DOCSLIB.ORG

A Critical Study of Canadian Intercountry Adoption Law: Canada’S International Legal Obligations, the Best Interests of the Child Principle, and Family Reunification

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Critical Study of Canadian Intercountry Adoption Law: Canada’S International Legal Obligations, the Best Interests of the Child Principle, and Family Reunification A Critical Study of Canadian Intercountry Adoption Law: Canada’s International Legal Obligations, the Best Interests of the Child Principle, and Family Reunification by Krisha Kaur Dhaliwal A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Laws Faculty of Law University of Toronto © Copyright by Krisha Kaur Dhaliwal 2020 A Critical Study of Canadian Intercountry Adoption Law: Canada’s International Legal Obligations, the Best Interests of the Child Principle, and Family Reunification Krisha Kaur Dhaliwal Master of Laws Faculty of Law University of Toronto 2020 Abstract This thesis critically examines Canadian intercountry adoption law in light of international children’s rights commitments, the best interests of the child framework, and the principle of family reunification. Relying on theories that immigration and citizenship are tools and objects of social closure, this thesis will explore how immigration and citizenship programs are used by the state to reproduce ideal citizens and families to support the nation-building project. This thesis will review the history of adoption and child migration in Canada, explore critiques of intercountry adoption, and consider the non-legal factors that impact the practice. It will then critically consider the Hague Adoption Convention and the legislative, policy, and common-law framework for intercountry adoption in Canada. To conclude, this thesis will recommend areas that would benefit from future study, in order to better safeguard the best interests of the child and promote family reunification. ii Acknowledgments I am grateful to my supervisor, Professor Audrey Macklin, for her patience, flexibility, and guidance throughout this project. I could not have completed this thesis without her feedback and unwavering encouragement. I am also grateful for the generous financial support provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the University of Toronto Faculty of Law, and the University of Toronto School of Graduate Studies. Thank you to my mentors and colleagues at Larlee Rosenberg, Barristers & Solicitors, who have taught me so much about advocacy, fairness, and the law. I am lucky to be at a firm that has nurtured my interest in immigration, provided countless opportunities to learn and grow as a lawyer, and supported me in so many ways while I pursued this degree. I am also thankful to the many families I have encountered in my practice, who have shared with me the intimate and complicated realities of cross-border family building, and inspired me to think critically about family reunification in Canada. Finally, thank you to my own family, by blood and by choice, who have shown me the resilience of love and kinship. iii Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iv Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 Statement of Research Question .................................................................................................1 Relevance of Research Question .................................................................................................1 Summary of Chapters ..................................................................................................................7 Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework ..................................................................................................9 Sociolegal Studies .......................................................................................................................9 Citizenship as Social Closure ....................................................................................................10 2.1 Residency, Immigration, and Citizenship ..........................................................................10 2.2 The Territorial State: Border Control as External Closure ................................................13 2.3 The Nation-State: Political and Social Participation as Internal Closure ..........................14 Nation-Building and Access to Citizenship Status ...................................................................16 3.1 Ideal Citizens .....................................................................................................................18 3.2 Ideal Families .....................................................................................................................23 3.2.1 Worthy Families.....................................................................................................25 3.2.2 Unworthy Families.................................................................................................27 Review of Existing Literature ...................................................................................................41 Chapter 3: What is Intercountry Adoption? ...................................................................................45 The Historical Context of Intercountry Adoption .....................................................................45 1.1 The Origins of Intercountry Adoption in Canada ..............................................................45 1.1.1 The History of Adoption Law in Canada ...............................................................46 1.1.2 The History of Child Migration in Canada ............................................................53 1.1.3 The Origins of Intercountry Adoption Programs in Canada ..................................58 1.2 Intercountry Adoption Stereotypes ....................................................................................63 