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The Island of Tahiti, Which Captain Cook Visited During His Voyages to the South Pacific

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The Island of Tahiti, Which Captain Cook Visited During His Voyages to the South Pacific The island of Tahiti, which Captain Cook visited during his voyages to the South Pacific. Photograph by Ingram Publishing. OPPOSITE: Tahitians wearing barkcloth clothing, drawn by Sydney Parkin- son on Cook’s first voyage, 1769. From the State Library of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. Barkcloth sample pages. PM object 87-3-1. 30 EXPEDITION Volume 59 Number 1 CAPTAIN COOK’S BARKCLOTH BOOKS A Tale of Three 18th-Century Sample Books by billie lythberg IN THE SUMMER OF 1919, GEORGE BYRON GORDON, the Director of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, discovered a curious book in London. Small and unassuming, its neatly bound covers contained eight pages of printed catalogue followed by 43 specimens of 18th-century Polynesian barkcloth, richly colored and textured. With funds from the George Leib Harrison Foundation, the Penn Museum purchased the book in 1920. EXPEDITION Spring 2017 31 A Different Shaw Pages from A Catalogue of the Dif- ferent Specimens of Cloth Collected on the Three Voyages of Captain Cook in the possession of the Penn Museum, incorrectly assumed to be the volume described by H.U. Hall in 1921, showing the colors and patterns of barkcloths collected by Cook in the Hawaiian Islands. PM object 87-3-1. Recently photographed by the Smith- sonian Institution, this book can be seen at http://openn.library.upenn. edu/Data/0016/html/87-3-1.html 32 EXPEDITION Volume 59 Number 1 BARKCLOTH BOOKS ABOVE: HMS Resolution and Discovery in Tahiti, a scene from Captain Cook’s third voyage, painted by John Cleveley the Elder. he Museum had just acquired A Catalogue 110 barkcloths for his book project. The of the Different Specimens of Cloth Collected Cook voyage journals detail some being in the Three Voyages of Captain Cook, a series presented as huge bundles or in pieces up Tpublished by Alexander Shaw in 1787. A recent census to 100 feet long. Yet it seems that even by Donald Kerr has located 66 of these books in public when reduced to a few inches square and and private collections; their catalogue promises 39 pasted onto a page, each sample retained specimens “properly arrainged [sic]” yet each is unique. the power to instantiate actual meetings There is not only a wide variance in specimen numbers, between Europeans and Polynesians, sizes, and types throughout the extant books, but also bringing the very substance of adventure several derivatives: “snippet” books and samplers com- into the parlors of British society. prised of pieces of barkcloth—some no more than an Presumably sought after upon pub- inch square—excised from Shaw’s books by opportunist lication, several of Shaw’s books were collectors. Additionally, a series of manuscript books owned by distinguished collectors and with hand-lettered title pages contain barkcloth samples curators, and many now bear names re- that appear to have been cut from the same cloth as calling these associations. MAA is home Shaw’s, alongside feather, fiber, shell, and human hair to what is known colloquially as the “pre- samples also purported to have been collected on the Shaw Shaw,” a manuscript copy thought voyages of British explorer Captain James Cook. to have preceded Shaw’s publication run; the book at the Penn Museum has been The Potency of Things known colloquially as the “Hall.” I started examining these books in 2010 for the Henry Usher Hall was Assistant Artefacts of Encounter Project at the University of Curator and Curator of the General Eth- ABOVE: Watercolor drawings made in Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology nology Section of the Museum from 1915 1921 by M. Louise (hereafter MAA) in the United Kingdom and became to 1935. To barkcloth book enthusiasts, Baker of barkcloth samples from the infatuated. I am fascinated by their confirmation of the he is a trail-blazer. Hall wrote arguably “Hall Shaw.” PM potency of things. Shaw is thought to have amassed the earliest and most frequently cited objects 256001-2. EXPEDITION Spring 2017 33 BARKCLOTH BOOKS catalogue variously to be “used to spread below the chiefs while at dinner under the trees[,]…wore by the common people in the rainy season[,]…beat with a grooved piece of wood, and used as a mat[,]…wore by the chiefs going to war…” and so on—a virtual tour of Polynesia. We shared a thrill when a small triangle of newspaper was found tucked between two pages: a marker placed by Hall himself? I photographed it in situ, before Adria removed it carefully and placed it in one of the ubiqui- tous plastic bags used for such ephemera: things so long An Offering before Captain Cook in the Sandwich Islands, 1827. associated with an artifact that they must be preserved