Handbook of SIDAMA TRADITIONAL

MEDICINAL

A SERVICE LEARNING PROJECT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. BACKGROUND…………………………2 II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………….4 III. INTRODUCTION ….………………….6 IV. COMMON RIVER OVERVIEW……8 V. HANDBOOK…………………………….10 a. How to use this handbook………..11 b. Sidama concepts of disease……..12 c. Sidama plants and their uses……15 VI. APPENDICES……………………………64 a. Plants by medicinal use…………...66 b. Plants by Latin name………………..70 VII. REFERENCES……………………………72

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I. BACKGROUND Since 2007, faculty, staff and students from the University of Wisconsin- 3 Names have meaning. If you understand the meaning, names can tell Madison (UW) have engaged in health-related educational and research powerful stories in only a few words. Common River is an unassuming partnerships in , primarily with medical schools (Addis Ababa name of an NGO that is based in Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia. However, its University and Hawassa 4University). In 2012, the UW began to explore name is powerful in meaning and has many lessons embedded in it. opportunities to build community-based partnerships to strengthen Before Common River was established, co-founders Tsegaye Bekele and health systems in communities, rather than only focus on Ethiopian Donna Sillan conducted a feasibility study in 2007 to inform what would hospitals and academic institutions. We learned about Common River at become the vision and mission for their NGO. During the study, they met this time and contacted Tsegaye and Donna because we knew UW with numerous community members and officials, including a regional students and staff could learn from their experience and leadership. parliamentary member who had known Tsegaye’s family when they were younger. When asked why he seemed to know Tsegaye so well despite In June 2013, Common River hosted its first group from the UW (9 not having been familiar with each other in years, he responded: “We students and staff) for a global health field course. The UW students come from the same river.” completed a service learning project on the distribution, abundance, and diversity of plants used for at Common River. Our intent was for Tsegaye, Donna, and their staff embraced the Common River name as a UW students to engage in a community service project to produce reminder of the shared connections and responsibility we have for each knowledge for the benefit of the community, and to understand the other, our communities, and our world. But it also reflects their view of importance of involving community members throughout the process. We community development. In their own words, “development is a process. wanted to learn from and apply Common River’s approach of engaging It is a moving stream which flows according to changing circumstances.” the community from project concept to implementation, and finally to In designing Common River’s programs and activities, Tsegaye and Donna evaluating and celebrating results. The end result of this process is this believed it was important for the community to identify and own handbook, which is a compilation of the field research collected in June programs that would meet their needs. Rather than impose programs, 2013. they instead facilitated processes for the Aleta Wondo community to define their needs and priorities. And through this process, enable But this handbook is not the only result of the project. An equally or community members to build self-reliance and empowerment. perhaps more important outcome was the exchange of ideas, information and relationships that were built. We may indeed come from the same The Common River model that Tsegaye and Donna have built has lessons river, but as Heraclitus wrote “you cannot step into the same river twice,” to teach us all. We first learned about their work in 2012 after reading for as we step into the river we change it and likewise we are changed by Sidama Sustenance, a book by Donna about the foodways, culture, and it. We hope this handbook will be a valuable resource to the Common traditions of the Sidama tribe. The book also described Common River’s River community, now and for future generations. But also that this flow positive deviance approach to development, which closely aligned with of engagement will continue between Common River and the UW. our global health mission. Heidi Busse, MPH and Girma Tefera, MD July 2013

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II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This project was made possible by the time and effort generously provided by numerous contributors. Special recognition is due to Tsegaye Bekele and Donna Sillan for their vision, leadership, and hospitality as hosts at their non-profit Common River. The project was conceived of and facilitated by University of Wisconsin-Madison staff Heidi Busse and Dr. Girma Tefera, and executed by Alex McAlvay (PhD student), Yuli Chen (Undergraduate Student), and students from the 2013 Ethiopia Field Course. Thanks to Ephrem Abebe Aboneh (Instructor from Addis Ababa University and PhD candidate at the UW-Madison School of Pharmacy) and Biniam Melese (Hawassa University medical student) for sharing Alex and Werknesh Alex and Abush (“Getahun”) their valuable medicinal and cultural knowledge.

The patience and openness of those who shared their knowledge made this project possible. Werknesh, who was not only an excellent trilingual translator, but also a repository of herbal knowledge contributed significantly as did Ashenafi, Getahun, Tafesse, Asnakech, "The other women at Asnakech’s house", "Everyone on the Senior Council", Adunya, "Adunya’s Mother", Chef Asho, and the young people Jamal, Ayallo, Buraka, Mitiku, Berikat, Derribe and Abraham, who know so much and freely shared their knowledge about plants.

