015-105 280 Number 32/2015 ROMANIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

 Biological control: entomophagous crop management conditions in regional predators and parasites, biological agricultural exploitations, the integrated products and natural resources. control strategy of wheat pests was elaborated  Chemical control: using insecticides, only (Malschi et al., 2012, 2013 a, b, c). recommended if the biological methods fail and the threshold limit has been MATERIAL AND METHODS surpassed.  Record keeping: used to predict the Based on the entomological research at attack and future investments (FAO, the Agricultural Research&Development www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core- Station Turda the paper presents an agro- themes/ theme/pests/ipm/; Bărbulescu et ecological study on the population dynamics al., 2001, 2002; Malschi, 2007, 2008; of wheat pests and the adequate integrated Popov, 1979; Popov et al., 2000, 2001, pest control methods under different soil crop 2007, 2010). management systems: classical (by ploughing) Common Agricultural Policy specifying and conservative (by soil no tillage), in open the importance of providing environmental field agricultural system and in agroforestry public goods associated with agriculture and belts farming system, in relation to increased environment - such as agricultural landscapes, pest abundance and attack, under the current farmland biodiversity, soil, water and air agro-ecological changes, in Transylvania. quality, climate stability farming practices in During 2007-2013, the study revealed order to maintain landscape features and data on species composition and dynamics in specific habitats. Also, special public goods wheat crops. Species determination was are associated with agriculture practices of achieved based on the abundant samples, integrated pest management such as: the performed every 10 days. The analysed positive impact of integrated pests control, samples were obtained by the method of biological pest control, conservation and use captures in 100 double sweep-net catches, for of biodiversity of beneficial entomophags and the arthropod fauna at the plant level. The useful flora, biological agriculture, related to structure and dynamics of the pest species pollution limitation and sustainable populations interacting with predatory development of environmental factors quality; arthropod fauna were studied in wheat crops. the positive impact of using soil conservative The research objectives comprised systems with minimum tillage and no tillage, aspects of interest such as: systematic and bio- particularly in water stressed areas, related to ecological study of pest species; danger of climate stability etc. (Cooper et al., 2009; attack expansion; elaboration of agro- Carlier et al., 2006; Guş and Rusu, 2008; ecologically integrated pest control strategy in Malschi, 2009). accordance with crop management factors: Long-term research on sanitary state of selective, efficient insecticides, agro-technical the field crops underlying the development of methods; biotic factors, natural entomophags pest control technologies suitable of climate and environment protection factors. change and increased aridity (Popov et al., 2003, 2006; Popov and Barbulescu, 2007; RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Malschi, 2007, 2008, 2009). Studies performed from 1980 showed the The changes in the level of regional evolution of main cereal pest such as: Diptera, climate, represented by warming and Homoptera, Thysanoptera, Coleoptera, etc. at excessive drought, especially in spring have the Agricultural Research & Development caused the burst of pest populations, which Station Turda, in Central Transylvania may cause important damages to wheat crops. (Malschi, 2007, 2008, 2009). During 2007- In the last years of climate warming, changes 2013 period, especially under the conditions in the pest structure were recorded. Major of profound agro-ecological changes caused outbreaks of attack of thrips (Haplothrips by climate warming and also under the new tritici), as eudominant species; aphids 281 DANA MALSCHI ET AL.: CLIMATE WARMING IN RELATION TO WHEAT PEST DYNAMICS AND THEIR INTEGRATED CONTROL IN TRANSYLVANIAN CROP MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS WITH NO TILLAGE AND WITH AGROFORESTRY BELTS

