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Development of a World-Wide Worldwide Harmonized Light Duty Driving Test Cycle (WLTC)

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Development of a World-Wide Worldwide Harmonized Light Duty Driving Test Cycle (WLTC) Transmitted by the WLTP DHC Chair Informal document GRPE-68-03 th (68 GRPE, 7-10 January 2014, agenda item 2) Development of a World-wide Worldwide harmonized Light duty driving Test Cycle (WLTC) ~ Technical Report ~ UN/ECE/WP.29/GRPE/WLTP-IG DHC subgroup December 2013 Author: Monica Tutuianu1, Alessandro Marotta1, Heinz Steven2, Eva Ericsson3, Takahiro Haniu4, Noriyuki Ichikawa5, Hajime Ishii6 1 European Commission - Joint Research Centre (Italy) 2 Data analysis and Consultancy (Germany) 3 WSP Analysis & Strategy (Sweden) 4 Japan Automobile Research Institute (Japan) 5 Japan Automobile Standards Internationalization Center (Japan, DHC Technical Secretary) 6 National Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory (Japan, DHC Chair) Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 1 2. Objective .................................................................................................................................................... 2 3. Structure of the project ............................................................................................................................... 2 4. Cycle development .................................................................................................................................... 4 4.1. Approach ................................................................................................................................................... 4 4.2. In-use driving behavior data ..................................................................................................................... 5 4.3. Data Analysis Processing .......................................................................................................................... 7 4.4. The development of the world-wide harmonized light duty test cycle (WLTC) ....................................... 8 4.5. The initial world-wide harmonized light duty test cycle (WLTC version 1) .......................................... 21 4.6. Modifications of the draft test cycle ....................................................................................................... 23 4.7. WLTC for Low Powered vehicle ............................................................................................................ 34 4.8. Vehicle classification and applicable test cycle ...................................................................................... 35 4.9. Down scale procedure ............................................................................................................................. 36 5. Gearshift procedure development ............................................................................................................ 54 5.1. Analysis of gear use in the WLTP in-use database, discussion of alternative approaches ...................... 54 5.2. Input data ................................................................................................................................................ 56 5.3. Calculation steps ..................................................................................................................................... 56 5.4. Additional requirements for corrections and/or modifications of gear use ............................................. 59 6. Summary and Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 60 7. Annex A – Final cycle time table (Class 1 ver.2.0, Class 2 ver.2.0, Class 3 Ver.5.1/5.3) ............................ 61 Figures Figure 3-1 The structure of WLTP-IG ............................................................................................................ 2 Figure 3-2 Overview of the WLTC development ........................................................................................... 3 Figure 3-3 The time schedule for Cycle development .................................................................................... 4 Figure 4-1 Overview of the cycle development process ................................................................................. 5 Figure 4-2 Data Analysis Processing .............................................................................................................. 7 Figure 4-3 Vehicle speed cumulative frequency distribution of various countries on urban, rural and motorway roads ......................................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 4-4 Speed–acceleration distribution in U/R/M category ....................................................................11 Figure 4-5 Speed–acceleration distribution in L/M/H/ExH category [60/80/110] ....................................... 12 Figure 4-6 Regional weighting factors ......................................................................................................... 14 Figure 4-7 Internal weighting factors for Europe ......................................................................................... 14 Figure 4-8 RPA - driving characteristics ....................................................................................................... 15 Figure 4-9 Average speed - driving characteristics ....................................................................................... 16 Figure 4-10 Average idle duration – driving characteristics ......................................................................... 17 Figure 4-11 Average short trip duration – driving characteristics ................................................................ 17 Figure 4-12 Cumulative frequency distributions of short trip duration. ....................................................... 19 Figure 4-13 Number of ST and Idles and their duration for each phase of the WLTC ................................. 19 Figure 4-14 Image of the extra-high speed phase development methodology. ............................................. 21 Figure 4-15 The speed profile of the WLTC driving cycle version 1. .......................................................... 21 Figure 4-16 The speed acceleration distribution of WLTC ver.1 .................................................................. 22 Figure 4-17 Re-analysis of Initial idling duration ......................................................................................... 24 Figure 4-18 The speed profile of the WLTC driving cycle version 2 ........................................................... 26 Figure 4-19 The speed profile of the WLTC driving cycle version 2 revised ............................................... 27 Figure 4-20 The speed profile of the WLTC driving cycle version 3 ........................................................... 27 Figure 4-21 The speed profile of the WLTC driving cycle version 4 ........................................................... 28 Figure 4-22 The speed profile of the WLTC driving cycle version 5 ........................................................... 28 Figure 4-23 The speed profile of the WLTC driving cycle version 5.1 ........................................................ 29 Figure 4-24 The speed profile of the WLTC driving cycle version 5.3 ........................................................ 29 Figure 4-25 Transition of Speed-Acceleration distribution .......................................................................... 30 Figure 4-26 Cumulative frequency of multiplication of speed and acceleration (v*a) in Low phase .......... 32 Figure 4-27 Cumulative frequency of multiplication of speed and acceleration (v*a) in Middle phase ...... 32 Figure 4-28 Cumulative frequency of multiplication of speed and acceleration (v*a) in High phase .......... 33 Figure 4-29 Cumulative frequency of multiplication of speed and acceleration (v*a) in Extra high phase . 33 Figure 4-30 Cumulative frequency of multiplication of speed and acceleration (v*a) in WLTC ................. 34 Figure 4-31 The speed profile of the WLTC Class 1 version 2.0 ................................................................. 35 Figure 4-32 The speed profile of the WLTC Class 2 version 2.0 ................................................................. 35 Figure 4-33 Vehicle classifications of WLTC ............................................................................................... 36 Figure 4-34 Speed trace of a class 1 vehicle with drivability problems ....................................................... 37 Figure 4-35 Speed trace of a class 2 vehicle with drivability problems ....................................................... 37 Figure 4-36 Speed trace of a class 3 vehicle with drivability problems ....................................................... 38 Figure 4-37 Downscaled medium speed phase of the class 1 WLTC ........................................................... 39 Figure 4-38 Downscaled extra high speed phase of the class 2 WLTC ........................................................ 40 Figure 4-39 Downscaled extra high speed phase of the class 3 WLTC ........................................................ 41 Figure 4-40 Necessary downscaling factor versus r_max for class 3 vehicles ............................................. 44 Figure 4-41 Comparison of Ptot_max and Ptot_ave ..................................................................................... 44 Figure 4-42 Speed trace of the extra high speed
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