We extend our additional thanks and appreciation to the students on the 2013

Ethiopia Field Course, Abby Kohlenberg, Lennea Rylander, Hanna Vadeboncoeur, Tafesse and Selam Adunya holding amesa Liz Wendt, and Tara Yang, for their contributions to the field work. This handbook and the field work received financial support from the University of Wisconsin- Madison School of Medicine & Public Health, the Division of Vascular Surgery, and the UW-College of & Life Sciences-International Programs.

Asho, chef at Common River Derribe next to a banana

Hanna, Alex, Liz, Selam, Abby, Heidi, Tsegaye, Burake, Ashenafi, Yuli, Jamal, Tara, and Lennea and Ayallo

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III. INTRODUCTION

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines traditional The preservation of traditional practices is not only important in ensuring 7 medicine as “health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs the continued access to medicine, but also for the preservation of the incorporating , animal and mineral based , spiritual Sidama culture. therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in In addition, the preservation of traditional medicines is vital in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illness and maintain well- reducing the loss of biodiversity and promoting environmental health (9). being” (1). In many developing countries in Asia, Latin America, and In efforts to preserve medicinal plant knowledge, in recent years (including Ethiopia), it serves to meet the primary health care needs of the numerous Ethiopian plants have been validated in a scientific empirical people (2). In Ethiopia, traditional medicine plays an important role in the framework through phytochemical analysis and subsequent health care system. It is estimated that more than 80% of the population bioassays. This work, largely being undergone at Addis Ababa University relies upon traditional medicine due to 1) cultural acceptance 2) relatively and the Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute, has led to the low cost and 3) lack of access of modern health facilities (3, 4). formulation and distribution of a number of standardized The vast majority of Ethiopia’s population lives in rural areas phytopharmaceuticals. This work is one example of ways western where access to health services is challenging. Moreover, existing health medicine can collaborate with indigenous peoples to build common sector resources (health workers, resources, and medicines) are limited. knowledge about plants and their traditional medicinal uses. And, The greatest challenge is to determine how best to narrow the gap subsequently, may help narrow the gap between limited health resources between the limited services and the population who needs them (5). In and the rural indigenous peoples who need improved services. 2003/2004, it was found that at least 30% of the population did not have Common River, a non-profit organization in Aleta Wondo, has access to formal health services. A major contributing factor of this recognized the importance of preserving medicinal plant knowledge and problem is the severe shortage of doctors and healthcare professionals. the multiple benefits. Students and staff from UW-Madison worked with The national average physician to population ratio was 1:51042, with over Common River in 2013 on a service learning project to preserve 35% of the physicians found in three major cities, serving 4.7% of the total indigenous knowledge of Sidama medicinal plants. This handbook is the population (6). result of that collaboration to document knowledge held among the In recent years, it has been recognized that traditional medicine Sidama in Aleta Wondo. Our shared aim is to preserve indigenous plays an important role in health systems. Recognizing its importance, knowledge of Sidama medicinal plants for current and future generations. governments of many developing countries have made initiatives towards This handbook serves not only that purpose, but also a record of the programs to promote safe and effective traditional medicine practices in friendship between the UW-Madison and Common River. the health care sector (7). The Sidama people of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR) have relied on plants to treat illnesses and diseases for generations. Spiritual practices play a large part in the healing process and have been integrated with the knowledge of medicinal plants (8). This indigenous knowledge has been passed down through generations, but is facing the threat of being lost due to cultural change and declining resources for natural medicinal products (9).

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IV. COMMON RIVER

OVERVIEW

Common River is a 501(c)3, California-based nonprofit organization, working to provide sustainable community development in Aleta Wondo, located in the Sidama zone of the SNNPR, Ethiopia. In 2007, Donna Sillan and Tsegaye Bekele started this organization based on the model of Positive Deviance (PD). PD is an asset-based community development model that uses the strengths and assets a community already has to create and motivate change. Common River’s mission is to empower the community to become balanced, productive, and self-sustaining for others to witness and replicate, while honoring cultural heritage and biodiversity. They work to help develop the community through education, health, enterprise and infrastructure. Common River works to preserve the Sidama culture and way of life. By growing native , cooking local foods and celebrating the heritage of the region, Common River works within the community rather than trying to change it. Using the natural resources, hands and minds of the community; Common River takes possibility and makes it reality for those in Aleta Wondo.