(Sitobion avenae, Schizaphis graminum, leafhoppers, 3.4% for Diptera, only 0.5% for Rhopalosiphum padi, Metopolophium cereal leaf beetles and 9% for cereal fleas, 2% dirhodum); leafhoppers (Javesella pellucida, for cereal bugs and up to 0.5% for wire worms Psammotettix alienus, Macrosteles laevis); and other pests. Compared to the structure of cereal flies (Chloropidae: Oscinella frit, wheat pests in the previous period, there was Meromyza nigriventris, Elachiptera cornuta an increase of the percentage share of thrips etc. and Anthomyidae: Delia coarctata, and wheat fleas, which frequently recorded Phorbia securis, Ph. penicillifera); stem flea population explosions. Besides these, cereal beetles (Chaetocnema aridula), as dominant bugs in some years reached dangerous species; bugs (Eurygaster maura, Aelia densities in the crop. The decrease in the acuminata) etc were observed (Figure 1). percentage share of wheat flies, leafhoppers, During 2007-2012, eudominant wheat aphids, leaf beetles that were dominant in the thrips, dominant wheat flies, wheat fleas, structure in the period 1980-2000 is aphids and leafhoppers were highlighted. The remarkable. But the attack potential of average of pest structure showed: 72.2% for Diptera, leafhoppers and aphids is still thrips, 10.4% for aphids and 2% for important (Figure 1).

1. Leafhoppers 10.4 72,2 7 2007-2012 2 2 3.4 2. Aphids 2012 19.5 44.4 2 30.5 3. Thrips 4. Sun bugs 2011 4 8 73.5 7 5. Oulema 6. Chaetocnema 2010 5 78 1 9 7. Phyllotreta 8. Wheat flies 6 2009 5 14 69 9. Other pests 2008 11.4 79.2 4

2007 4 89 1 4 Dominance classes: 2006 8 13 36 1 6 5 30 Eudominant: 32 to 100%; Dominant: 10 to 31.9%; 2003-2005 13 7 35.2 6 3 15 5 13.7 Underdominant: 3,2 to 9,9 %; Reported: 1 to 3,1%; 2000-2002 5 5 18.4 6 25 24 8 7.6 Low reported: 0.32 to 0,99%; Handover: < 0,32% 1990-1999 9.4 40.4 23.3 4 16 (Wetzel, 1995). 1980-1989 10.5 32.5 30 5 4 16.5

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Figure 1. Dynamics of wheat pests structure (% dominance), at ARDS Turda during 1980-2012

Biological potential and the attack of the of the population abundance were recorded in main pests of wheat were related to climate the main pests, especially in the monovoltin change (Figure 2), to species biology and to species (Haplothrips tritici, Delia coarctata, phenological development of crops in the Phorbia penicillifera, Chaetocnema aridula, current crop management change. In open Eurygaster maura, Aelia acuminata, Zabrus field area, these changes on the structure and tenebrioides etc. An increase of the population populations abundance of referred pest species abundance was recorded for some polivoltine is a dangerous risk situation to wheat crops. A species of Diptera Chloropidae (Oscinella frit, reduction in the species range and an increase Elachiptera cornuta, Meromyza nigriventris, 282 Number 32/2015 ROMANIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH etc.) and Anthomyiidae (Phorbia securis, weeks earlier and overlapped. So, the Delia platura), for leafhoppers and aphids. integrated pest management should include Due to increased aridity and climate warming, specific measures for these dangerous pests of the critical attack moments were recorded 3-4 wheat in central Transylvania.

Average temperatures (oC) 30 1. 2007 / 10,3 2. 2008 / 10,1 25 3. 2009 / 10,3 4. 2010 / 9,7 20 5. 2011 / 9,4 6. 2012 / 10,4 15 Normala / 9,0

10

5

0 Mars April May June July August By year

Sum of rainfall (mm) 200 1. 2007 / 655,3 2. 2008 / 630,6 175 3. 2009 / 493,4 150 4. 2010 / 739,8 125 5. 2011 / 433,0 6. 2012 / 504,4 100 Normala / 520,6 75 50

25 0 Mars April May June July August

Figure 2. Average temperatures and sum of rainfall at Turda conditions by month, from March to August and by year, at ARDS Turda during 2007-2012

