Disruption Rules Clayton Christensen on Innovation 140116 Luxbondgreen.Indd 1 11/22/13 11:51 AM JULY-AUGUST 2014 VOLUME 116, NUMBER 6

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Disruption Rules Clayton Christensen on innovation 140116_LuxBondGreen.indd 1 11/22/13 11:51 AM JULY-AUGUST 2014 VOLUME 116, NUMBER 6

FEATURES 38 Disruptive Genius | by C!"#$ L"%&'!( Clayton Christensen demystiﬁes the shock waves of change with his theory of disruptive innovation

44 Vita: Felipe Poey | by L#)*+", B!-.)'// Brief life of Cuba’s greatest naturalist: 1799-1891

46 Tiananmen Plus Twenty-Five p. 8 China’s 1989 tragedy and its continuing resonances

54 Rebooting Social Science | by E/#0"&'(1 G2*!"#+ The Tobin Project’s fresh approach to deﬁning and understanding real-world problems

JOHN H A R V A R D ’ S J O U R N A L 13 A soulful anthem at the brisk 363rd Commencement. Plus debating divestment, addressing sexual assault, historian of science skepticism, Crimson clotheslines, a College honor code and other issues, the Coop renewed, superb scientists, capital-campaign compendium, building the Chao Center, treasurer transition, limber laxmen, and a sports wrap-up

DEPARTMENTS 2 Cambridge 02138 | Letters from our readers p. 13 3 The View from Mass Hall 7 Right Now | Reinterpreting the human family tree, haunted hemlocks, and creating structural colors 12A Harvard2 | A new section features a calendar of seasonal events, Cambridge funk and jazz, eighteenth-century home life captured on the North Shore, a Harbor Island outing, East Boston’s Latin American cuisine, Nepal’s recent MAGES I history on exhibit, and more 67 Montage | Family photographs, a cancer journal, individual

URNLEY/CORBIS URNLEY/CORBIS self-transformations in today’s China, Rhode Island realism, Paul Rudolph’s brutalist T architecture, and more ETER ETER P 74 Alumni | Campus childcare’s origins, alumni-association helmsman, Shakespeare: the tablet, Harvard Medalists, graduate-school honorands, Overseer elections, and more 80 The College Pump | Touring Yale, trombone sextet, and talking back to John Foster Dulles p. 46 88 Treasure | Two harpsichords’ tales FROM TOP: DAVID FOSTER; STU ROSNER; AND © ANDROSNER; STU FOSTER; DAVID TOP: FROM 81 Crimson Classiﬁeds On the cover: Illustration by Taylor Callery

www.harvardmagazine.com

LETTERS

EDITOR: John S. Rosenberg Cambridge  SENIOR EDITOR: Jean Martin Humanities hubris, hoop humor, undergraduate prolixity MANAGING EDITOR: Jonathan S. Shaw DEPUTY EDITOR: Craig Lambert ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Katherine Xue ASSISTANT EDITOR-ONLINE: Laura Levis ANTIBIOTIC the a&ected area. Too many ASSISTANT EDITOR: Nell Porter Brown RESISTANCE doctors skipped that step to T!"#$% for the fine article accommodate patients, so re- ART DIRECTOR: Jennifer Carling on antibiotic-resistant bac- sistant organisms grew and BERTA GREENWALD LEDECKY teria by Katherine Xue (“Su- turned hospitals into dan- UNDERGRADUATE FELLOWS perbug,” May-June, page 40). ger zones. A psychiatrist, I Noah Pisner, Jessica C. Salley Patient demand and doctors’ never prescribed antibiot- DANIEL STEINER UNDERGRADUATE compliance turned antibiotics, but heard the warnings EDITORIAL FELLOW ics into monster-makers. A again at Harvard School of favorite teacher of medical Public Health. Unfortunate- Francesca Annicchiarico microbiology at the Uni- ly, the facts of microbial life EDITORIAL INTERN versity of California, San Francisco, Ernest were brushed aside by doctors too willing Nu Xiong Jawetz, stressed the importance of pre- to please rather than counsel their patients. CONTRIBUTING EDITORS scribing an antibiotic only after culturing The profuse distribution of hand sanitizers John T. Bethell, John de Cuevas, Adam Goodheart, Elizabeth Gudrais, Jim Harrison, Courtney Humphries, 7 Ware Street useful home at harvardmagazine.com and Christopher S. Johnson, Adam Kirsch, through our mobile app, to facilitate your Colleen Lannon, Christopher Reed, Stu 2 use of the region’s resouces. We’re fortunate Meet Harvard Rosner, Deborah Smullyan, Mark Steele to work and live in this rich and engaging B'()##)#( with this issue, New England environment, and look forward to making HARVARD MAGAZINE INC. readers will see a renamed, redesigned, it more accessible to you. We welcome your PRESIDENT: Henry Rosovsky, JF ’57, and—most important—reconceived spe- comments and suggestions. Ph.D. ’59, LL.D. ’98. DIRECTORS: Suzanne cial section in their copies of Harvard Maga- ***** Blier, Peter K. Bol, Jonathan L.S. Byrnes, zine. Harvard2 (“Harvard Squared”) replaces W)*! *!)% )%%+', we extend our pro- the previous regional section, which has in- found thanks to Katherine Xue ’13, a for- D.B.A. ’80, Thomas F. Kelly, Ph.D. ’73, cluded a campus-events calendar, features mer Ledecky Undergraduate Fellow at the Randolph C. Lindel ’66, Lars Peter on aspects of New England life, and a review magazine and, this past year, a full-time col- Knoth Madsen, John P. Reardon Jr. ’60 of a local restaurant. (In both incarnations, league. She has contributed important fea- the contents serve those who live in or visit ture articles on the sciences (with others BOARD OF INCORPORATORS the area often; those farther flung around still in the pipeline), and a great variety of This magazine, at first called the Harvard Bulletin, was the globe can access the regional coverage vivid news reports online and in John Har- founded in 1898. Its Board of Incorporators was char- readily online.) vard’s Journal. Katherine leaves, as planned, tered in 1924 and remains active in the magazine’s 2 governance. The membership is as follows: Stephen Harvard intends to o&er much of the pre- for the genome-sciences doctoral program J. Bailey, AMP ’94; Je&rey S. Behrens ’89, William I. vious content—and more. We will look beat the University of Washington. She goes Bennett ’62, M.D. ’69; John T. Bethell ’54; Peter K. Bol; Fox Butterfield ’61, A.M. ’64; Sewell Chan ’98; Jona- yond the University to include other arts with our warm best wishes—and our hope than S. Cohn ’91; Philip M. Cronin ’53, J.D. ’56; John and cultural events in the calendar listings, that she will continue to combine her inter- de Cuevas ’52; James F. Dwinell III ’62; Anne Fadi- man ’74; Benjamin M. Friedman ’66, Ph.D. ’71; Rob- and feature the cultural, historic, and natu- ests and skills, in writing and in science, in ert H. Giles, NF ’66; Richard H. Gilman, M.B.A. ’83; ral amenities that have increasingly attract- the years ahead. Owen Gingerich, Ph.D. ’62; Adam K. Goodheart ’92; Philip C. Haughey ’57; Brian R. Hecht ’92; Sarah Blaf- ed residents and visitors—for good reason. We also welcome our first Daniel Steiner fer Hrdy ’68, Ph.D. ’75; Ellen Hume ’68; Alex S. Jones, Harvard faculty and sta& members, stu- Undergraduate Editorial Fellow, Francesca NF ’82; Bill Kovach, NF ’89; Florence Ladd, BI ’72; dents, and magazine colleagues will share Annicchiarico ’16, a Dunster House resi- Jennifer 8 Lee ’99; Scott Malkin ’80, J.D.-M.B.A. ’83; Margaret H. Marshall, Ed.M. ’69, Ed ’77, L ’78; Lisa L. their favorite ideas—as will local alumni. dent and social studies concentrator from Martin, Ph.D. ’90; David McClintick ’62; Winthrop And we will broaden our coverage of din- Portogruaro, Italy. She began reporting in L. McCormack ’67; M. Lee Pelton, Ph.D. ’84; John P. Reardon Jr. ’60; Christopher Reed; Harriet Ritvo ’68, ing options to encompass the people, places, mid May, as the spring semester ended, and Ph.D. ’75; Henry Rosovsky, JF ’57, Ph.D. ’59, LL.D. ’98; and products that contribute to the region’s will serve readers into mid summer. We’re Barbara Rudolph ’77; Robert N. Shapiro ’72, J.D. ’78; Theda Skocpol, Ph.D. ’75; Peter A. Spiers ’76; Scott culinary scene. lucky to have her. H. Stossel ’91; Sherry Turkle ’69, Ph.D. ’76; Robert H. 2 Harvard will also have a new and more !,-!# %. .-%'#/'.(, Editor Weiss ’54; Jan Ziolkowski.

2 J+01 - A+(+%* 2014 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 THE VIEW FROM MASS HALL

To Sit at the Welcome Table

".2".3 )%, at nearly 400 years old, still a work in progress. It endures because it changes. In its most recent century, one of the ways it has changed most dramati- cally is its ever wider inclusion of students and faculty Hfrom groups who were for many years not seen as an accepted part of its community. The outreach to students of limited financial resources began with President Conant’s program of national scholarships in 1934 and has become, through our financial aid initiatives, a commitment to a&ordability that now means one in five of our undergraduates are from families with incomes below $65,000 per year. Once a place where Booker T. Washington observed that he felt like “a huckleberry in a bowl of milk,” Harvard today is committed to building and supporting a student body of broad ethnic and racial diversity. Our incoming undergraduate class includes more African American and Latino students than ever before, 10.7 and 11 percent of the class respectively. For women, as for minorities and low income students, things at the university have changed significantly. When I arrived here as Dean of the Radcli&e Institute in 2001 and immersed myself in the history of women at Harvard, I learned that I would not have been permitted to enter the undergraduate library until it opened to women in 1967, the fall of what would have been my senior year. place in a community that depends on openness and trust as an That year, there was one tenured woman in the Arts and Sciences essential element of its very purpose. We must and will do better faculty. in committing ourselves to battling sexual assault and supporting Harvard has changed, but not enough. Today only about a quarter its survivors. of the tenured faculty is female, and just one in ten of the faculty are In 1925, Langston Hughes published a poem entitled “I, Too” that Black, Latino, or mixed race. While these numbers suggest prog- served as inspiration for our talented undergraduates, as it has for ress, they also underscore that we have a considerable way to go. so many individuals over the past nine decades. Relegated to eat We can and must do better. What’s more, such statistics only tell in the kitchen, Hughes proclaims “Tomorrow,/I’ll be at the table.” us about access; they don’t address the issue of inclusion: of how 2014 is well beyond tomorrow. It is time for Harvard to ensure the individuals who join our community regard their experience here. fundamental justice that guarantees every member of this com- Just as we endeavor to attract the very most talented individuals, munity an honored seat at the welcome table. Every group that so we must provide an environment that fully nurtures those tal- makes up this richly diverse institution must feel confident in af- ents. This spring, a number of events have underscored the work firming, “We, Too, are Harvard.” We are at once many Harvards, that remains before us. one Harvard. That is our strength. A theatre piece entitled “I, Too, am Harvard,” written and performed by a group of African-American students in the College, Sincerely, powerfully highlighted issues of marginalization and exclusion. It has sparked campaigns to address these concerns, here and at other universities. Its creators have reminded us that America is far from a post-racial society and that our national heritage and history of racial injustice persists. An intensifying national focus on issues of sexual assault on college campuses has heightened our attention to the challenges sexual assault poses to the very foundations of inclusion and belonging: the fundamental safety and well-being of members of our community. Students have recounted experiences that have absolutely no

H".2".3 M"("4)#' 3 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746

LETTERS is another example of selling non-remedies tals is important, as is reducing unnecessary to an uninformed and gullible public. Bac- antibiotic use in people and animals, and so teria adapt: what doesn’t kill them makes is research on new antibiotics. But leading them stronger. hospitals have shown that it is possible to E. J"5'% L)'/'.5"#, M.P.H. 963. markedly reduce the risk of healthcare-asso- PUBLISHER: Irina Kuksin Potomac, Md. ciated infections in hospitals—in some cas- DIRECTOR OF CIRCULATION AND es essentially to zero—through assiduous FUNDRAISING: Felecia Carter K"*!'.)#' :+'9% article is a wake-up call attention to the details of patient care, and DONOR RELATIONS AND STEWARDSHIP for urgent action to protect antibiotics. The many other hospitals are making remarkable MANAGER: Allison Kern author is right to note that the Food and progress by following their lead. Hospital- Drug Administration’s (FDA) voluntary acquired infections due to sensitive strains DIRECTOR OF ADVERTISING: plan for countering routine livestock use of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spe- Robert D. Fitta of antibiotics is but a small step in light of cies are no picnic either. We should be doing NEW ENGLAND ADVERTISING MANAGER: the maturing scientiﬁc consensus that the everything we can to eliminate infections Abby Shepard widespread overuse of antibiotics on in- like central-line-associated bloodstream in- CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING MANAGER: dustrial farms contributes to the spread of fections, catheter-associated urinary-tract Gretchen Bostrom antibiotic-resistant bacteria. infections, and surgical-wound infections, The FDA’s plan to promote “judicious” without regard to antibiotic resistance; the DESIGNER AND INTEGRATED MARKETING 5"#"('.: Jennifer Beaumont use of antibiotics by the livestock industry, problem of antibiotic-resistant infections adopted late last year, relies on voluntary in healthcare settings will then become al- PRODUCTION AND NEW MEDIA compliance by the pharmaceutical indus- most invisible. MANAGER: Mark Felton try and ignores the biggest use of these R)6!".3 S. H-7$)#% 968, M.D., M.S.P.H. ASSOCIATE WEB DEVELOPER: drugs: to compensate for crowded, unsani- Tallahassee Jeffrey Hudecek tary, and stressful feedlot conditions. Let- ting industry police itself won’t work. We I <"% 70'"%'3 to see the article on antibi- GIFT PROCESSOR AND OFFICE MANAGER: don’t give our kids antibiotics to prevent otic resistance. However, its explanation for Robert Bonotto disease because we don’t keep them in why most “large pharmaceutical companies squalor; we should not risk these “miracle have abandoned antibiotic research and dis- IVY LEAGUE MAGAZINE NETWORK drugs” so that livestock can be kept more covery” described the industry’s symptoms DIRECTOR, SALES AND MARKETING: cheaply. but failed to diagnose the nature of its disease. Ross Garnick, www.ivymags.com Today, 80 percent of the antibiotics in The FDA makes approvals of antibiotics the U.S. are sold for use by farm animals more di=cult than for other drugs, which EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICE rather than people. We can’t stop the cri- has predictably left the world with a pal- 7 Ware Street sis of antibiotic resistance unless the live- try antibiotic pipeline. For antibiotics, the Cambridge, Mass. 02138-4037 stock industry is part of the solution. FDA FDA has historically sti&ened its already can move to require stricter controls now. stringent “safe and e&ective” test by lay- Tel. 617-495-5746; fax: 617-495-0324 P'*'. L'!#'. 980 ering on demanding comparative tests. It Website: www.harvardmagazine.com Executive Director, Natural Resources has also historically refused to allow clini- E-mail: [email protected] Defense Council cal tests by pathogen and required spon-

New York City sors to prove e=cacy in each of dozens @harvardmagazine of organs. These and other policies have facebook.com/harvardmagazine T!"#$% ;-. 7+/0)%!)#( “Superbug,” but brought us to the brink of an agency- there is one important perspective missing. wrought public-health nightmare. No one will ever get an antibiotic-resistant Current FDA commissioner Marga- Harvard Magazine is supported by reader contributions infection in the hospital if they don’t get an ret Hamburg ’77, G ’78, M.D. ’83, deserves and subscriptions, advertising revenue, and a subven- infection in the hospital in the ﬁrst place. credit for moving the agency away from tion from Harvard University. Its editorial content is Yes, better antibiotic stewardship in hospi- some of its worst policies, but time will the responsibility of the editors. S+/%6.)7*)-# -.3'.% tell whether she forced enough change fast "#3 6+%*-5'. %'.2)6' )#8+).)'% should be sent to the Circulation Department, Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware SPEAK UP, PLEASE enough to save the millions of lives at risk. Street, Cambridge, Mass. 02138-4037, or call 617-495- Harvard Magazine welcomes letters M)6!"'0 J. A%*.+', J.D. 983 5746 or 800-648-4499, or e-mail addresschanges@har- on its contents. Please write to “Let- Belmont, Mass. vard.edu. Single copies $4.95, plus $2.50 for postage and ters,” Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware Street, The author was general counsel of the U.S. Depart- handling. M"#+%6.)7* %+/5)%%)-#% are welcome, but we Cambridge 02138, send comments by e- ment of Health and Human Services (1989-1992) cannot assume responsibility for safekeeping. Include stamped, self-addressed envelope for manuscript re- mail to your turn@har vard.edu, use our and chair of the Massachusetts Biotechnology turn. Persons wishing to reprint any portion of Harvard website, www.harvard maga zine. com, Council (2000-2002). Magazine’s contents are required to write in advance for or fax us at 617-495-0324. Letters may permission. Address inquiries to Irina Kuk- be edited to ﬁt the available space. I <"% especially glad to see that the article sin, publisher, at the address given above. emphasized the importance of rapid diag- Copyright © 2014 Harvard Magazine Inc.

4 J+01 - A+(+%* 2014 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 140707_eHarmony_Harvard.indd 1 5/27/14 11:42 AM LETTERS nostics. However, this discussion was fo- lege in Minnesota), the number of history University’s ability to teach the skills “that cused on developing rapid diagnostics for majors is growing steadily and approach- remain exceedingly important to being a use in hospital settings. Given that most ing its all-time high. The classics, reli- citizen and an educated person.” antibiotic over-prescribing occurs in region, and English are in fine shape as well. This alarm is rather ironic since Harvard sponse to common ailments presented in Maybe we, and other schools like us, know and other “elite” universities have for de- outpatient clinical settings, I think deploy- something that Harvard doesn’t. But, as cades systematically eliminated required ing rapid diagnostics in primary-care prac- usual, our experience and insights aren’t undergraduate general-education courses tices would be even more important. sought. Instead, Harvard comes up with in the humanities. It should also hardly I am always struck by how quickly its own plan, which leads to my second come as a surprise that persistent attacks primary-care doctors prescribe antibi- observation. on Western ideas and institutions, the otics when it is not at all clear, in fact is According to the article, the authors to allure of race, class, gender, and critical perhaps unlikely, that a bacterium is the be read in the new humanities colloquium theory in the classroom, and the politically cause of the ailment at hand. Why not consist entirely of white males from West- correct hostility to dissent and the free stop and run a test, especially since the ill- ern cultures. Is this the 1960s? Maybe Har- expression of ideas have undermined the ness is not life-threatening (as it can be in vard’s enrollment problem is related to its “relevance” of the humanities for college the hospital setting)? I suspect the cost of taking an approach that today’s students students. The claim that Harvard is do- lab work is the cause. How short-sighted, reject. In high school, they are increasingly ing “an enormously courageous thing” by given that the cost of increasing antibiotic taught world history and world literature. rediscovering the primacy of the humani- resistance seems far more significant and They come to college eager to study other ties in undergraduate education is too self- far-reaching. There is something wrong cultures and other peoples. When they serving and self-congratulatory by half. with the incentives in our healthcare sys- study U.S. history, it’s not their grandpar- But, better late than never. tem. The availability of rapid diagnostics ents’ curriculum. The research conducted S!'03-# M. S*'.#, P!.D. 970 could help. I understand that rapid diag- by Stanford’s Sam Wineburg shows that Newton, Mass. nostics already exist in outpatient clinical high-school students name non-whites settings in Europe. Why not here? Perhaps such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa HOOP HUMOR scientists at the Harvard-wide Program on Parks as the greatest Americans, which he M1 /.-*!'. "#3 ), both Harvard grads, Antibiotic Resistance can learn from their connects to the way they are taught U.S. were amused to see our father, E.C.K. Read colleagues in Europe. history in school. ’40, highlighted in the most recent Yester- J'"# M. M+.7!1, M.P.P. 986 Don’t get me wrong. I teach medie- day’s News (May-June, page 23). His ex- Arlington, Mass. val and early modern European history. ploits as Harvard Lampoon editor and win- Shakespeare and Luther are among the ner of the Wellesley Hoop Race are part T!)% ".*)60' on “superbugs” may have ac- writers I believe every college student of the family lore. Ned was also featured cidentally stumbled across the answer to should read. But if we tried to build our that year in Life Maga- America’s great question of the era: why are curriculum entirely around U.S. and Euro- zine and, much to his we all getting so fat? In discussing the use of pean history and assigned only white male own amusement before Visit harvardmag. antibiotics in livestock farming, the author authors, we would be losing majors, too. he died, was invited to com/extras to read points out that “for reasons still poorly un- Asian history is the most popular special- address the Wellesley the letters triggered by Read’s dream letter. derstood, small amounts of antibiotics regu- ization in our history major, and has been class of ’39 at its fiftieth larly mixed into feed make young animals for a few years. Courses on gender history reunion. Separately, his [1973] Letter to the gain weight up to 8 percent more quickly….” and queer history fill every time they are Editor [of this publication] about postgrad- What about small amounts of antibiotics o&ered. Our students love medieval Euro- uate nightmares of being late for an exam, regularly mixed into meat consumed by hu- pean history, too. But it is the diversity of without his pants or #2 pencils, triggered a mans? This needs further research. o&erings and of the voices they read and firestorm of corroborative responses. M".)"# H'#.)8+'4 N'+3'0 963 hear in our classes that keeps them coming His classmate, Jack Kennedy, may have Chicago back for more, and draws them to major. been better known, if less “notorious.” So, Harvard humanities faculty, how J-!# C. R'"3 969, M.B.A. 971 HUMANITIES HUBRIS? about not looking down your noses at al- Briarcli! Manor, N.Y. W!)0' )* )% .'"%%+.)#( to learn that fac- ums in fly-over country, and see what you ulty members in the humanities are trying to can learn from us? COLLEGIATE PROLIXITY arrest and reverse the decline in their num- E.)6 J. C".0%-#, P!.D. 987 N-"! 7)%#'.9% “Word-upmanship” (The ber of majors, two things occur to me upon Professor and chair of history, Undergraduate, May-June, page 30) is truly reading “Toward Cultural Citizenship” (May- Gustavus Adolphus College a delight. June, page 35). St Peter, Minn. But really, he should be more precise. If First, why weren’t those same faculty lexiphane means “someone who shows o& members contacting alumni who teach I* )% '#6-+."()#( to learn that Harvard by using big words,” then his substitutes in the humanities at schools where there professors are concerned about the sharp miss out: prolix has something to do with is no similar decline? For example, at my decline in student majors in the humani- Latin “pouring out,” hence “windy,” but own institution (a private liberal-arts col- ties and the corresponding impact on the not “showing (please turn to page 86)

6 J+01 - A+(+%* 2014 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Right Now The expanding Harvard universe

IN THE DNA CAVE person, you have a personal map that shows where the little bits of Neanderthal ancestry are,” Reich explains. “Each person’s map is Human-Family Reunions quite di%erent…You might have Neander- thal ancestry at your beta-globin gene, and I might not, or vice versa.” ! "#$ trained interpreter, the hu- ern humans interbred with Neanderthals. In Europeans and East Asians, these man genome is a record of the hu- In fact, pieces of Neanderthal DNA live pieces summed to an average of about 2 man past. Ancient environments on today, in people of European and East percent of the genome. But the areas of Ne- T leave their imprint through natu- Asian heritage. anderthal ancestry were not randomly dis- ral selection; meanwhile, patterns of genetic In a paper published in Nature this Janu- tributed; in some regions of the genome, similarity among di%erent individuals hint ary, Reich’s lab identiﬁed the lingering in fact, nearly two-thirds of Eurasians at aspects of their shared history, ranging traces of this genetic mixture by comparing showed Neanderthal descent. Natural se- from family relationships to mass migra- the genome of a Neanderthal with those of lection seems to have favored the associ- tions that happened thousands of years ago. about 1,000 present-day humans. “In each ated genes, which disproportionately af- With the advent of powerful new sequencing technology, genomes past and present are shedding new light on early human history. “Genetics tells you about the movements and relationships of people,” says David Reich, professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School. “These were dark spots, black spots, unknowns for a lot of archaeology.” The past that has come to light is more complex than researchers had suspected. In 2010, as part of the e%ort to sequence the Neander- thal genome, Reich and colleagues came to a surprising conclusion: sometime in the distant past, not long after moving out of Africa, mod- The ancestors of modern humans interbred with other early hominids, including Neanderthals. VALERIA PETRONE

Photograph by Tomislav Veic´ /Courtesy of the Krapina Neanderthal Museum, Croatia H&'(&') M&*&+,-$ 7 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 RIGHT N OW