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V.a How to Use This Handbook V. HANDBOOK This handbook is meant to serve as a repository of cultural knowledge, and not a manual for botanical medical practice. These plants should only be used under the advisement of knowledgeable practitioner of traditional medicine. A number of plants have poisonous look-alikes. Others are toxic when used improperly or in excess dosage and certain plant medicines have dangerous interactions with pharmaceuticals.

‘Plants and their uses’ are listed alphabetically by their Latin name (Section V.c.). For each plant, the Amharic and Sidama translation, medicinal use, preparations and administration, adverse effects, and pharmacological properties are listed. Additionally, plants can be identified by medicinal use and listed by botanical names (Appendix Section VI).

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V.b Sidama Concepts of Disease

The diseases recognized by the Sidama include both conditions acknowledged by scientific medicine and unique to their culture. Some of these illnesses are known to other Ethiopian people while others only to the Sidama. The conditions that are most common and most grave appear to have proportionately more plant cures than those that are minor or rare. For example, the preponderance of stomach illness encountered by the Sidama is reflected in the many used for "stomach ache," a term describing a variety of gastrointestinal diseases.

Causative factors of disease may also diverge from scientific medical thought such as buda or evil eye and being circled by bats (Yelelito Wof). The diseases mentioned in this handbook can be found below.

Balaamo: A condition where painful swellings or pustules arise on the skin. Herbs are often spit on the sores, while the words “burst” or “spread out” are uttered.

Dingatenia: Stomach ailment resulting from going out into the cold.

M’utch: This disease results from an unclean, greasy, or sweaty part of the body being exposed to the sun. Symptoms include rash and irritation. Scientific medicine has identified it as herpes labialis aggravated by heat.

Yelelito Wof: This illness occurs when a bat circles the head of the afflicted and/or defecates on them. The symptoms include yellowing of the eyes. Scientific medicine identifies this as Hepatitis.

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V.c Sidama Plants and Their Uses

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Ajuga integrifolia Allium sativum

Allium sativum Amharic: N’ech shunkurt () Sidama: Tuma Ajuga integrifolia Amharic: Anamuro Medicinal use: Part(s) used: (bugleweed) Sidama: Anamuro Common cold; malaria Preparation & Administration: Medicinal use: Part(s) used: Common cold: cloves ground up and Stomach ache Preparation: cold water maceration mixed with honey, take first thing in Adverse Effects Administration: drink Adverse Effects morning on an empty stomach (if any): (if any): Malaria: peeled and infused in clarified Pharmacological Iridoid glycosides (8-O-acetylharpagide) butter and eaten properties treat diabetes, hypertension and gastrointestinal disorders (10). Pharmacological Allicins: fibrinolytic activity which reduces properties platelet aggregation by inhibiting prostaglandin E2 (11).

16 17 Aloe vera Artemisia afra

Aloe vera Amharic: Erret

(aloe) Sidamo: Erret Artemisia afra Amharic: Ariti Medicinal use: Part(s) used: leaves (African wormwood) Sidama: Inare Cancer; ; Preparation: spikes removed, ground Medicinal use: Part(s) used: leaves wound healing; with some water to make pulp Smallpox; Preparation & Administration: dandruff Administration: stomach ache; infant Smallpox: ground leaves and apply Cancer & laxative: mix 1 tablespoon of growth/weight gain; topically pulp with honey, eaten 2 times a day anti-malarial Stomach ache: wrap leaves in enset Adverse Effects Wound healing: apply liquid from pulp to leaves and put over fire, squeeze liquid (if any): wound Adverse Effects out of bundle, drink on empty stomach Dandruff: message pulp into scalp, sit (if any): Infant growth: decoction of leaves given under sun for 30 min, wash hair to infants under six months who are too Pharmacological Bradykinase: anti-inflammation when small properties applied to skin Pharmacological Essential Oils (α-thujone) have Anthroquinones: anti-inflammatory, properties antispasmodic, antifungal, antibacterial antibacterial and antiviral (13) activity (13)

18 19 abyssinica annuum/frutescens

Capsicum Amharic: Berebere/Mitmitta Bersama abyssinica Amharic: Teberako annuum/frutescens Sidama: Berebere/Mitmitta (Winged bersama) Sidama: Hatabicho (chili peppers) Medicinal use: Part(s) used: stem Medicinal use: Part(s) used: (peppers) Dingetenia Preparation: chew stem peelings chewed Malaria; swollen lymph Preparation: used as in food Adverse Effects nodes; stomach ache Administration: eaten (if any): Pharmacological Bufadienolides-cardiac glycosides with Adverse Effects properties anti-tumor activity (14) (if any): Pharmacological Capsaicin-relief of neuropathic pain, properties protect gastric against ulceration (low dosage), weight loss (15)

