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Butler Journal of Undergraduate Research Volume 7 2021 Volume 7 Full Text BJUR Staff Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/bjur Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons, Business Commons, Education Commons, Life Sciences Commons, Medicine and Health Sciences Commons, Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Staff, BJUR (2021) "Volume 7 Full Text," Butler Journal of Undergraduate Research: Vol. 7 , Article 18. Retrieved from: https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/bjur/vol7/iss1/18 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate Scholarship at Digital Commons @ Butler University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Butler Journal of Undergraduate Research by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Butler University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BUTLER JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH VOLUME 7 MAY 2021 Virtue and Animal Ethics: An Interdisciplinary Study 1 Alison K. Oliver, University of San Diego Mentor: Christopher Carter Paradise Uncaged: John Milton’s Subtle Fixation with Constraints 26 Jack H. Wolfram, Emory University Mentor: Sarah Higinbotham Musical Hybridization and Political Contradiction: The Success of Arthur Honegger’s Antigone in Vichy, France 36 Emma K. Schubart, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Mentor: Sharon James The Stratification of Justice: Evaluating the Relationship between Gender, Race, and Crime 50 Catherine Bain, Butler University Mentor: Krista Cline “OK Boomer!”: How a Pejorative can Promote Societal Change through Humor, Impoliteness, and Carnivalesque 67 Gwendolyn M. Goodhead, Northwest University Mentor: Jacob Witt Mulier est Urbis Confusio? —The Function of Rhea Silvia, Tarpeia, and Horatia as Exempla in Livy’s The Early History of Rome 87 Bhadrajee S. Hewage, Princeton University Mentor: Andrew Feldherr Privilege & Voting for Predators: Exploring the Relationship between Privilege and Voting for Sex Offenders 94 Reilly Simmons, Butler University Mentor: Gregory Shufeldt Rockin’ the GRE: The Effects of Preferred, Non-preferred, and Classical Music on College Students’ Cognitive Test Performance 115 Hannah B. Bolander, Sean Callahan, Butler University Mentor: Tara Lineweaver The Campus as Commons: Educational Anchor Institutions and their Implications for Political Economy 129 Cameron N. Conner, Whitman College Mentor: Keith Farrington The Impact of Nurse Stress, Job Distress, Job Satisfaction, and Mood on Patient Outcomes 153 Madelynne Wright, Abbey Collins, Butler University Mentor: Tara Lineweaver On the Hybrid Nature of Brown Dwarfs 170 Karla M. Rojas, Amsterdam University College Mentor: Lotte Tavecchio Failures of Power-Balancing: The Ottomans and British in Iraq and Kuwait 185 Amna Abudyak, American University of Sharjah Mentor: Isa Blumi Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on U.S. Employment Rates 203 Jordan Neese, Olivet Nazarene University Mentor: Kayla Bruce The Political and Economic Impact of Media Ownership Structures and Concentration on Global Communication 214 Yuxi Wen, University of Nottingham Ningbo China Mentor: Xiaoling Zhang, Angela Lewis Goodpasture Syndrome: An Investigation of Disease Process, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Contribution to Intrapulmonary Hemorrhage 226 Julia Shield, Queensland University of Technology Mentor: Mark B. Plenderleith Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Scholarly Review 250 Joseph O’Brien, University of Rhode Island Mentor: Guy W. Fried Painting a Pretty Picture: The Role of Social Desirability in the Memory Self-Efficacy of Young and Older Adults 272 Keegan G. Sawin, Butler University Mentor: Tara Lineweaver EDITOR COPY EDITOR Tara T. Lineweaver Stephanie R.S. Stringham Department of Psychology Butler University [email protected] INAUGURAL EDITOR Kenneth D. Colburn, Jr. DESIGN EDITOR Department of Sociology and Criminology Jennifer Coronado Butler University Butler University Libraries [email protected] Butler University [email protected] EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Abbey Collins Department of Psychology Butler University EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Vivian Deno Robert Padgett History, Butler University Psychology, Butler University Lee Garver Mindy Welch English, Butler University Education, Butler University Kathie Kelton Anne Wilson Music, Butler University Chemistry, Butler University Nat Hauck Hongjiang Xu Biology, Butler University Business, Butler University Chad Knoderer Pharmacy, Butler University VOLUME 7 REVIEWERS Andrew Levy Krista Cline Department of English Department of Sociology and Criminology Mandy Hall Department of Psychology Tonya Bergeson Department of Communication Joel Martin Sciences & Disorders Department of Psychology Kenneth