iv 1.3 Critiques of Intercountry Adoption ....................................................................................67 1.3.1 Child Trafficking ...................................................................................................67 1.3.2 Global Inequality ...................................................................................................70 1.3.3 Feminism and Critical Race Theory ......................................................................73 1.3.4 Intercountry Adoption Scandals – Case Studies ....................................................76 Factors Outside Canadian Law and Policy that Influence Intercountry Adoption ...................84 2.1 Political and Diplomatic Issues Between Countries Involved in Intercountry Adoption ..84 2.2 Socioeconomic and Political Issues Within Countries Involved in Intercountry Adoption ............................................................................................................................85 2.3 The Role of Adoption Agencies in Intercountry Adoption ...............................................85 Chapter 4: The Hague Adoption Convention ................................................................................88 Historical Origins of the Hague Adoption Convention ............................................................88 The Hague Adoption Convention Requirements ......................................................................92 Chapter 5: The Law and Policy Framework for Intercountry Adoption in Canada ......................98 Provincial Responsibilities in Intercountry Adoptions .............................................................98 Foreign Government Responsibilities in Intercountry Adoption ............................................105 Federal Government Responsibilities in Intercountry Adoption ............................................110 3.1 Citizenship .......................................................................................................................111 3.2 Sponsorship ......................................................................................................................116 3.3 IRCC’s Discretionary Decision Making and Administrative Law ..................................123 3.4 Summary ..........................................................................................................................126 Chapter 6: Analysis of Major Themes in Common-Law Intercountry Adoption Decisions at the Federal Level .....................................................................................................................133 Adoptions Completed Outside Canada Must Be in Accordance with the Laws of the Foreign Jurisdiction .................................................................................................................134 Adoptions Must Create a Genuine Parent–Child Relationship ...............................................136 Adoptions Must Sever the Pre-Existing Parent–Child Relationship ......................................138 v Primary Purpose of the Adoption ............................................................................................146 Summary .................................................................................................................................149 Chapter 7: Conclusion..................................................................................................................151 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................157 vi Chapter 1 Introduction Statement of Research Question This thesis will critically examine Canadian intercountry adoption law. It will do so in light
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Case Records As Sources for Social History
    Case Records as Sources for Social History by G.J. PARR A decade ago the first studies of geographic and social mobility based on manuscript census returns, city directories and parish records were accorded a richly deserved welcome as the "new social history." Reviewers suggested that this quantitative work would lend healthy depth and precision to more traditionally-based inquiries into the daily life of the labouring and unlettered in the nineteenth century. ' In many ways the new history has fulfilled this prorni~e.~Our understanding of the ethnic, demographic and occupational complexion of rural and increasingly urban communities on both sides of the Atlantic has been substantially enriched. Yet this new quantitative precision has not been so successfully married with depth as had been hoped. Recent work employing more traditional mlthodology has often succeeded better in illuminating the texture of life among the "submerged" four-tenths of the last ~entury.~ With the admirable eclecticism which distinguishes the profession, historians have reached across their worktables stacked high with Among the most enduring of these earlier works are: E.P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (London: V. Gollancz, 1963); Eric Hobsbawm, Lgbouring Men (London: Weidenfield and Nicolson, 1964) and Primitive Rebels (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1959); Oscar Handlin, The Uprooted (Boston: Little, Brown, 1951); Caroline Ware, The Early New England Cotton Manufacture (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 193 1). See, for example, D.V. Glass and D.E.C. Eversley, eds., Population in History: Essays in Historical Demography (Chicago: Aldine, 1965); Peter Laslett and Richard Well, eds., Household and Family in Past Time (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972); Stephan Thernstrom, Poverty and Progress: Social Mobility in a Nineteenth Century City (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964); Stephan Thernstrom and Richard Sennett, eds., Nineteenth Century Cities (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1969).