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Carica papaya Citrus x limon

Citrus x limon Amharic: Lomi (lemon) Sidama: Lome Carica papaya Amharic: Papaya Medicinal use: Part(s) used: fruit (papaya) Sidama: Papaya Stop vomiting Preparation & Administration: Medicinal use: Part(s) used: seeds Drink fruit juice to stop vomiting Amoebic ; Preparation & Administration: Adverse Effects abortion Amoebic dysentery: chew 7 seeds three (if any): times a day Pharmacological Citroflavonoids, limonene, coumarins- Adverse Effects Abortion: maceration of young leaves in properties antidiarrhoeic, , intestinal mucosa (if any): cold water protector , antiseptic, vascular stimulant and protector (17) Pharmacological Quercetin and β-sitosterol (in unripen properties fruit)-increased antioxidant activities of Glutathione reductase, Glutathione peroxidase. (16)

22 23 Citrus medica Coffea arabica

Coffea arabica Amharic: Buna (coffee) Sidama: Buna Medicinal use: Part(s) used: coffee bean; leaves Cease wound bleeding; Preparation & Administration Citrus medica Amharic: Tiringo stomach ache Cease wound bleeding: apply coffee (citron) Sidama: Turungo grounds to wounds Medicinal use: Part(s) used: fruit Adverse Effects Stomach ache: drink tea made of coffee High blood pressure Preparation & Administration: (if any): leaves mixed with chili and Fruit eaten for high blood pressure Adverse Effects Pharmacological Polyphenols and flavonoids – anti- (if any): properties inflammatory, antioxidant activities (19). Pharmacological Essential oils (limonene): aromatic and properties tonic (18)

24 25 Cordia africana Croton macrostachyus

Croton macrostachyus Amharic: Bisana (in the croton family) Sidama: Masincho Cordia Africana Amharic: Wanza Medicinal use: Part(s) used: sap (in the family) Sidama: Wadicho Skin fungus Preparation & Administration: stem broken and sap applied topically to skin Medicinal use: Part(s) used: branch Adverse Effects (sap dries black) Upset stomach Preparation & Administration: branch (if any): chewed first thing in morning to induce Pharmacological Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, Adverse Effects vomiting, which aids upset stomach properties polypheonls - Larvicidal activity against (if any): larvae of Anophele arabiensis, a potent Pharmacological N/A malaria vector (20), anticonvulsant and properties sedative effects (20).

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Cupressus lusitanica Dioscorea alata

Dioscorea alata Amharic: Boye (yam) Sidama: Boye Cupressus lusitanica Amharic: Yeferenji T’id Medicinal use: Part(s) used: leaves (White Cedar) Sidama: Yeferenjicho T’id Fungal conditions of Preparation & Administration: leaves Medicinal use: Part(s) used: leaves the skin rubbed vigorously on skin for fundal (animals) Preparation & Administration: leaves Adverse Effects conditions crushed, juice given to animals for (if any): Adverse Effects diarrhea Pharmacological Phenolic and flavonoid compounds (if any): properties (Hydro-Q chromene, gamma-tocopherol- Pharmacological Α-pinene, sesquiterpenes: anti- 9…)-anti-diabetic effect (23) properties dermatophytic activity (21).

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Discopodium peninervum Drynaria volkensii

Discopodium Amharic: Ameraro Drynaria volkensii Amharic: Tekesbila peninervum Sidama: Rejicho (basket fern) Sidama: Kokoso Medicinal use: Part(s) used: stem; leaves Medicinal use: Part(s) used: rhizome Stop bleeding Preparation & Administration: stem Tooth ache Preparation & Administration: chew

juice applied to wounds to stop bleeding; Adverse Effects rhizome to relief ache Adverse Effects insert leaf into nose to stop nose bleed (if any): (if any): Pharmacological Morelloflavone-antibacterial activity (23). Pharmacological N/A properties properties

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Ehretia cymosa Embelia schimperi

Embelia schimperi Amharic: Enkoko Sidama: Konko Medicinal use: Part(s) used: seeds cymosa Amharic: Game hookworms Preparation & Administration Sidama: Gidincho Adverse Effects Seeds dried, powered and eaten to Medicinal use: Part(s) used: leaves (if any): eliminate hookworms Stomach ache and Preparation & Administration: cold Pharmacological Embelinone, Aegicerin, rheumatism water maceration, drink for stomache properties protoprimulagenin A-mild antibacterial Adverse Effects aches and rheumatism activity against Rhodococcus sp. (24). (if any): Pharmacological N/A properties

