Career of Bhanubhakta As a History of Nepali National Culture, 1940-1999
THE CAREER OF BHANUBHAKTA AS A HISTORY OF NEPALI NATIONAL CULTURE, 1940-1999 Pratyoush Onta Introduction In recent years, national culture, nationalism and ethnicity have been three of the major concerns of social analysts worldwide. The sources that led to this attention are diverse. They include changes in the political systems adopted by various countries in different parts of the world, the rise of 'national', 'sub-national' or 'ethnic' movements across continents and the development of pertinent scholarly trends across disciplines. However, in the context of Nepal, the main reason why scholars have paid attention to activities in the realm of and debates about national culture, nationalism and ethnicity must be sought in the social movements that have arisen since the Jana Óndolan (People's Movement) of 1990. Under the new dispensation, it has become possible for Nepalis to openly debate (in various fora including media and academia), and with emotional force, about their national culture, nationalism and ethnicity. Social activists have begun to ask what was encompassed by and what was excluded from the national Nepali identity promoted by the state during the three decades of the Panchayat era (1962-1990) and to inquire about new cultural possibilities of being a Nepali national. In other words, as such activists began openly to promote sub-national or ethnic identites such as that of Newars, Tamangs, Gurungs, Rais, Magars, Thakalis or any of the other 60 plus ethnic groups, researchers of Nepal followed through by paying attention to their activities under the scholarly rubric of nationalism or ethnic activism. Amongst writings that have already been brought out in the public domain, it is easy to see (for examples, see Onta 1996b) that Nepali social scientists working on themes related to national culture, nationalism and ethnicity have been predominantly concerned with the future.
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