Engraving by D.K. Bonatti. Public Domain, Wikimedia. alongside it. When every page of the “Hall” had been turned, all of its specimens measured, photographed, scholarly paper about the Shaw books when he surveyed and described in detail, the binding inspected, and the the copy newly acquired by Gordon for the Penn Mu- front and back covers and endpapers carefully document- seum for The Museum Journal in 1921, complete with ed, the book was returned to its box and we prepared detailed watercolors of its samples by Museum artist M. to examine the snippet book. Louise Baker. In April 2013, I was hosted by the Keeper A label was adhered to the snippet book’s marble of the Oceanian Section, Adria Katz, to examine and board cover: “Book of native Cloth from barks of dif- photograph the book in its entirety. ferent trees,” handwritten in a left-leaning black-inked scrawl, quite different from the Shaw books’ title pages. Examining the Books Yet the boards opened to reveal the same water-marked Two books were retrieved from special, climate-controlled paper stock as the book we had just examined, though storage for inspection. There was the “Hall” (so we thought) oriented differently with some lines running horizontally and another, a volume of barkcloth samples about which instead of vertically. nothing was known. Its catalogue card suggested it too The first specimen was a full-page piece of Ton- contained Cook voyage samples; perhaps it was a snippet gan barkcloth (18 cm by 22 cm) that I recognized as a book compiled using pieces cut from another book? “Shaw” sample. Other large samples followed that were Adria and I started with the “Hall.” The binding was definitely not snippets, though some had had snips taken fragile and required support, yet the samples within were from them. This was not a book made from a Shaw fresh and brightly colored. Propped carefully on sausages book; though lacking Shaw’s catalogue, it was as close of soft fabric and held open gently with Perspex panels, to a Shaw volume as any I have seen. Among the Cook its marbled boards revealed Shaw’s printed catalogue fol- voyage samples from Tonga, Tahiti, and Hawai’i, we lowed by pieces of barkcloth commensurate with samples discovered small anomalies: a fine yellow cloth from in other Shaw volumes throughout the world. Hall had Tahiti had a small yellow feather stuck to it; one paper been meticulous in comparing the catalogue’s descriptions page bore a puncture mark and traced circle that sug- with the book’s contents, finding—like many researchers gested the prior use of a compass; and a corner of another since—that very few in fact matched the details assigned page recorded a dirty fingerprint. While the first of the to their catalogue numbers. Still, whether fine and gauzy books at Penn was definitely one of Shaw’s published vol- or thick and stiff, the preservation of these plant fiber umes, the other seemed to have been pieced together by cloths, their pigments, their fine or coarse grooves, water- an opportunistic individual—perhaps a binder’s appren- marks, and glazes belied their being bound together more tice—while the publications proper were being made. than 200 years earlier. Adria and I traveled through page Whereas MAA has the “pre-Shaw Shaw,” Penn seemed after page of barkcloth samples, purported by the printed to have both a “Shaw” and a “non-Shaw Shaw.” However, 34 EXPEDITION Volume 59 Number 1 The “non-Shaw Shaw” The second book examined by the author, which does not include Shaw’s catalogue, seems to have been pieced together when the Shaw volumes were being assembled. PM object 87-3-2. Recently photographed by the Smith- sonian Institution, this book can be seen at http://openn.library.upenn. edu/Data/0016/html/87-3-2.html EXPEDITION Spring 2017 35 BARKCLOTH BOOKS What Is Barkcloth? Polynesian barkcloth is made from the inner bark of trees, beaten out into supple sheets that are felted or pasted together in single or multiple layers to make cloth. It is referred to generally as tapa, but each region of Polynesia produces its own style of barkcloth with its own local name: in Tongan it is known as ngatu, in Hawaiian as kapa, and in Tahitian as ahu. In the late 18th century, the varieties of barkcloth collected from these islands were vast and included fine gauzes from Tahiti, robust waterproof samples from Tonga, and pieces that bear patterns rather like water- ABOVE LEFT: Hand-colored engraving of Broussonetia papyrifera marks, made with carved beaters from Hawai’i. Many (1822) by J. Curtis from Curtis’s Botanical Magazine. ABOVE RIGHT: Tongan woman removing the inner bark of a mulberry are decorated with washes and motifs applied using tree. Photograph by Adrienne L. Kaeppler. plant-based pigments. Though used primarily for cloth- ing and home furnishings, 18th-century barkcloth also it soon became apparent that it no longer had a “Hall.” ner covers were plain.
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