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Ensete ventricosum Erythrina brucei

Ensete ventricosum Amharic: Enset (false banana) Sidama: Wesse Medicinal use: Part(s) used: root Fractures; aiding Preparation & Administration Erythrina brucei Amharic: Welako placental discharge Specific varieties eaten for bone Sidama: Korch after birth; diarrhea; fractures, aiding placental discharge Medicinal use: Part(s) used: stem inducing abortion; after birth, diarrhea, inducing abortion Stimulate milk flow in Preparation & Administration: wound healing; and wound healing cows; treat coughing; Stimulate milk flow (cows) & treat strength and improve Bulla (made from liquid squeezed from stomach problems cough: cold water maceration of stem immune health processing) drink as tonic for strength Stomach problems: chew leaves Adverse Effects and improved immune function Adverse Effects (if any): (if any): Pharmacological N/A Pharmacological N/A properties properties

35 34 Eucalyptus globulus Foeniculum vulgare

Eucalyptus globulus Amharic: (N’ech) Bahar Zafe (Blue Gum) Sidama: (N’ech) Bahar Zaf Medicinal use: Part(s) used: fruit; leaves Stomach ache; ; Preparation & Administration: Foeniculum volgare Amharic: Insilal common cold Stomach ache: chew top part of fruit (fennel) Sidama: Insilal Fever: rub leaves on skin to reduce fever Medicinal use: Part(s) used: leaves Adverse Effects Common cold: boil Eucalyptus and Diuretic; clean stomach Preparation & Administration: (if any): Damakasse in water and inhaled Adverse Effects Diuretic: added to soup Pharmacological Borneol, Euglobal-III, Hexane extracts- (if any): Clean stomach: chew properties antitumor, anthelminitic activity, Pharmacological Trans-anethole, estragole, fenchone- antihistaminic (25). properties antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, Other Other local Eucalypi not used medicinally antithrombotic (26).

36 37 Hagenia abyssinica Heterotheca canescens

Hagenia abyssinica Amharic: Kosso (hagenia) Sidama: So’icho Heterotheca canescens Amharic: Entil Medicinal use: Part(s) used: female (Yellow/Golden Aster) Sidama: Kokericho or Be’to Tapeworms Preparation & Administration: infusion Medicinal use: Part(s) used: flowers of the female flowers Swollen tonsils/lymph Preparation & Administration: mix 7 Adverse Effects nodes flowers of Yellow Aster with young leaves (if any): commonly of gesho chewed in a quid wrapped with overdosed Adverse Effects cloth or enset leaves. Juice swallowed for Pharmacological quercetin 3-O-β-glucuronide, quercetin (if any): swollen tonsils/lymph nodes properties 3-O-β-glucoside and rutin-anthelmintic Pharmacological N/A property (27) properties

38 39 Honey Lactuca spp

Honey Amharic: Mar (honey) Sidama: N/A Medicinal use: Part(s) used: white honey Lactuca sp Amharic: Amesa ; “balaamo” Preparation & Administration: (lettuce) Sidama: Commomela sores Asthma: eaten Medicinal use: Part(s) used: leaves Balaamo sores: applied directly to sores Facilitate fontanelle Preparation & Administration: decoction Adverse Effects closure in babies; tight used to wash babies to facilitate (if any): chestedness; add fontanelle closure, treat tight Pharmacological Hydrogen peroxide, Methylglyoxal- weight chestedness, and add weight properties antioxidants, antibacterial activity, soothing agent for coughs, antimicrobial Adverse Effects activity (28). (if any): Pharmacological N/A properties

40 41 Lepidium sativum Leucas martinicensis

Lepidium sativum Amharic: Feto Leucas martincensis Amharic: Raskamer (cress) Sidama: Feto Sidama: Burdicho Medicinal use: Part(s) used: seeds Medicinal use: Part(s) used: leaves Stomach problems; Preparation & Administration: small cataracts Preparation & Administration: leaves M’utch seeds ground into paste-like , crushed and squeeze juice into eyes; one eaten for stomach issues and M’utch. Can Adverse Effects drop in each eye in the morning and Adverse Effects also be applied topically for M’utch (if any): evening (if any): Pharmacological Flavonoids, alkanoids, volatile oil (from Pharmacological Glucotropaeolin, 2-phenyl ethyl properties leave extracts) – mosquito repellant (30). properties glucosinolate, 2-ethyl butyl glucosinolate - antiinflammatory, antipyretic, , coagulant activities (39).