    [Show full text]
  • Placement of Children with Relatives
    STATE STATUTES Current Through January 2018 WHAT’S INSIDE Placement of Children With Giving preference to relatives for out-of-home Relatives placements When a child is removed from the home and placed Approving relative in out-of-home care, relatives are the preferred placements resource because this placement type maintains the child’s connections with his or her family. In fact, in Placement of siblings order for states to receive federal payments for foster care and adoption assistance, federal law under title Adoption by relatives IV-E of the Social Security Act requires that they Summaries of state laws “consider giving preference to an adult relative over a nonrelated caregiver when determining a placement for a child, provided that the relative caregiver meets all relevant state child protection standards.”1 Title To find statute information for a IV-E further requires all states2 operating a title particular state, IV-E program to exercise due diligence to identify go to and provide notice to all grandparents, all parents of a sibling of the child, where such parent has legal https://www.childwelfare. gov/topics/systemwide/ custody of the sibling, and other adult relatives of the laws-policies/state/. child (including any other adult relatives suggested by the parents) that (1) the child has been or is being removed from the custody of his or her parents, (2) the options the relative has to participate in the care and placement of the child, and (3) the requirements to become a foster parent to the child.3 1 42 U.S.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Permanency Practice Framework: Restoration, Adoption and Guardianship Brief Evidence Review
    Permanency Practice Framework: Restoration, Adoption and Guardianship Brief Evidence Review Summary Report 4 May 2020 0 Contributing authors Dr Fiona May, Research Specialist, Parenting Research Centre Kate Spalding, Senior Implementation Specialist, Parenting Research Centre Matthew Burn, Implementation Specialist, Parenting Research Centre Catherine Murphy, Senior Implementation Specialist, Parenting Research Centre Christopher Tran, Implementation Specialist, Parenting Research Centre Warren Cann, Chief Executive Officer, Parenting Research Centre Annette Michaux, Director, Parenting Research Centre May 2020 May, F., Spalding, K., Burn, M., Murphy, C., Tran, C., Cann, W., & Michaux, A. (2020). Permanency Practice Framework: Restoration, Adoption and Guardianship Brief Evidence Review. New South Wales: Parenting Research Centre. Melbourne office Level 5, 232 Victoria Parade East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002 Australia Sydney office Suite 72, Level 7 8-24 Kippax Street Surry Hills, New South Wales, 2010 P: +61 3 8660 3500 E: [email protected] www.parentingrc.org.au Permanency Practice Framework: Restoration, Adoption and Guardianship Brief Evidence Review ii Contents 1. Introduction 4 2. Summary of findings 5 2.1 Guardianship and adoption literature 5 2.2 Restoration literature 9 3. References 14 Permanency Practice Framework: Restoration, Adoption and Guardianship Brief Evidence Review iii 1. Introduction The Parenting Research Centre is working in partnership with the Department of Communities and Justice (DCJ) in NSW to develop an evidence-based practice framework to support practitioners in working towards the permanency goals of restoration, guardianship and adoption. The aims of this project are to: 1. Explore and analyse current practice and match against the evidence. 2. Design a practice framework which aligns with evidence-based practice for families and carers of children between 0-18 years who have been placed in out-of-home care and are moving to permanency through restoration, guardianship or adoption.
    [Show full text]
  • Reference Guide on Protecting the Rights Of
    REFERENCE GUIDE ON PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF CHILD VICTIMS OF TRAFFICKING IN EUROPE REFERENCE GUIDE ON PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF CHILD VICTIMS OF TRAFFICKING IN EUROPE REFERENCE GUIDE ON PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF CHILD VICTIMS OF TRAFFICKING IN EUROPE Disclaimer: This Reference Guide has been prepared by Mike Dottridge in collaboration with the UNICEF Regional Office for CEE/CIS. Its contents do not necessarily reflect the policies or the views of UNICEF. REFERENCE GUIDE ON PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF CHILD VICTIMS OF TRAFFICKING IN EUROPE Foreword Today, virtually every country in Europe is facing the problem of trafficking in human beings either internally or as a country of origin, destination, transit or a combination of these. The phenomenon is not new; however, the political, social and economic changes that swept the continent in the last decade have left a specific mark on the dynamics of trafficking. Transition from centrally planned to free market economies as well as the years of war in the former Yugoslavia increased poverty and the vulnerability of women, girls and boys to exploitation including trafficking. These changes also led to an increase in corruption, lack of a rule of law and the emergence of war economies, thus enabling the trafficking industry to spread. The response of governments and of international and non-governmental organizations was swift and focused. It especially strengthened the law and law enforcement capacities to fight trafficking, and established assistance programmes for victims of trafficking. Although yielding some results, this approach was often criticized for its lack of a human rights focus. Child victims of trafficking, for example, were seldom recognised as being entitled to special protection measures.
