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Inventing Architectural Identity: The Institutional Architecture of James Renwick, Jr., 1818-95 Nicholas Dominick Genau Amherst, New York BA, University of Virginia, 2006 MA, University of Virginia, 2009 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy McIntire Department of Art University of Virginia May, 2014 i TABLE OF CONTENTS ! ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .......................................................................................................................................................... v INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1! An Architectural Eclectic:!! A Survey of the Career of James Renwick, Jr. .......................................................................................................................................................... 9! CHAPTER 2! “For the Dignity of Our Ancient and Glorious Catholic Name”:!! Renwick and Archbishop Hughes!at St. Patrick’s Cathedral ........................................................................................................................................................ 65! CHAPTER 3! Constructing Cultural Control:!! The Smithsonian Institution and the Corcoran Gallery of Art! ...................................................................................................................................................... 117 CHAPTER 4! Disguises for Diseases and Destitution:!! Renwick’s Reform Buildings on Blackwell’s Island, New York ...................................................................................................................................................... 174 CONCLUSION! James Renwick, Jr.!and the American Architectural Canon! ...................................................................................................................................................... 214 APPENDIX Chronological List of Buildings and Designs ...................................................................................................................................................... 222 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................................................................... 233 ILLUSTRATIONS ...................................................................................................................................................... 257! ii ABSTRACT James Renwick, Jr. (1818-95) ranks among the most influential architects in the history of American architecture. Throughout his proficient career, Renwick designed some of the most recognizable urban monuments and complexes while exhibiting great fluency in historical modes and modern methods of design. The architect’s work, indeed, established lasting models of various building types and institutions, which directed how contemporaries viewed certain institutional spaces through their enduring designs. Renwick’s overall corpus embodies the architectural mosaic of late-nineteenth- century America, especially through its embrace of the period’s most fundamental cultural and societal developments. The myriad of building types in which Renwick showed proficiency in design, moreover, enhances even further his overall contribution to the urban landscape of his time. This dissertation shows how Renwick gave architectural image to a number of unprecedented building types in America, which still emerge as foundational models for historical conception and modern design. Following a chapter that offers a survey of Renwick’s career, including discussion of his upbringing and education, the study examines a selection of the architect’s institutional design. First, it deals with St. Patrick’s Cathedral and its role as an icon of Catholicism in the United States. Next, this study analyses Renwick’s museum designs, which include the Smithsonian Institution and Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., whose unique architecture embodies the concept of cultural control within the museum setting. Lastly, Renwick’s health-care buildings on Blackwell’s Island, New York City will be discussed as major contributions to the fledgling practices of medicine and reform in nineteenth-century America. iii This dissertation presents the first major study on James Renwick, Jr., whose prolific career will emerge not only as representative of contemporary trends, but also as foundational to the formation of the architectural legacies of numerous institutions that play a major role in the social, religious, and cultural climate of nineteenth-century America. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Rather than the product of a few years of research and writing, this study is the culmination of over a decade of education in art history at the University of Virginia. I have been exposed to the knowledge of an unequalled collection of scholars and teachers in a variety of fields, all of whom have contributed to my development as an art history. First, I must thank my advisor, Richard Guy Wilson, for expertly directing my research and writing process, reading innumerable drafts, and constantly providing intellectual support at times when anxiety was high. I am honored to be able to consider myself one of his students. I must also thank my readers, Sheila Crane and Gerald Fogarty, for offering their own academic expertise and support for the final version of this work. I received funding from a few sources that proved crucial to the completion of this study. I would like to thank the Society of Fellows at the University of Virginia for providing me a dissertation grant that supported research in New York City and Washington, D.C. I also owe thanks to Columbia University Libraries, who awarded me a research fellowship that supported a stay at Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library. Here, I was helped greatly by Janet Parks and her wonderful staff, with whom I look forward to working in the near future. I also must thank the staffs of Columbia University’s Rare Books and Manuscript Library, the New-York Historical Society, and the Smithsonian Institution Archives, who facilitated my research in their collections. I must also acknowledge Professor John Lyons of UVa’s French Department for inviting me to participate in a Mellon Dissertation Seminar, during which I wrote the first draft of chapter 2 of this dissertation. Finally, I must thank my parents, Susan and Richard, whose support throughout my graduate career was more important than anything academic. Most sincerely, I owe innumerable thanks to Jen, the love of my life, for walking beside me during this journey. This dissertation is dedicated to her. v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1.! James Renwick, Jr. Engraving, George E. Perine, c. 1860. Smithsonian Institution Archives. Figure 2.! !Columbia College, proposal sketch. James Renwick, Sr., 1813. James Renwick and James Renwick, Jr., architectural drawings and papers, c. 1813-1960, Department of Archives and Drawings, Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library, Columbia University. Figure 3.! !Columbia College, proposal sketch. James Renwick, Sr., 1813. James Renwick and James Renwick, Jr., architectural drawings and papers, c. 1813-1960, Department of Archives and Drawings, Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library, Columbia University. Figure 4.! !Columbia College, proposal sketch. James Renwick, Sr., 1813. James Renwick and James Renwick, Jr., architectural drawings and papers, c. 1813-1960, Department of Archives and Drawings, Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library, Columbia University. Figure 5.! !Hall of Kenilworth Castle, England, watercolor. James Renwick, Sr., c. 1815-16. Renwick Family Papers, 1794-1916 Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University. Figure 6.! !Croton Distributing Reservoir, c. 1875. Print and Photographic Collection, New-York Historical Society. Figure 7.! !Croton Distributing Reservoir, lithograph, c. 1879. Print and Photographic Collection, New-York Historical Society. Figure 8.! !Croton Distributing Reservoir, plan and section. James Renwick, Jr., watercolor, 1842. Sketchbook of Architectural Drawings and Watercolors, James Renwick, Jr. Department of Drawings and Prints, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Figure 9.! !Croton Distributing Reservoir, section. James Renwick, Jr., watercolor, 1842. Sketchbook of Architectural Drawings and Watercolors, James Renwick, Jr. Department of Drawings and Prints, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Figure 10.! !Bowling Green Fountain. Print and Photographic Collection, New-York Historical Society. vi Figure 11.! !Grace Church. Photo by author, 2012. Figure 12.! !Grace Church. Print and Photographic Collection, New-York Historical Society. Figure 13.! !Grace Church, interior. Print and Photographic Collection, New-York Historical Society. Figure 14.! !Trinity Church. Richard Upjohn, 1840-46. Artstor Digital Library. Figure 15.! !Illustration of Christian church. A. W. N. Pugin, 1841. Augustus W. N. Pugin, True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture: Set Forth in Two Lectures Delivered at St. Marie’s, Oscott (London:
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