(the sex chromosome named the Denisovans. The Denisovans, that is shared by males too, once interbred with the forebears of and females) in particu- modern humans—Polynesians and Ab- lar, Neanderthal DNA original Australians show evidence of was one-fifth as com- Denisovan ancestry—and Reich’s team mon as elsewhere—a now suspects that Neanderthals interbred well-established sign of with Denisovans as well. More genome the barriers to hybridiza- sequences, both ancient and modern, are tion that develop as two needed to understand all the hypothesized species diverge. Even so, admixtures, but the familiar human evo- the similarities necessary lutionary tree already seems more tangled for genetic mixture than previously thought. to have occurred Genetic evidence has its limits. It is dif- remained: “Ne- ficult or impossible, Reich says, to detect Early modern anderthals and migrations of closely related people us- humans likely encountered modern hu- ing genomic techniques. For instance, Neanderthals and mans are closer the powerful techniques that identified Denisovans after to each other pieces of Neanderthal DNA have not been migrating from Africa approximately than might have used successfully to detect a genomic 50,000 years ago. been thought be- signature from the barbarian invasion of fore,” Reich em- Rome, despite its occurring much nearer fect skin and phasizes. “They met, the present—though Reich thinks that hair, and Reich’s team hypothesize that they interbred…they pro- more careful study, combined with addi- they helped modern humans adapt to their duced o%spring, and those o%spring were tional samples of ancient DNA, may shed new, non-African environments. raised by one or both parents and contrib- light on this and other events in human Other details about the interbreeding uted to the modern human gene pool.” history. “Genomics tells you something have surfaced as well. Nothing in the ar- More broadly, Reich has found that that’s quite complementary to archaeol- chaeological record so far suggests when species boundaries among early hominid ogy,” says Reich. “It’s another very rich or where humans and Neanderthals met, groups were by no means fixed boundar- source of information about the past.” but using genetic evidence, Reich esti- ies. In 2010, the genome sequencing of an !.&"#$',-$ /0$ mates that their last encounters occurred ancient finger bone from a Siberian cave 47,000 to 65,000 years ago. Likewise, he identified an entirely new hominid group, )&(,) '$,1# 2$34,"$: and colleagues found that humans today distinct from both humans and Nean- http://genetics.med.harvard.edu/ are most closely related to a Neanderthal derthals, which Reich and collaborators reich/Reich_Lab/Welcome.html individual whose remains were found in the Caucasus Mountains, even though Ne- anderthals were known to have lived pri- GOLIATH FALLEN marily in Europe. Nevertheless, many aspects of the interbreeding remain in the dark. “We don’t re- A Hemlock Farewell ally know how many matings there were,” says Reich. “We don’t know if it was Ne- anderthal males and modern human fe- #$ )&'. but delicate beauty of nearly 60 years, Foster says, and at last, the males, or the reverse, or equal numbers of hemlocks has inspired writers for hemlock population has reached a critical both.” Nor is it clear why the interbreed- centuries—Henry David Thoreau, point. There’s nothing science can do to ing occurred—whether it was consensual, T Emily Dickinson, Ernest Heming- stop it. The adelgid “basically sucks the or influenced by factors like warfare or a way, and Robert Frost among them. David sap out of the tree and deprives the tree need for mates at a time when modern hu- R. Foster, senior lecturer on biology and of nutrients and sugar for energy—that’s mans were likely outnumbered. director of the Harvard Forest, recently why it’s a slow process,” he explains. “It’s The evidence does show, he says, that joined that list with the publication of his not something that comes in and eats all “when modern humans and Neanderthals new book, Hemlock: A Forest Giant on the Edge the needles and just kills the tree out- met and mixed, they were already at the (Yale). His message is melancholy: within right—it takes a while because it’s basi- edge of biological incompatibility.” The the next 10 years, hemlocks in forests across cally competing with the tree for the tree’s recent study located genomic “deserts” the United States are projected to die o% own resources.” where Neanderthal DNA was rare, sug- completely. It seems ironic that these massive trees gesting that natural selection may have A tiny insect, the woolly adelgid, which could be laid low by something so small. purged Neanderthal gene variants harm- originated in Asia, is killing these giant Hemlocks can grow more than 150 feet ful for humans. On the X chromosome evergreens. It’s slowly been doing so for tall, with large canopies that shade forests

MAP SOURCE: LEARNING ABOUT HUMAN POPULATION HISTORY FROM ANCIENT AND MODERN GENOMES, 8 J056 - A0*04" 2014 BY MARK STONEKING AND JOHANNES KRAUSE, AS PUBLISHED IN NATURE REVIEWS, 2011 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 RIGHT N OW

and streams. The woolly adelgid measures Below: Harvard Forest director Al Cline stands next to a fallen just three millimeters long. hemlock, 1938. Right: Eastern In A Forest Giant, Foster and his coau- hemlocks at Harvard Forest’s Slab thors (eight Harvard Forest researchers) City wildland reflect in essays on the eastern hemlock’s unique value to human culture, ecosys- a unique role, so its loss has a major tems, and scientific research. They also impact on the way the whole eco- document the tree’s demise, turning the system operates.” tragedy into a major scientific study. “This Although Foster says the loss of is a fundamental research question in all trees from insects or disease, es- of science: what’s the role, what’s the im- pecially in conditions of climate portance, of an individual species?” Foster change, is a natural part of many points out. “Since the hemlock is such an ecosystems, scientists can learn a unusual species, we expect, and the re- great deal from “foundation spe- sults certainly seem to show, that it plays cies” like hemlocks that influence all the surrounding species in their ecosystem, shaping and control- ling conditions from the bottom up. In this case, the hemlock has an extraordinary capacity to absorb sunlight: in a thick hemlock for- S est, only about 1 percent of sunlight TER S reaches the ground. The deep shade T ARCHIVET DAVIDFO

S the hemlock creates “is tolerated by few other plant species and creates that is advantageous to some [species]— cool, damp conditions,” Foster explains. salamanders, brook trout in cool streams,

HARVARD FORE HARVARD “Thus hemlock creates an environment a handful of other plants, including young PHOTO: JULIETTE LYNCH PHOTO: JULIETTE

SENIOR GIFT CO-CHAIRS FROM THE CLASS OF 2014 SHARE A SLICE OF THEIR HARVARD EXPERIENCE. (FROM LEFT) FRONT ROW: ARLEEN CHIEN, PREETHA HEBBAR, KAVYA SHANKAR; BACK ROW: TERAH LYONS, JOSHUA ZHANG

H&'(&') M&*&+,-$ 9 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 RIGHT N OW hemlocks—and that is quite distinct from of climate change and the outbreak of creasingly big part of that of other forests.” some type of insect or pathogen, Foster the landscape. When ALUMNI SHOW GRATITUDE Hemlocks have had an unusual his- says. The trees then recovered—but not, I arrived at Harvard Visit www.harvardmag. com/extras to view tory—in the eastern United States they measured in geological time, for long. in 1983, there was this several videos on the became abundant after the glaciers melted “They were really hit at the time of Euro- long history of study- decline of the hemlock. THROUGH ANNUAL SUPPORT and forests recovered, about 10,000 years pean settlement by deforestation, farming hemlock because ago. The species was prevalent until about ing, and so on,” he continues. In modern of its important role, so I simply picked 5,000 years ago, when it essentially disap- times, they staged another comeback and that up as a very compelling tree and as a Clare Putnam Pozos ’04 followed a well- peared, most likely due to a combination were “actually poised to become an in- very compelling subject for study. The Ar- traveled path to Harvard College, while her nold Arboretum had a beautiful old forest husband, Tony Pozos ’04, blazed a new Crimson of hemlock, called Hemlock Hill, and we trail in his family. They’re both grateful to started studying that about 10 years ago.” Harvard for shaping their futures, and they’ve Meanwhile, the woolly adelgid had arrived in the Southeast in the 1950s. It began demonstrated their appreciation through spreading north in the mid 1970s, arriving in annual gifts to the Harvard College Fund. New England in the early 1980s, according Due to this loyal commitment, the Pozos are to Peter Del Tredici, senior research scientist at the Arboretum, where adelgids have among the more than 19,000 members of already killed hundreds of trees on Hemlock the 1636 Society, which recognizes donors Hill. The insect is now present through an who give to Harvard every year, beginning entire range of hemlocks, from North Caro- with ﬁ ve consecutive annual gifts (three for Diego Depetris ’09 (left, with girlfriend Jena Mills ’11) and Tony Pozos ’04 and Clare Putnam Pozos ’04 lina to southern Vermont, southern New recent graduates). (right) are members of the 1636 Society because of their loyal support of Harvard year after year. Hampshire, and southern Maine. Foster and other Harvard research- “Harvard helped us become the people we are ers expect to spend the next few decades today, and we feel it’s important to show our

EE “ HARVARD WAS AN INCREDIBLE EXPERIENCE OF L Hemlock woolly adelgids on an eastern support by contributing every year,” Clare says. AVID

D hemlock branch PERSONAL AND INTELLECTUAL GROWTH.” Clare’s parents, grandfather, and great-grand- —DIEGO DEPETRIS ’09 father went to Harvard (Classes of 1973, 1940, and 1918), and she is thankful she followed the advice her father imparted her freshman native. “Harvard’s commitment to making the Depetris, an Adams House resident, was on a year. “He encouraged me not to get stuck in University accessible is very important to us.” path to medical school, but his Harvard expe- the library every weekend because the people An Eliot House resident, Tony was a history riences in the classroom and beyond shifted I would meet at Harvard would be some of the concentrator specializing in international rela- his thinking, and he wound up concentrating most important people in my life,” she says. tions. Among his pivotal experiences as an in history and heading for the business world. Clare lived in Quincy House and was involved undergraduate: conducting independent Depetris held several positions after gradua- with the Hasty Pudding Theatricals, the research with Akira Iriye, Charles Warren tion before joining Frog, a product strategy Crimson Key Society, and The Seneca, a net- Research Professor of American History and design ﬁ rm in San Francisco. He plans to working group for undergraduate women. A emeritus, and spending a summer in Madrid attend business school in the fall. history concentrator focused on 20th-century developing his thesis on Franco. Tony believes Depetris, also a member of the 1636 American history, she met Tony in a tutorial these pursuits helped prepare him for a law Society, relishes receiving thank you notes section junior year. She went on to law school career and his current work investigating inter- from undergraduates who beneﬁ t from

PHOTO: Diego Depetris ’09, who was born in Argentina ﬁ nancial aid package and supported me all Harvard students.” and grew up on Long Island, New York, the four years,” says the Santa Cruz, California, son of a tile worker and a house cleaner.

WEDDING CELEBRATIONS • CORPORATE EVENTS • SOCIAL GATHERINGS

Harvard Square . Cambridge, MA . 800.882.1818 . www.charleshotel.com

10 J056 - A0*04" 2014 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746

140729_AAD_full.indd 1 6/3/14 9:37 AM ALUMNI SHOW GRATITUDE THROUGH ANNUAL SUPPORT

Clare Putnam Pozos ’04 followed a well- traveled path to Harvard College, while her husband, Tony Pozos ’04, blazed a new Crimson trail in his family. They’re both grateful to Harvard for shaping their futures, and they’ve demonstrated their appreciation through annual gifts to the Harvard College Fund. Due to this loyal commitment, the Pozos are among the more than 19,000 members of the 1636 Society, which recognizes donors who give to Harvard every year, beginning with fi ve consecutive annual gifts (three for Diego Depetris ’09 (left, with girlfriend Jena Mills ’11) and Tony Pozos ’04 and Clare Putnam Pozos ’04 recent graduates). (right) are members of the 1636 Society because of their loyal support of Harvard year after year. “Harvard helped us become the people we are today, and we feel it’s important to show our “ HARVARD WAS AN INCREDIBLE EXPERIENCE OF support by contributing every year,” Clare says. PERSONAL AND INTELLECTUAL GROWTH.” Clare’s parents, grandfather, and great-grand- —DIEGO DEPETRIS ’09 father went to Harvard (Classes of 1973, 1940, and 1918), and she is thankful she followed the advice her father imparted her freshman native. “Harvard’s commitment to making the Depetris, an Adams House resident, was on a year. “He encouraged me not to get stuck in University accessible is very important to us.” path to medical school, but his Harvard expe- the library every weekend because the people An Eliot House resident, Tony was a history riences in the classroom and beyond shifted I would meet at Harvard would be some of the concentrator specializing in international rela- his thinking, and he wound up concentrating most important people in my life,” she says. tions. Among his pivotal experiences as an in history and heading for the business world. Clare lived in Quincy House and was involved undergraduate: conducting independent Depetris held several positions after gradua- with the Hasty Pudding Theatricals, the research with Akira Iriye, Charles Warren tion before joining Frog, a product strategy Crimson Key Society, and The Seneca, a net- Research Professor of American History and design fi rm in San Francisco. He plans to working group for undergraduate women. A emeritus, and spending a summer in Madrid attend business school in the fall. history concentrator focused on 20th-century developing his thesis on Franco. Tony believes Depetris, also a member of the 1636 American history, she met Tony in a tutorial these pursuits helped prepare him for a law Society, relishes receiving thank you notes section junior year. She went on to law school career and his current work investigating inter- from undergraduates who benefi t from

PHOTOS: COURTESY OF DIEGO DEPETRIS AND CLARE AND TONY POZOS TONY AND CLARE AND DEPETRIS DIEGO OF COURTESY PHOTOS: and is now an assistant U.S. attorney in national fraud cases. his scholarship support. “I feel we should Washington, D.C.—along with being mom to keep that chain going,” Depetris refl ects. “I PAYING IT FORWARD infant daughter Caroline. don’t think I can ever pay it back, but I hope Coming to Harvard—a journey made possible Tony, meanwhile, came from a family with to pay it forward and provide that same kind by fi nancial aid—was also life altering for limited resources. “Harvard gave me the best of opportunity to future generations of Diego Depetris ’09, who was born in Argentina fi nancial aid package and supported me all Harvard students.” and grew up on Long Island, New York, the four years,” says the Santa Cruz, California, son of a tile worker and a house cleaner.

140729_AAD_full.indd 1 6/3/14 9:37 AM RIGHT N OW studying the ripple e%ects of the hemlocks’ die: individual specimens can be sprayed insights that can aid society as we grapple deaths, including possible changes in the with an agent that will kill the insect, keep- with the many tumultuous changes that oc- planet’s carbon-dioxide levels. “This is a ing the tree alive. But there’s no way to pro- cur in nature and our land.” !5&0'& 5$(,4 study that will go on for probably the next vide such protection to hemlocks in the 20 years, before hemlocks completely die wild—their end is assured. “We recognize )&(,) 9!4"$' $-7&,5: out in forest settings. Then it’ll be a hun- that many practical as well as philosophical [email protected] dred years before the forests fully recover” questions arise from our exploration of this )&(,) 9!4"$' 2$34,"$: from the loss of the species, he says. great eastern conifer,” Foster writes in A For- http://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/ As a species, at least, the hemlock will not est Giant. “Hemlock’s dilemma may provide hemlock

T R UE BLUE Crafting Color

7!-* -&"0'&5 !38$1"4, blue is sorb certain wavelengths perhaps the rarest color. Chloro- of light, corresponding to phyll in plants creates their famil- particular colors, while A iar green—giving way, in some reflecting others; chloro- species, to carotenoid and anthocyanin pig- phyll, for instance, reflects ments that create the brilliant purples, reds, green. By contrast, some oranges, and yellows of fall. Cave paintings colors—and frequently from prehistoric times show browns and blue—are structural: when ACHELSARAI reds—earth colors derived from minerals light reaches the narrow R in soil—but no blue. Indigo and lapis lazuli grooves of a compact disc or the micro- lated air, some wavelengths of light cancel later broadened the palette, but their color scopic ridges of a peacock’s tail feather, each other out, while others reinforce one remains uncommon in living things. it bounces and scatters. Wavelengths of another to create the color blue. When blue does appear—in a blue jay’s light that match the nanoscale distance In the engineers’ formulation, micro- feathers, for instance, or a morpho but- between ridges are amplified, while other scopic flecks of color function like feath- terfly’s wing—it is often created through wavelengths cancel out. The materials lack ers in miniature. Each is a tiny, water-filled unusual means. Most colors in nature are hue of their own without their particular microcapsule containing a suspension chemical in origin. Pigment molecules ab- structure. Grind them up, and their color of even tinier particles of plastic, which disappears. bounce light like the cotinga feathers’ air- Inspired by the bright blue feathers of the cotinga (above), Harvard researchers are A team of researchers led by Vinothan filled pores. What’s more, the capsules developing structural colors that mimic N. Manoharan, McKay professor of chemi- shrink as they dry, packing the plastic its vivid hue (below). Each !eck of color is cal engineering and professor of physics, particles inside more densely, thus chang- a microcapsule (middle) "lled with nanoscale plastic particles (right) that is working to create structural colors in ing the color produced—until a dose of ul- scatter light of a particular wavelength. the lab. Their inspiration comes in part traviolet light cures the capsules, freezing The capsules shrink as they dry, changing from research on the cotinga, a tropical their hue. In this way, chemically identical the density of bird whose bright blue color comes from materials can yield a spectrum of color, the particles within and, sponge-like pockets of air in its feathers’ from red to green to blue. therefore, the coating of keratin, the protein that makes Manoharan and his colleagues are now color produced up hair and fingernails. As light travels working to intensify the colors produced; (bottom). through this maze of keratin and encapsu- red, in particular, needs work. They hope their structurally colored materials may one day function in screens and displays, as well as in nontoxic paints and cosmetics. For paints especially, structural color has another advantage: light absorbed by traditional pigments triggers chemical reactions that cause them to fade over time. For structural colors, which could potentially endure, the future is bright. !.&"#$',-$ /0$

(,-!"#&- -. 7&-!#&'&- 2$34,"$: http://manoharan.seas. harvard.edu

12 J056 - A0*04" 2014 Images courtesy of Jin-Gyu Park Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Harvard2 Cambridge, Boston, and beyond

1 2 B Extracurriculars Events on and o! campus through the summer

1 2 F Funkin’ It Up New Orleans-style street jazz comes to Cambridge

1 2 H Lives in Art Americana in situ at Cogswell’s Grant

1 2 M Food Fiesta Pupusas, ﬂan, arepas— and more—in East Boston

12L Retreat and Recreate: Peddocks Island Hike, bike, boat, and camp at this Boston Harbor Island 1 2 N Nepal in Pictures An evolution on display at Harvard’s Asia Center JUSTIN KNIGHT/BOSTON HARBOR ISLANDS ALLIANCE

H!"#!"$ M!%!&'() 12! Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 HARVARD SQUARED ISTORY H ATURAL N

F USEUM O USEUM M ARVARD ARVARD H RTS; AND AND RTS; A FINE F USEUM O USEUM M activities. (Tuesdays in Cambridge and Fri- days in Allston through October) THNOLOGY; THNOLOGY;

Extracurriculars E Events on and off campus during July and August Bastille Day www.harvardsquare.com SEAS ONAL Services, this outdoor market offers local Celebrate at this annual Harvard Square RCHAEOLOGY AND AND RCHAEOLOGY A

The Farmers’ Market at Harvard goods—fresh produce, breads and baked party with food from Sandrine’s and other F www.dining.harvard.edu/!p/ag_market. sweets, herbs, seafood, pasta, chocolates, local restaurants, music, and dancing into USEUM O USEUM html jams, and cheeses—along with cooking the night on Holyoke Street. (July 13) M Organized by Harvard University Dining demonstrations, guest chefs, and children’s

THEATER T: PEABODY F

(From left) Detail of a nineteenth-century North American Indian totem pole at the E Peabody Museum; Jamie Wyeth’s Kleberg (1984) at the Museum of Fine Arts; an oaten pipes American Repertory Theater L hydroid from Sea Creatures in Glass at the Harvard Museum of Natural History www.americanrepertorytheater.org FROM

Announcing: Harvard2

Harvard Magazine is excited to launch Harvard2, the newly redesigned regional section for alumni living in New England. It explores local history, architecture, travel destinations, arts and cultural happenings, and the multifaceted culinary scene—and the ways they inspire and enrich daily life in Cambridge, Boston—and beyond.

What’s NEW: new layout; expanded calendar; enhanced culinary-arts section; faculty, staff, and student Harvard picks; New England day trips; and more...

Also available online at: harvardmagazine.com/harvard2

12* J+,- - A+%+./ 2014 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 R R R ond eosinddo ndes idesid m m men en en t t t m m m i i i a a a a a a l l l H H H

YEARS YEARYEARS S

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33 1 33 1 33 1 9 9 1 9 1 1 81 - 20181 -8 210 -1 201

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Delectables at the Harvard Farmers’ Take a leisurely paddle (no current) and Market, in Cambridge learn more about the birds, "sh, and other The world premiere of Finding Neverland, wildlife that inhabit this increasingly clean portraying the relationship between the urban waterway. (Until mid October) Llewelyn Davies family and James Matthew Barrie as he writes Peter Pan, is staged by Sunday Parkland Games ART artistic director Diane Paulus. (July www.thecharles.org/projects-and-programs/ 23-September 28) parklandgames

AC From bocce and badminton to soccer and P REC REATION hula-hooping, adults and children can meet ARLE/H E Charles River Canoe and Kayak at the Weeks Bridge for fun and/or lessons www.paddleboston.com/boston.php co-sponsored by the Charles River Conser- HOMAS HOMAS T vancy. (Sundays through September 28)

EXHIBITIONS & EVENTS Harvard Museums of Science and Culture http://hmsc.harvard.edu/ The HMSC is a consortium of the Collec- tion of Historical Scienti"c Instruments, the Harvard Semitic Museum, the Peabody Mu- seum of Archaeology and Ethnology, and the Harvard Museum of Natural History.

Spotlight Summer ballet program Age 3, youth, teen-adult-pointe Grace–energy–harmony Visit us at:

www.freshpondballet.com ARCHIVE ILM F Or on Facebook at: facebook.com/FreshPondBallet HARVARD Fritz Lang’s science-"ction dystopia Metropolis, "lmed in Germany in 1925, Nina Alonso, Director, FPB will be screened, along with other early 1798a Mass Ave, Cambridge works, such as The Spiders and Dr. Ma- 617.491.5865 buse, the Gambler, and Lang’s later Amer- ican hits Fury and The Big Heat. “Lang is—with Hitchcock and Eisenstein—one of the most in!uential "lmmakers ever, #hyattu HYATT IS BOSTON. HYATT IS home. especially in his pioneering use of mor- Hyatt Regency Cambridge. ally ambiguous protagonists and his fascination with technology and striking vi- Complimentary breakfast for two sual effects,” says David W. Pendleton, the Harvard Film Archive programmer. Discounted alumni rate “His silent "lms, especially Die Nibelun- Use special o!er code “CAMPUS” gen, Metropolis, and Spies, helped establish conventions and expectations…still vis- ible in Hollywood blockbusters today.” Harvard Film Archive cambridge.hyatt.com http://hcl.harvard.edu/hfa July 18 - September 8

12$ J+,- - A+%+./ 2014 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 HARVARD SQUARED

Collection of Historical Scienti!c The Harvard Summer School Chorus Instruments performs a program of “Copland and Foss: http://chsi.harvard.edu/chsi_specex.html Great American Choral Music.” (August 1) Body of Knowledge offers a close look at The Harvard Summer School Orchestra skulls, spines, and other skeletal remains presents its annual concert. (August 2) while explaining the history of anatomical studies and practices. The Institute for Contemporary Art www.icaboston.org THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM Peabody Museum of Archaeology In addition to art exhibits, the ICA hosts F and Ethnology two new summer concert series on the www.peabody.harvard.edu waterfront. The line-up for Wavelengths COURTESY O COURTESY Change and Continuity: Hall of the North includes the radical performance artist Centre Street Gate by Kathy Rubado, on American Indian. Objects produced by the Peaches and the synthetic pop sounds of display at the Arnold Arboretum diverse cultures of indigenous peoples highlight historic interactions with Europeans during a time of profound cultural change.

Harvard Museum of Natural History www.hmnh.harvard.edu Sea Creatures in Glass. Hand-crafted & an entire campus to explore models of jelly"sh, anemones, sea slugs, and Your own home the like by Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka (who also created the museum’s glass !owers) are newly restored and on display.

Museum of Fine Arts www.mfa.org Jamie Wyeth looks at the artist’s approach to realism, his career, and his role in a famous family of creators. The more than 100 works on display include portraits of his wife, Phyllis Wyeth, and of Andy Warhol, L INCOLN’ S N EWEST 62+ COMMUNITY Rudolph Nureyev, and John F. Kennedy. (Opening July 16)

Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum www.gardnermuseum.org Carla Fernández: The Barefoot Design- er: Passion for Radical Design and Com- ith visiting professors, fine dining, clubs, classes, and maintenance- munity. The multifaceted exhibit examines Wfree living, The Commons welcomes you to celebrate lifelong learning the artist’s work to explore, preserve, and integrate the rich heritage of Mexican tex- and luxury living. tiles and indigenous artisans by using “cloth- ing as canvas.” (Through September 1)

M U SIC Harvard Summer Pops Band ModelCall Home 781-728-5721 Tours Daily www.hcs.harvard.edu/~hub/events/sum- merband.shtml The 130-member ensemble performs highlights from the Disney "lm Frozen, the music of Gustav Holst, and other martial and me- lodious works. (July 24 at 4 P.M. in Harvard Yard; July 27 at 3 P.M. at the Hatch Shell in Boston) A Benchmark Signature Living Community One Harvest Circle ' Lincoln, MA 01773 ' 781-728-5721 Sanders Theatre www.TheCommonsInLincoln.com www.boxof"ce.harvard.edu Live wonderfully today. Preserve your tomorrow.