Colburn, Jr. Brian Day Department of Sociology and Department of Psychology Criminology Carol Reeves Brenda Quincy Department of English College of Pharmacy and Health Brian Giesler Science Department of Pyschology Margaretha Geertsema-Sligh William Walsh College of Communication Department of English Xianming Han Ania Spyra Department of Physics and Department of English Astronomy Clare Carrasco Shyam Sriram Department of Music Department of Political Science India Johnson William Rieber Department of Psychology Department of Economics, Business Rocky Colavito Law, and Finance Department of English Amy Peak Chris Bungard College of Pharmacy and Health Department of Philosophy, Religion, Science and Classics VOLUME 7 BUTLER UNIVERSITY SPONSORS College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Office of the Provost MISSION AND EDITORIAL POLICY The mission of the Butler Journal of Undergraduate Research (BJUR) is to advance Butler’s commitment to undergraduate research by seeking to publish original, high quality empirical research undertaken by undergraduates from any university. The journal is national in scope, multidisciplinary, and seeks to publish the best empirical and scholarly research available from undergraduate students anywhere. Submission of original, scholarly research articles is open to undergraduates from any accredited college and university. The publication of the Butler Journal of Undergraduate Research is designed to build upon and strengthen Butler’s commitment to quality undergraduate research by providing an outlet for the publication of outstanding undergraduate scholarship. BJUR recognizes and supports diverse disciplines, perspectives and methods across the social sciences, natural and life sciences, the arts and humanities. The Journal publishes papers that represent original research undertaken by a student or students during their undergraduate career. BJUR is committed to intellectual integrity, rigorous standards of scholarship, and rational and civil discourse. It seeks to foster open and critical inquiry that privileges no particular disciplinary standpoint while operating within the limits of a standard of scientific, scholarly and empirical discourse committed to the pursuit of knowledge and truth. While every effort is made to publish issues that represent a fair balance of scholarship across the entire spectrum of undergraduate studies, the Journal’s first priority is always to publish the best undergraduate research available at any given time regardless of disciplinary representation. POWERED BY © 2021 Butler Journal of Undergraduate Research digitalcommons.butler.edu/bjur BUTLER JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH, VOLUME 7 VIRTUE AND ANIMAL ETHICS: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDY ALISON K. OLIVER, UNIVERSITY OF SAN DIEGO MENTOR: CHRISTOPHER CARTER Abstract Analysis of important components from the sciences, philosophy, and theology makes apparent that nonhuman animals require moral consideration beyond what they typically receive in Western culture. Humans are in the habit of inaccurately justifying harmful treatment of animals without any proper evaluation of ethical behavior; the current standards of morality regarding nonhuman species are insufficient. For instance, in the context of the latest scientific advancements in animal behavior and cognition, many aspects of the partition between human and animal intelligence have become ambiguous; however, the typical human mindset stubbornly maintains the notion that humans are ultimately superior, and the perceived lack of intellect of nonhuman animals (a premise that has yet to be empirically defined) is still employed as reason enough for humans to dominate these other species. Furthermore, Christian scripture emphasizes the importance of peace and consideration while simultaneously denouncing violence and viciousness; thus, a Christian theology premised on love, justice, and care for “the least of these” (Matthew 25:40) is in favor of an ethical reevaluation rather than the continuation of current animal maltreatment. Upon the examination of virtue across multiple significant fields, it is clear that a principle moral norm is ignored once extended beyond human interactions, that unwarranted cruelty is wrong. Nonetheless, the current standards of animal treatment are highly characteristic of unwarranted cruelty; humans have exploited the presence of nonhuman species to a point that is definitively unethical. While we all, as a civilization, still have an incredible amount of work to do before we reach an ideal of human equality, many will not rest until their needs are met. However, there are those that are entirely unable to have a voice and oppose their oppressors. These beings share our world, our basic needs, and our unique abilities of perception and subjective
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