In open field agricultural system, Transylvania, the main pest populations were comparative research on the abundance and increased and higher biological reserve of structure of wheat pests in classical and thrips, Chloropidae, leafhoppers, aphids and conservative soil technologies proved a soil pests (wire worms Agriotes sp., etc.) were greater abundance and importance of the accumulated. So, in recent years 2009-2012 populations of thrips, flies, aphids, (Figure 3), Haplothrips tritici – reached at leafhoppers, wireworms under conservative 71%; flies: 6.3%; aphids: 10%; leafhoppers no tillage technology (Figures 3 and 4). 6.3%, wheat fleas 4.8% in the pest structure, Haplothrips tritici was the most abundant and showing an important attack potential. The important pest of wheat in classical (by pests have achieved 84.35% and ploughing) and conservative (by minimum entomophagous 15.65% in the structure of soil tillage and no tillage) technologies. entomofauna of no tillage crops in open field Thrips, as well as aphids and leafhoppers, are area. the dangerous vectors for viruses and other In wheat fields with classical ploughing pathogens, favouring their attack. system cereal flies achieved 8.58 % more then By practicing successive no tillage in no tillage system, also the sun bugs reached at conservative soil technologies, recommended 2.66%. The entomophagous achieved 17.65% for the current conditions of climate aridity in more then in no tillage system (Figure 4). 283 DANA MALSCHI ET AL.: CLIMATE WARMING IN RELATION TO WHEAT PEST DYNAMICS AND THEIR INTEGRATED CONTROL IN TRANSYLVANIAN CROP MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS WITH NO TILLAGE AND WITH AGROFORESTRY BELTS

2012 82.4 4 8

2011 54.4 17 11 10 1. Thrips 2010 78 4 12 No 2. Aphids tillage 2009 69 14 11 10 3. Leafhoppers system Average 71 10 6 6 5 4. Cereal flies

Average 68.4 11 4 6 5. Fleas,Leaf beetles Classic 6. Cereal bugs 56.8 16 2 20.6 system 2012 Wireworms etc. (plowing) 2011 64 15 8 6 4

2010 85.5 3 9 2009 67.4 8 5 6 7 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Figure 3. Dynamics of wheat pests structure (% dominance), at ARDS Turda

% Structure in no tillage syste m : Annual abundance of wheat pests and entomophags 2012 91.8 8.2 in no tillage system (A) and in classic plowing sistem (B) 2011 74 26 1020304050607080901011121314151617181920212223 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00000000000000000000000000000 2010 90 10 1162 A P Phy t opha gs e 1241 2009 81.6 8.2 s 540 t s 1237 1046 Average 84 16 E

n

t 262 o 140 Entomophags m s % Structure in classic system (plowing) o 189 p 110 h a 175 Average 82 18 g B 1296 P 2012 85 15 e 2214 s 598 t s 697 Phy t opha gs 2011 68.7 31.3 1202

E

n

t 272 Entomophags o 165 2010 93 7 m s o 272 p 121 h a 208 2009 82.7 17.3 g 2009 2010 1011 2012 Ave ra ge 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Phytophags Entomophags

Figure 4. Dynamics of structure (%) and abundance of wheat pests and entomophags, in classic and in no tillage system, at ARDS Turda during 2009-2012

An entomocenotic balance was In 2010-2012, the abundance of pests in the maintained in agroforestry belts farming open system was 2.8 times higher than in the system of Cean Bolduţ, similar to the values farm with protective forestry belts (Figures 7 and in the last three decades (1980-2010) (Figure 8). The ratio of phytophagus/entomophagous 1). The wheat pests had a structural share of was 5.75/1 in the open field system and only 69% and the entomophagous achieved 31%, 2.35/1 in the farm with forest belts for on the favourable conditions due to the protection. That can explain the appearance of forestry belts. Thrips showed only 32% and massive development of wheat thrips, fleas, flies 27.5%, aphids 12.7%, leafhoppers 5.1% leafhoppers, aphids, etc. and the critical attack in the pest structure (Figures 5 and 6). situations in the open field system. 284 Number 32/2015 ROMANIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

2012 41 4 15 8 9.8 10 4.5 9 Agro- 1. Haplothrips tritici forestry 2011 30 23.8 4 5 24 4 2 2. Diptera (Oscinella etc.) farming 3. Diptera (Delia, Phorbia) system 2010 25 37 9,8 4 4 13 in Bolduţ 4. Col. Oulema melanopus Average 32 20.8 6 4 5 12.7 4 8 5. Col. Chaetocnema etc.