H!"#!"$ M!%!&'() 12) Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 HARVARD SQUARED

Hooray for Earth. (Fridays, July 11-August STAFF PICK: Funkin’ It Up 29) Harborwalk Sounds offers free con- We see more than an certs by Berklee College of Music students, The Grammy Award-winning, New Orleans-based Rebirth Brass Band brings its performing bluegrass, funk, Cuban jazz, and unique blend of heavy funk with a hip-hop edge and horn-blasting street jazz to Cam- more. (Thursdays, July 10- August 28) investment portfolio. bridge this summer. The two shows offer Northeasterners the rare chance to really let go—sing, shout, and dance “second-line” parade-style—without traveling to the N A T URE AND SCIENC E South’s musical wellspring. “Rebirth…is more like a party than a machine,” according The Arnold Arboretum to The New York Times. “It’s a working model of the New Orleans musical ethos: as www.arboretum.harvard.edu long as everybody knows what they’re doing, anyone can cut loose.” Founded in 1983 A magni"cent link in Boston’s Emerald Neck- by high-school friends in the city’s Tremé neighbor- July 26, The Middle East, Cambridge lace, the arboretum is a treasure trove of hood—tuba and sousaphone player Philip Frazier, August 14, The Sinclair, Cambridge native plants, old-growth trees, !owers, rare his brother, bass drummer Keith Frazier, and trum- www.rebirthbrassband.comm specimens, and walking trails. The current peter Kermit Ruf"ns—the group exhibit Arnold Ar- played on the streets of the French boretum in Plein Quarter, reviving that tradition, and Air features paintings soon recorded hits like “Do Watcha by Kathy Rubado and Document1 11/20/03 11:51 AM Page 1 Wanna,” and later played another, Document1 11/20/03 11:51 AM Carol Page Schweigert 1 that “Feel Like Funkin’ It Up,” in the open- capture the land- ing scene of Tremé, the HBO series scapes of this urban

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120 J+,- - A+%+./ 2014 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746

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Lives in Art Early American artifacts help animate history by (),, 56"/)" *"62(

1)- 2)") 3!,,)$ to meals by a ’26, and Nina Fletcher Grand Banks schooner’s foghorn, Little, spent summers and then ate from Sta4ordshire at the farm from 1938 T plates. Leather ﬁre-buckets served until they died in as wastebaskets. And some light could be 1993. The property, had from an early colonial device: a bulrush which also includes a stalk soaked in tallow and “burned at both historic salt-hay barn ends.” and pastoral acres “It never occurred to us that other along the Essex River, is now a museum (Top) The bucolic Essex River property people didn’t have a house like this,” said owned and operated by Historic New Cogswell’s Grant, named for the 1636 royal grant given to John Cogswell, is now a Warren “Renny” Little ’55 during a recent England. house museum open to the public. (Above) tour of his family’s summer retreat, an For 60 years, the senior Littles col- American artifacts !ll the home; a eighteenth-century farmhouse known as lected Americana they found beautiful bedroom highlights the birds especially Cogswell’s Grant.“I knew nothing about and curious. In researching items, they loved by pioneering collector Nina Little. the stu4,” he said—his parents’ pioneer- recorded stories about their owners and ing collection of American folk art and makers; now each piece in its own small and runs events—such as the open-air antiques that still crowd the interior— way illuminates the historic narrative of painting workshops and a talk on folk-art although he and siblings Jack and Selina early America. “You don’t need to be an portraits this summer. “People come here were warned not to lean too far back in art historian to be a collector. The desire to learn about the family, what they were the sti4 wooden chairs. When something to collect things that have an emotional so passionate about, and about the history did break, he added, “Mother was very connection to us is almost universal,” says they wanted to share.” good about not yelling.” Historic New England site manager Kris- Tours cover the beehive oven (uncov- Their parents, Bertram K. Little ’23, Div ten Weiss, A.M.-CMS ’98, who gives tours ered during the Littles’ painstaking house-

121 J+,- - A+%+./ 2014 Photographs courtesy of Historic New England Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 HARVARD SQUARED “The desire to collect things that have an emotional connection to us is almost universal.”

restoration project) and a rare tape loom traits,” Weiss explains, “is that by the (circa 1668-1700) used to weave fabric nineteenth century, a boom in itinerant edging, along with one of the few sur- painters and more people having money viving pre-Revolutionary wood carv- meant that average, middle-class people ings of the royal coat of arms. There are could now also have their portraits done.” also boxes—wooden, tin, and Shaker- Of special note are the McArthur fam- made—and evidence of Nina Little’s ily portraits by Royal Brewster Smith— particular a4ection for birds and eggs: among the many subjects and artists Nina clay and wooden statues and decoys of Little traced, identified, and wrote about sandpipers, terns, ducks, and cranes fill in more than 150 articles, five books, and shelves and nooks. And of Bertram Lit- several museum catalogs that fostered tle’s penchant for early lamps and candle wider scholarship about, and appreciation holders, and depictions of architectural for, these artifacts. structures. Among the more than 2,500 The unsmiling McArthurs hang to- objects in the 10-room house, visitors gether in the room Little used growing up, will also find weathervanes, hooked which was later reserved for the grand- rugs, farm tools, lanterns, clocks, red- children. “The way the people stare down In the hallway, an 1814 oil painting depicts ware pottery, painted folk art and furnish- at you from every point in the room!” ex- the launching of the U.S. frigate Washing- ings—and plenty of portraits of not-so- claimed Little, with a laugh. “Those paint- ton at the Portsmouth, New Hampshire, prominent people by little-known New Navy Yard. In the rear stands an ingenious ings gave my little nephew nightmares.” 1907 carved crane decoy that folds up to England artists. But as a child himself, Little was intrigued !t into a hunter’s pack. “What’s interesting about folk-art por- by much of what his parents brought

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H!"#!"$ M!%!&'() 12' Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 HARVARD SQUARED

“They went for what appealed to them visually, and for the stories they could learn.” home, especially the painting and col- very interesting.” lage (circa 1850) by his bed. It depicts the Influenced by Bertram ocean-bound ship that brought the first Little’s cousin, Edna Odd Fellow, Thomas Wildey, to America Greenwood, whose own in 1817. Across the bottom of the painting, Americana collection is the history of the fraternal order is writ- at the Smithsonian, the couple began ac- (Clockwise from top left) A child’s room ten on yellowed sheets of paper and five quiring pieces in the 1920s, and ultimately includes imposing family portraits and a nineteenth-century hooked rug with an carved wooden figures represent the origi- filled Cogs well’s Grant and their year-round unusual leopard design; Nina Little’s study, nal members. home in Brookline, Massachusetts. By the preserved just as she left it; Nina and “There are a lot of quirky things here,” 1960s, they had decided to donate the prop- Bertram Little in the garden, 1973 said Little, who spent much of his own ca- erty, bound by conservation restrictions, to reer leading museums, such as the for- Historic New England, of which Ber- extant wine and whiskey bottles and fruit mer Higgins Armory in Worces- tram Little had been director from preserves in the cellar; Nina Little’s flower- ter, and other educational and 1947 to 1970. print purse that still hangs on the back of cultural programs. His par- According to Little, when her study chair, near her manual Smith-Co- ents, he points out, were Richard Nylander, their rona typewriter (on which she wrote dates drawn to objects that family friend and then- and notes on jelly-jar labels that she then others wouldn’t have no- curator with the organi- a7xed to their objects), a 1920s phone (it ticed, or might even have zation, came to inven- still has a dial tone); and, on a closet shelf, trashed. “They were tory the house in the her husband’s straw hat, banded by a sage- not snobs,” adds Weiss. early 1990s, he planned green silk necktie. “People ask why the roof “They went for what to spend a few weeks. It isn’t wood-shingled,” reported Little. “Well, appealed to them visu- took more like two years. because it’s not a historic museum, per se. ally, and for the stories Every antique was photo- It’s a house and we lived in it just the way they could learn. Nina graphed, numbered, and it is now.” Little’s Neat and Tidy is a catalogued, and noted, too, Walking through the preserved rooms whole book on the history were the hundreds of other is like seeing a series of nesting boxes be- of boxes and how they were more “modern” objects, such ing slowly unpacked to reveal layers of made and used and decorated. as an old glass jar of Bactine in American lives through history, all made It’s wonderfully strange and the medicine chest; the family’s tangibly real through ordinary objects

128 J+,- - A+%+./ 2014 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 173017301730 Massachusetts Massachusetts Massachusetts Ave Ave Ave Cambridge,Cambridge,Cambridge, MA MA MA 02138 02138 02138 617617617 245-4044 245-4044245-4044

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140716_Coldwell-GailRobers.indd 1 5/23/14 10:38 AM HARVARD SQUARED both artful and personal. In her later harp set in a window plays when river written in white chalk by Jack Little, years, Nina Little slept on the first floor breezes blow in. On a table are two hinge- along with a request: “Please don’t erase.” in a rope bed, using a green-and-gold, boxed slates that children once used to yarn-sewn bed rug from 1821 made with learn their school lessons. Little opens Cogswell’s Grant hand-spun yarn and natural dyes. Lying them and reads out the names of his and June 1 through October 15 Essex, Massachusetts there, she looked up at a gracefully carved his brother’s children, with the dates they www.historicnewengland.org/historic-proper- flying goose hung from the ceiling; to her had visited their grandparents. All were ties/homes/cogswells-grant left was a box from a dry-goods store with compartments meant for spools of thread that instead held part of her beloved egg ALL IN A DAY: collection. In the upstairs hallway, a wooden wind Retreat and Recreate: Peddocks Island

Skip the clogged commute to the Cape and start your vaca- tion right now by riding the ferry to Peddocks Island in Boston. At 184 acres, Peddocks is the largest of the Harbor Islands and offers the most diverse terrain—woodlands, "elds, and beaches—along with perfect views of the sun, both rising and setting, and the Boston skyline. “It’s big enough so you can lose yourself for a day,” notes Mike Dyer, vice president of development and (Clockwise from top left) An external affairs at the Boston island overview; visitors can take a seat after touring the Harbor Alliance, “but has historic Fort Andrews chapel; enough mystery to captivate evidence of the still-active you for the weekend.” summer-cottage community; and one of many First World Where Georges Island’s War-era buildings at Fort Civil War-era Fort Warren Andrews attracts umpteen visiting school children a year and Spectacle Island’s Cinderella tale proves that land"lls can become stunning urban parks, Ped- docks, alone, offers yurt camping. Stay in one of the luxurious canvas-sided yurts just built this year, or go more rustic at a traditional tent site. Then spend the rest of the time exploring the island’s own military history, its summer-cottage colony, or go bird-watching, hiking, "shing, or swimming at sandy Petty Cove. The island is divided by hills, or headlands: East, Middle, and West. The ferry docks at East Head, where the camping is located, and where visitors can walk among the remaining World War I-era brick buildings of Fort Andrews, including the newly renovated chapel (now open for public and private events), and learn some island history. Native Americans used Peddocks, says Dyer, before European farmers arrived in 1634. By 1776, more than 600 militiamen OSTON B were stationed there to guard against British troops; the fort itself was active from / K 1904 through the end of World War II. IZ COO IZ Hiking trails run throughout the island. The quarter-mile loops are good for small- L

er legs; for tougher types, a 2.5-mile route extends into the uninhabited West End. KNIGHT/ JUSTIN EARLS; S OC OC

Hilly, tree-lined trails, rolling grasslands, and native roses and hedgerows abound. It D LLIANCE; AND AND LLIANCE; T: A may not be “wilderness,” but as a haven in a major American city, Peddocks gets F LE P LLIANCE (2) LLIANCE

wondrously close to unspoiled nature. SLANDS A Peddocks Island/National Park Service I And any time spent there is far more TO ROM F

Ferry runs from June 20 through September 1 ARBOR SLANDS SLANDS I rejuvenating than hours spent sitting H www.bostonharborislands.org/passenger-ferry WISE K in a hot car on Route 3. For camping, www.reserveamerica.com ARBOR BOSTON BOSTON H CLOC

12, J+,- - A+%+./ 2014 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 TAS TES AND TABLES

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Food Fiesta Fresh Pond Ballet Latin American culinary heritage thrives in East Boston. Carol & Myra/ Hammond 6./ New Englanders know East Brattle O"ce/ Boston only as the home of Lo- Hammond gan Airport. But a recent tour of M the wide range of Latin Ameri- International School can restaurants and bakeries there proves that the community is a gastronomic des- of Boston tination on its own. Food adventurers can walk or bike the Lux, Bond & Green streets and stop in for sweets like Mexi- Fine Jewelry can pastel tres leches (cake infused with sweet milk) or Peruvian-style alfajores (powdered Massachusetts cookies sandwiching dulce de leche), grab a General Hospital savory Salvadorean pupusa (a thick corn tor- tilla stu4ed with cheese or ﬁnely ground McLean Hospital pork) to go, or settle down for a plate of Bolivian silpancho (potatoes or rice covered Sandrine’s Bistro by schnitzel-style beef topped by a fried egg and cilantro or pico de gallo). !ompson Island OBP The a4ordable food is fresh and home- made, typically by the owners, their family members, or another local business. Bobbi Reed/ “East Boston has the most diverse His- Viewpoints MV panic population in the city,” says Merry Que Padre owner Victor Duran (top) serves Mexican and Bolivian specialties: “Corky” White ’63, Ph.D. ’80, a cook, food beef saltenas and the “Sonora hotdog”— Support from these advertisers with bacon, beans, and jalapeño sauce. writer, and Boston University anthropol- helps us produce the independent, ogy professor. That blending of cultures and (Above) La Sultana Bakery sells cakes and pastries and has a savory breakfast high-quality publication Harvard alumni chefs produces both “a mixing across ethnic and lunch buffet as well. Saleswoman rely on for information about foodways and a preservation of foods within Marleny Carmona proffers a plate of the University and each other. each group,” she explains, “because every- rice, stewed yuccas, shredded pork, and one now lives in the same neighborhood and a beet salad with eggs, peas, and carrots.

Photographs by Nell Porter Brown !! H!"#!"$ M!%!&'() 129 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 HARVARD SQUARED because all the older generation still want, Ethnographic Study” that gets undergradu- and food. In East Boston, she starts the tour and are making, their own dishes the way ates out of the classroom and into the city’s at the MBTA Blue Line’s Maverick Station, they always ate them.” diverse communities to learn about politics, named, she says, for Samuel Maverick, who White teaches a course called “Boston: An history, architecture, urban economics— farmed the area in the 1630s with the help of slaves—“a fact that always surprises my students.” C URIOSITIES: Nepal in Pictures Comprised of five islands linked by land- fill over time, East Boston by the mid 1800s In thousands of photographs taken between 1975 and 2011, Kevin Bubriski has was an industrial and shipbuilding center helped document the dramatic evolution of daily life in Nepal, from its years as a and a main port for ships, such as Cunard Hindu kingdom to what he calls “the current precarious peace.” Line vessels, that brought the first waves The artist’s latest book, Nepal: 1975-2011 (published in May by Peabody Museum of Irish immigrants. (Joseph P. Kennedy Press and Radius Books), reveals his favorite prints, 30 of which are on display for the was born there in 1888.) Italians, Russians, "rst time in Shadows of Shangri La: Nepal in Photographs, at the Harvard University Asia Poles, Jews, and others followed. Some of Center. Ranging from black-and-white portraits of villagers in the 1970s and 1980s to their descendents still live in East Boston, scenes with soldiers during the country’s civil war (1996-2006) and colorful depictions reports White, among both waterfront gen- of commercialism and poverty in modern-day Kathmandu, the photographs are not trifiers and the newer immigrants, who are politically driven. Rather, they aim to show “only one person’s experience, not a primarily from El Salvador, Guatemala, the culture, historic period, ethnographic group, or complex social or economic condi- Dominican Republic, and Colombia. Italian tion,” he writes. “They are selected moments within the edges of a framed world.” landmarks—Santarpio’s, Jeveli’s, and Spi- Bubriski "rst took pictures in Nepal while surveying and building water systems as a nelli’s bakery—are still there, as are bars 20-year-old Peace Corps volunteer, adopting the street artist’s approach: “letting peo- like Kelley’s Square Pub. “Barney’s Grill is ple present themselves as they are,” he said in a recent interview from his home in left over from the Irish, then it was Italian,” Vermont. One shot taken during the king and queen’s 1978 visit to Jumla (a remote White adds. “Now the TVs only play fútbol northwestern mountain town that at the time was more than ten days’ walk from the and they serve Corona” instead of Guinness. closest road), he caught the awed expressions of residents who, he reports, “revered White shops at the many family-owned the king as the reincarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu.” markets for ingredients such as panela By 2010, Nepal had become a republic and the royal palace in Kathmandu was a (brown-sugar loaves), fresh arepas (hefty public museum. Checking his camera at the gates, as required, Bubriski toured the corn-flour pancakes, good topped with fried monarch’s former bedroom, bathroom, and rear gardens. Markers showed where nine cheese, meat, or jam), and jars of panca pep- family members were killed in 2001, allegedly by the crown prince. That, he adds, per paste. Following are some more of her juxtaposed with an image he took outside the palace gates of teenaged Nepalese tour- favorite places to shop or eat. ists standing around with their cell La Sultana Bakery (www.lasultanabak- phones and cameras, “shows the “Shadows of Shangri La: Nepal in Photographs” Harvard University Asia Center, through September ery.com). Simple breads and frosting-heavy incredible transformation that has http://asiacenter.harvard.edu; 617-496-6273 Colombian cakes of all colors, along with occurred within this country.” When last in Nepal in 2011, on the Tibetan New Year, Bubriski saw other signs of change while visiting the Boudhanath Stupa, a pilgrimage site for Tibetan Bud- dhists living in Kathmandu. In the past, people gathered there, perhaps to “throw roasted barley !our in the air and cheer for the new year and the long life of the Dalai Lama,” he explains, but “any political expressions at the Stupa are forbidden now.” He was moved to see one elderly woman in a soft pink hat circumambulating the monument, holding a prayer wheel and rosary beads (above), and framed the moment she passed

Nepali policemen in full riot gear I K waiting, he says, “for a call to ac- UBRIS tion.” !N.P.B. B KEVIN KEVIN

12( J+,- - A+%+./ 2014 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 HARVARD SQUARED

The Many Faces of Boston

The ancestors of most Bostonians may Advertising trade have hailed from Ireland and Italy, but the cards from the 1850s to the 1910s current top two immigrant groups are from depict Irish China and the Dominican Republic, accord- immigrants’ social and economic

ing to City of Neighborhoods: The Changing IBRARY L Face of Boston, an exhibit at the Boston Pub- climb from the laboring classes to lic Library. Overall, about 27 percent of city civil-service jobs.

residents were born abroad, a quarter of PUBLIC OSTON them in Asia. Nearly half of East Boston’s inhabitants are foreign- B THE born, the majority from Latin and South America. Boston also has F the third-largest Haitian population in the country (after New

York City and Florida), and a growing Cape Verdean community. O COURTESY These dramatic trends are illustrated through maps, U.S. Census data, photographs, Boston Public Library | Through August 22 and drawings that make clear that this ever-changing population in!uences the city’s www.bpl.org/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/city-of- physical landscapes and culture in countless ways—and always has. neighborhoods hot bu4ets that include the ubiquitous chich- Rincon Limeño (www.rinconlimeno. an favorite), Dominican cake dribbled with arrón (deep-fried chunks of pork and skins). com). The Peruvian alfajores can be bought dulce de leche, rice pudding with a cinnamon La Topacio (no website; 617-567-9523). at the register, or dine in on shrimp ceviche, kick, and yellow cake filled with flan. Try the Salvadorean pupusas with pickled grilled steak with fried plantains, or the Co- Que Padre (www.quepadretaqueria. slaw, or the picado—chunks of chicken, lombian montañero (flank steak, fried pork com). The Mexican and Bolivian specialties beef, chicharrón, and sausage served over rinds, and runny eggs over rice). include silpancho and saltenas (pastry pockets French fries, often in a sauce with peppers Lolly’s Bakery (www.lollysbakery.com). filled with a juicy blend of chicken or beef, and onions. Dense, warm bread puddings (a Colombi- with potatoes, eggs, and peas). !(.5.*.

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140731_HUECU_75th.indd 1 6/2/14 10:43 AM JOHN HARVARD’S JOURNAL COMMENCEMENT 2014

Graduating, Briskly proceeded with brisk e'ciency, less than usually interrupted (and enlivened) by pro- T!" #$%", cool spring was not the exact tracted student cheering. type of the long, cold winter, but it was a Nonetheless, there were moments of passably fair relic. Tuesday morning, the spontaneity. The Commencement program, stellar seniors processed to the Phi Beta as o'cial a document as there is, speciﬁed Kappa literary exercises under a shower of that the “Soloist” would perform “My Coun- elm seeds from the Old Yard canopy, kept try, ’Tis of Thee.” Once seated at the piano, comfortable in their gowns by breezes and honorand Aretha Franklin moved right into a temperature of 58 degrees—the day’s high. a soulful rendition of “The Star-Spangled Wednesday dawned with showers of real Banner,” instead. When Faculty of Arts and

rain drops, at 50 degrees and falling. By Sciences dean Michael D. Smith spoke at ROSNER TU Commencement morning, May 29, it was center stage, beginning the presentation of S downright autumnal—44 degrees, nearly student degrees, he do&ed his cap, bowed, ARRISON (2); (2); ARRISON

a record low—but with brilliant blue sky H overhead: a tradeo& every Commencement Ready to take on the world (top) are

IM HARRISON IM Harvard Kennedy School class marshals J o'cial gladly made. Encountered en route Theodore Zagraniski (M.P.A.), I-Chun toward the Yard at 6:35 $.(., University mar- Hsiao (M.P.P.), and Jonathan Chang shal Jackie O’Neill, who runs the Morning (M.P.A.). Displaying Ph.D.-powered pride Exercises, said, “Just one day a year,” al- are crimson-gowned Jin Cheng “George” Ye, Anouska Bhattacharyya, and Cammi lowing a measure of grateful relief to mix Valdez. Francisco Andreu ’14 dolls up his ROM TOP: STU ROSNER (2), (2), ROSNER STU TOP: ROM F with her usual calm. Thus set up, the show mortarboard. JIM RIGHT: UPPER FROM CLOCKWISE

www.harvardmagazine.com/commencement Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 JOHN H ARVARD’S JOURNALsCOMMENC EMENT 2014 ARRISON H JIM JIM STU ROSNER STU ARRISON H IM HARRISON IM JIM JIM J (Clockwise from upper left) Pearl and followed the usual salutations (“Madam versity unveiled its Bhatnagar ’14 blossoms with gradua- President, Fellows of Harvard College, Mis- worst-kept secret tion spirit. Memorial Church memo- ter President and Members of the Board of of the millennium, ries: a Baccalaureate-service sel!e Overseers”), but then, turning to honorand to date: that The encompasses seniors Raina Gandhi, Jen Zhu, and Maria Barragan-Santa- George H. W. Bush, added a simple, third Harvard Campaign na. Dunster House seniors Monica element: “Mr. President.” Successive deans sought to raise $6.5 Nesselbush (holding pole), Victoria followed suit, until dean for medical educa- billion. The fun- Wenger (middle), and Chloe Soukas tion Jules L. Dienstag, presenting the M.D.s, draisers did their (at left) show the "ag. Canine critic Zoë, the seeing-eye dog of Kristin included (for Michael R. Bloomberg, M.B.A. work, and Har- Anne Fleischner, J.D. ’14, attends ’)), and Franklin), “Mr. Mayor and Madame vard recorded its Commencement suitably attired. Queen [of Soul].” When degrees were con- first billion-dollar Second Lieutenant Taylor Evans ’14, already a veteran of !ve years in the ferred on Franklin, Bloomberg, and Bush, gift year, and then Marine Corps, has his of!cer’s insignia the band played a few bars of “Respect,” some. Billionaire pinned on by his family. ON CHASE/HPAC ON “New York, New York,” and the “Bulldog, hedge-fund man- J Bulldog” fight song, respectively: prear- agers Kenneth C. Gri'n ’89 and Bill Ack- from billionaire Ratan Tata, AMP ’75, chair ranged, but nice. man ’88, M.B.A. ’92, made nine- and eight- of India’s Tata Group. And Commencement figure gifts toward the Faculty of Arts and itself featured representatives from that co- Finding Fortune, Seeking Service Sciences’ own $2.5-billion component of the hort, including the speaker at the afternoon T!*+ ,$+ !$-.$-/0+ billion-dollar year, campaign. Harvard Business School ($1 bil- exercises, former New York mayor Bloom- and Commencement. In September, the Uni- lion) dedicated Tata Hall, funded by a gift berg (the desktop financial terminal/media

14 J1#2 - A131+% 2014 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 billionaire), and the College’s Class Day ora- sued e&ective calls to service on Commence- graduating as part of the class of 2014… if we tor Sheryl Sandberg ’91, M.B.A. ’95 (whose ment morning. Senior English speaker take those waiting revolutions, those great own first billion came via Facebook’s IPO). Sarah Abushaar ’14 (a Leverett House resi- ideas…out with us into the real world, into Amid these mind-numbing sums, it was dent born in the United States but raised the real Tahrir Squares, and make some- not hard to fathom a finding in the Crim- in Kuwait City, an economics concentra- thing of them! Revolutions not in arms but son’s senior survey: 31 percent of respon- tor who has worked in several finance-in- in minds…more powerful and permanent… dents entering the workforce have jobs dustry positions) recalled being shushed and pervasive. For, this isn’t a Ukrainian in finance and consulting, and another 15 by her parents as a child, lest her prattle revolution or an Arab Spring, but a global percent in technology and engineering. in Syria cause trouble: “‘You’ll get taken by revolution. Ten years hence, those same seniors ex- secret service if they hear you.’ The walls “This is the Harvard Spring of 2014. This pect finance and consulting to exist only everywhere, we were told, could hear our is the Harvard Spring!” in their rear-view mirrors (just 6 percent revolutionary ideas and would send us to Graduate English speaker Philip Hard- in toto), with the academy, health, arts, prison.” How di&erent things are in Cam- ing, M.P.P. ’14 (headed for work on govern- government, and entrepreneurship loom- bridge, she found. In place of an Arab spring, ment innovation in Washington, D.C.), ing much larger. Time will tell. “[T]his graduation is sending 6,000 revolu- recalled George Washington coming to For now, two very di&erent students is- tions into the world in the 6,000 revolutions Harvard “uncertain of his future and his

trustee whose sagacity and tenacity Honoris C ausa always bend the arc toward justice. Joseph E. Stiglitz. University Professor, Columbia University, Five men and three women received honorary and co-winner of the Nobel Prize in eco- degrees at Commencement. University provost nomic sciences, 2001, a prominent critic Alan M. Garber introduced the honorands in of inequality and globalization. Doctor the following order, and President Drew Faust of Laws: Demarking the limits of markets, read the citations, concluding with the recipi- discerning global discontents, a paramount pro- ent’s name and degree. For fuller background genitor of information economics who bestrides on each honorand, see http://harvardmag. the spheres of theory and policy. com/degrees. Peter H. Raven. President emeritus, Mis- Seymour Slive. Cabot founding direc- souri Botanical Garden, and Engelman tor of the Harvard University Art Mu- professor of botany emeritus, Washing- George H. W. Bush

seums emeritus and Gleason professor ton University, a scholar of biodiversity, ROSNER STU of fine arts emeritus, an authority on species evolution, and conservation. Doc- sublime as the electrifying empress of soul; for seventeenth-century Dutch art. Doctor tor of Science: A grand sycamore in the garden this, our highest honor, she is a natural woman. of Arts: A living of science, he has nourished our knowledge of the portrait in ebul- phyla of flora and cultivated care for the pre- Michael R. Bloomberg, M.B.A. ’66. En- lient erudition and cious diversity of life. trepreneur, philanthropist, and 108th humane inspira- mayor of New York City. Doctor of Laws: tion, he has mas- Isabel Allende. Author of 20 books, in- From Hopkins to Harvard, Wall Street to City terfully illumined cluding The House of the Hall, a resolute leader and fervent the works of Dutch Spirits. Doctor of Letters: philanthropist whose entrepreneur- masters, his own Conjuring memories blown ial spirit and zeal for innovation career a rare work by winds of exile, leavening have helped our nation’s biggest of art. realism with dashes of magic, burg to bloom. she fills her splendrous house Patricia King, of stories with spirits and George H. W. B u s h . Forty- Isabel Allende J.D. ’69. Car- shadows, anguish and love. first president of the United