    [Show full text]
  • Policies and Procedures
    Policies and Procedures Adoption Policy INTRODUCTION Bethany Christian Services places children into adoptive homes through Domestic Infant, Foster Care, and Intercountry/International Adoption programs. POLICY It is the policy of Bethany Christian Services (Bethany) and its subsidiaries to place children into families or with individuals who have a current and approved Bethany Home Study and when placement with that prospective adoptive family/individual is determined to be in the best interest of the child. Preparation and Training of Prospective Adoptive Parents Policy and Procedure POLICY It is the policy of Bethany Christian Services Global that prospective adoptive parents who are adopting internationally are provided with a minimum of 30 hours of training (independent of the home study) designed to promote a successful intercountry adoption. PROCEDURE 1. Bethany Christian Services Global (BCSG) requires completion of training requirements prior to prospective adoptive parent(s) traveling to adopt the child or placement of the child with the prospective adoptive parent(s). 2. Each prospective adoptive parent completing an intercountry adoption must complete a total of 30 hours of training and education, according to the following intervals: • 10 hours of training/education are required prior to the home study completion and approval. This training requirement is met through completion of the 10-hour online Hague Package offered by Adoption Learning Partners. It consists of five courses: “The Journey of Attachment”, “Conspicuous
    [Show full text]
  • Child Labor, Exploitation and Xenophobia in the British Home Children Movement
    Palma !1 “Obstinate, Impertinent, Ill-Conditioned”: Child Labor, Exploitation and Xenophobia in the British Home Children Movement A Senior Project presented to the Faculty of the History Department California Polytechnic State University – San Luis Obispo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Arts in History By Hannah Palma 9 June, 2020 © 2020 Hannah Palma Palma !2 Table of Contents I. Introduction 3 II. Conditions in Victorian London 5 A. Need for Alternatives III. Origins of the Home Children Movement 9 A. Key Players IV. South Africa 17 V. Australia and New Zealand 19 VI. Canada 21 A. Documentation of Home Children Immigration B. Indentured Servitude vs. Adoption C. Were Home Children Truly Orphans? D. Case Study VII. Experience of Immigrant Children 26 A. Treatment B. Education C. Resulting Shame and Stigma VIII. Lengthy Timeframe of the Home Children Program 30 IX. Idealized Program vs. Reality 32 X. Conclusion 36 A. The Young English Immigrant Experience B. Patterns of Immigration in History Bibliography 40 Palma !3 Introduction The Home Children movement, in which 100,000 British children were shipped overseas to South Africa, Canada, New Zealand and Australia, lasted from 1869 until the 1970s. Proponents of the program touted the children as orphaned ‘waifs and strays’ whose last hopes for survival were open spaces and clean air beyond urban British cities. In this thesis I argue the reality of the Home Children program is much darker than how it is portrayed by its proponents and supporters, and the poor treatment of Home Children by their foster families and society as a whole is just one example in the macrohistory of immigration and anti-immigrant sentiment.