43 42 Linum usitatissimum Millettia ferruginea

Linum usitatissimum Amharic: Telba Millettia ferruginea Amharic: Birbira (flax) Sidama: Telba Sidama: Birbira Medicinal use: Part(s) used: seed Medicinal use: Part(s) used: pod gastritis Preparation & Administration: seed Abortion Preparation & Administration: cold soaked in water and drink for gastritis water maceration of pod, drink to induce Adverse Effects Adverse Effects abortion (if any): (if any): Pharmacological Phenolic compounds-antioxidant activity Pharmacological N/A properties (31) properties

44 45 Musa acuminata

Nigella sativa Amharic: Tikur Azmud Musa acuminate Amharic: Muze (black ) Sidama: Tikur Azmud (wild banana) Sidama: Muz Medicinal use: Part(s) used: seed Medicinal use: Part(s) used: petiole (leaf stem) Asthma; runny rose; Preparation & Administration: Cease wound bleeding Preparation & Administration: broken common cold Asthma: chewed petiole juice applied to wounds Adverse Effects Runny nose & common cold: wrap in Adverse Effects (if any): small leaf, stick up nose (if any): Pharmacological Terpene alcohols, thymoquinone- Pharmacological Glycosides, tannins, saponin, steroids, properties antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, anti- properties phenols (banana blossom)-antioxidant, diabetic, anti-inflammatory activities (33). antimicrobial (32).

46 47 Ocimum gratissimum Pentas lanceolata

Pentas lanceolata Amharic: I’bach or Tabatem (Egyptian Starcluster) Sidama: Balaamo or Finchami

Medicinal use: Part(s) used: roots Ocimum grattissimum Amharic: Damakese “Balaamo” disease Preparation: root washed and chewed, (clover , African Sidama: Damakese then split on pustules. basil) Ceremony: A ceremony is performed to Medicinal use: Part(s) used: leaves Adverse Effects aid healing. The word “burst” is said to M’utch Preparation: cold water maceration (if any): “pop” the painful swellings. Next, the Adverse Effects Administration: drink word “spread” is repeated to disperse the (if any): pain. Nourishing food is given for Pharmacological Eugenol, phenylpropanoid, 1,8-cincole- recovery. properties antimicrobial, antifungal, Ovicidal, Pharmacological Ethanol extract-wound healing activity Leishmanicidal activities, gastro intestinal properties (35). protectant (34).

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Peponium vogelii Persea americana

Persea americana Amharic: Avocado Peponium vogelii Amharic: Hareg (avocado) Sidama: Avocado Sidama: Surupa Medicinal use: Part(s) used: fruit Medicinal use: Part(s) used: inside of ripe fruit Cease bleeding; Preparation: flesh of fresh fruit dandruff Stomach trouble Preparation: none Administration:

Adverse Effects Administration: eaten Cease bleeding: apply to wound Adverse Effects (if any): Dandruff: apply to scalp (if any): Pharmacological N/A properties Pharmacological Alkanols, terpenoid glycosides, properties flavonoids, coumarin-vasorelaxant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hypotensive, antiviral, antioxidant activities (36).

50 51 Podocarpus gracilior Rhamnus prinoides

Podocarpus gracilior Amharic: Zigba Sidama: Dagucho Rhamnus prinoides Amharic: Gesho Medicinal use: Part(s) used: leaves (shiny-leaf buckthorn) Sidama: Ta’do Yellelito Preparation: combined with Dokuma Medicinal use: Part(s) used: young leaves (Syzgium guineense, listed next) in cold Swollen tonsils/lymph Preparation & Administration: mix 7 maceration nodes flowers of Yellow Aster with young leaves Adverse Effects Administration: drink on an empty of gesho chewed in a quid wrapped with (if any): stomach first thing in the morning, this Adverse Effects cloth or enset leaves. Juice swallowed for induces vomiting which is thought to help (if any): swollen tonsils/lymph nodes treat Yellelito Pharmacological N/A properties Pharmacological N/A properties

53 52 Rumex abyssinicus Rumex crispus

Remex crispus Amharic: N/A Rumex abyssinicus Amharic: Mekmeko (Curly Dock, Yellow Sidama: N/A Sidama: Shishone Dock) Medicinal use: Part(s) used: roots Medicinal use: Part(s) used: roots Balaamo; Yelelito Wof Preparation & Administration: root Balaamo Preparation & Administration: roots decocted, drink or chewed for Balaamo or chewed and juice swallowed for Balaamo Adverse Effects Yelelito Wof Adverse Effects (if any): (if any): Pharmacological N/A Pharmacological N/A properties properties