STU ROSNER STU mack Water- States. Doctor of Laws: With house professor of law, medicine, ethics, Aretha Franklin. The faith, courage, and service true, his and public policy, Georgetown Law Cen- “Queen of Soul,” winner eyes ever ﬁxed on points of light, he ter, and fellow of the Harvard Corpora- of 18 Grammy Awards. piloted our nation through change- tion, 2005-2012. Doctor of Laws: Bridging Doctor of Arts: With sweet ful skies; his cap was Blue, his house disciplines and overcoming barriers, elucidat- passion, almighty ﬁre, and was White, and now his robe is

ing ethics and embracing beneﬁcence, a trusted amazing grace, she reigns ROSNER STU Crimson. Joseph E. Stiglitz

www.harvardmagazine.com/commencement H$-.$-/ M$3$4*5" 15 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 JOHN H ARVARD’S JOURNALsCOMMENC EMENT 2014 fate. He had received an o&er he could not refuse: though he felt unworthy, he wrote to his family and said he felt ‘a kind of destiny’ was driving him to Cambridge…to take command of the…ﬂedgling Continen- tal Army”—the ultimate startup. That public entrepreneur, Harding continued, “took ideas that existed only as words and writings and turned them into reality for millions and generations to come.” He then challenged his audience: “Whether you are driven to solve the world’s largest public or private problems, ﬁnd a cure for that dreaded disease, allevi- ate human su&ering, generate knowledge and push education forward, work across religious and cultural divides, create e&ective legal frameworks, construct the future

world we live in, or use technology to en- ROSNER STU able new discoveries and innovations— Emily Pulitzer, A.M. ’63, who provided vi- Honorand Aretha Franklin pulled a Whatever ‘kind of destiny’ is compelling tal support for that project, was awarded a switcheroo, to a soulful national anthem. you today, imagine the countless lives that Harvard Medal, as was Anand G. Mahindra er of Teach For America, is now CEO of the are waiting for you to step up.” The focus ’77, M.B.A. ’81, who endowed the humanities Knowledge Is Power Program—and thus a of that mission he made clear in a final plea center (see page 77). The Graduate School of champion of charter schools. The Business to “let us not just go change the world, but Arts and Sciences celebrated Keith Chris- School’s speaker, Salman Kahn, M.B.A. ’03, of let us go serve the world with passion.” tiansen, Ph.D. ’77, chair of European paint- the Kahn Academy, represents a vision of edu- ings at the Metropolitan Museum of Art cation that has more terminals than teachers. The Crimson, White, and Blue (page 78). The class of 1989 had classmate (In higher ed, The New York Times twitted Har- T!" ,""60+ events encompassed the stan- Alan Gilbert, music director of the New York vard just before the Commencement after- dard graduation fare. Sandberg told the se- Philharmonic, at the podium for its Boston noon program by posting a story suggesting niors to “open yourselves to honesty.” U.S. Pops reunion concert. And although Presi- that Stanford’s surging applications, soaring ambassador to the United Nations Saman- dent Drew Faust began her afternoon talk admissions yield, and prowess in computer tha Power, J.D. ’99, laid a heavy burden on by emphasizing scientific discovery (page science had made it the nation’s premier uni- her hearers at the Harvard Kennedy School: 19), as she often has this year, the third leg versity—knocking o& you know who.) “Your job is to make sure that democracy of her argument focused on the search for In a society that must sort out such is- matures, expands, deepens, and delivers.” meaning: the essence of humanistic inquiry. sues—with the passion Harding prescribed, Bows were made to the arts and human- Divisive public matters were broached. In but with more open minds than Bloomberg ities. With the renovated Art Museums her Baccalaureate talk, Faust touched on the discerned in Washington and elsewhere— nearing completion, their former director, Occupy movement, divestment, and sexual perhaps the way forward was best represent- Seymour Slive, was among the honorands. assault—issues that have vexed her (see pag- ed by looking back to the service of the final es 22-23 on the latter two). Edu- honorand at this Commencement. cation, especially, was in the air. Amid the day’s upside-down atmo- Bloomberg, who assailed what he spherics, a di&erent sort of reversal was perceived as closed-mindedness staged. By conferring a degree on Presi- on campuses as in the larger soci- dent Bush—Yale’s baseball captain, who ety (page 19), hailed the Graduate took his team to the College World Series School of Education for retaining finals in 1947 and 1948—Harvard e&ective- Colorado state senator Michael ly mirrored Yale’s 1962 graduation. When Johnston, M.Ed. ’00, as its speak- John F. Kennedy ’40, LL.D. ’56, was hon- er; some students objected to his ored in New Haven, he famously quipped, focus on basing teacher evalua- “It might be said now that I have the best tions on test scores. Chief mar- of both worlds, a Harvard education and shal Richard Barth ’89, a found- a Yale degree.” So for these two sports- minded presidents, one Crimson, one Blue, Crimson stethoscopes at the and their alma maters, the score is now a ready (from left): M.D.s Sarah Messmer and Jana Jarolimova bipartisan 1-1. Perhaps fittingly, Harvard’s and Shruthi Rajashekara, 363rd Commencement fell on President IM HARRISON IM J M.D.-M.M.S. ’14 Kennedy’s birthday.

16 J1#2 - A131+% 2014 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Commencement Confetti

Seniors Say… The Crimson’s class of 2014 survey (http:// features.thecrimson.com/2014/senior- survey), which elicited 758 responses, revealed that lucrative ﬁnance and consulting jobs will employ 31 percent of working graduates, a statistic that has Cynthia A. Torres stayed steady in the past several years HARRISON

and Spencer W. Gisser IM (after falling sharply between 2007 and J 2009)—despite the recovery in other EASY ENROLLMENT. A banner hung ﬁelds and restraints on the ﬁnancial sec- over the Old Yard walkway by Thayer Hall welcomed the graduating seniors to

tor caused by changes in regulation and Two Newmarks HARRISON the Harvard Alumni Association. Two IM market conditions. White students were J graduates should have no trouble !guring more than four times as likely to be lega- Withal, 92 percent of respondents would out how to engage. Spencer W. Gisser ’14 cies than students of color, according to choose Harvard again. is the son of Californians Cynthia A. Torres ’80, M.B.A. ’84, the HAA’s their self-reported accounts. Seventeen incoming president, and her husband, percent of respondents said they had Real Life: Day One Michael V. Gisser ’77. From an ocean cheated while at Harvard, only 12 percent Given the crowds and the scarcity of farther east, Samuel James Jerome Newmark ’14 is the son of Brooks said an honor code would have changed nearby hotel rooms, many families bunk Newmark ’80, M.B.A. ’84, a member the their behavior, and 24 percent approved far afield. On Commencement morning, British House of Commons and the of the new code (see page 26)—versus 64 begowned students and their parents HAA’s !rst-vice-president-elect, and percent who had too little information could be seen queuing at some of the Lucy Keegan Newmark. Father Brooks is in line for the HAA presidency. The or no opinion. Recruited athletes were suburban MBTA stations, trying to apply Newmarks’ eldest son, Benjamin, nearly three times as likely to be econom- their expensive book learning to figuring graduated from the College in 2010. ics concentrators, and twice as likely out how to buy subway passes, presum- to be government concentrators, than ably for the first time, for the early com- School, 750 from the Law School, 700 classmates—and twice as likely to admit mute underground into Harvard Square. from the Extension School, 661 from the to academic cheating. Twelve percent of Education School, 566 from the Kennedy women said they had been sexually as- Degrees Data School…and on down to 112 from the Di- saulted as undergraduates—but only Harvard conferred a bumper crop of vinity School and 71 from the School of one-sixth of those reported the assault. 7,301 degrees and 33 certificates: 1,662 Dental Medicine. from the College, 1,003 from the Gradu- ate School of Arts and Sciences (includ- Theses Three ing 590 Ph.D.s), 909 from the Business Radcli&e awarded the Captain Jonathan Fay Prize for the most MAKING READY. As battalions of workers deploy tens of imaginative, original theses thousands of folding chairs, plus tables and tents, for Commencement doings in Tercentenary Theatre and the to three College seniors. Old Yard, other objects must give way. With 24 hours to Mathematics concentrator go, the colorful “Common Spaces” chairs were stowed in Levent Alpoge wrote “The the utility area behind Canaday, far from the celebratory Average Elliptic Curve throngs to come. Meanwhile, trash barrels behind the platform at Memorial Church held Morning Exercises Has Few Integral Points” signs awaiting their appointed places. (you knew this, right?). Elizabeth Byrne, a human development and regen- erative biology student, conducted research on C

J hormonal contraception, genital immune activation, HIV, and the microbiome of the female genital tract. HARVARD MAGAZINE/ HARVARD ARRISON And history and science H IM IM J

www.harvardmagazine.com/commencement H$-.$-/ M$3$4*5" 17 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 JOHN H ARVARD’S JOURNALsCOMMENC EMENT 2014

concentrator Sandra Korn examined “Sex, Science, and Politics in the Socio- biology Debate.”

Harvard Heroes At the dinner for honorands in Annenberg Hall Wednesday night, President Drew Faust preceded her remarks about one Harvard pillar (retired Corporation mem-

ber Patricia A. King, J.D. ’69, soon-to-be LINCOLN/HPAC ROSE LL.D. ’14) by hailing two others: Robert D. ceremony. Spoiler alert: Look Reischauer ’63, stepping down as Senior for Reischauer to be among the Fellow of the Corporation—concluding 18 honorands next May. (Robert E. Rubin ’60, CELEBRITY SIGHTINGS. President years of leadership on the University’s gov- LL.D. ’01, also concluding his Corporation Abdullah Gül and First Lady Hayrünnisa HASE/HPAC

Gül of Turkey shared the happy day with C erning boards; and John P. ( Jack) Rear- service, left campus after the board meet- their younger son, Mehmet Emre Gül ’14. JON don Jr. ’60, who is step- ings on Wednesday, and did An image from Commencement ping down as director not attend Commencement.) appeared on the Presidency of the of the Harvard Alumni Republic of Turkey’s home page the next day. During the conferral of honorary Association, but stay- Rebooting degrees, when Provost Alan Garber said, ing aboard to work on Longtime Commencement “In 1945 he married his sweetheart, governance, fundraising, volunteer Cynthia Ros- Barbara Pierce,” President George H. W. Bush gestured to Barbara Bush, in the and other matters. Both sano observed that the video audience. received thunderous screens early that morning ovations. On Thursday, broadcast the information learning, Pfister’s gaze was earthward: Reischauer, who plays that this was the 364th grad- his last message to undergraduates, in the ice hockey, donned a uation exercises. The sub- morning’s compendious Crimson, noted class-appropriate jersey traction of one, by keystroke, that inky-cap mushrooms, of the genus given to him during the set matters aright before too Coprinus, were growing in the Yard that afternoon program— many mobile-phone photos day. IM HARRISON IM where Reardon received J were dispatched. a surprise Harvard An iceman goeth: Senior Final Words of Wisdom Medal (see page 77). To Fellow Robert D. Reischauer Pfister on Fungi Washington Post columnist Alexandra Petri his amusement, Reardon Donald Pfister—Gray pro- ’10, an Ivy Orator emerita, continues to en- has also been named a “Harvard Hero,” an fessor of systemic botany (an expert on lighten the new crop of graduates annual- annual recognition for sta& employees, and fungi) and former master of Kirkland ly. This year’s pearls of wisdom, published so was to be hailed anew in that mid-June House—became a student favorite as in- on May 21, conclude: “The longer your life terim dean of Harvard College this goes on, the smaller the proportion of it academic year. (The sentiment was that you will have spent at college. Try to reciprocated: he choked up while at- live life in a way that reflects this informa- tempting to present the bachelors’ tion. I have not successfully identified the candidates for their degrees, paused, precise moment in your 20s when telling said, “I’m emotional,” was cheered, people about That Time in College stops and then continued getting his being a good icebreaker and makes you charges graduated.) Although Presi- seem like a sad man- or womanchild who IM HARRISON IM J dent Drew Faust’s afternoon remarks needs to go out and do real-life things now, pointed up, depicting Tercentenary but I assure you it is there. Don’t be caught Theatre as a roofless space for on the wrong side of it.” YOU DON’T HAVE TO BE BRITISH. Commencement lends itself to headline headgear. Harvard Alumni Association president Catherine A. Gellert ’93, mistress of ceremonies for the afternoon program, indulged in a fascinator (in taupe, left), as did reunion marshal Courtney Greene, an associate director of the Harvard College Fund (in red and black). And of course, mortarboards provide a platform for speech. Dunster House’s Angela Lee and Linxi Wu wore the strip of red tape favored by advocates making a statement about sexual assault on campus (see page 23); according to www.ourharvard14.com, “Red tape symbolizes the institutional barriers preventing students from creating the safe and inclusive environ-

KRIS SNIBBE/HPAC KRIS ment necessary to put a stop to sexual violence and fully support survivors.”

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Drew Faust

Talks, and a Text students across a range of dis- P-"+*/"5% /-", 7$1+% and honorand ciplines in seeking solutions Michael R. Bloomberg presented di&ering, to problems that may have yet complementary, views on the idea of a seemed unsolvable, in endeav- university and of universities’ ideas today. oring to answer questions Faust reprised themes from her installation that threaten to elude us. The and Harvard Campaign addresses to outline scientific research undertaken the academy’s role in advancing discovery today at Harvard, and tomor- and meaning. Bloomberg focused less on row by the students we edu- that ideal than on perceived threats to it. cate, has a capacity to improve There were plenty of lighter moments dur- human lives in ways virtually ing the week, too. And a seventieth-reunion unimaginable even a genera- class report anchored the enterprise of tion ago. IM HARRISON IM learning in its most human context, dating Second, she continued, “we owe J from World War II. For reports on all the the world questions.” She expanded: I hope we have indeed given her that. principal addresses, visit www.harvard- Just as questions yield answers, an- Such questions, she said, “are also the foundation magazine.com/commencement. swers yield questions. Human beings may for a third obligation that we as a university owe the long for certainty, but, as Oliver Wendell future: we owe the world meaning”: Answers. Questions. Meaning. Holmes put it, “certainty generally is illu- Universities must nurture the ability to President Faust set the stage for her remarks by sion, and repose is not the destiny of man.” interpret, to make critical judgments, to summoning Tercentenary Theatre’s storied history, Universities produce knowledge. They dare to ask the biggest questions, the ones then turned to her current concern: must also produce doubt. The pursuit of that reach well beyond the immediate and …our accountability to the future, be- truth is restless. We search for answers the instrumental.… cause these obligations must be “our com- …by finding the right questions—by an- We find many of these questions in pass to steer by,” our common purpose swering one question with another ques- the humanities: What is good? What is and our shared commitment. What does tion, by nurturing a state of mind that is just? How do we know what is true? But Harvard—what do universities—owe the flexible and alert, dissatisfied and imagi- we find them in the sciences as well. Can future? native.…In an essay in Harvard Magazine, there be any question more profound, She detailed three answers to her own question: one of today’s graduates, Cherone Duggan more fundamental than to ask about the First, we owe the world answers. [a former Ledecky Undergraduate Fellow origins of the universe? How did we get Discovery is at the heart of what univer- at the magazine], wrote about what she here? sities do. Universities engage faculty and called seeking “an education of questions.” Questions like these can be unsettling, and they can make universities unsettling places. But that too is an essential part of Commencement Highlights what we owe the future—the promise to combat complacency, to challenge the From Class Day speeches to a run-through of Thursday’s events, harvardmagazine. present in order to prepare for what is to com brings you in-depth 2014 Commencement coverage. come. To shape the present in service of an uncertain and yet impatient future. Mystical Poet and American Novelist Launch Commencement Week Tolerance and Freedom Phi Beta Kappa Literary Exercises feature Donald Revell Michael R. Bloomberg talked about the open ex- change of diverse ideas—and threats he perceived and Andrea Barrett. to that bedrock value, of late in academia, and more harvardmag.com/classday-14 generally in the nation’s politics. An edited version of his text appeared as a Bloomberg View the Vivek Murthy: The “Vision and Values” of Medicine same afternoon, titled “Don’t Major in Intoler- The U.S. Surgeon General nominee speaks at the ance.” This excerpt comes from the first half of his Harvard Medical School and School of Dental Medicine argument. Class Day harvardmag.com/murthy Universities lie at the heart of the Amer- ican experiment in democracy. They are Sheryl Sandberg Preaches the Value of Honesty places where people of all backgrounds Sheryl Sandberg of Facebook and Lean In gave the and beliefs can come to study and debate

ARRISON (2) ARRISON Senior Class Day speech for 2014. H their ideas freely and openly.…

JIM JIM harvardmag.com/sandberg-14 Tolerance for other people’s ideas and the freedom to express your own are insepara- www.harvardmagazine.com/commencement ble values. Joined, they form a sacred trust that holds the basis of our democratic soci-

www.harvardmagazine.com/commencement H$-.$-/ M$3$4*5" 19 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 That protection, however, that a university should o&er.… rests upon our constant vigi- [T]he whole purpose of granting tenure lance.…to ensure that equality to professors is to ensure that they feel free under the law means equality un- to conduct research on ideas that run afoul der the law for everyone.…You of university politics and societal norms. may ﬁnd my actions immoral When tenure was created, it mostly pro- or unjust, but attempting to re- tected liberals whose ideas ran up against strict my freedoms, in ways that conservative norms. you would not restrict your own, Today, if tenure is going to continue to leads only to injustice. exist, it must also protect conservatives Throughout history, those in whose ideas run up against liberal norms. authority have tried to repress Otherwise, university research will lose ideas that threaten their power, credibility. A liberal arts education must their religion, their ideology or not be an education in the art of liberalism. Michael R. Bloomberg their re-election chances.… This spring, it has been disturbing to IM HARRISON IM J We cannot deny others the see a number of college commencement ety. But that trust is perpetually vulnerable rights and privileges that we demand for speakers withdraw, or have their invita- to the tyrannical tendencies of monarchs, ourselves; that is true in cities, and it is no tions rescinded, after protests from stu- mobs, and majorities. And lately, we have less true at universities, where the forces dents and—to me, shockingly—from se- seen those tendencies manifest themselves of repression appear to be stronger now nior faculty and administrators.… too often, both on college campuses and in than they have been since the 1950s.… In each case, liberals silenced a voice… our society.… In the 2012 presidential race, 96 percent they deemed politically objectionable. Our union…rests on the union of…free- of all campaign contributions from Ivy As a former chairman of Johns Hopkins, dom and tolerance. And it is that union League faculty and employees went to I believe that a university’s obligation is of values that the terrorists who attacked Barack Obama. That statistic, drawn from not to teach students what to think, but to us found most threatening. To them, we Federal Election Commission data, should teach students how to think. And that re- were a God-less country. In fact, there is give us pause….When 96 percent of faculty quires listening to the other side, weighing no country that protects the core of every donors prefer one candidate to another, arguments without prejudging them, and faith and philosophy—free will—more you have to wonder whether students are determining whether the other side might than the United States. being exposed to the diversity of views actually make some fair points.

just be honest.The Med School is just a Laugh Lines bunch of nerdy Indians. I can say that!… The rest of you are out of line. That’s ra- “Well-Shampooed Squirrels” telecom company. You will defend BP cial—how dare you. I first came to Harvard Business School 13 from birds. You will spend hours arguing Mindy Kaling years ago. I remember the first few min- that the well water was contaminated well Star of The O'ce and The Mindy Project utes after arriving on campus at Spangler. before the fracking occurred. One of you Harvard Law School Class Day After confirming that…this truly was the will sort out the details of my pre-nup. A “student center,” I…in- dozen of you will help me with my acri- After You, Alphonse spected the marble fire- monious divorce.… Michael Bloomberg visited me in my of- place near me, sat on a Let’s be honest: Harvard Law is the fice at the Radcli&e Institute a few weeks beautiful leather couch, best of the Harvard graduate programs. after I had been invited to serve as Har- put my feet on the fine- I can say this—we’re among friends. vard’s president—and he said that I was AMBERG/HBS H ly crafted co&ee table, The Business School is much taller than he had imagined. EAL EAL N watched the well-sham- full of crooks. The Di- President Drew Faust Salman Kahn pooed squirrels happily vinity School is just a The Honorands Dinner, Annenberg Hall prance outside in the lawn, and told my- bunch of weird virgins. (Their subsequent hug proved the point.) self, “Yes, I think this should do just fine.” The School of Design is Salman Kahn, M.B.A. ’03 like European burnouts. When Drew makes a fundraising call on Harvard Business School Class Day And don’t get me started you, you have to say yes. I will tell you a on the Kennedy School. STEWART/HLS MARTHA quick story. One time, this was 10 years Noble Professions What kind of degree Mindy Kaling ago maybe, my mother was 98, something And now, with this diploma in hand, most do you get from there—public policy? like that, and I talked to my mother every of you will go on to the noblest pursuits, Right—you mean a master’s in boring me day, and I said, “Mother, what did you do like helping a cable company acquire a to death at a dinner party? I’m sorry. Let’s today?” She said, “I didn’t go out—I had a

20 J1#2 - A131+% 2014 www.harvardmagazine.com/commencement Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 JOHN H ARVARD’S JOURNALsCOMMENC EMENT 2014

If…students graduate with ears and engaged in his business career, taught and minds closed, the university has failed played music professionally.… both the student and society. If you want Five of us…won the Nobel Prize. That to know where that leads, look no further is really amazing…Phil Anderson, Merton than Washington. Miller, George Saxton, Lloyd Shapley, and In Washington…the two parties decide… Bob Solow—can you believe it? questions not by engaging with one anoth- …[T]he term “paradigm shift”…came from er, but by trying to shout each other down, one of our classmates in a seminal book on and by trying to repress and undermine scientific revolutions.…We can boast of…the research that runs counter to their ideolo- creator of the practice of daily intelligence gy. The more our universities emulate that briefings for presidents, at least two re- model, the worse o& we will be.… nowned composers, a couple of boat builders, a rancher, a baker, and a barber, the ar- The Scribe Sums Up chitect of the Capitol…and a courageous key Dan H. Fenn Jr. helped compile the College class early leader of the Civil Rights movement. of 1944’s first report in 1947, when they began on a We can talk about one of the nation’s three-year cycle (versus five years today); it opened Dan H. first househusbands…several producers and with a dedication page listing the 30 classmates Fenn Jr. publicists for Broadway shows, a notorious “who left the Yard to serve their country and their Manhattan Project spy…a leading judge of IM HARRISON IM kind and gave their lives in the fulfillment of that J national, international, and Olympic figure great responsibility.” Sixty-seven years on, Fenn, In the Harvard tradition, we had around skating…the editor of the International Her- still class secretary, submitted the class’s fifteenth 20 ministers and just short of 100 profes- ald Tribune, a vintner in Switzerland, and a reunion report. Taking stock of 70 years , he found: sors and roughly 20 teachers….Around 35 metallurgist with over 25 patents who is re- Around 100 of us became lawyers, and of of us spent the bulk of our careers in gov- sponsible for a great many of the items we those perhaps a dozen were judges at vari- ernment, with the CIA and the Foreign use on earth and in space today…. ous levels. By contrast, well over 150 of us Service dominating. About a dozen of us In the meantime, we managed to pro- went into business, including many of our were career military; nearly 20 spent their duce perhaps 2,500 sons and daughters— Ph.D.s…in various fields of research.…There lives in nonprofit organizations.… one of us had 14, another 11. were around 120 doctors…some dentists, Many of us had several careers, some So, in the final analysis, I think we did and at least one veterinarian. at the same time like the man who, while all right! visitor.” I said, “Who was that?” She said, ously called out for a prop. Johns Hopkins and ma- “I don’t remember her name, but she was Helmeted, he was quite triculated here at the B a very tall woman, and she talked about a sight, pantomiming the School.…I’ve noticed a few a scholarship in my father’s name at Har- basketballers’ shooting things have changed since I vard.” I knew exactly who it was, and I form: Et denique, in campo was a student here. Elsie’s, thought, “You really have to have a lot of ludi canistri, adversarios dignos a sandwich spot I used to guts to go on a fundraising call like that.” inusitatosque pugnavimus; sed love near the Square, is It was the most underhanded—and e!ec- sicut Ajax et Diomedes et Achil- now a burrito shop. The tive—call ever. les arserunt in bello, ita Rivardus Wursthaus, which had

Michael R. Bloomberg, M.B.A. ’66, LL.D. ’14 et Caseus et Currius Cincin- ROSNER STU great beer and sausage, is The Chief Marshal’s Spread natos illos straverunt! Mirabile Timothy Barry-Heffernan now an “artisanal gastro Commencement Day visu! (“And, at last, on the pub,” whatever that is. And basketball court, we fought worthy foes, the old Holyoke Center is now named the In Case Software Doesn’t Pan Out whom we had never encountered; but Smith Campus Center. Don’t you just hate Latin Salutatorian Timothy Barry-Hef- just as Ajax, Diomedes, and Achilles raged it when alumni put their names all over fernan ’14, a mathematics concentrator in battle, so too did Rivard, Casey, and everything? I was thinking about that this who also studied computer science, is Curry lay low those men of Cincinnati! morning as I walked into the Bloomberg from nearby Hingham, Massachusetts, What a sight to behold!”) If his Hewlett- Center on the Harvard Business School and resided in Winthrop House. His talk, Packard software gig gets stale, he might campus across the river. De Septuagesima Secunda et Trecentesima Le- consider channeling the “King Tut”-era Michael R. Bloomberg gione (“On the 372nd Legion”)—something Steve Martin. Commencement afternoon address to do with the number of College classes since Harvard’s founding, adjusted for Harvard Names, Evolving (Baker Library| Bloomberg Center—the school’s wars and other interruptions (or maybe My personal connection to Harvard be- renovated library, expanded with faculty o"ces— it is the 373rd: oh, never mind)—obvi- gan back in 1964, when I graduated from is named in honor of Bloomberg’s father.)

