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Comparison of the Athens Driving Cycle (Adc) with Ece-15 and European Driving Cycle (Edc)

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Comparison of the Athens Driving Cycle (Adc) with Ece-15 and European Driving Cycle (Edc) Global NEST Journal, Vol 8, No 3, pp 282-290, 2006 Copyright© 2006 Global NEST Printed in Greece. All rights reserved VEHICLE EMISSIONS AND DRIVING CYCLES: COMPARISON OF THE ATHENS DRIVING CYCLE (ADC) WITH ECE-15 AND EUROPEAN DRIVING CYCLE (EDC) E.TZIRAKIS1* 1 Laboratory of Fuel Technology and Lubricants K. PITSAS2 Chemical Engineering Dept., NTUA F. ZANNIKOS1 Iroon Polytechniou 9 15773 Zografou Athens, Greece S. STOURNAS1 2 Ministry of Transport Anastaseos 2 & Tsigante 10191 Holargos Athens, Greece Received: 09/12/05 *to whom all correspondence should be addressed: Accepted: 30/05/06 e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Vehicle emissions constitute the main source of atmospheric pollution in modern cities. The increasing number of passenger cars, especially during the last decade, resulted in composite traffic problems with serious consequences on emissions and fuel consumption. This project was carried out in the Laboratory of Fuel Technology and Lubricants at NTUA in order to examine the effects of the driving patterns on fuel consumption and exhaust emissions from cars in the Athens basin. The typical driving profile consists of a complicated series of accelerations, decelerations and frequent stops and it is simulated by driving cycles on a laboratory chassis dynamometer. The New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) is applied in laboratory test approvals in the EU and is based on traffic data from European capitals (Paris and Rome). Traffic data from Athens was not included in the development of NEDC. The FTP 75 driving cycle and the Japan 10-15 modal cycle are currently used in the United States and Japan respectively. The different than other European cities and rapidly changing traffic conditions in Athens as well as the expanding transportation network and the atmospheric pollution problems impose the need to develop the Athens Driving Cycle (ADC). In this paper, onboard electronic equipment (GPS, OBD II reader, accelerometer, etc) was used and “real world” traffic data was collected, covering almost all the Athens road network for a two year period. Dedicated software was developed for the statistical analysis of the recorded parameters and therefore the first ADC was modeled with the following characteristics: ADC duration is 1160 seconds, the overall distance is 6512 meters, the mean velocity is 20.21 km h-1 and the maximum velocity is 70.86 km h-1. For comparison purposes, three passenger cars of different classification (Citroen Xsara 1.6L, a Mitsubishi Space Runner 2.0L Turbo and a Chrysler PT Cruiser 2.4L Turbo) were tested on a laboratory chassis dynamometer, applying three distinctive Driving Cycles: the Urban Driving Cycle (ECE-15), the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and the newly designed Athens Driving Cycle (ADC). Results show that NOX emissions are higher in ADC than ECE and EDC, up to 2.5 times. Higher CO emissions are recorded during ADC for 1.6L and 2.0L cars while ECE-15 gave the higher CO emissions for the 2.4L vehicle. Overall HC emissions do not show any significant variation. Fuel consumption is higher for ADC mode in all cases. KEYWORDS: NEDC, ADC, Driving Cycles, chassis dynamometer, exhaust emissions, fuel consumption VEHICLE EMISSIONS AND DRIVING CYCLES 283 1. INTRODUCTION Traffic is one of the main sources of atmospheric pollution in cities around the globe and Athens is no exception. The tremendous increase of transportation vehicles resulted in serious traffic problems consisting of frequent stops and intense driving (vigorous accelerations and decelerations). Vehicles are responsible for almost all of the Carbon Monoxide (CO) emissions, for about the 75% of the Hydrocarbon (HC) emissions and volatile organic compounts (VOC), and for about the 65% of the Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions[1]. According to the APHEA programme (Air Pollution on Health-a European Approach) for Athens, the concequences of pollutants on the people’s health are devastating even if their concentration in air is below the safety levels [2]. The estimation of pollutants and the emission prediction for the European countries (CORINAIR programme) is based on specific software like COPERT ΙΙΙ [3] and FOREMOVE (FORecast of the Emissions from MOtor VEhicles)[4]. MEET project (Methodologies for Estimating air Pollutant Emissions from Transport), has developed a data base consisting of measurements on exhaust emission coefficients collected from various laboratories [5]. These coefficients are used by the COPERT software. Emissions from vehicles are affected by the driving patterns which mainly depend on traffic conditions. “Driving Cycles” have been developed to provide a speed-time profile that is representative of urban driving [6]. They are used to assimilate driving conditions on a laboratory chassis dynamometer for the evaluation of fuel consumption, the exhaust emissions and emission coefficient [7]. There are two major categories of driving cycles, legislative and non-legislative. According to legislative driving cycles, Exhaust Emission Specifications are imposed by governments for the car Emission Certification. Such cycles are the FTP-75 [8] used in the USA the NEDC used in Europe and the 10-15 used in Japan. Non-legislative cycles, such as the Hong Kong driving cycle [9], the Sydney driving cycle and the herein presented Athens driving cycle, find broad application in research for energy conservation and pollution evaluation. There are two ways of developing a driving cycle. One is composed from various driving modes of constant acceleration, deceleration and speed (like the NEDC and ECE), and is referred as modal or polygonal [10]. The other type is derived from actual driving data and is referred as “real world” cycle. Such cycles are the FTP-75 and the ADC. The real world cycles are more dynamic, reflecting the more rapid acceleration and deceleration patterns experienced during on road conditions. This more dynamic driving in real world conditions results on higher emissions compared to those under the standard emission (modal) test cycles [11]. The standardized inspections are official procedures of measuring fuel consumption and emissions. They are in force since 1970 and are frequently updated. The directive 70/220/EU, describes the procedure that all new types of vehicles have to follow, for their emission certification. The driving cycle used by the EU countries for the certification of passenger cars and light trucks, consists of four segments of ECE-15 (also known as Urban Driving Cycle: UDC) and the Extra Urban Driving Cycle (EUDC). The procedure is also called New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) after it was converted to cold start procedure by eliminating idling procedure i.e. emission sampling procedure starts at the same time that engine starts. This change was accomplished in the beginning of 2000. ECE-15 cycle is representative of city driving conditions in a typical European city (eg. Paris and Rome). EUDC simulates high speed driving and is applied directly after the fourth segment of ECE-15 (Figure 1). The NEDC gives information about the vehicle operation in high speeds and an overall estimation of the emitted pollutants. However, there is poor correlation with real driving patterns and their effects on fuel consumption and emissions. The differences of Athens compared to other EU cities, as far as the infrastructure, the road network and the public transportation system is concerned, imposes the need to develop a representative driving cycle for more accurate evaluation of the exhaust emissions and the fuel consumption. 284 TZIRAKIS et al. Figure 1. NEDC 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1. Athens Driving Cycle (ADC) development Figure 2. Flow chart of the procedure adopted for ADC development and emission measurement Driving data was collected in the whole area of the Attica basin seven days a week from 6:00 until 24:00. The number of samples in each time zone is proportionate to the traffic density according to information from the Ministry of Environment Physical Planning and Public Works [12]. The “chase car” method was applied for the collection of driving data [13], [14]. The test vehicles are typical passenger cars of different engine capacity, equipped with a GPS receiver (Global Positioning System), an accelerometer, an OBD information recording (On Board Diagnosis reader), synchronized by a lap-top computer [15]. The distance of the driving cycle that is to be developed for a specific city, should be according to a representative distance that vehicles cover in that specific city. The distance chosen for ADC development is equal to the mean route length per cold start that vehicles cover in Athens. This overall distance is equal to 6.9 km for the urban area[16]. This distance was reduced by 5% because on the one hand the recordings took place in the urban as well as the suburban area of Athens were the traveling speeds are higher and on the other hand the cycle should have duration that can be easily compared with the EDC. Several methods were used in the past in order to process the huge amount of the on-road driving characteristics of the test vehicles [10], [17]. VEHICLE EMISSIONS AND DRIVING CYCLES 285 In this project, data were statistically processed using specially developed software taking into account parameters such as the topographical characteristics of the Attica basin (road slope) and other relative studies [18], [20] and the Athens Driving Cycle for 2002 (ADC 2002) was derived (Figure 3). Also extreme phases were removed such as very high top speed phases. Only the vital phases were kept to be processed and finally give the resulting ADC. The characteristics of the cycle match the overall summary characteristics of the data up to 99%. It consists of 16 phases of various durations. Idle time in the ADC seize a large proportion of cycle time, cruising time is just non-existent and the vigorous changes in traveling speed describe the aggressive way that passenger cars are being driven in the specific city.
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