Average 67.3 3 13 10 6. Aphids (Sitobion etc.) System, 7. Cicade (Psammottetix) 2012 44.4 30.9 19.5 2 in open 8. Het.(Eurygaster, Aelia) etc. field area 2011 73.5 6 8 3 9. Hym. (Cephus, Trachelus) in Turda 10. Col. (Agriotes etc.) 2010 84 5 7 3

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Figure 5. Dynamics of % structure of pests in wheat crops in open field area in Turda and in the agro-forestry farm in Cean – Bolduţ, at ARDS Turda during 2010-2012

A. % Structure in agro-forestry farm in Bolduţ Abundance of wheat pests and 2012 6 6 3 4 entomophags in B oldut farm ing system with forestry belts (A) 1020304050607080901011121314151617181920212223 2011 6 7 7 .2 and in Turda open field classic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0sistem0 000000000(B)00000000000000000000 2010 7 4 2 6 545 P e 427 Pests s At 133 A verage 6 9 3 1 s 368

E

n B. % Structure in open field area in Turda t 191 o Entomophags m 213 s o p 67 A verage h 8 5 .3 1 4 .7 a 157 g

2012 8 9 1 1 P 1487 e 1028 s t 574 Pests 2011 7 9 2 1 B s 1030

E

n 2010 t 201 8 8 1 2 o m 266 Entomophags s o p 70 h 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% a 179 g Phytophagous Entomophagous 2010 1011 2012 Average

Figure 6. Dynamics of structure (%) of wheat pests and entomophagous in open field area in Turda and in the agro-forestry farm in Cean – Bolduţ, at, ARDS Turda, during 2010-2012

The mentioned species abundance is a The applied integrated pest management risk situation on wheat crops, which requires on favourable agroecological conditions in the special measures for pest control, especially in farm with protective forestry belts, in Cean- open field area. As a result, preventive control Bolduţ (Figure 8), shows the efficiency of measures and insecticide treatments of seed biological control (Table 1), using the and of crop vegetation, on the critical entomophagous natural resources, without moments of risk overlapping are very insecticides (Malschi, 2009; Malschi et al., important (Figure 7) (Table 1). 2010). 285 DANA MALSCHI ET AL.: CLIMATE WARMING IN RELATION TO WHEAT PEST DYNAMICS AND THEIR INTEGRATED CONTROL IN TRANSYLVANIAN CROP MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS WITH NO TILLAGE AND WITH AGROFORESTRY BELTS

1. Haplothrips tritici 733 2. Oscinella, Phorbia etc.) 140 3. Oulema melanopus 112 4. Chaetocnema etc. 5. Aphids 88 80 79 6. Leafhoppers 7. Cereal bugs 68 8. Agriotes and other pests 140 50 17 16 21 1. Haplothrips tritici 120 3 5 5 17 5 2. Oscinella, Phorbia etc.) 100 46 1 2 2 2 1 4 1 33 82 21 3. Oulema melanopus 6 0 3 80 60 21 9 4. Chaetocnema etc. 1 3 12 1 15 15 60 13 12 9 12 12 5. Aphids 1 15 3 0 5 14 4 40 9 3 3 3 5 1 6. Leafhoppers 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 7. Cereal bugs 20 2 2 2 6 0 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 1 8. Agriotes and other pests 0 1 1 8 1 1 1

27-Apr11.May22 May25.May01.June06.June19.June22.June27.June 27-Apr11.May22.May25.May01.June06.June19.June22.June27.June30.June

CLA SSIC TECHNOLOGY (PLOWING) NO TILLAGE SOIL SYSTEM

Figure 7. Occurrence and dynamics of wheat pests, in classic plowing and conservative no tillage soil technology, in 2012, at ARDS Turda (No./100 sweepnet catches)

1. Haplothrips tritici 2. Oscinella, Phorbia etc.) 3. Oulema melanopus 146 4. Chaetocnema etc. 5. Aphids 88 6. Leafhoppers 7. Cereal bugs 8. Agriotes and other pests