H$-.$-/ M$3$4*5" 21 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 JOHN H ARVARD'S JOURNAL The Divestment Debate A!"#$%&'( of divesting Harvard’s endowment investments in the fossil-fuel industry—part of a movement urging such action by schools nationwide—have bedeviled University administrators all year. On Octo- ber 3, President Drew Faust issued a statement calling climate change “one of the world’s most consequential challenges”— but expressing the belief that divestment is neither “warranted or wise.” Instead, she sketched, broadly, Harvard’s role in teaching and research on the environment; its e)orts to reduce its greenhouse-gas emissions; and the role of Harvard Management Compa- ny’s (HMC) new vice president for evaluat- ing environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors in investing. Lacking further details (and the commitment to divestment they sought), advocates continued their campaign, seek- Nations-supported Principles for Respon- Advocates of divesting fossil-fuel investing open forums for discussion of their sible Investment (PRI; voluntary principles ments protest at the president’s of!ce at Massachusetts Hall. cause. Faust responded with another for ESG analysis of investments) and the statement on April 7. She wrote that The Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), a non- the authors’ case—legal, scientific, and ethi- Harvard Campaign had raised $120 million profit that seeks information on businesses’ cal—for selling the securities. for work on energy and the environment, energy use and greenhouse-gas emissions. Faust e-mailed back, coolly and suc- but disclosed no details. (Two gifts ap- The same day, the news o*ce unleashed a cinctly, acknowledging “a variety of dif- parently figure significantly in that sum. supportive barrage of Harvard Gazette articles fering views.” On April 28, the faculty One, totaling $31 million to support the detailing professors’ recent climate- and members acknowledged (and published) Center for the Environment, appeared in energy-related research, policy guidance, her note; asked her and the Corporation the 2013 annual financial report of the Fac- and work on related issues. Placards mount- to “answer the specific questions” they ulty of Arts and Sciences [FAS], but has ed on A-frames around the Science Center had raised earlier; and expressed the “hope not been further characterized. Another, Plaza touted the University’s own sustain- that you will engage and respond to the possibly larger, gift—no figure has been ability goals and progress toward its target substantive issues”—particularly in light disclosed—is Evergrande Group’s endow- of reducing emissions by 30 percent. of expert faculty members’ view of the PRI ment and operating support for the new, All this proved a skirmish in the continu- and CDP as “utterly ine)ective.” Graduate School of Design-based Center ing disagreements. On April 10, Harvard Amid the e-mail volleys, and absent any for Green Buildings and Cities; for a fuller Faculty for Divestment released their own open forum for airing such views, student report on the nascent center and what is “Open Letter” to Faust and the Corpora- divestment advocates did what students known about the gift, see http://harvard- tion. Referring to the October 3 and April do in the spring: stepped up their public mag.com/green-14.) 7 missives rejecting divestment, the 100 protests at Massachusetts Hall, the o*ces Faust’s message linked to a graphic on or so signers, from diverse disciplines and for the president and her sta). On May 1, various University research programs. She schools, declared, “We believe that the Cor- Divest Harvard members blocked both the announced an initial $1 million in innovation poration is making a decision that in the front door and side entrances, interfer- grants (a favored recent tool to jump-start long run will not serve the University well.” ing with access to work for one of Faust’s campus-based entrepreneurship) for fac- If fossil-fuel divestment is a “political” act, aides, and an undergraduate was arrested. ulty and student projects at the iLab. And the letter went on, “continued investment The pro-divestment professors promptly Harvard, she added, would sign the United is a similarly political act,” and then laid out hailed this “act of civil disobedience” and reiterated the call for “an open forum” with Corporation and faculty members, IN T H I S I S S U E students, and alumni, “for dialogue and conversation.” 23 Addressing Sexual Assaults 28 University People In remarks at the May 6 FAS meeting, 23 Harvard Portrait 29 Capital-Campaign Compendium Faust addressed the situation tersely. She 25 Yesterday’s News 31 Brevia respected protestors’ free-speech rights, 26 Spring, Fevered 35 Treasurer Transition she said, but a “blockade” infringes on 27 Renewing the Coop 36 Sports others’ rights and crosses into a “di)er-

22 J+,- - A+.+(& 2014 Photograph by Zorigoo Tugsbayar /Courtesy of The Harvard Crimson Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 JOHN H ARVARD'S JOURNAL ent zone.” She had met with divestment advocates seven times, she disclosed, and HARVARD PORT RAIT the Corporation Committee on Share- holder Responsibility had done so three times. She supported “reasoned and civil discourse,” but not blocking buildings or “videotaping me and then editing and portraying my words in ways that mis- represent them” (referring to an incident earlier in the semester). In the future, she said with an edge, she looked forward to faculty ideas on climate change rooted in “reason, rigor, respect, and truth.” To underscore the point, in a subsequent interview she told the Crimson (“Faust Says She Will Work with Faculty, Not Divest Group, to Discuss Climate Change”) that an open forum on the issue was not on the table. The newspaper quoted her characterizing the Divest Har- vard demand as “a chance to draw attention to itself,” rather than promoting substantive discourse. Ratcheting up pressure on the issue, on May 7, Stanford announced its decision not to invest in coal-mining companies, given the severe climate impact of burn- ing that fuel. (Smaller schools had previously decided to divest, but no research universities with Stanford’s heft and large endowment.) Stanford’s advisory panel on the issue includes students, faculty and sta+ members, and alumni. The trustees endorsed their recommendations, and acknowledged the role of the student Fossil Free Stanford group’s advocacy in N aomi O reskes catalyzing “an important discussion.” The chair of the trustees’ committee on invest- When Naomi Oreskes wrote an article in 2004 summarizing the scienti!c con- ment responsibility told The New York Times sensus on climate change, she recalls, “I was treated as if I had thrown some kind of that the decision on coal “is not the end- grenade.” Public discourse at the time treated global warming as an active scienti!c ing point. It’s a process,” as research on debate, but the history of science professor, who arrived from the University of Cali- alternative energy sources progresses. She fornia, San Diego, last fall, had assumed journalists were simply confused about the ampliﬁed, “Don’t interpret this as a pass evidence. As she began examining her critics’ connections, though, Oreskes uncovered on other things.” a very different story, and in Merchants of Doubt (2010), she and her coauthor, Eric M. Conway, described how deliberate, industry-funded misinformation campaigns had serially misled the media and obscured the scienti!c consensus on the harmful effects Addressing of smoking, acid rain, and the ozone hole—and now, climate change. Her research has also taught Oreskes the need for academics to “speak clearly and crisply” on issues of Sexual Assaults social and political importance; recently, she signed an open faculty letter calling for N!"#$%!& '$%'()%* about sexual assaults Harvard’s divestment from fossil fuels. Her new book with Conway, The Collapse of on campuses, and institutional responses Western Civilization (Columbia), to be released in July, imagines a future with climate to them, erupted at Harvard, too, in early change run rampant. The ability to “range broadly,” she says, is the appeal of history spring. Among the salient developments: of science. Trained as a mining geologist at Imperial College London, Oreskes began On March 31, the Crimson published exploring the history of her discipline as a graduate student at Stanford. She published “Dear Harvard: You Win,” a long, anony- in both !elds until, she quips, she had children: “I couldn’t have three careers.” With mous, ﬁrst-person account of an unwanted her hydrologist husband and their two grown daughters, she spends her free time sexual encounter. It alleged that the Col- outdoors, hiking, camping, and occasionally climbing: “I still like to be on rocks.” lege’s response was insensitive and shaped

Photograph by Jim Harrison H!),!)- M!.!/#%( 23 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 JOHN H ARVARD'S JOURNAL

by antiquated procedures and standards. accepted all the recommendations.) The article received enormous attention, The task force’s focus complements work given its graphic detail, the attention al- done by the University’s new Harvard-wide Travel the world with fellow ready focused on campus sexual assaults Title IX coordinator, Mia Karvonides, hired nationwide, and the presence of alcohol as in 2013. (Title IX refers to the relevant 1972 alumni and Harvard study a factor in the case—one of the frequent federal education amendments that pro- leaders. Choose from more complications in determining whether hibit gender discrimination). Karvonides than 50 trips annually. sexual activity was consensual. has been overseeing e+orts to bring Har- President Drew Faust e-mailed the vard policies into compliance with what the FEATURED TRIPS community on April 3 to announce the charge to the task force termed “evolving formation of a task force to “Develop rec- legal requirements”—an updating on which ommendations about how Harvard can the University has trailed other institutions. improve e+orts to prevent sexual miscon- Those requirements include new federal leg- duct.” Former provost Steven E. Hyman, islation, 2011 guidance from the U.S. Depart- a psychiatric researcher, chairs the group. ment of Education’s (DOE) O0ce of Civil (On May 13, he wrote to Faust suggesting, Rights, and a cabinet-level task force con- on behalf of the task force, several short- vened by President Barack Obama. Among term measures: that Harvard augment the substantive matters at issue on many sta0ng and resources for the O0ce of campuses are language requiring a0rmative Sexual Assault and Prevention Response— consent to sexual activity, and, at Harvard, which was created in 2003, when he was using “the preponderance of evidence” as DECEMBER 27, 2014—JANUARY 12, 2015 provost; create a website with resources the standard of proof in adjudicating cases EXPLORING VIETNAM & CAMBODIA for people who have experienced sexual (the 2011 DOE guidance)—rather than the STUDY LEADER: RADCLIFFE DEAN LIZABETH COHEN assault or harassment; improve student Administrative Board’s stricter requirement orientation and training by this fall; and that it be “su0ciently persuaded” a viola- survey the campus to determine the inci- tion occurred. Almost all Ivy League schools dence of sexual assault. Faust immediately had adopted the “preponderance” standard Explore More

Harvardmagazine.com brings you continuous coverage of JANUARY 8—23, 2015 University and alumni news. Visit to !nd these stories and more: HIDDEN INDIA: LANDS OF THE LOST KINGDOMS ON GOLDEN CHARIOT Family Portraits Portable Shakespeare page 67 | View a series of page 76 | Watch videos of actors images of photographer performing scenes from Macbeth, Geoffrey Biddle’s everyday Midsummer Night’s Dream, and family life: on the way to Romeo and Juliet—from school; a visit to the doctor’s educational technolo- of!ce; and experiencing the gist Alexander Parker’s New York City subway. new multimedia e-book.

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24 J1&2 - A1.1*" 2014 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 JOHN H ARVARD'S JOURNAL by this spring. Also on April 3, the Crimson broke Yesterday’s News the news that a From the pages of the Harvard Alumni Bulletin and Harvard Magazine member of the student group Our Harvard Can Do 1 9 1 4 The outbreak of World War I ping a !nial through the roof of Memo-

Better had filed a GREEN MITCH traps more than 40 faculty members and rial Hall. complaint with the Mia Karvonides close to 30 traveling fellows in Europe DOE civil-rights of- and sends at least two professors with The two most popular summer-session fice on March 28, alleging that the College’s French citizenship home to !ght. courses are Professor Howard Mumford sexual-assault policies violate federal law. Jones’s “American Literature” and visiting She and another lead complainant, and tes- 1 9 3 9 President Conant prepares to author Frank O’Connor’s “The Nine- timonials from 10 other students, focused on move his of!ce from University Hall, teenth Century Novel.” the conflicting guidance they received from where Harvard’s presidents have worked House advisers about their options and on since the building opened in 1815, to 1 9 5 9 Quincy House is rushed toward the inconsistent information on changing newly refurbished Massachusetts Hall. completion for September occupancy. residences, among other issues. (Some 55 schools, including the College and the Law 1 9 4 4 The summer heat has brought 1 9 6 9 Sixteen students have been re- School, are now being investigated by the out the “whites” of the Navy V-12 stu- quired to leave Harvard because of their civil-rights o0ce for issues related to their dents; skivvies, jumpers, and bell-bottom actions during the occupation of Univer- handling of sexual assaults.) trousers hang out to dry under the wil- sity Hall on April 9-10. Twenty others At an Undergraduate Council forum lows of Eliot House. have been given a suspended requirement on April 16, Faust disclosed that Harvard to withdraw while 102 more have been had filed its proposed, updated University 1 9 5 4 Hurricane Carol strikes with placed under warning. policy on sexual assaults with the DOE of- 120-mile-per-hour winds on August 31, fice for review—potentially addressing toppling an oak and three of the oldest 1 9 7 4 Newsweek reports that B is the the legal-compliance challenges. Secur- elms in the Yard, de-roo!ng average grade in American colleges. Har- ing approval, a mandated first step the Newell Boathouse vard reports that the average grade for in improving campus condi- shed, and drop- the College as a whole is a B+. tions, is not automatic: Tufts and the government 1 9 9 4 Harvard Square landmark Out engaged in a public of Town News has been sold to an out- stando+ over whether of-town owner, Hudson County News of its revised policies New York. comply with the federal standards; and the White House and DOE o0ce subsequently issued a sample survey for investigating conditions on campuses, a checklist for sexual- misconduct policies, and other guidance—dozens of pages of new docu- mentation for lawyers to process. Each school will have to bring its policies into con- formity with the University requirements, once those pass federal muster. On May 6, Dean

Illustration by Mark Steele Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 JOHN H ARVARD'S JOURNAL

Michael D. Smith announced the Faculty in campus culture. The mix of young peo- Dean Smith had the unhappy duty of in- of Arts and Sciences Committee on Sexual ple exploring relationships, sometimes ac- forming the faculty on April 1 that three Misconduct Policies and Procedures to lead companied by access to alcohol, in a new undergraduates had been expelled earlier this work within FAS. Its chair, professor of setting away from home, has never been in the year for violating rules on physical history Alison Johnson, also serves on Hy- free of emotional complications, nor whol- violence (in all three instances), plus di- man’s prevention task force. ly guided by rationality, mature experi- verse infractions concerning drugs, alco- All that work may be the easy part. The ence, or rules in a student handbook. hol, and ﬁrearms (in two of the cases). The task force is likely to recommend broader Lest anyone involved forget that Har- challenge in addressing sexual assault is education for students and training for ad- vard, too, is a worldly community (even that the University is populated by imper- ministrators, with an eye toward changes apart from matters of sexual conduct), fect human beings, not angels.

Spring, Fevered be recommended by the dean of Harvard Adoption was never in doubt, and the College and ultimately considered by the measure passed overwhelmingly, but the A3#- the Divest Harvard protestors’ late- full faculty for inclusion in the Handbook for faculty debate aired several criticisms. April blockade of the president’s o0ce (see Students. Language circulated to the faculty Some professors objected to the appro- page 22) and the debate about sexual assault in March included this language for the priateness of administering an oath or af- (see page 23), other issues roiled the end of a0rmation: “I attest to the honesty of my firmation to the Harvard community, or the semester; several are summarized here. academic work and a0rm that it conforms part of it. Others questioned the e0cacy to the standards of the Harvard College of such procedures for promoting appro- A College Honor Code Honor Code.” Cases concerning possible priate academic behavior, and pointed to F$&&$4#%. four years of research and out- violations will be adjudi- broader measures shaping the campus reach by its committee on academic integri- culture. And there were, generally, con- ty—a period punctuated by the 2012-2013 cerns about an asymmetrical process investigation of the largest recent case of that seems to single out student conduct suspected misconduct on an examination, without explicitly emphasizing profes- and punishment of dozens of undergrad- sors’ reciprocal obligations to the stu- uates—the Faculty of Arts and Sciences dents whom they teach. (FAS) on May 6 enacted an honor code for Rakesh Khurana, who becomes dean undergraduates. of Harvard College on July 1, will be re- “[T]o strengthen the dedication to aca- sponsible for implementation; he par- demic integrity,” the College ad- ticipated in the committee’s work. For opted a code described as follows: details about the code, its background, Members of the Harvard Col- and the debate, see http://harvard- lege community commit them- mag.com/honor-14. selves to producing academic Separately, in a sort of coda to the work with integrity—that is, honor-code debate and the 2012-2013 work that adheres to the schol- UNICATIONS academic-misconduct case, two cen- MM arly and intellectual standards tral figures in that grueling investiga- of accurate attribution of sourc- tion announced that they are leaving es, appropriate collection and Harvard. John L. “Jay” Ellison, sec- use of data, and transparent ac- retary of the Administrative Board knowledgment of the contribu- since 2005, will become dean of tion of others to our ideas, dis- students at the University of Chi- coveries, interpretations, and cago. Adams House resident dean conclusions. Cheating on exams Sharon L. Howell—an outspoken or problem sets, plagiarizing critic of searches of resident deans’ e-mail OSE LINCOLN/HARVARD PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND CO AND AFFAIRS PUBLIC LINCOLN/HARVARD OSE or misrepresenting the ideas or R account headings after it appeared that Ad language of someone else as one’s Jay M. Harris, dean of undergraduate Board information about the investigation education, led the academic-integrity own, falsifying data, or any other committee as it drafted an honor code; it had been passed to news media—is mov- instance of academic dishonesty vi- takes effect in the fall of 2015. ing to Northfield Mount Hermon School. olates the standards of our commu- (See below on the new communications- nity, as well as the standards of the cated by a new Honor Board, not the ex- privacy policy.) wider world of learning and a+airs. isting Administrative Board; members will “Commitment” to the code, which include undergraduates, resident deans, E-privacy Policy Approved takes e+ect in the fall of 2015, is to be professors, administrators, and graduate T5( 5!),!)- '$)6$)!"#$% in late March demonstrated through an “a0rmation students; the dean or his designee will approved a new, University-wide policy on of integrity,” the specifics of which will serve as chair. access to electronic communications. The

26 J1&2 - A1.1*" 2014 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 JOHN H ARVARD'S JOURNAL

policy was drafted by a task force led by Policy,” May-June 2014, page 26) inviting ed to move from tracking academic units in Green professor of law David Barron, fol- community comment were mostly minor, terms of courses to the credit-hour system in lowing College administrators’ controver- but a subsection covering “Internal Inves- nearly universal use in higher education. The sial decisions to access information about tigations of Misconduct” now reiterates immediate motivation for converting each e-mails during an Administrative Board in- the need to weigh any decision to access semester-long, half course into four cred- vestigation into undergraduate academic electronic information against “University its (and thereby making an undergraduate misconduct (see “E-mail Imbroglio,” May- values”—identified earlier in the docu- course of study 128 credits) is the student-in- June 2013, page 46; on May 22, the U.S. Senate ment as including “academic freedom and formation system coming online in the fall of confirmed Barron’s appointment as a judge internal trust and confidence,” for ex- 2015. It is credit-based, as are the norms of re- on the First Circuit Court of Appeals). ample. The policy also includes provisions porting for higher-education accreditation. Changes to the policy since a draft was for record-keeping to enable review by an But a careful parsing of the legislative posted on February 26 (see “An E-privacy independent oversight committee, which language (“courses in the sciences, arts will be chaired by Goldston professor of and humanities, engineering and applied law John Goldberg. sciences, social sciences, and medical

UNICATIONS President Drew Faust thanked Barron sciences shall all earn four credits per MM and the task force for their “thoughtful semester course”) reveals that it may, and thorough work,” adding that it re- over time, become permissive, rather ﬂected “the values that underpin our work than prescriptive. Graduate School of as an academic community—transpar- Arts and Sciences students already take ency, trust, and respect for academic free- shorter biomedical “modules”: and quar- dom—and as such will serve us well in the ter- and nano-courses on speciﬁc topics, years ahead.” for which the semester term no longer obtains. Online courses o+ered through ITCHELL/HARVARD PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND CO AND AFFAIRS PUBLIC ITCHELL/HARVARD

M From Courses to Credits… HarvardX are being disaggregated into David Barron and Beyond? shorter learning-unit modules, covering TEPHANIE TEPHANIE

S A* !% administrative measure, FAS also vot- a single topic, problem set, or segment

R e n e w i n g t h e C o o p

The Harvard Coop, a retailing !xture for 132 years, is changing with the times. Although it will remain a membership-based cooperative, its longtime annual rebate distributions will be sup- planted by a 10 percent discount at the time of sale, beginning with purchases (in-store or online) made July 1. Thus, paid-up members will receive their !nal rebate checks this autumn, for

the !scal year ending June 30; henceforth, once current member- C ship is validated at the register or during online checkout, patrons AZINE/J will realize their savings at once. G Coop president Jerry Murphy ’73, M.B.A. ’77, said that its

board of directors had examined operations during the past few MA HARVARD years, taking stock of changes in book retailing and of the expec- excluded from the discount in the future, the only such category tations and wants of Harvard and MIT students, who are an now is fully digital text materials, for which pricing is evolving in important, year-round customer cohort, and of other members. the educational-publishing industry. To date, such materials ac- Focus groups and other analyses of alumni and students showed, count for a minuscule share of Coop volume; as such publishing he said, that many students don’t !gure the rebate into their evolves, it is even conceivable, of course, that university regis- purchasing decisions and that most preferred immediate savings. trars’ course-management systems or other entities will become The discount—which will apply across the Coop’s offerings, the source for distributing e-teaching materials, taking them including trade books, texts, and insignia merchandise—in fact outside the conventional retailing system. exceeds recent rebate rates (of late, an average of 8.5 percent To receive the somewhat greater, and instant, discount, pa- or more of a patron’s purchases). Furthermore, it will apply atop trons must be current in their Coop membership, and able to other promotions (for example, on best-selling books offered at provide veri!able evidence at the point of sale. To make things a 30 percent discount, members will realize an additional 10 simpler for students, the Coop allows them to select their stu- percent off the reduced price). dent ID number as their membership number: one less creden- Murphy said that although it is possible some products may be tial to carry.

H!),!)- M!.!/#%( 27 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 JOHN H ARVARD'S JOURNAL of a larger course. And faculty members the MIT undergraduate curriculum, from the language in the Handbook for Students— are clearly discussing shorter for-credit a top-down approach that decomposes which were adopted routinely at the May options that might take advantage of existing courses into modules to a bottom- 6 FAS meeting—turn the pilot program on the extended January break, or oppor- up approach that re-engineers a curricu- gender-neutral housing (initiated at the re- tunities for separating and mixing and lum by identifying the core concepts and quest of transgender students) into a regu- matching labs from the courses with associated modules that underlie them or lar possibility, subject to a review proce- which they are now associated. build upon them,” with the aim of “pro- dure. Thus, “Rising sophomore, juniors, Any such formats would require faculty viding greater ﬂexibility for students to and seniors may request to form mixed- review and approval—but the discussion customize their degree programs.” These gender rooming groups.” All occupants is clearly under way at Harvard, and much issues are explored fully at http://har- must voluntarily agree to the arrangement, more comprehensively at MIT, whose vardmagazine.com/credit-14. and requests are “addressed and managed president commissioned a report in which on a case-by-case basis, taking into ac- faculty advocated “unbundling of educa- Gender-neutral Housing count all circumstances, including space tion” and achieving “greater modularity in A&3$*" #% 6!**#%., the amendments to constraints.”

U niversity People phy, for Jonathan Swift: His Life and His World); Rebecca Davis O’Brien ’06 (local reporting, for coverage of heroin in the northern Scholars at the Summit New Jersey suburbs; O’Brien was one of The National Academy of Sciences has Classroom Champions this magazine’s Ledecky Undergraduate elected 11 professors to membership. The Faculty of Arts and Fellows in the 2003-2004 academic year); From Harvard Medical School come: Sciences conferred Har- and John Adams ’69, A.M. ’72, D.Mus. ’12 HPAC Bruce P. Bean, Winthrop vard College Professor- (music, for The Gospel According to the Other professor of neurobiol- ships (its highest honor Mary).

ogy; Emery N. Brown, for distinguished under- SNIBBE/ KRIS Zapol professor of an- graduate teaching and Mahzarin Radcliffe’s Roster Banaji HPAC aesthesia; Timothy J. advising, consisting of a Eleven faculty a0liates

Mitchison, Sabbagh ﬁve-year title plus incre- are among the Radcli+e ITCHELL/ M professor of systems bi- mental research funding) Institute’s 50 fellows for AYNSLEY FORD ology; Vamsi K. Mootha, on ﬁve faculty members: the 2014-2015 academic

Vamsi K. STEPHANIE Mootha professor of systems bi- Mahzarin Banaji, Cabot year: Ann Blair, Lea pro-

HPAC Ann Blair ology and of medicine; professor of social ethics fessor of history; Mat- and Martin R. Pollak, (a psychologist); David thew B. Boyle, professor ON CHASE/ ON professor of medicine. Cutler, Eckstein profes- J of philosophy; Noam D.