    [Show full text]
  • Hidden Crime
    ARCHIVED - Archiving Content ARCHIVÉE - Contenu archivé Archived Content Contenu archivé Information identified as archived is provided for L’information dont il est indiqué qu’elle est archivée reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. It est fournie à des fins de référence, de recherche is not subject to the Government of Canada Web ou de tenue de documents. Elle n’est pas Standards and has not been altered or updated assujettie aux normes Web du gouvernement du since it was archived. Please contact us to request Canada et elle n’a pas été modifiée ou mise à jour a format other than those available. depuis son archivage. Pour obtenir cette information dans un autre format, veuillez communiquer avec nous. This document is archival in nature and is intended Le présent document a une valeur archivistique et for those who wish to consult archival documents fait partie des documents d’archives rendus made available from the collection of Public Safety disponibles par Sécurité publique Canada à ceux Canada. qui souhaitent consulter ces documents issus de sa collection. Some of these documents are available in only one official language. Translation, to be provided Certains de ces documents ne sont disponibles by Public Safety Canada, is available upon que dans une langue officielle. Sécurité publique request. Canada fournira une traduction sur demande. 2 HIDDEN ABUSE – HIDDEN CRIME The Domestic Trafficking of Children in Canada: The Relationship to Sexual Exploitation, Running Away and Children at Risk of Harm FINAL REPORT By Marlene
    [Show full text]
  • To Download a Free Pdf Version of Finding Your Story
    A Resource Manual to the records of The Stolen Generations in Victoria Published by: Public Record Office Victoria, Cover illustration includes the PO Box 2100, North Melbourne, Victoria, following images Australia, 3051 Koorie Heritage Trust Inc: © State of Victoria 2005 AH1707 This work is copyright. Apart from any use MacKillop Family Services: permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part 1879 St Josephs Babies Home may be reproduced by any process without prior Broadmeadows c1965 written permission from the publisher. Enquiries should be directed to the publisher. Private Collection Jim Berg JP: Images from Framlingham Research and content by: James Jenkinson Edited and indexed by: Kerry Biram Public Record Office Victoria: Designed and produced by: Deadly Design VPRS 6760/P0, Unit 1, Item 6, Aboriginal Graphic Design & Printing Estrays, Chief Protector of Aborigines Printed in Australia VPRS 1226/P0, Unit 4, Item X1857, National Library of Australia Supplementary Registered Inward Cataloguing-in-Publication Correspondence, Finding your story: a resource manual to the Chief Secretary records of the stolen generations in Victoria. VPRS 14562/P4, unit 6, 555 Lake Tyers Special School, Department of Education Includes index. ISBN 0 9751068 2 1. State Library of Victoria: H20918/2929, Aboriginal Woman Holding Child, 1. Aboriginal Australians - Victoria - Archives. Three Quarter Length, Full Face, c1890’s, 2.Children, Aboriginal Australian - Government Henry King photographer policy -Victoria - Archives. 3. Victoria - Archival resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Child Welfare: a Social Determinant of Health for Canadian First Nations and Métis Children
    Child Welfare: A Social Determinant Of Health For Canadian First Nations and Métis Children Caroline L. Tait Robert Henry Rachel Loewen Walker The language is lovely. The language in child welfare is that Abstract the duty of care of a child welfare authority is to act in the This article argues for child welfare to be named a social capacity of a wise and compassionate parent. A wise and determinant of health for First Nations and Métis peoples. compassionate parent doesn’t do all the things that hap- pen to these kids. (Joan Glode, Former Executive Director For decades, First Nations and Métis children have been – Mi’kmaw Family and Children’s Services in Tait and overrepresented in child welfare (CW) systems across Cutland, 2011) Canada. Despite governmental and public awareness of the devastating impacts on Indigenous children and families from CW policies and practices, CW systems Introduction across Canada apprehend Indigenous children at alarming In 2010, the Saskatchewan Child Welfare Review rates, and a significant number of Indigenous children are Panel (SCWRP) conducted a comprehensive as- raised outside of their families, culture, and communities in non-Indigenous foster and adoption placements. This sessment of the child welfare system (CWS) in paper examines whether the state is fulfilling its mandate Saskatchewan. The final report, For the Good of Our to be a “wise and compassionate parent” based upon a Children: A New Vision, A New Direction, documents social determinants of health perspective. We consider severe deficiencies in Saskatchewan’s CWS pointing specifically the impacts of foster home overcrowding, specifically towards the overrepresentation of First multiple foster placements, and the micro-level “day to Nations and Métis1 children in care (SCWRP, 2010, day” experiences of Indigenous children and parents.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Foster Care Placement and Family Reunification Following Child
    D ECEMBER 2016 PATTERNS OF FOSTER CARE PLACEMENT AND FAMILY REUNIFICATION FOLLOWING CHILD MALTREATMENT INVESTIGATIONS Overview Some child protective services investigations result in children being placed in foster care to ensure their safety. Family reunification refers to the process of returning children to their family of origin after some time spent in foster care or another out-of-home placement. This research brief examines reunification over the course of three years following a child protective services report. The research brief identifies characteristics of children and families reunified, those who remained reunified at the end of the study, and maltreatment re-reports among children reunified with their families. This analysis is based on longitudinal survey data from the second cohort of the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW II), which is linked to administrative data from the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS) and the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS). Key Findings 1. A quarter of all children who were the subject of child maltreatment investigations in 2008 and 2009 (24.6 percent) were placed out-of-home at some point during the 3 years that followed their maltreatment report. 2. Of the children placed out-of-home, half achieved permanency within the study’s 3-year time horizon. Of those children, nearly three quarters (73.3 percent) reached permanency through reunification. 3. Among children who were reunified, 82.7 percent remained reunified at the end of the study. Approximately a quarter (24.6 percent) of reunified children were re-reported to child protective services with an allegation involving maltreatment by a family member.