54 55 Ruta chalepensis molle

Ruta chalepensis Amharic: Tenadam (fringed rue) Sidama: Senkurta Medicinal use: Part(s) used: leaves Stomach ache Preparation & Administration: cold Schinus molle Amharic: Qundo berebere water maceration and drink to relieve Sidama: Qundo Adverse Effects stomach ache Medicinal use: Part(s) used: leaves (if any): (ONLY for Sore throat Preparation & Administration: fruit pregnant women) chewed for sore throat Pharmacological Rutin, quercetin, psoralen, Adverse Effects properties methoxypsoralen-antibacterial, (if any): analgesic, anti-inflammator, antidiabetic Pharmacological Miquelianin, quercetin-radical (37) properties scavenging properties (38).

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Solanum nigrum Syzygium guineense

Solanum nigrum Amharic: Tut’naye

(Black Nightshade) Sidama: Tut’naye

Medicinal use: Part(s) used: leaves Syzygium guineense Amharic: Dokuma Stomach ache, difficult Preparation & Administration: leaves (waterberry) Sidama: Duwancho urination, a tonic for boiled thoroughly and eaten Medicinal use: Part(s) used: high blood pressure, malaria, and kidney Yellelito Preparation: combined with Ziba disease (Podocarpus gracilior, in previous listing) Adverse Effects in cold maceration (if any): Adverse Effects Administration: drink on an empty (if any): Pharmacological Acetic acid, , solanidine- stomach first thing in the morning, this properties antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-tumor induces vomiting which is thought to help cytostatic, anti-convulsant (39). treat Yellelito

Pharmacological Triterpenes (betulinic acid, oleanolic properties acid)-antibacterial (40).

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Teclea nobilis Vernonia amygdalina

Vermonia amygdalina Amharic: Grawa (bitter leaf) Sidama: He’cho Medicinal use: Part(s) used: leaves; tender shoots Teclea nobilis Amharic: Atesa Stomach ache, worms, Preparation & Administration: Sidama: Ha’dessa and malaria; abortion Stomach ache, worms, and malaria: Medicinal use: Part(s) used: leaves tender shoots pounded in a mortar and Stomach issues Preparation & Administration: cold Adverse Effects pestle, squeeze juice from pulp, and drink water macerate, drink for stomach issues (if any): Abortion: young leaves eaten to induce Adverse Effects abortion (if any): Pharmacological Sequiterpene lactones, flavonoids Pharmacological Germacrene-d, ocimene, guaiol- properties (luteolin), coumarins, phenolic acids- properties antipyretic, sedative (41). cancer chemoprevention, free radical scavenging, induce detoxification (42).

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Vicia faba Zingiber officinale

Vicia faba Amharic: Bakella Zingiber officinale Amharic: Zengibil (fava bean) Sidama: Bakella () Sidama: N/A Medicinal use: Part(s) used: seeds Medicinal use: Part(s) used: roots gastritis Preparation & Administration: raw seed Stomach ache Preparation & Administration: roots chewed for gastritis chewed for stomach ache Adverse Effects Adverse Effects (if any): (if any): Pharmacological Monoterpenoids, gingerols, shogaols- Pharmacological Vicine, divicine-antioxidant activities properties immuno-modulatory, anti-tumorigenic, properties (reducing power, free radical-, hydrogen anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic (44). peroxide-, hydroxyl radical scavenging activities) (43).

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VI. APPENDICES

64 65 VI.a Plants by Medicinal Use VI.a Plants by Medicinal Use, continued

MEDICAL ILLNESS/MEDICAL PLANT LATIN NAME CATEGORY CONDITION Intestinal Amoebic Carica papaya MEDICAL ILLNESS/MEDICAL PLANT LATIN NAME dysentery CATEGORY CONDITION Diarrhea Cupressus lusitanica Cutaneous Dandruff Artemisia afra Ensete ventricosum conditions Persea americana Sore throat Cucumis Fungus Croton macrostachyus Schinus molle Dioscorea alata Stomach/gastritis Stomach/gastritis Endocrine Asthma Nigella sativa Ajuga integrifolia Kidney disease Solanum nigrum Artemisia afra Eye Health Cataracts Leucas martincensis Artemisia afra Infectious Common Cold Allium sativum Capsicum annuum/frutescens diseases Eucalyptus globulus Coffea arabica Nigella sativa Cordia africana Malaria Allium sativum Artemisia afra citratus Solanum nigrum Ehretia cymosa Vernonia amygdalina Erythrina brucei Rabies Cucumis Eucalyptus globulus Smallpox Artemisia afra Foeniculum vulgare Pregnancy- Abortion Carica papaya Lepidium sativum related/fetal Ensete ventricosum Linum usitatissimum Millettia ferruginea Peponium vogelii Phytolacca dodecandra Persea americana Vernonia amygdalina Solanum nigrum Fontanelle closure fontanelle closure Teclea nobilis Lactation Erythrina brucei Vernonia amygdalina Placental Ensete ventricosum Vicia faba discharge Zingiber officinale Vomiting (stop) Citrus × limon