New members from the sor of applied economics; David Cutler Elkies, professor of math- HPAC

HPAC Faculty of Arts and Sci- Hopi Hoekstra, profes- ematics; Nancy E. Hill, ITCHELL/ ences include: Daniel sor of organismic and evolutionary biol- professor of education; M Eisenstein, professor ogy and molecular and cellular biology; Lakshminarayanan Ma- KRIS SNIBBE/ KRIS

Jeff W. of astronomy; Drew Melissa McCormick, professor of Japa- hadevan, England de Val- STEPHANIE Lichtman Fudenberg, Abbe pro- nese art and culture; and Greg Morrisett, pine professor of applied Nancy E. Hill fessor of economics; Cutting professor of computer science. mathematics, of organis- Lawrence F. Katz, Allison professor of For background information on each, mic and evolutionary biology, and of phys- economics; Je! W. Lichtman, Knowles and details on other teaching and advis- ics (the subject of the magazine’s March- professor of molecular ing honors, see http://harvardmag.com/ April 2008 cover story, “The Physics of and cellular biology and faculty-14. the Familiar”); Erez Manela, professor Ramon y Cajal professor of history; Alexander Rehding, Peabody of arts and sciences; An- Pulitzer Portrait professor of music (whose drew W. Murray, Smith Megan Marshall ’77, RI work on rethinking the professor of molecular ’07, was awarded the Pu- humanities curriculum is HPAC ARSHALL KRIS SNIBBE/HPAC KRIS genetics; and Subir Sa- litzer Prize for biography, M featured in “Toward Cul- AN AN G Andrew W. ITCHELL/ E

chdev, professor of phys- for Margaret Fuller: A New tural Citizenship,” May- M M ics. To learn more about Murray American Life. Among the June, page 35); Kathryn their work, and about the 11 alumni from ﬁnalists for this year’s A. Sikkink, Ryan Family STEPHANIE STEPHANIE

other institutions who were also elect- prizes were: Bernbaum OF COURTESY professor of human-rights Lakshmina- ed, visit http://harvardmagazine.com/ professor of literature Megan policy; Carol S. Steiker, rayanan nas-14. Leo Damrosch (biogra- Marshall Friendly professor of law; Mahadevan

28 J1&2 - A1.1*" 2014 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Capital-Campaign Compendium T#$ %&#''(% of business, dental medicine, divinity, and government announced their Answers capital-campaign priorities and ambitions for this spring. With their targets included, addiction some $4.6 billion of the $6.5-billion Har- vard Campaign’s aggregate goal has been detailed. Fernside helps break the cycle of relapse, Harvard Divinity School launched its treating addiction and any accompanying $50-million e!ort “To Illuminate, Engage, illnesses. Blending compassion and research, and Serve” on April 4. Dean David N. this Harvard Medical School-affiliated Hempton emphasized new professorships program is unparalleled. Let us help you today. Call 855.707.0552.

Felix Warneken, associate professor of psychology; and Bruce Western, professor of sociology and Guggenheim professor of criminal justice (proﬁled in the magazine’s March-April 2013 cover story, “The Prison Problem”). America’s #1 Hospital for Psychiatry Campus Services Czar Meredith Weenick ’90,

M.B.A. ’02, has been ap- HPAC pointed Harvard’s vice Boston, Mass. www.mcleanhospital.org/fernivy ITCHELL/ president for campus M services, e!ective July

14. Following a variety of STEPHANIE experiences within Bos- Meredith ton’s municipal govern- Weenick ment, she became the city’s chief ﬁnan- cial o"cer in 2010. At the University, she will oversee facilities and property management, residential and commercial real estate, dining, engineering and utilities, transportation and parking, international student services, environmental health and safety, emergency management, and Harvard Authors’ the Common Spaces program. Weenick will report to executive vice president Katie Lapp. (Harvard Magazine Inc. reports to campus services for ﬁnancial and budgeting purposes.)

Parliamentary Professor Gardiner professor of oceanic history and a!airs Sugata Bose, an historian Bookshelf of India and grand-nephew of Subhas Chandra Bose, the Indian nationalist, To browse the was voted into India’s parliament from –Summer Reading List, Jadavpur, in the city of Kolkata, during an advertising supplement that nation’s watershed election in May. featuring books by Harvard The New York Times, which reported on his Harvard Authors’ alumni, faculty and staff, campaign, indicated he would take a Bookshelf public-service leave. TURN TO PAGE 59.

H)*+)*, M)-)./0$ 29 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 JOHN H ARVARD'S JOURNAL

great need, such as Haiti and Rwan- tory, including the case method and such da. Beyond the campaign goal, it also fundamental concepts as the value chain solicits support for professorships, and disruptive innovation (see the pro- laboratories and other spaces, and file of Clayton Christensen, page 38), she fellowships. observed that pressing problems of eco- Harvard Business School (HBS) be- nomic and political development and sci- gan its $1-billion campaign (with entific discovery “all demand approaches more than $600 million already com- and solutions” grounded in organization, mitted) much more visibly the next management, and innovation. Nohria, the “Let’s begin”: Business School day, with case-based class discus- final speaker, encompassed HBS’s aims by dean Nitin Nohria sions for alumni; student panels on emphasizing educational innovation, with during his cam- innovations in the new experience- a succinct, forward-looking tagline: “Let’s paign address April based curriculum; presentations on begin.” 25; a sketch of the iconic Baker the iLab; and faculty-alumni panels Read a full report at http://harvardmag. Library is project- on interdisciplinary research into com/hbs-14. ed behind him. social challenges such as healthcare, Harvard Kennedy School’s (HKS) education, and energy policy. $500-million drive (with nearly two- (about one-quarter of the goal) in “global” Dean Nitin Nohria outlined five priori- thirds already pledged) launched during CHOOL S subjects such as contemporary Jewish ties: intellectual ambition (funding for the two symposium-filled days on May 15 and studies, the Hebrew Bible, women’s stud- research initiatives, and related faculty 16. In an interview, Dean David Ellwood USINESS USINESS B ies, Buddhism, and African-American reli- growth and building projects; $250 mil- reflected on governance at a time when gious studies. More funds for financial aid lion); innovation in education, including the public is disillusioned, noting, “The ARVARD ARVARD H ENT

and interdisciplinary collaborations are the experience-based curriculum, the American people have never been enam- M on the list, but the largest priority is the HBX online venture, and executive educa- ored with government, but what’s unique renovation of Andover Hall, the school’s tion (see a project for the latter in Brevia, about this moment is that we face a series central facility, constructed as a seminary opposite; $200 million); international re- of quite troubling public challenges”— /COURTESY OF THE OF /COURTESY G CHOOL OF GOVERN OF CHOOL

in 1911. search, education, employment recruiting, middle-class stagnation, climate change, S OUN Y With material prosperity and instant and dissemination of Harvard Business even threats to democracy itself. HKS stu- ENNEDY ENNEDY USAN USAN K S gratiﬁcation so often accepted as societal Publishing products ($150 million); inclu- dents, he stressed, are “people who’ve re- norms, said Hempton, who is also Mc- siveness (ﬁnancial aid and summer and ally been in the world of practice.” ARVARD ARVARD Donald Family professor of evangelical postgraduate fellowships for social enter- On May 15, the president of Liberia, El- H theological studies, the core mission of prise, entrepreneurship, and other pur- len Johnson Sirleaf, M.P.A. ’71, LL.D. ’11, Harvard’s founders—religion and spiri- suits; $150 million); and integrating with and Felipe Calderón, M.P.A. ’00, K ’03, the tuality—is often ignored. He called the other parts of Harvard (including the iLab, former president of Mexico, demonstrated divinity school the perfect institution to cross-faculty teaching, and programmatic that point in discussing leadership. Asked

inspire today’s leaders to think about the investments in Allston when the School of what prepares a leader for coping with dif- THE OF COURTESY TEWART/ S most important questions in life, includ- Engineering and Applied Sciences [SEAS] ﬁcult decisions, Sirleaf replied, “There’s

ing death, the natural world, and spiritu- and other units locate next to HBS’s cam- nothing…other than your inner will to MARTHA ality, and President Drew Faust agreed: pus; $100 million). “Never have its subjects of inquiry felt Nohria also hopes The Kennedy School’s leadership panel (from left): M.P.P. candidate Jieum Baek; Liberian more urgent—from the discussions of val- to secure $150 mil- president Ellen Johnson Sirleaf; former ues and ethics buzzing across the gradu- lion of discretion- Mexican president Felipe Calderón; M.P.A. ate schools, to the tremendous appetite ary, current-use candidate Amandla Agoro Ooko-Ombaka among undergraduates for the vexing funds. question of how to live a life.” In remarks at a For complete coverage, see http://har- gala featuring spec- vardmag.com/divinity-14. tacular video pre- Harvard School of Dental Medicine qui- sentations about etly began its $8-million campaign at the alumni experi- downtown Harvard Club of Boston, on ences and leaders April 24. The school seeks ﬁnancial-aid around the world, funds (75 percent of the goal; the aver- Faust said Har- age debt of a 2013 D.M.D. graduate was vard’s campaign $162,000, noted the case statement), and was “about lead- support for global and community oral- ership”—the core health programs (25 percent), to give stu- of HBS’s mission. dents and faculty members public-health Citing the school’s experiences locally and in countries with pioneering his-

30 J1&2 - A1.1*" 2014 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 JOHN H ARVARD'S JOURNAL

The Undergraduate Mind On Online Education The Faculty of Arts and Sciences con- Coursera, the for-profit online-educa- ferred the Hoopes Prize on 71 theses Brevia tion competitor of the nonprofit Har- from among those nominated by profes- vard-MIT edX partnership, announced a sors and other advisers. Winners receive series of “learning hubs”—physical ven- $4,000 (plus $1,000 for the adviser), and a ues, with facilitators, where enrolled stu- place of pride, bound, dents can collaborate. on a special, promi- The initial eight sites nent shelf in Lamont include Dominical Uni- Library—an inspira- versity of California and tion to rising young the New York Public scholars. The honored Library, plus six inter- theses this year ranged national locations that from Amsale Alemu’s have Internet access (a “ Til ling Imagined limitation in some na- Land: Student Pro- tions). Coursera also test and Generational unveiled its “global Conflict in Twentieth- translator community” Century Ethiopia” to to speed creation of Matthew Yarri’s “An course versions in mul- Exoskeleton Device tiple languages, since to Assist in Downhill most of its enrolled stu- Walking.” The com- dents live in non-Eng- plete list appears under the “Hoopes CHAO CENTER CELEBRATION: lish-speaking countries.…Coursera co- Prize” tab at http://prizes.fas.harvard. Harvesting one of the fruits of its founder and chairman Andrew Ng will capital campaign the day before edu/icb/icb.do. unveiling the fundraising effort publicly simultaneously serve as chief scientist at (see the facing page for a summary of Baidu, the Chinese Internet search en- Coming to the College priorities), Harvard Business School gine—potentially, a valuable connection of!cially broke ground for the Ruth Nearly 82 percent of the 2,023 candidates Mulan Chu Chao Center on April 24. It for Coursera in distributing its courses in o+ered admission to the undergraduate will replace the demolished Kresge that huge market for higher education.… class of 2018 accepted—a generation- Hall. When completed in 2016, the Writing in his institution’s alumni maga- ally high “yield” in line with last year’s new facility—with meeting, of!ce, and zine, Stanford president John Hennessy dining facilities, plus classrooms—will result. As a result, just 15 to 20 wait-listed complete a rebuilt and renovated noted the low completion rates among applicants are expected to gain admis- residential executive-education students enrolled in massive open on- sion. The admissions o0ce reported quadrangle at the eastern edge of the line courses, but highlighted the e0cacy that the entering class includes record school’s campus. For further details, of “flipped classrooms” (with recorded see http://harvardmagazine.com/ numbers of African Americans (177) and chao-center. lectures for viewing before class meet- Latinos (185), and the second-largest co- ings), online analysis of student learning, hort of Asian Americans in College his- and promising applications in executive tory. Stanford’s yield continued to rise manager, $6.6 million; Stephen Blyth, and continuing education.…Berklee Col- sharply, reaching nearly 77 percent, as did head of public markets, $5.3 million; and lege of Music, a Boston-based member Yale’s, climbing to 72 percent. Daniel Cummings, real-estate portfolio of edX, launched a fully online, accred- manager, $4.2 million. The University’s ited bachelor’s-degree program, in mu- Earners-in-Chief tax return for the fiscal year ended June sic business or music production, with a According to the University’s annual 30, 2013, revealed that President Drew $14,500 annual tuition—about 40 percent disclosure, released in mid May, Har- Faust earned $771,000 in salary plus of the tuition bill for a residential degree. vard Management Company reported other compensation of $270,000 (much the following calendar-year 2012 com- of that attributable to use of the o0cial Elsewhere in Academia pensation for its senior leadership and presidential residence, Elmwood). Sep- Dartmouth received a $100-million anon- top-earning investment professionals: arately, her compensation for service on ymous gift, including a challenge fund Jane L. Mendillo, president and CEO, the board of directors of Staples Inc., that will raise total proceeds to $200 mil- $4.8 million; Robert A. Ettl, chief op- reported in its proxy statement, was lion, in support of 30 to 40 endowed in- erating o0cer, $4.0 million; Andrew the standard cash fee for each board terdisciplinary professorships, a new So- G. Wiltshire, head of alternative as- member of $75,000, plus stock awards ciety of Fellows for rising young scholars, sets, $7.9 million; Alvaro Aguirre-Si- of $175,000. For a full report, see http:// expansion of its Thayer School of Engi- munovic, natural-resources portfolio harvardmag.com/compensation. neering, experiential education, and new

Image courtesy of Harvard Business School H!),!)- M!.!/#%( 31 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Introducing the

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The app meets readers From science to sports, You get full print issues where you read—on the and people to public as well as constantly bus, the beach, a plane, policy, you choose the changing breaking news or a picnic—it even works topics you want to read from the website—in one of!ine. You can save in the “My Magazine” seamless reading favorite articles for section of the app experience. Not to reading later, or download homepage. Add your mention class notes and an entire back issue for school and class year to obituaries, sortable by browsing on the go. get even more news issue or class year.

pertinent to you.

A 2012 survey showed that more than three-quarters of the magazine’s readers own a tablet or smartphone. The Harvard Magazine app supports iPads (version 2 and later), iPhones (4s and later), and iPod touch (4 and 5). Supported Android devices (on which Chrome is the recommended browser) include the Samsung S III and Motorola Droid Razr phones, as well as the Samsung Galaxy Tab 10.1. (The app may function on other devices, but those are not of!cially supported.) Introducing the Harvard Magazine app

Better Reading Intuitive Harvard Magazine created this new platform in response to your suggestions. By providing the content in formats Experience Navigate issues from a designed for tablets and smartphones, we aim to meet Beautiful layouts have table of contents, or readers wherever you are, whether on the go or at home. For the !rst time, this app allows us to offer a print-like been specially designed simply swipe to browse. reading experience to international alumni, who have not received the magazine in the past. for ease of reading on A built-in user guide Providing this new service required tremendous tablets and smartphones. explains simple icons for resources, including hundreds of hours of staff time and a substantial !nancial investment of more than $250,000, Adjust the font size, swipe accessing the main menu, drawn from the magazine’s reserves. We hope that you will try the app free for three months and then choose between stories, browse searching, saving favorite to sponsor this project for $12. Your sponsorship will galleries of images, articles, downloading an bring to a broadened audience a better way to read coverage that is thorough, comprehensive, lively, and fair. even watch a video. issue, or returning to It’s a movable feast. And now you can have it to go.

It’s print plus. a previous story. For more, see http://harvardmag.com/mobile

app.harvardmagazine.com JOHN H ARVARD'S JOURNAL

MARKING Mark I. The 70-year-old Mark 1, the !rst programmable computer in the United States, was brie"y turned on during an April ceremony for the reinstallation of the exhibit centered on the machine, conceived by Howard Aiken, Ph.D. ’39, S.D. ’65, during his graduate studies in phys ics. “One of the things that I love about this machine is that it embodies, in a very direct, literal way, terms that we’re used to—like the ‘bug’, the ‘loop,’ and the ‘library,’ ” said Pellegrino University Professor Peter Galison. A real moth once laid low successor Mark II—the !rst actual bug found.

tions disclosed the news that the course-evaluation Q Guide will no longer display the “di0- culty” score—one of the changes meant to make the guide “more accurate, sophisticated, and helpful.” learning technologies.…Yale, joining Har- Harvard employ- vard (in Shanghai) and Stanford (Bei- ees has voted to C)#3*$% '!8#%(". With Sylvia jing), is opening a center in China (also a0liate. Sepa- Mathews Burwell ’87 nomi- in Beijing) for its visiting students and rately, an arbi- nated as secretary of health faculty, and for executive education.…The trator ruled that and human services—join- University of California at Los Angeles 33 grants managers in various science ing Arne Duncan ’86 at education and launched a $4.2-billion capital campaign, departments and the Graduate School of Shaun Donovan ’87, M.Arch.-M.P.A. ’95 slightly edging the University of Michi- Education are overtime-eligible employ- (moving from housing and urban devel- gan’s $4.0-billion goal as the largest fund ees and included in the HUCTW. opment to the o0ce of management and drive by a public university. UCLA is budget)—President Barack Obama, J.D. emphasizing research and financial aid, I%%$,!"#,( (-1'!"$). Balkanski professor ’91, nearly had a Harvard College class which account for more than $3 billion of physics and applied physics Eric Ma- trifecta in his cabinet. of the resources sought; some $1.3 billion zur has been awarded the initial Minerva has been raised. Prize for Advancements in Higher Educa- M#*'(&&!%2. The Boston Globe disclosed in tion. The $500,000 prize, a0liated with April that Crimson football coach Tim Nota Bene Minerva Academy, which seeks through Murphy underwent emergency triple U%-()4)#"#%. !)"*. University benefac- the Minerva Project to build a technologi- coronary bypass surgery this past Febru- tor Paul Buttenwieser ’60, M.D. ’64—a cally based, global alternative to campus ary.…The American Repertory Theater’s former Overseer and 2010 Harvard Med- education for elite students, recognized productions of The Glass Menagerie (seven) alist—and his wife, Catherine, both sup- Mazur’s pioneering peer instruction in and All the Way (two) were nominated for porters of the arts, have endowed the flipped classrooms. His work was the nine Tony Awards; winners were to be position of director of creative writing subject of Harvard Magazine’s “Twilight of announced June 8, after this issue went (within the department of English). The the Lecture,” March-April 2012, page 23. to press.…As construction proceeded to incumbent, Bret Johnston, becomes the accommodate Dunster House residents first holder of the named directorship, E%().2 !%- (%,#)$%3(%". The concen- in swing space (at the repurposed Inn which oversees coursework in fiction, tration in environmental science and at Harvard and elsewhere), during the poetry, nonfiction, screenwriting, and public policy has created a secondary first whole-House renovation beginning playwriting. field (for interested undergraduates con- this June, the Harvard-owned house at centrating in other disciplines) in en- 8 Prescott Street was converted into the O).!%#/#%. $1"6$*". Sta+ members at ergy and the environment, e+ective this temporary new home for House masters Dumbarton Oaks—Harvard’s center for coming fall. It requires one foundational displaced by the successive construction Byzantine, Pre-Columbian, and garden course, plus three advanced courses in ei- projects. The Expository Writing o0ces and landscape studies, in Washington, ther humanities/social sciences, or natu- formerly located there have moved to D.C.—have voted to join the Harvard ral sciences/engineering. Bow Street.…The Harvard Club of Bos- Union of Clerical and Technical Work- ton is nearing the sale of the annex ad- ers, e+ective this past April 1. This marks Q 71()#(*. A note from dean of under- jacent to its main clubhouse facility on the first time since the HUCTW was graduate education Jay M. Harris to stu- Commonwealth Avenue; the space will formed in 1988 that a group of nonunion dents concerning their fall class selec- be converted to condominiums.

34 J1&2 - A1.1*" 2014 Photographs by Katherine Xue Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 JOHN H ARVARD'S JOURNAL make a decision. That is di0cult. You find sity its first $1-billion year President Drew Faust outlining campaign out what you have within you.” Calderón for donations and com- priorities aboard the Intrepid on May 14 noted that “once a decision arrives on your mitments—a goal reached desk, it is there because it is a di0cult one. in the past, according to Often, your choice is between the lesser of published reports, only by two evils.” Stanford during the end of When Faust spoke, she praised the its most recent campaign. school for its global footprint and interdis- Among notable an- UNICATIONS ciplinary work. Ellwood also touched on nouncements, the Fac- MM those attributes, in part, in outlining the ulty of Arts and Sciences school’s four campaign priorities: “reach- disclosed a $17-million ing the very best leaders” (by developing donation from the Persh- financial-aid resources); “transforming ing Square Foundation— the educational experience” (with multi- founded by Bill (William

disciplinary and experiential learning and A.) Ackman ’88, M.B.A. CO AND AFFAIRS PUBLIC E/HARVARD M I teaching technologies); “generating pow- ’92, CEO of the Pershing S EAN EAN erful ideas” (a rubric focused on “making Square Capital Manage- S democracy work; creating shared, sus- ment hedge fund, and Karen Ackman, the schools of design, education, law, and tainable prosperity; [and] harnessing the M.L.A. ’93—for a “foundations of human medicine, and additional sums are being forces reshaping our world”); and “creat- behavior” initiative grounded in behavior- raised centrally, as University priorities, ing a campus that amplifies our mission” al economics and other disciplines. That for projects such as the new SEAS quarters (including a major new building and the gift provides for three new professorships in Allston. But for the moment, speaking renovations to support “active, engaged and a research fund. The Ackmans sepa- before an audience of some 600 guests at learning, and group work”). rately disclosed $9 million of additional a New York City fundraising gala on May Read a full report at http://harvardmag. giving, including a medical-school profes- 14 aboard the battleship/museum Intrepid, com/kennedy-14. sorship in global health and $5 million for Faust brought the academic year’s formal In other campaign news, reunion gifts and men’s crew travel expenses. See http:// campaign events to an end by recapitulat- other pledges (see a report on notable re- harvardmag.com/ackman-14 for more in- ing the themes of her September 21 kicko+ sults, unveiled during Commencement af- formation. address. She especially emphasized invest- ternoon, on page 79) brought the Univer- Autumn will bring announcements from ing in knowledge—in particular, interdisciplinary research in the applied sciences and engineering. (She o+ered an extended illustration of a recent discovery involv- Treasurer Transition ing microrobotics.) She also disclosed that some $430 million had been raised toward The University announced on forms adopted in 2010. Finnegan became a financial aid, a principal campaign goal May 28 that Paul J. Finnegan ’75, M.B.A. Corporation member in 2012, making this (she did not detail other results by func- ’82 (below left), will succeed James F. transfer seamless. For further details on tion), and spoke of Harvard moving from Rothenberg ’68, M.B.A. ’70 (below right), the Corporation in transition, see http:// being “inherently global to intentionally global” as treasurer on July 1. The treasurer has harvardmag.com/!nnegan-14 and in curriculum and research. If the capital- wide responsibilities for overseeing Har- http://harvardmag.com/corp-14. project goals are met, she said, hundreds of vard’s !nances, and signs the annual thousands of square feet of !nancial report with the vice presi- construction will be under dent for finance. Rothenberg has way in Allston by the cam- used that report in recent years paign’s end (for the new to send a message about changes engineering and applied threatening higher education’s eco- sciences facility), moving nomic model: families tapped out the University toward a by rising tuition; eroding federal future including a unified funding for research; and less ro- campus—with the Charles

bust endowment returns. UNICATIONS River running through it— Rothenberg joined the Corpora- MM by the time of its four-hun- tion in 2004, and will continue to dredth anniversary, in 2036. serve on the senior governing Continuing campaign board—presumably through 2016, coverage is available at when he would reach the normal http://harvardmagazine. term limit under the governance re- com/topic/capital-cam-

HARVARD PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND CO AND AFFAIRS PUBLIC HARVARD paign.