140 17321 17 1. Haplothrips tritici 17 4 120 3 4 9 2. Oscinella, Phorbia etc.) 2 100 3 4 3. Oulema melanopus 82 1 0 1 4 80 5 4. Chaetocnema etc. 46 3 3 0 3 5 4 5. Aphids 60 3 15 12 4 3 1 6. Leafhoppers 40 1 2 1 2 6 1 7. Cereal bugs 20 3 2 12 3 1 1 8. Agriotes and other pests 0

15-Apr 27-Apr 25.may 15.June 25.June 27-Apr 25.may 15.june 25.June

IN OPEN FIELD AREA IN TURDA IN AGRO -FORESTRY BELTS SYSTEM IN BO LDUŢ

Figure 8. Occurrence and dynamics of wheat pests in open field area in Turda and in the agro-forestry farm in Cean – Bolduţ, in 2012, ARDS Turda. (No./100 sweepnet catches)

In order to provide a sustainable time of insecticide treatment for thrips control development of winter wheat crop, adequate is between 10 to 20 May. prevention and control measures were The aphids and leafhoppers manifested a required, specifying the correct times for the population increases particularly related to application of insecticide treatments. their favourable development in May and in Favoured by the warmer years, wheat summer on volunteer plants, grasses and other thrips population explosions were manifested crops, becoming dangerous as vectors of especially in the years with more abundant wheat yellow dwarf, especially for the early precipitation in May and June. The optimal sowed crops. Wheat flies of the genus 286 Number 32/2015 ROMANIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

Phorbia, Delia, Opomyza were disadvantaged to May decreased cereal leaf beetles (Oulema by aridity, warm and drought periods in the sp.) larvae populations. spring months. The same conditions, related The efficiency of integrated pest control with delayed phenological development of methods was studied under different crop crop wheat, were favourable, however, to the management systems: in open field area (in Chloropidae species. They can become classical ploughing and in conservative no dangerous for early autumn sowing crops. tillage system) and in the agro-forestry belts Wheat fleas (Chaetocnema, Crepidodera) farming system (Table 1). Within the testing showed an increase in abundance of experiments, of efficient insecticides and populations, very dangerous in early spring optimal application time, an integrated pest and in April, damaging as Diptera larvae. It management was studied, including herbicides, appears that the high temperatures from April fungicides, fertilizers applications, etc.

Table 1. Effect of insecticide treatments in wheat crops (Ariesan variety). ARSD Turda, 2013 Grain yield Thrips Insecticide treatments (kg / ha) (larvae/ear) Average % Differ. Average 1. Lot ST + Untreated on vegetation 7763 100.0 - 1.5 2. Lot ST + T1 7710 99.3 - 53 0.0 3. Lot ST + T1+T2 7922 102.0 159 0.5 4. Plowing lot without treatments) 4376 56.4 - 3387 ooo 21.1 5. No tillage lot without treatments) 4590 59.1 - 3173 ooo 28.8 6. Lot in agro-forestry system (ST + T1+T2) 5200 67.0 - 2563 ooo 4.1 7. Lot in agro-forestry system without treatments 5105 65.7 - 2658 ooo 7.7 LDS p 5% 7.68 596.76 LDS p 1% 10.79 837.66 LDS p 0.5% 15.23 1182.58 Testul F 69.97 (4.82) ST = seed treatment with Yunta 246 FS, 2 l/t TS. T1 = field treatment at the end of tillering / 23.04.2013/ with Calypso 480 SC 100 ml/ha; T2 = field treatment at the ear emergence / 17.05. 2013/ with Faster 10 CE 100 ml/ha