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VI.a Plants by Medicinal Use, continued VI.a Plants by Medicinal Use, continued

MEDICAL ILLNESS/MEDICAL PLANT LATIN MEDICAL ILLNESS/MEDICAL PLANT LATIN NAME CATEGORY CONDITION NAME CATEGORY CONDITION

Cultural Balaamo Honey Bone & Bone fractures Ensete ventricosum 69 Connective Child growth Artemisia afra Pentas lanceolata Tissue Rheumatism Ehretia cymosa Rumex crispus Tooth ache Drynaria volkensii Dingetenia Artemisia afra Blood & high blood pressure Citrus medica Lymphatics Solanum nigrum Leucas martincensis Immunity Ensete ventricosum M'utch Lepidium sativum Stop bleeding Artemisia afra Ocimum grattissimum Coffea arabica Discopodium Yellelito Wof Podocarpus gracilior peninervum Rumex abyssinicus Musa acuminata Swollen lymph Capsicum Others Add weight Lactuca spp. nodes annuum/frutescens Heterotheca Cataracts Leucas martincensis canescens Cough Erythrina brucei Parasites Worms Embelia schimperi Hagenia abyssinica Diuretic Foeniculum vulgare Vernonia amygdalina Solanum nigrum Capsicum Fever Eucalyptus globulus annuum/frutescens

68 69 VI.b Plants by Latin Name

Ajuga integrifolia (Bugleweed)…………………………… 16 Honey………………………………………………..………………..40 Allium sativum (Garlic)……………………………………… 17 Lactuca spp (Lettuce)…………………………………………..41 Aloe vera (Aloe)………………………………………………….. 18 Lepidium sativum (Cress)………………………………….…42 Artemisia afra (African wormwood) ...... 19 Leucas martinicensis…………………………………………...43 Bersama abyssinica (Winged bersama…………….…. 20 Linum usitatissimum (Flax)……………………………….….44 Capsicum annuum/frutescens (Chili peppers)……. 21 Millettia ferruginea…………………..…………………………45 Carica papaya (Papaya)……………………………………… 22 Musa acuminata (Wild banana)…………………………..46 Citrus x limon (Lemon)……………………………..…….…. 23 Nigella sativa (Black cumin)…………..…………………….47 Citrus medica (Citron)………………………………..….… 24 Ocimum gratissimum (African/clover basil)…………48 Coffea arabic (Coffee)………………………………………. 25 Pentas lanceolata (Egyptian Starcluster)………………49 Cordia africana…………………………………………….…… 26 Peponium vogelii……………………………………….………..50 Croton macrostachyus…………………………………………27 Persea Americana (Avocado)……………………………....51 Cupressus lusitanica (White Cedar)….………………. 28 Podocarpus gracilior…………………………………………...52 Dioscorea alata (Yam)……………………………………….…29 Rhamnus prinoides (Shiny-leaf buckthorn)……..….53 Discopodium peninervum…………………………….………30 Rumex abyssinicus………………………………………….……54 Drynaria volkensii (Basket fern)……………….…………..31 Rumex crispus (Curly/yellow dock)………………….…..55 Ehretia cymosa…………………………………………………….32 Ruta chalepensis (Fringed rue)……………………….……56 Embelia schimperi…………………………………….……….…33 Schinus molle………………………………………………..…….57 Ensete ventricosum (False banana)……………………. 34 Solanum nigrum (Black Nightshade)………………….…58 Erythrina brucei……………………………………………….…..35 Syzygium guineense (Waterberry)… ……………….….59 Eucalyptus globulus (Blue Gum)…………….…………….36 Teclea nobilis………………………………………………..……..60 Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel)………………………….…....37 Vernonia amygdalina (Bitter leaf)…………………….….61 Hagenia abyssinica (Hagenia)…………………….………..38 Vicia faba (Fava bean)………………………………………….62 Heterotheca canescens (Yellow/Golden aster)…….39 Zingiber officinale (Ginger)…………………………………..63

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