H!),!)- M!.!/#%( 35 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 JOHN H ARVARD'S JOURNAL

Dan Boyne demonstrates S PORT S the ardha matsyendrasana (“half lord of the !shes”) yoga posture. Yo ga fo r L a c ro s s e Stretching for success

5#* 4!* a banner year for Har- round, in Harvard’s case to Notre Dame, vard men’s lacrosse (10-7, 5-1 which yielded to Duke in the final, 11-9. Ivy). The squad earned its first An unorthodox and new contribution berth in the NCAA tournament to the laxmen’s success came from ath- Tin eight years, and captured its first regu- letics professional Dan Boyne, who for 28 lar-season Ivy title since 1990. Harvard and years has directed the recreational sculling Cornell both finished with 5-1 records, but program in Weld Boathouse. Boyne has the tiebreaker went to the Crimson, due to taught yoga professionally at Harvard and its 14-9 thumping of the Big Red in Itha- in Cambridge studios for 15 years; in pre- ca this April (Then, Cornell was 9-0 and vious seasons he has led yoga classes for ranked second in the nation). At the season- the men’s soccer and tennis squads, and ending Ivy Tournament. Penn (4-2 Ivy) de- for men’s and women’s crew. In 2013, head feated Harvard, 7-5, to secure the league’s men’s lacrosse coach Chris Wojcik ’96 automatic NCAA bid; Harvard and Cornell asked Boyne to work with his team; this both received at-large bids, and all three led to a half-dozen sessions that year and

schools lost in the national tourney’s ﬁrst nine this spring. The outcome: a more ﬂex- BOYNE DAN OF COURTESY

Announcing: Harvard2

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36 J1&2 - A1.1*" 2014 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 JOHN H ARVARD'S JOURNAL ible, relaxed group of athletes who stayed tain muscle groups. If your hamstrings are are more vulnerable to injury: “around the healthier during the lacrosse season. tight and there is a quick change of direc- joint capsules, spots like hips and shoul- In 2012, Wojcik’s second year as head tion, things can tear.” ders, junctures between the extremities coach, “we had a lot of injuries,” he says. “It Furthermore, “people are often not and the axial body or torso. If you can un- was very concerning. There were sprained aware of the tensions they are holding,” lock tensions, you can open up the flow ankles, a torn ACL—lots of lower-body Boyne says. “Mental tensions get stored in of energy.” Even better, yogic practice can stu+.” Things improved last year, and this the body. Yoga can help athletes iron out increase body awareness, with consequent season, “we were pretty much injury-free,” the holding patterns. It matters, because gains in e0ciency, he explains: “You can he reports. “We didn’t have anyone stand- muscles tensed in the body can lead to in- use the minimal movement of muscles to ing around watching practice.” e0ciencies.” He notes that certain places do what you need to do.” !')!#. &!38()" The squad of 35 men worked with Boyne on Sunday afternoons. “They really needed rest,” he says. “When we dropped into sava- Sports Wrap perennial powerhouse Washington won sana [the relaxing ‘corpse pose’ done at the the national championship. end of yoga classes] there was absolute si- Men’s Rowing lence.” Wojcik notes that “After the Saturday Undefeated throughout the spring, the Women’s Rowing games, they are banged up. Yoga helped play- heavyweights capped another sterling The Radcliffe heavyweights came in ers recover, to regenerate and stretch, on Sun- season with an Eastern Sprints champi- third behind Princeton and Brown at day. Their muscles have recovered better.” onship, defeating Brown and Princeton in the Ivy League Championships, and thir- Lacrosse “is a fast-moving, reactive the !nal. The Crimson took home their teenth at the NCAAs. The undefeated sport,” Boyne explains. “The visual field !fth consecutive Rowe Cup, symbolic of Radcliffe lightweight varsity won the gets overtaxed in ball sports. With the overall heavyweight supremacy on Lake national title at the Intercollegiate Row- eyes closed in relaxation, you calm the Quinsigamond. Harvard’s time was only ing Association regatta in Camden, New visual field, and all the sense organs dial 0.27 seconds off the course record. Jersey. Trailing by seven seats with only down. It’s like clicking each of the win- The varsity came !fth at the Intercol- 500 meters to go, Radcliffe sprinted past dows on a computer screen shut.” He feels legiate Rowing Association regatta, as Stanford and Bucknell for the gold. yoga can o+set “the over-tightness of cer-

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H!),!)- M!.!/#%( 37 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Disruptive Genius Innovation guru Clayton Christensen on spreading his gospel, the Gospel, and how to win with the electric car

!"# !" $%& 34 years old, explain this by our having smarter people. Clayton Christensen start- by Craig Lambert The other companies had smart owners Wed a company with a few and smart managers, too. How could smart MIT professors called Ceramics Process Systems Corporation. “I people fail? I started to think about other industries where tal- was the business guy,” he explains. “We were making new prod- ented leaders had failed—were they actually stupid managers?” ucts out of advanced materials. In that market niche, we were the Living in the Boston area, Christensen, M.B.A. ’79, D.B.A. ’92, only ones to succeed: we beat DuPont, Alcoa, Hoechst. I could not now Clark professor of business administration, had enjoyed a

38 J'() - A'*'&+ 2014 Illustrations by Taylor Callery Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 close-up view of the rise and fall of Digital Equipment Corpora- Innovator’s Dilemma. Yet, “Ironically…it was disruptive technology that tion (DEC), a minicomputer manufacturer. DEC ranked among precipitated the leading [disk-drive] firms’ failure.” the world’s most widely admired companies in the 1970s and 1980s, He explains that disruptive products are typically “cheaper, and was, after state government, the second-largest employer in simpler, smaller, and, frequently, more convenient to use.” They Massachusetts. Minicomputers were much smaller than main- tend to reach new markets, enabling their producers to grow rap- frames, which had appeared in the 1950s, yet much larger than the idly and—with technological improvements—to eat away at the personal desktop computers that followed them, beginning in the market shares of the leading vendors. In his book, Christensen early 1980s. In the 1970s, minis ruled much of computation. shows how, between 1975 and 1990, successive generations of But by the late 1980s, the business desktop microcomputer was disk-drive technologies—14-, 8-, 5.25-, 3.5-, and 2.5-inch drives— eating DEC alive. “People attributed DEC’s demise to [CEO Ken] disrupted the markets of their predecessors, and then were Olsen,” Christensen says. (Olsen had regarded desktop comput- themselves disrupted. When 8-inch drives emerged, for example, ers as toys for playing video games and publicly predicted they their smaller capacities held no interest for mainframe-computer would fall flat in the business market.) “But the ‘stupid manager’ manufacturers, the principal customers for 14-inch drives. But the hypothesis didn’t make sense, because every company that made smaller drives matched minicomputer-makers’ needs—and with minicomputers, every one of them, died in unison! It wasn’t just Digi- annual gains in performance, they eventually made inroads into tal, but Data General, Prime, Wang, Honeywell. You might expect the mainframe market. A similar pattern recurred with 5.25-inch these companies to collude on price occasionally, but to collude drives and desktop computers, 3.5-inch drives and laptop com- to collapse is a stretch.” puters, and 2.5-inch drives and notebook computers. Established Christensen became curious about what drove an entire cat- companies are “held captive by their customers,” in Christensen’s egory of businesses to crash together in a short time—including phrase, and so routinely ignore emerging markets of buyers who successful, well-managed businesses led by very smart people, are not their customers. like Olsen. For his doctoral thesis at Harvard Business School Dominant companies prosper by making a good product and (HBS), he studied the computer disk-drive industry. A colleague keeping their customer base by using sustaining technologies to had suggested researching disk drives for the same reason that continue improving it. The products get ever better—but at some “How could smart people fail?” Christensen asks. “I started to think about other industries where talented leaders had failed—were they actually stupid managers?” geneticists study fruit flies: their life spans are brief and new gen- point their quality overshoots the level of performance that even erations appear quickly. Disk-drive success was similarly short- the high end of the market needs. Typically, this is when a dis- lived: the category leader had been toppled over and over again. ruptive innovation lands in the marketplace at a lower price and Christensen built an enormous database of every company that relatively poor level of performance—but it’s a level adequate for had made disk drives—every product, every component, all their what the lower end of the market seeks. The disruptive technol- revenues. “It was not a sample,” he says. “It was a census.” ogy starts to attract customers, and is on its way to staggering the His doctoral thesis became the seminal 1997 book The Innova- industry’s giants. tor’s Dilemma—a tremendously influential, best-selling volume Examples abound. Small o,-road motorcycles from Honda, Ka- that established Christensen as the architect of, and worldwide wasaki, and Yamaha disrupted the hegemony of large, powerful authority on, “disruptive innovation.” In 2011 The Economist named bikes from Harley-Davidson and BMW. Transistors overthrew it one of the six most important business books ever written. It vacuum tubes. Discount retailing and home centers savaged the has spawned numerous sequels, and Christensen has spun o, a dominance of Sears. Online courses are barging into higher edu- consulting firm, Innosight; the Christensen Institute, a nonprofit cation. Drones challenge manned fighters and bombers. Nurse think tank; and a boutique investment firm, Rose Park Advi- practitioners underprice medical doctors. Digital photography sors—all based on his foundational idea. Four thousand students eclipsed film, and mobile telephones are replacing landline ser- have taken his second-year course, “Building and Sustaining a vice. Outpatient clinics and in-home care pull revenue away from Successful Enterprise,” which helped win him an HBS Extraordi- general hospitals. nary Teaching Award in 2010. Consider the hegemony of Detroit’s Big Three—General Mo- tors, Ford, and Chrysler. At one time, they dominated the auto Cheaper, Simpler, Smaller industry, producing bigger, faster, safer, more comfortable cars !" +!"-.) of disruptive innovation lies at the core of his suc- with more and more features. But these improving products also Tcess. It grows from the distinction between sustaining technolo- “create a vacuum underneath them,” Christensen says, “and dis- gies and disruptive ones. The former produce incremental improve- ruptive innovators suck customers in with fewer features and ments in the performance of established products: disk drives, for a cheaper price.” Toyota, Honda, and Nissan disrupted the Big example, might o,er faster speeds and greater memory storage. In Three’s marketplace by introducing smaller, lighter, less safe, and contrast, disruptive technologies are “innovations that result in less comfortable but reliable cars that needed few repairs and got worse product performance, at least in the near term,” he wrote in The good gas mileage—at a significantly lower price. Within a few

H%./%.0 M%*%12#" 39 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 “It’s been posed to me: maybe this is the end. But if God needs me more on the other side, I’m ready to go. It hasn’t caused me to reprioritize anything, other than wanting to do more good.” years, they had garnered a large share of the market. Says Chris- vironments. It also coaches them on how to disrupt markets pro- tensen: “The leaders get killed from below.” actively, harnessing disruption’s engine of growth for themselves. Many drivers who bought those cheap, reliable Toyota Corol- “It’s hard to do both,” says David Duncan, a senior partner at In- las had not been buying cars, or certainly not new cars, before. nosight who earned a Harvard Ph.D. in physics in 2000. “As success- The disruption forged a new market. “Disruptive innovation ful companies get bigger, their growth trajectories flatten out, and generates growth,” Christensen explains. “Sustaining innova- they need to find new ways to expand. But that will look di,erent tion makes good products better—but then you don’t buy the old from what they did in the past. Most are so focused on maintaining product. They’re replacements. They do not create growth.” their core business that when push comes to shove, the core will al- To bring these powerful ideas into the real world, Christensen most always kill o, the disruptive innovation—the new thing. in 2001 founded the consulting firm Innosight (www.innosight. “The two goals conflict for resources,” he continues. “CEOs are com) with Mark Johnson, M.B.A. ’96. Now employing about 100, accountable to shareholders and feel Wall Street pressure to meet the company works mostly with Fortune 100 companies that are earnings targets. But innovations usually have lower profit mar- seeking to defend their core businesses and adapt to disruptive en- gins at first, and pay o, in the long term. Plus, the people who are

Mormonism one’s moving van or visiting an elderly couple, in poor health and struggling with alcoholism, who lived in a dilapidated apart- and Mortality ment in a rough part of Boston. The essay also relates how, as an Oxford student in 1975, (%)+-# 3!.2&+"#&"#4& 5--6, How Will You Measure Christensen began a nightly practice of reading the Book of Your Life? (2012; with James Allworth and Karen Dil- Mormon from 11:00 7.8. to midnight, combined with prayer and Clon), focuses on values and o,ers its readers guidance an inquiry to God as to whether what he was reading was in fact in aligning their choices, professional and otherwise, with the His truth. One October evening, “I felt a marvelous spirit come things that genuinely matter to them. He does as much in his into the room and envelop my body. I had never before felt such own life, which enables him to live in a way that one might dean intense feeling of peace and love.” The spirit stayed with him scribe as whole-hearted. that entire hour and returned each night thereafter. “It changed Born in Salt Lake City, Christensen grew up in a Mormon fam- my heart and my life forever.” ily and served as a missionary in South Korea from 1971 to 1973; In the Mormon Church, he explains, “We truly believe that we he speaks ﬂuent Korean. He earned a summa cum laude degree are children of our heavenly parents. When that’s your mind-set, in economics from Brigham Young University, then attended you regard people in a di,erent way. If you’re starting a company Queen’s College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar, where he received or running a company, and you recognize that the people you are an M.Phil. in applied econometrics and played some basket- working with are children of God, you’re much less inclined to ball, as he had in college. (He stands six feet, eight inches, and disparage them, or not try to help them become better people.” remarks, “I’d rather play basketball than eat.” His six-foot, 10- Regarding missionary work (his 2013 book The Power of Everyday inch son Matt played on the 2001 NCAA championship team at Missionaries explores this topic), he draws an analogy with the Duke.) Christensen was a Baker Scholar (a top academic honor) healthcare industry. (Christensen likes to use business meta- at Harvard Business School, and became a White House Fellow phors in religious contexts; he says the early Christian church in 1982, serving as an assistant to secretaries of transportation went on “a merger and acquisition spree” and notes that “there’s Drew Lewis and Elizabeth Dole. an enormous amount of non-consumption in understanding He and his wife, Christine, have raised their ﬁve children in a God.”) “In order for people to make good choices, they have to reverently Mormon household. In 1999 he wrote a short essay, understand what the options are,” he says. “The Kaiser Perma- “Why I Belong and Why I Believe,” as a gift to his children; it nente health plan, in California, has a much better system for appears under the “Beliefs” section of his website, www.clayton- providing higher-quality and lower-cost care, by any measure. christensen.com. There, he writes that the mechanism by which Members stay in the system for 18 years, on average, for example. the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints has helped him So imagine that Kaiser Permanente just stayed out in North- understand and practice the essence of Christianity is “to have ern California and didn’t tell anybody about how to do it bet- no professional clergy. We don’t hire ministers or priests to teach ter—while the rest of America falls o, the cli, into low-qual- and care for us. This forces us to teach and care for each oth- ity, very complicated, and expensive healthcare. It wouldn’t be er—and in my view, this is the core of Christian living as Christ right. They need to speak up and say, ‘There’s a better way to do taught it.” He describes the many ways daily life o,ers him op- things, you guys.’ In a similar way, as Mormons, we need to talk portunities to serve others, whether it be helping unload some- to other people about what we believe. It’s not that we’re try-

40 J'() - A'*'&+ 2014 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 very good at operating the core business are very di,erent from standards we are used to, it doesn’t perform well,” Duncan says. the entrepreneurial ones, with their agile, adaptive mind-sets, “It would never sell here! But in rural India they have sold 100,000 that you need to run disruptive stu,. What can work is to sepa- units in the last year or two.” rate out the disruptive entity, protect it, and let it operate by a di,erent set of rules than the core business.” Competing with Non-Consumption Innosight, for example, worked with an Indian company, Go- !" +!"-.) of disruptive innovation “allows you to predict drej & Boyce, on a new product, a refrigerator suitable for house- Twhether a competitor will flee you or fight you,” Christensen holds in rural India, where a large majority of families don’t have says. Essentially, competitors fight each other when they make refrigeration—a classic case of non-consumption. Western man- similar products and target the same customers. But in the case ufacturers have noticed this, says Duncan, but “a lot of companies have just said, ‘Let’s take our Western fridge, make it smaller and cheaper, and sell it in India.’ But electricity is unavailable or unreliable in many rural areas. Many families can’t a,ord major appliances, and don’t need that kind of appliance, anyway.…They go shopping every day or two, so [the fridge] only needs to keep things cool for 48 hours.” Godrej introduced the ChotuKool, a small, portable, battery-powered refrigerator priced at $69. “By the ing to impose something on them, but if they don’t understand that this is an option, they can’t choose.” Christensen became a major consumer of healthcare in his own right after a harrowing period in 2010, when he su,ered a heart attack and then was diagnosed with follicular lymphoma, a systemic cancer that had resulted in three large tumors. Just as he was finishing chemotherapy, he su,ered a serious stroke while giving a talk in church. Luckily, a neurologist in the congregation instantly recognized what had happened when Christensen’s speech turned to gibberish, and drove him to the hospital. “Had I not been close to great care with any of these events, I would have passed away,” he says. These brushes with mortality “sure have given me a lot of opportunities to think,” he continues. “It’s been posed to me: maybe this is the end. But I’ve been able to say to myself, and to my family, that if God needs me more on the other side, I’m ready to go. I’m not ashamed of how I’ve lived my life, and it actually hasn’t caused me to reprioritize anything, other than wanting to do more good for more people.” How Will You Measure Your Life? tells of a company picnic for employees at the advanced-materials company Christensen ran in the 1980s. He saw a young scientist, Diana, and noticed the joy and love she shared with her husband and two young children.

For the ﬁrst time, Christensen was able to locate her CHRISTENSEN CLAYTON OF COURTESY in the larger context of her life, and to call up a vision of how a alized that I had always wanted to help other people. Until then, day of positive experiences and support at work could send her I’d framed it as, ‘If you really want to help people, you should home with “a replenished reservoir of esteem that profoundly study sociology.’ But I realized: sociologists just talk. If you re- a,ected her interaction with her husband and those two lovely ally want to change people’s lives, be a manager. You have an op- children. And I knew how she’d feel going into work the next portunity, for 10 hours each day, to structure their work so that day—motivated and energized. It was a profound lesson.” when they come home, they have a higher degree of self-esteem, The lesson, he says, was that “for the ﬁrst time in my life, I re- because they accomplished something that matters to people.”

H%./%.0 M%*%12#" 41 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 of disruptive innovation, the established competition typically is so hard to confront. Normally they would flee this market, ig- leaves a virgin marketplace wide open to the newcomer. The dis- nore it—or go the other way and install new, bigger thrill rides at ruptor is thus competing not against other suppliers, but against Disney World. Typically, another company would pursue this kind “non-consumption.” It is creating new consumers. “The innova- of disruption. But if Disney read our material, they’d say, ‘Holy tion transforms something that used to be so costly, only the very cow—we’re in a booming business, because there is so much non- rich had access to it,” he explains. “These innovations make it so consumption and now we know how to tap into it!’ ” a,ordable and simple that normal people can do what only the rich and very skilled could do before.” The iPhone Enigma Take collecting art. “You buy a house or move into a new apart- !" +!"-.) of disruptive innovation in fact does not apply ment and there’s this big wall of unadorned space. So you buy a Tto all businesses. A former Christensen student, Michael piece of art to stick there,” Christensen says. “For the first three Raynor ’90, D.B.A. ’00 (who co-wrote The Innovator’s Solution with weeks, you notice it every time you walk past it—you enjoy it. But his mentor), pointed out that disruption has never happened in after that it becomes so commonplace that you don’t even notice it hotels. In the 1950s, for example, Holiday Inn entered the low end on the wall. What you’ve done is: you’ve spent money and brought of the market and has never gone upmarket, nor been disrupted a product home and consumed art for three weeks. Then you stop from below. (Similarly, McDonald’s began at the bottom of the consuming that art—and what makes it worse is that this piece of market and has remained there.) “It took us almost five years to art preempts the consumption of art in that space. So I have a stu- figure out why this was happening,” Christensen says. dent who is building a business around putting a flat-screen, high- The reason is that in most industries, “there’s a technological definition television screen on that wall space, with a lovely frame core—a system inside the product that defines its performance around it. And every three weeks, over the Internet, they will send and can be extended upmarket to do better things.” In steel, for you a fresh piece of art, so you can start consuming art again.” example, the electric furnace was the technological core that en- Or consider the problem facing the Disney Company’s manage- abled mini-mills to disrupt integrated steel mills, which use blast ment, which, between 1985 and 2000, “convinced themselves that furnaces to extract iron from raw ore. Mini-mills began by melting the core market for their theme parks was declining: smaller fami- scrap metal, making every batch (with di,erent ingredients and lies, kids grow up faster, their interest in Cinderella maxes out at a characteristics) of such low quality that the mills could sell it only The disruption is competing against non-consumption. “The innovations make it so affordable and simple that normal people can do what only the rich and very skilled could do before.” younger age now,” says Christensen. “But the theory of disruption for rebar (used inside concrete construction). But the electric-fur- looks at it di,erently. I told my students to go five miles north of nace technology evolved so that the mini-mills could monitor and Boston to Everett and Revere, to spend 20 minutes walking around control the proportions of specific metals, like nickel and zinc, in the residential neighborhoods there—which are filled with three- the mix, and eventually produce automobile-quality steel. family homes—and to ask: how much non-consumption of fam- But there is no technological core in hotels. “There is nothing ily outings to Disney World is there here? Well, oh my gosh, these inside a Holiday Inn that could allow them to move upmarket,” communities are filled with non-consumption because it is so cost- Christensen explains. “They could build hotels with a higher ly to do that, most families can’t go, or might go only once. price point, but to do so, they would have to emulate the Four “If you want to create a new-market disruption,” he continues, Seasons’ business model.” “you’d put up a four-story building in the middle of Everett or Online learning isn’t disruptive for K-12 public education, Revere, and rather than having real rides in it, have simulated rides: Christensen explains, because “our educational system isn’t good you don’t go anywhere, but you feel like you are on a roller-coast- enough to be disrupted technologically in that way.” Distance er or an airplane ride. Like a flight simulator or video game, but learning is more clearly a disruptive force in higher education, maybe at IMAX scale. Now, Disneyland and Disney World are or- where the quality of the product is good enough, and expensive ganized around fantasies. So, say in February, all the rides would enough, to enable online innovators to o,er a more convenient be programmed to escape the real world into the fantasy world option at a much lower price point (see “Colleges in Crisis,” July- of Shrek. The characters—call it ‘Disney Lite’—would come from August 2011, page 40). Shrek stories. Then at the end of February the facility shuts down The complexities of technology markets can also pose chal- for two days and on March 1, reopens with the fantasy rides pro- lenges to Christensen’s framework. In the computer industry, as a grammed as Peter Pan Land. You could get there easily—you don’t general rule, in the first years after a new technology appears, “the have to travel 1,000 miles and stay in a hotel for a week. dominant companies almost always have a closed, proprietary ar- “But this could be disruptive to the Disney theme parks,” he chitecture—one in which the design of one component depends continues. “If people started not going to Disney World, [because on the design of all other components,” he explains (and writes they could buy $20 tickets for simulated rides instead of buy- about in The Innovator’s Solution). “That is because the technology ing $100 tickets for real rides,] the Disney executives could say, isn’t yet very well understood. But as it becomes good enough for ‘We’re cannibalizing our own business.’ That’s why disruption what customers in the less-demanding end of the market need, it

42 J'() - A'*'&+ 2014 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 African Bandwidth D2&.'7+2/" 2##-/%+2-# works in developing economies, too—even where there is no established market leader to disrupt. Africa, the world’s poorest conti- nent, has very little access to the outside world through telecommunications, especially the Internet. “How could you make it a,ordable and simple for a larger population to access these things that are now only available to the rich and skilled?” asks Clayton Christensen. “The traditional way would be to wire the place with wires like those for telephone and cable TV. That is very expensive. It would be cheaper to do it all with wireless technology—but that’s also expensive: you’ve got to build the towers, and the towers need electricity, so you need access to electricity.” So the market has not developed—meaning that there is no existing industry to disrupt. “But how about this?” Christensen continues. “How about, plane and not tower—at very low cost. The technology to do every morning at 5:00 %.8., I launch an unmanned aircraft, with this exists now. You are competing with non-consumption. I’m a footprint about the size of a kitchen table, that has satellite certain that the bandwidth and the reliability of access are not access to the Internet? And this drone just circles around this as good as what we enjoy here. But it’s infinitely better than community all day long, giving the people wireless access via nothing.” gets overturned by modular or open architectures. Hewlett Pack- tains. “We worry about carbon dioxide and the atmosphere, ard, Sun Microsystems, and Silicon Graphics give way to Dell, so a lot of people are saying we need to replace gas cars with Compaq, and IBM. They don’t perform as well as the closed ones, electric cars,” he says, citing the classic market inertia that con- but they are good enough. tributes to climate change. “But if you want an electric car to “Then you had smartphones disrupting laptops, “ he contin- compete with gas cars on the California freeway—oh, my gosh, ues. “In smartphones, Nokia and RIM [which makes BlackBer- that’s a tough business to crack. Traditional cars go from 0 to rys] were the dominant companies. They had closed, proprietary 60 miles per hour in six or seven seconds. It takes two or three architectures. Apple came in later than RIM and came in with a minutes to refill them with fuel, and there are gas stations ev- better product, the iPhone. The theory said Nokia and RIM should erywhere. You can carry the whole family in a minivan. If you have killed them: you disrupt with a cheaper, simpler product, want to do this in an electric car, well, a Tesla will cost you not a more expensive, better one. I said, ‘I don’t think the iPhone $100,000. Refilling the battery takes somewhere between half will succeed.’ Two things happened that I didn’t see at the begin- an hour and four hours, and you have to do it every 200 miles. ning. One, the iPhone was a closed, proprietary system on the in- It’s so costly because you have to compete against really good side, but to the outside world, it was open to lots of apps that you products in existing markets. could plug into it. Nokia and RIM were closed to the outside— “So instead, try asking, ‘Is there a market that would love to you couldn’t stick in apps. They fell o, the cli,, and Apple had have a car that won’t go far or fast?’” he continues. “In about 10 the field almost to itself. But then comes the Android operating seconds of thinking, you’ll realize that yes, there is: parents of system from Google, which by definition makes the devices open teenagers in suburbia! These parents spend so much time driv- and modular all the way through. So the people using the Android ing their kids around from one event to another. They would love operating system are now Motorola, Samsung, LG. And they are a car their kid could drive to school or to see friends, but which killing Apple: now, Android accounts for about 80 percent of the won’t go fast or ride on the freeway. Recharges overnight, and market. So I was wrong, and then I was right.” costs about $5,000. It’s really not a car, it’s a mobile sound system. It would be competing against non-consumption. That would be Electric Disruption on the Road disruptive to the auto industry.” 2&.'7+2/" +!2#62#* can even solve business riddles that Dhave ba9ed capitalism for decades, Christensen main- Craig A. Lambert ’69, Ph.D. ’78, is deputy editor of this magazine.