    [Show full text]
  • Living at Scarba Home for Children
    Living at Scarba Home for Children A history of the Scarba Welfare House for Children (1917–1986) in the context of child welfare practice in New South Wales Living at Scarba Home for Children A history of the Scarba Welfare House for Children (1917–1986) in the context of child welfare practice in New South Wales Acknowledgments The Benevolent Society thanks all those who contributed to this project, especially those former residents, past and current staff and Board members who shared their experiences of Scarba Home. Professor John Lawrence and Morri Young were most generous with their recollections of Scarba and we are particularly grateful to them for lending their historical documents. Thanks to Beverley Hillsdon for her work researching the history of the Scarba building. We are very grateful to all those who commented on aspects of the document Published by: including Professor Dorothy Scott, Nigel The Benevolent Society Spence, Eric Scott, Dr Judy Cashmore, Dr Level 1, 188 Oxford Street Joanna Penglase, Professor Jan Mason and Dr Paddington, NSW 2021 Australia Thalia Anthony. Telephone: +61 2 9339 8000 We also thank John Samaha and Alan Shearer Fax +61 2 9360 2319 from Mallesons Stephen Jaques who provided Email: [email protected] legal advice to the Advisory Group. Website: www.bensoc.org.au The Advisory Group included Roger West, Date of publication: February 2006 Professor Richard Chisholm, Richard Spencer, Sarah Armstrong, Kathryn Squires, Dr Lisa Authors: Kathryn Squires and Dr Lisa Slater Slater and Annette Michaux. © This publication is copyright. It may be reproduced in part or in whole for educational purposes provided appropriate acknowledgement is given to The Benevolent Society.
    [Show full text]
  • Identifying Long Term Outcomes of Forgotten Australians, Child Migrants and the Stolen Generations
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312624323 No Child Should Grow Up Like This: Identifying long term outcomes of Forgotten Australians, Child Migrants and the Stolen Generations Book · December 2016 CITATIONS READS 0 18 6 authors, including: Hazel Blunden Elizabeth Fernandez UNSW Australia UNSW Australia 7 PUBLICATIONS 2 CITATIONS 36 PUBLICATIONS 322 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Jung-Sook Lee Szilvia Kovacs UNSW Australia UNSW Australia 15 PUBLICATIONS 393 CITATIONS 2 PUBLICATIONS 0 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Children in care in the 20th Century and historic abuse View project All content following this page was uploaded by Hazel Blunden on 24 January 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. No Child Should Grow Up Like This: Identifying long term outcomes of Forgotten Australians, Child Migrants and the Stolen Generations Never Stand Still Arts Social Sciences Social Sciences A Research Study on Life Outcomes for Children Growing up in ‘Care’ in the Twentieth Century in Australia Elizabeth Fernandez, Jung-Sook Lee, Hazel Blunden, Patricia McNamara, Szilvia Kovacs, Paul-Auguste Cornefert For further information: Professor Elizabeth Fernandez School of Social Sciences Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences UNSW Australia, Sydney 2052 Australia [email protected] http://www.forgottenaustralians.unsw.edu.au/ © UNSW Australia 2016 ISBN: 978-0-7334-3687-1 Suggested Citation: Fernandez, E., Lee, J.-S.,Blunden, H., McNamara, P., Kovacs, S. and Cornefert, P.-A. (2016). No Child Should Grow Up Like This: Identifying Long Term Outcomes of Forgotten Australians, Child Migrants and the Stolen Generations.
    [Show full text]