In open field agricultural system, the refuge sites (by the development of flowering integrated pest control needs special attention plants from the crop borders, protection of on: marginal flora biodiversity, protective - analysis of zone and crop climate in agroforestry belts, etc.). interrelation with the periodical observation of Insecticide application should be carried attack potential (at crop emergence, in the out when the economic damage threshold spring at tillering and in the 2nd decade of values of pest are exceeded. Also, insecticide May, at flag-leaf appearance and ear application is recommended taking into emergence); account the activity of the natural reserve of - the use of agro-technological measures predatory and parasite entomophags. (sowing in the second half of October, Especially, the natural predators play an volunteers wheat destruction, balanced important role in decreasing the pest fertilization, herbicide treatment and others); abundance. The well known systematic groups - periodical multi-annual observation of of entomophagous predators: Aranea; the pests interactions with auxiliary Thysanoptera (Aeolothripidae); Heteroptera entomophags; (Nabidae, etc.); Coleoptera (Carabidae, - insecticide treatment on seeds and on Staphylinidae, Coccinellidae, Cantharidae, vegetation; Malachiidae, etc.); Diptera (Syrphidae, - predator populations enrichment and Empididae etc.); Hymenoptera (Formicidae, protection by careful treatment application on etc.); Neuroptera (Chrysopidae) were vegetation, by protection of entomophag represented in the structure of arthropod fauna 287 DANA MALSCHI ET AL.: CLIMATE WARMING IN RELATION TO WHEAT PEST DYNAMICS AND THEIR INTEGRATED CONTROL IN TRANSYLVANIAN CROP MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS WITH NO TILLAGE AND WITH AGROFORESTRY BELTS in wheat crops of Transylvania (Malschi, relation to the climate warming in 2007, 2008, 2009). Transylvania, under different cultural soil The integrated pest management research technologies: classical (ploughing) and on the cereal agroecosystems with conservative conservative (no tillage), in open field agro no tillage soil technology, recommended the ecosystems and in agro-forestry belts system, insecticides chimical control, using in experimental lots, during the vegetation insectofungicide seed treatment and 2-3 years 2007-2013. Major outbreaks of successive insecticides field treatments abundance of thrips (Haplothrips tritici); (Malschi et al., 2012). The application of wheat flies (Chloropidae: Oscinella frit, special insecticide treatments is required Meromyza nigriventris, Elachiptera cornuta especially under unfavourable agroecological etc. and Anthomyidae: Delia coarctata, conditions of excessive heat and drought during Phorbia securis, Ph. penicillifera); stem flea the critical attack periods, in no tillage and beetles (Chaetocnema aridula); leafhoppers minimum soil tillage technologies (Carlier et (Javesella pellucida, Psammotettix alienus, al., 2006; Guş and Rusu, 2008; Haş et al., Macrosteles laevis), aphids (Sitobion avenae, 2008; Malschi et al., 2013 c). Schizaphis graminum, Rhopalosiphum padi, In the last years, two critical attack Metopolophium dirhodum); cereal bugs moments and risk situations (Figures 7 and 8) (Eurygaster maura, Aelia acuminata), etc. were reported, which required treatment were observed. application (Malschi, 2009; Malschi et al., The paper mentions the importance of 2013 b): adjusting the IPM technology on the pests 1. In April, at the end of tillering in the structural changes, which is highlighted in 25-33 DC stage (at latest of herbicidal relation to climatic warming and increased treatment), or earlier in some years; aridity by higher abundance of wheat thrips insecticide treatment for Diptera and wheat (as eudominant species), of wheat flies fleas (Chaetocnema), bug and Oulema adults, Chloropidae, leafhoppers, aphids, wheat fleas and also to reduce thrips and leafhoppers (as dominant groups), cereals bugs, etc. attack potential, was carried out by using IPM recommends special attention to systemic insecticides: neonicotinoids – preventing measures for zone specific pests: tiacloprid, thiametoxam; organophosphorous, cereal flies, leafhoppers, aphids, etc., which etc. At this moment, entomophagous were at still shows a high biological potential, by the beginning of field occurrence and less respecting the optimal sowing time, crop exposed to insecticides. management methods, cultural hygiene, seed 2. The treatment at the flag-leaf treatment with systemic insecticide and by appearance and ear emergence, in the 45-59 complex plant protection measures. DC stage, in May 10-20, was applied to Due to increased aridity and climate control wheat thrips adults (Haplothrips warming, the critical attack moments were tritici), aphids, bugs and others. The recorded 3-4 weeks earlier and overlapped. pyrethroids, neonicotinoids etc. achieved The research results proved the importance of immediate control of the pest complex with a insecticide applications at two different long time effect and efficiencies against the moments: at the end of tillering phase (13-33 development of thrips larvae on the ears, DC stage) and at the flag-leaf appearance and resulting in yield increases. ear emergence in 45-59 DC stage, in open field area. At the first treatment, the pest CONCLUSIONS groups that focus on spring crops (cereal flies, fleas, leafhoppers, thrips, bugs, etc.) are The paper presents new research on pest controlled simultaneously, by recommending population abundance and integrated pest the shock and systemic insecticides management (IPM) in winter wheat crops in (pyrethroids, neonicotinoid, etc.), no later than 288 Number 32/2015 ROMANIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH the herbicide application moment. At the evolution of diseases and pests of cereals, second treatment, the ear pests (thrips, aphids, industrial crops and fodder in our country in 2000. Probleme de Protectia Plantelor, XXIX, 1: 1-17. bugs, etc.) are controlled simultaneously and (In Romanian) the shock insecticides (pyrethroids, etc.) with Bărbulescu, A., Popov, C., Mateiaş, M.C., 2002. reduced effects on the entomophagous Diseases and pests of field crops. Edit. Ceres, arthropod fauna are strongly recommended. Bucharest, 376 p., (In Romanian) The IPM is a major section in successive Carlier, L., Vlahova, M., Rotar, I., 2006. Reduction of soil erosion and soil carbon and nutrient lesses by soil no tillage technologies, comprising a “reduced tillage” cultivation in arable land. special pest control strategy, with insecticides Bulletin USAMV Cluj-Napoca, 62: 14-20. application on seed treatment and in 2-3 Cooper, T., Hart, K., Baldock, D., 2009. The successive treatments in vegetation. Provision of Public Goods through Agriculture Entomophagous populations are very in the European Union. Report for DG Agriculture and Rural Development, Institute for active and efficient on the pest natural European Environmental Policy: London. limitation in Transylvania. They are http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/analysis/external/ particularly abundant and present an important public-goods/ summary_en_fr.pdf species diversity on the agro-ecosystems in Guş, P., Rusu, T., 2008. The minimum tillage systems, open field areas, both in the classic alternatives for environmental protection. In: Sisteme de lucrari minime ale solului, Al V-lea technological system, but also in soil no Simpozion, Coord. Guş, P., Rusu, T., Edit. tillage conservative system. Risoprint, Cluj-Napoca: 9-18. (In Romanian) In the farming system with protective Haş, I., Nagy, C., Haş, Voichiţa, Moldovan, V., agro-forestry belts – favourable for increasing Mureşan, E., Nagy, Elena, Ignea, M., 2008. of useful fauna, the research pointed out the Varieties and hybrids of wheat, soybeans and corn for conservative technologies with minimum efficiency of biological control, using only the tillage, in the conditions of ARDS Turda. In: entomophagous natural resources, without Sisteme de lucrari minime ale solului, Al V-lea insecticides application. Simpozion, Coord. Guş, P., Rusu T., Edit. Under risky conditions caused by the Risoprint, Cluj-Napoca: 162-170. (In Romanian) attack of pests in relation with climate and Malschi, Dana, 2007. Environment, agriculture, sustainable development and integrated pest regional agro-ecological changes, the IPM management of cereal agroecosystems. Edit. objectives are the achievement of yield safety, Argonaut, Cluj-Napoca, 186 p., ISBN 978-973- attaining economic and ecological efficiency; 109-086-3. (In Romanian) the protection of environment and food Malschi, Dana, 2008. Environment – agriculture – quality; the preservation and use of sustainable developmen. Optimization of integrated wheat pest management technologies biodiversity. under the dynamics of agroecological changes in Transylvania.Edit. Argonaut, Cluj-Napoca, 315 p., Acknowledgements ISBN 978-973-109-115-0. (In Romanian) The authors acknowledge the support and Malschi, Dana, 2009. Integrated pest management in relation to environmental sustainability. Part I. interest shown on the research by the Ecological management of wheat pests. 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