H%./%.0 M%*%12#" 43 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 VITA Felipe Poey Brief life of Cuba’s greatest naturalist: 1799-1891 by )*!#+", -$.%!&))

! " #$"%&$ in Harvard’s Museum of Natural History lies a still busily collecting specimens, teaching, and writing his mag- skeleton of Lachnolaimus maximus, the hogfish, its delicate bones num opus: Ictiología Cubana, a compendium of all the fish in Cuban Iwrapped in a yellowed, crinkled letter whose paper lay un- waters—a labor of love that he kept expanding until his death. touched for more than 100 years. “My dear father,” the letter begins In the note that accompanied his 1883 manuscript of 758 species, in Spanish, “The other day I sent you…fifteen and a half yards of Poey wrote, “The preparation of the text has cost me an immense cloth for wrapping fish. The barrel left on Saturday, and you should amount of time and labor. In the determination of the species it is have received it by now….” It is signed “Your daughter, Amelia.” rarely that a single one has not occupied me for an entire week. I Felipe Poey, the fish aficionado so impatient to send this fish to have wished to make known the certain as certain, and the doubt- Harvard that he wrapped it in a letter from his own daughter, was ful as doubtful, so that I shall declare nothing to be new unless it is one of the most prolific but sadly underappreciated naturalists of so in reality.” (The complete, two-volume work remained unpub- the nineteenth century. Born in Havana to a French father and Cu- lished until 2000, just after the bicentennial of his birth.) ban mother, he moved with his family to France when he was five, Poey regarded naturalism as not only his profession but his call- and in three formative years there developed a lifelong appreciation ing, and valued it for reasons that transcended scientific discovery: for the natural world and for the arts. His subsequent education in While one part of humanity, diverted from its higher des- Cuba, and briefly in Spain, trained him for the law, but his return tiny, wages war against the other, the naturalist takes refuge to his native country reawakened his passion for natural science in Nature’s breast, and asks the Supreme Being for peace and and collecting (fish, in particular). When he moved to Paris in 1825 happiness for all. He does not aspire for riches nor power; with his Cuban bride to resume his law practice, he brought along he sees a brother in every man. He cultivates his own under- a series of his own drawings of Cuban fish and a barrel containing standing, because it must be his faithful companion when more than 80 fish preserved in brandy. He quickly integrated him- grace, agility, love and health abandon his body in old age. self into the network of leading European naturalists by sending He prefers to study natural history...because it enlarges his his drawings and samples to the premier ichthyologist of the time, soul, initiating it into the sublime mysteries of Creation, Georges Cuvier, now considered the father of comparative anat- which exalt in his unblemished, moral intelligence. omy and paleontology. Cuvier was so impressed that he included Why is he so little known today? In part, because students at several new species credited to Poey in his Natural History of the Fishes the University of Havana preferred to study the “new” fields of and invited the young man to become his student. medicine and engineering. With little local support, Poey built an Poey returned to Cuba in 1833 and dedicated himself to studying international ecosystem of colleagues who disseminated his work, and cataloguing its wildlife, publishing in several languages and allowing him to focus on what he knew best: the fish of Cuba. He winning many awards. In 1839 he established Havana’s Museum of visited the Havana fish markets daily to see what potential new Natural History; in 1842, he became the first professor of zoology species he could find: in an 1884 profile of Poey for Popular Science and comparative anatomy at the University of Havana. As an o'- Monthly, ichthyologist David S. Jordan reported that a visiting cial correspondent of the New York Lyceum of Natural History, the naturalist need only claim to be a “friend of Don Felipe’s” to elicit Boston Society of Natural History, and other prestigious institu- honorable treatment and sincere o(ers of assistance from the local tions, he was in touch with many prominent scientists, including fishermen, who had become his friends. Louis Agassiz, the founder and first director of Harvard’s Museum His specimens still lie largely untouched at Harvard, but for of Comparative Zoology. The two men maintained a lengthy cor- Poey, their preservation alone would probably be recognition respondence, and Poey supplied hundreds of samples to Agassiz’s enough. He was “simple, direct, una(ected, but possessed of a museum, most of which remain wrapped in letters or, more often, quiet dignity…certainly one of the most delightful men I have ever Cuban newspapers. (Indeed, he was preserving more than fish; he met,” wrote Jordan at the end of his sketch. “Of all men I have was saving pieces of history, both Cuba’s and his own. The digital known, he has best learned the art of growing old.” archives of the newspapers in which he wrapped his samples go back only to 1890, making the fragile copies currently cradling iri- Lindsay Brownell, a student in MIT’s Graduate Program in Science Writing, descent fish skeletons at Harvard some of the few, if not the only, wrote her thesis on the history of taxonomy after discovering Poey’s fish in the issues available in North America.) Museum of Comparative Zoology’s archives. She has also written for New Sci- When he prepared the hogfish for Agassiz in 1869, Poey was 70, entist and the Public Library of Science. Her favorite fish are coelacanths.

44 J/), - A/0/+1 2014 Poey as depicted in Popular Science Monthly (1884). The 1974 Cuban stamps display fish he named. Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 STAMPS FROM SHUTTERSTOCK IMAGES

Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 H "$2"$#

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45 O! "#$ !%&#" of June 3, 1989, and into the morning hours, tens of thousands of People’s Liberation Army (PLA) troops, armed with automatic rifles and backed by tanks, converged on central Beijing, Tiananmen opening fire where their progress was blocked, clearing streets, and ultimately emptying Tiananmen Square, the focal point of student protests that had begun in mid April and spread across China, galvanizing attention around the world. At least hundreds of citizens were killed and thousands wounded—many of them in an area west of the square where high o'cials lived. That repres- Plus Twenty-five sive spectacle chilled China’s relations with other nations and ush- ered in a renewed period of domestic resignation and quiescence, in the face of the Communist Party and government determination A tragedy and its aftermath to crush what was deemed a “counterrevolutionary riot.” Protest leaders who remained in China were jailed. Some who fled remain exiles. Beyond the immediate participants, and through time,

46 J()* - A(&(+" 2014 Photograph © Stuart Franklin/Magnum Photos Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Tiananmen Square on May 28, tained writers, scholars, and at least one journalist and one lawyer with the student-made Goddess of Democracy statue facing the associated with the Tiananmen movement or subsequent discus- portrait of Mao Zedong, China’s sion of it, repeating a pattern seen before the approach of other revolutionary founder momentous anniversaries in an apparent attempt to suppress any overt action this June. Many more were subsequently detained. people with diverse perspectives have worked to explain the roots G%,$! China’s economic prowess today, it may be hard to re- of the protest, the party and state member conditions in the mid 1980s. Its paramount revolutionary reaction, and the events’ meaning leader, Mao Zedong, had died in 1976, preceded by his premier, and consequences for the Chinese Zhou Enlai—following twin, self-imposed catastrophes. The people. Among the many Universi- Great Leap Forward, begun in the late 1950s, caused perhaps 40 ty a'liates who have played a role million deaths from famine. In the Cultural Revolution, launched in this interpretation, Harvard Mag- in 1966, higher education ceased, millions of educated and elite azine consulted with the follow- citizens were purged, and perhaps a million people died, leaving ing (in order of their appearance the society riven with factions. Upon returning to power in 1978, below), prior to the twenty-fifth Deng launched economic “reform and opening,” over opposition anniversary of the crackdown, to from traditional Communists, but retained tight political control. discuss the Tiananmen movement The first fruits of that change, however, were rural, as farming and its bloody suppression: devolved from communes back to households and farmers began Ezra F. Vogel, Ford professor to be able to market their produce; the cities still su-ered. Stein- of the social sciences emeritus, feld recalls colleagues in Nanjing in 1989, including married fac- whose biography, Deng Xiaoping and ulty couples, living in dilapidated dormitories, where corridors the Transformation of China (reviewed filled with hot plates served as communal kitchens. “Decades in the September-October 2011 is- earlier in the U.S., nobody at that social level would have been liv- sue, page 33), portrays the leader ing that way....Anybody who had some contact with the outside who both opened his country’s knew they were living in a country that they would describe as economy and directed the use backward and behind.” of force that June. Translated in In this context, China’s leaders were especially wary about ur- a somewhat redacted version, it ban unrest. When Philippines president Ferdinand Marcos was contains the first known West- displaced and democracy restored in 1986, demonstrations arose ern account of the 1989 events to elsewhere in Asia—including in China. They were suppressed. be published widely within the General-secretary Hu Yaobang, accused of excessive sympathy People’s Republic. for reformist students and intellectuals and “bourgeois liberaliza- Adi Ignatius, editor in chief of tion,” was stripped of his position. Harvard Business Review, who was Hu’s death on April 15, 1989, prompted widespread mourning— Wall Street Journal bureau chief in and became the occasion for renewed student and intellectual Beijing in 1989 (when his wife was advocacy of political reform. The timing was fraught—70 years Newsweek’s bureau chief). Ignatius after the student-led May Fourth modernizing movement, and subsequently co-edited Prisoner of 40 years after the People’s Republic itself was formed. Solidarity the State, the recollections of Zhao had finally upset the Communist order in Poland, dismantling the Ziyang, the party general-secretary party state in April, leading to elections (ironically, on June 4), who declined to impose martial and signaling the sweeping liberalization of Eastern Europe later law to suppress the protests, was that year—culminating in the breaching of the Berlin Wall in No- purged, and was placed under house arrest for the rest of his life. vember. As the protests began, the world media arrived in Bei- Edward Steinfeld ’88, Ph.D. ’96, Dean’s Professor of China Studies jing to cover the mid-May visit of reformist Soviet leader Mikhail at Brown University, who taught at Nanjing University in the aca- Gorbachev and rapprochement with the USSR. demic year following Tiananmen. (He participated in the maga- After the student protestors refused to leave Tiananmen Square zine’s “Changing, Challenging China” roundtable, March-April during Gorbachev’s visit—derailing planned events, and attract- 2010, page 25.) ing further attention to themselves with a hunger strike—Deng Rowena Xiaoqing He, a lecturer in the department of government, ordered the imposition of martial law, with unarmed troops en- who teaches a freshman seminar, “Rebels with a Cause: Tianan- tering the city on May 19-20 to end the demonstrations. To the men in History and Memory.” A student participant in the dem- leaders’ astonishment, Beijing citizens banded together to block onstrations in Guangzhou in 1989, she has now written Tiananmen the troops’ progress—calling into question the ultimate authority Exiles: Voices of the Struggle for Democracy in China. For more on her of the party and the state. From there, Deng set the course for a course, book, and a related April 26 symposium on campus, see militarized repression of the Tiananmen movement in the capital, “History and Memory,” page 53. as a signal to popular demonstrations nationwide. Even as the interviews were conducted, in late April and early Edited excerpts of the magazine’s conversations with these May, The New York Times reported that Chinese authorities had de- four observers follow. !The Editors

H./,./0 M.&.1%!$ 47 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 The Road to Tiananmen Square: Ezra Vogel core direction and control. I! 1976, when Mao died and Zhou Enlai died and the Cultural Under concerted party leadership and Deng’s reform and open- Revolution came to an end, the country was in turmoil. The aver- ing policies, China began to grow faster than any other country. age per capita income was around $100 per year. They had wasted Rapid change upset the system and created uncertainties. It upset 20 years when they could have been moving ahead, between the people who had secure jobs in the communes and state factories Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. Ever since the and suddenly found their jobs under threat. Hostility between Opium War, they had been trying to pull the country together so those who had been on the attack and those who had su-ered it could be unified and modernized. In 1949, it was unified, but in the Cultural Revolution when their friends and relatives were they didn’t find the path to modernization until Deng came to killed or sent to the countryside was hard to contain. There was power at the end of 1978. Under his leadership, China began to a whole new educational structure as universities in 1977 began introduce various kinds of reforms. opening after being closed for almost 10 years—for the first time Under Deng, the leaders who had been pushed aside during eliminating political criteria. So there was huge turmoil—excite- the Cultural Revolution in 1966 and 1967 came back. They real- ment, but a very unsettled situation ized China needed big changes. But as to what particular kinds of My liberal intellectual friends in China feel that Deng Xiao- changes, there were all kinds of opinions. One big dif- ping made some serious errors that paved the way for those huge ference was between Deng Xiaopeng, with 12 demonstrations. In 1988, Deng felt he was getting old, and decided years of experience in the military, who want- that before he retired, he ought to unfreeze prices. Because the reed to barge ahead as fast as he could, like a forms had happened in the countryside earlier, money was flow- commanding general, and Chen Yun, a ing into the cities, making daily goods on the markets, like food, powerful economic planner and later chair go up very rapidly. For people on salaries, in cities like Beijing, un- of the Central Advisory Commission, who controlled price rises were threatening their ability to make ends was like the financial o'cer of a big com- meet. Some people estimated that prices in 1988 were going up pany, wanting to know where money was over 30 percent per year. Within weeks, there was so much reac- coming from, and feeling responsible for tion, even Deng had to pull back. getting everything in order. Another dif- But then the conservative financial people got control of the ference was between Deng and Hu Yaobang, economy. Construction projects were pulled way back. That who wanted more freedoms. meant that there were unemployed construction workers run- Ezra Vogel The problem of China had been that amidst in- ning around the cities, and the middle class were quite scared. stability, a leadership core had not been able to keep So you put that background in with students who were af- order and introduce changes in a systematic way. Leaders felt fected by the winds of freedom and democracy that were com- that without a political core that reached some kind of consen- ing from the Philippines and other countries—the excitement of sus, the place would fall apart again. They had so much chaos in that, and the hope among Western journalists and others in Bei- the 1920s and ’30s and ’40s and again in the Great Leap Forward jing that this was a time for a democratic breakthrough in China. that there was widespread conviction of the need for some basic American audiences are very excited by those who demonstrate for democracy around the world. Yet there was a concerted leader- Soldiers block students from the memorial service for Hu Yao- ship in China who didn’t feel the country was ready for that, and bang in the Great Hall of the People, April 22 they were determined to keep order. It was a very explosive situation that unfortunately ended in tragedy. Ev- erybody lost. The Military Crackdown: Adi Ignatius F/23 3* 4$/+4$5"%,$, as a journalist covering China, 1988 and early 1989 were just the most exciting period. The economy was suf- fering some problems, and the government was preoccupied with that, and it gave some room for people who were questioning the way things were done. It wasn’t dramatic—it certainly wasn’t fundamentally challenging the Communist Party—but it felt like a society trying to figure out what the future was and trying di-erent avenues. Zhao Ziyang was head of the party then, and he had two think tanks, one on political reform and one on economic reform, and they were run by people who were willing to think broadly and openly about these things. That was, at the time, quite exciting, though the process remained very opaque.

Photograph © Peter Turnley/Corbis Images Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Student hunger strikers in the square, May 22, continuing a protest that diverted attention during Mikhail Gorbachev’s state visit

People were also pushing the envelope outside the party. I remember two prominent examples. Fang Lizhi, an as- trophysicist who was dismissed from his academic-leadership posts after the student demonstrations in 1986, his pro- tégé Wang Dan [Ph.D. ’08], a leader of the student movement, and Fang’s wife, Li Shu xian convened open salons at Peking University. They would talk about questions of democracy—intellectual basics, very abstract, very careful, but it was a big deal. The other was this absolutely bizarre art exhibition. Avant-garde art and Maoist, Warhol-esque art was government, and the students were sort of secondary from that suddenly becoming popular in China. The government wasn’t sure point on. what to do about it, and they let these artists take over the National Deng Xiaoping was above the power struggle. He was the or- Art Gallery in Beijing. One girl, the daughter of an o'cial, had a per- acle, the arbiter. But the Standing Committee of the Politburo, formance-art piece, in which she fired a real gun at a phone booth the core, was split between relative liberals and relative conser- and shattered the glass. At that point, the o'cials came in and shut vatives. Hardliners like Li Peng, the premier, were constantly re- it down and took people away—but in the end, no one got arrested. porting what was happening in the streets in the direst way. In There was a feeling that anything was possible. In some ways, early May, under Zhao’s apparent direction, the party gave people that spirit led to the student movement—not directly, but the o'cial approval to march, and then there were a million people context was crucial. in the streets of Beijing. And suddenly, for a couple of remarkable When Hu Yaobang died, the student demonstrations were remi- days, the papers were reporting the truth instead of propaganda. niscent of other protests, like when Zhou Enlai had died in 1976. The civic engagement was great for those two days, though I’m Nobody thought it was a big deal initially, or that the students could sure it scared Deng and Li. cause such a spark. But the government made it a bigger deal by do- When the decision was made to declare martial law and crack ing some things that were, at least in retrospect, clearly mistakes. down on the movement, Zhao said, “I can’t do that.” And then the The biggest mistake was an editorial in the People’s Daily on April split was evident. That’s such a no-no with Communist regimes. 26. A week after Hu Yaobang died and the first student marches There’s meant to be discussion, but afterward, a single party line had started, the government declared that the protests were bad, with no signs of cracks. It took 10 days or so between when mar- saying they were stirred up by opportunists and foreign black tial law was declared and when they finally cleared the square— hands—the usual stu-. But the students felt themselves to be the the split was still being fought out. loyal successors to the ideals of the May 4 movement and thought By June 2, there weren’t very many people in the square any- themselves patriotic. Suddenly, they were branded as criminals. more. It was raining, and a lot of the Beijing students had gone The movement became more defiant. What was really scary back to campus. There were still students trickling in from the was the first big student march after the editorial. Professors came provinces—and there were movements in Shanghai, Nanjing, and out and told their students, weeping and sobbing, not to march, everywhere—but in Beijing, at ground zero, it was losing steam. A because it was going to end violently. People were lot of journalists I know left China on June 2. They’d been work- saying goodbye to their colleagues, teachers, and ing nonstop, but nothing was happening at that stage. I was in parents. Quickly, this had ratcheted into an us- Hong Kong, where my wife had just given birth. versus-them struggle. That day, there was a But the government first sent unarmed troops toward the big march toward Tiananmen Square. There square on June 2, which succeeded only in stirring up citizens. were police blocking the street along the The next day, they sent in armed soldiers and tanks. The news way, locking arms, but they weren’t armed. of the crackdown was shocking. Right after, the student lead- When the students kept pushing and ers appeared on most-wanted lists that were shown constantly pushing, eventually, the arms broke apart. on TV. A lot of people were preoccupied with trying to get the They made it through without bloodshed students out of China, and there was an incredible movement to or arrest and made it to Tiananmen Square, smuggle them to Hong Kong, and then out of the country. Li was and then it was on. shown on TV marching around like Hitler—it was weird and The occupation of the square continued frightening. for weeks. Most importantly, there was, by this CNN had been broadcasting live from the square every day Adi Ignatius time, a power struggle in the highest levels of the and every night—one of the first times they’d ever done that. The

Illustrations by Roland Sarkany. Photograph © Jacques Langevin/Sygma/Corbis Images H./,./0 M.&.1%!$ 49 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 whole world had fallen in love with the students and their ideals, what the crackdown (of course it wasn’t called a “crackdown”) and the crackdown was crushing. There was a feeling that this was all about. Nobody had any interest, the party members had movement was so widespread that the crackdown couldn’t possi- no interest, so people would go to the meeting and knit, or com- bly be the ﬁnal word, that there’d be national strikes, or the party plain about the state. There was one point at which some faculty would collapse. That turned out to be wrong. told me there was going to be trouble because someone was sitting at the meeting but not participating in the complaining—not The Aftermath: Edward Steinfeld participating in the low level of resistance. Sure enough, this in- I .//%,$0 in Nanjing in late summer of 1989, two months or dividual reported to the university that such-and-such a depart- so after the crackdown. In Nanjing, there hadn’t been a violent ment wasn’t doing its political study. And again the sleeping pills, crackdown, but all the students had been out on the streets dur- the ulcer medicine. Again, people in the faculty thought, “The ing the movement, and many had gone up to Beijing. Everybody university’s going to drop the hammer now.” was enervated, but also very stressed. Faculty, students—they It turned out the university party committee squashed the were all waiting for the hammer to fall. They had all in some sense investigation. This system had no appetite for further cracking implicated themselves. I can’t tell you the number of faculty I down, at least in Nanjing. It had no appetite for encouraging dis- knew who were chomping on sleeping pills, this one had an ulcer, sent, but it had no appetite for following up on the harsh rhetoric that one had a tic—there was just an incredible amount of low- of the center. It suggested to me that this was a very complicated key anxiety, generally not spoken about. system that was in deep despair, but also deep disrepair. Although this was 20 years after the most heated It was a very strange feeling that winter when the Berlin Wall part of the Cultural Revolution, there were still came down and things moved so quickly in eastern Europe and a lot of vestiges, including in the universities. central Europe. It was a particularly bitter time in China, because Generally, they followed the work-unit sys- every night, on the news, you could see the premier, Li Peng, with tem, so people were employed for life by their a scowling face and a rhetoric that reminded people of the old state employer, they were housed in that uni- days, hints of “class struggle”—terminology that people hadn’t versity, they lived among their colleagues. heard in 15 years was returning. There was a feeling not just of In the workplace I was in, even in the de- stasis, but of reversal, and China was heading backward. Forget partment I was in, there was all this roiling the grand, big-picture China. People individually felt, “We are re- tension among people who had battled each ally in trouble. Our country is going backward, and we are going other in the Cultural Revolution, as young fac- backward with it. And meanwhile, all the excitement, everything ulty and students. On top of that, you had the that we participated in in June is playing out, but not in China”— tensions of the post-Tiananmen crackdown. Again, in eastern and central Europe. Edward Steinfeld people had marched, but sometimes in di-erent I was teaching a group of PLA doctors and nurses in the win- factions; some had marched more aggressively, ter. They were sometimes careful about what they said, but the others not. They were all still forced together. You can imagine the evening that the news came out on Voice of America and BBC degree of despair, and tension among the individuals themselves, that [Romanian leader Nicolae] Ceausescu was executed [shortly and between the individuals and their workplace, after all these after ordering security forces to ﬁre on antigovernment demon- years—and now this latest round. strators], that created a buzz. I walked into class. To warm the There was an incident that fall. Departments were of course re- students up, I asked them what they wanted to talk about. One quired to do “political study.” Political study meant people read- young army doctor said to me, “What do you think about Ceau- ing out loud, or having read to them, the o'cial documents about sescu?” I said, “We’ll talk about it outside of class,” and somebody mumbled, “It should happen here.” It was a dark time. I went to Beijing in January 1990, right before the Spring Festival, the Chinese New Year. I arrived at the train station the night Tiananmen Square was being reopened to the public. It was very cold. I walked from the train station to the square. At each entry, there were soldiers, looking very stern, all armed. I went to an underpass and asked a soldier if I could enter. He scowled at me and said, “Why not?” So I walked into the square, and it was desolate. I am sure there were other civilians, but I just saw soldiers. The square was The military crackdown under way, in Tiananmen Square and streets throughout Beijing—China’s symbolically important capital city—on the night of June 3

Photograph © Durand-Langevin/ Sygma/Corbis Images Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Premier Li Peng, who became the face of state repression of the democracy movement, on Chinese television, June 19 a mess, still, and that was six months after the massa- cre. Many tiles were destroyed, the square was dilapidated—presumably heavy vehicles had been in there. And then when I walked back out on to the Avenue of Eternal Peace, the asphalt was still deeply marked by tank treads, and one could still see the bullet pock- marks on the wall as one walked down the road. At the same time, there was an exhibit at the military museum to the west of Tiananmen, not far from where most of the killing took place on June 3 and 4 and not far from where many of the senior leaders lived. The museum had a very big display of tanks and buses and armored personnel carriers that had been torched, destroyed by students and rioters, with the government’s message about the unrest and all the terrible things that had been done. I can remember a lot of Beijing they did what they were told, they were punished by the very people milling around, gawking at all this stu-. Such a sad state- system that instilled those values. For the exiles, they were aban- ment about what that government had to o-er people at the time— doned by the land that they had sacrificed themselves for. It is a which is to say, nothing, except accusations and very harsh words. betrayal of loyalty. I see 1989 as a missed opportunity for political change in China. Loyalty Betrayed: Rowena He But there were still many opportunities over the past 25 years. Ev- I! /$"/2+4$5", I can understand many things better, but in those ery time a new leader came into power, people were hoping that days, I was just a teenager. I grew up during Mao’s Cultural Revolu- things might change for the better. Instead, they didn’t. Look at tion and Deng’s reform era. Our generation was instilled with values Taiwan. It had something very similar to Tiananmen: the Febru- to be patriotic, to be idealistic, to love the country more than any- ary 28 incident in 1947. It was the same thing: the government thing else, and to be ready to sacrifice for the nation and the people. cracked down violently on demonstrations. You could argue In the 1980s, we were materially poor. We didn’t have nice clothes that would close all possibilities for change, but instead, Taiwan to wear and good food to eat, but people were hopeful, people were learned the lesson. In the 1980s, through both pressure from be- smiling. In 1989, we took to the streets not because of anger, not low and a more enlightened leadership above, Taiwan introduced because of hatred, not because of grievances. We really took to the a free press and released political prisoners. So you see, when streets because of trust, because of love, because of hope. the government opened up, it made its own survival possible. Of In 1989, the movement was led by students. They called it a pa- course, democracy doesn’t solve all the problems, but Taiwan has triotic, pro-democracy movement, and they kept emphasizing the taken the most important step for change. word “patriotic.” They thought they were following the Chinese People often say that Chinese intellectuals were raped twice. tradition of Confucian dissent, which meant they were not look- The first time was the anti-rightist campaign in the late 1950s, ing for revolution or regime change—they were pushing for polit- when they were encouraged to share their critical views, but all ical reform, to help the rulers improve. Chinese intellectuals in the of a sudden, people who did were punished. The second time was 1980s considered it their responsibility to help improve society. 1989. The immediate e-ect of the military crackdown was the si- Strategically, the students also thought that if they called the lence of Chinese intellectuals and profound cynicism in Chinese movement patriotic, the government would not crack down. society. People would say that even if you do something, you are That’s why they tried to separate themselves from the workers not going to change anything. Why bother? and from other groups. There were three men who threw Immediately after June 4, we were forced to say that it was paint on Mao’s portrait in Tiananmen Square in late a counterrevolutionary riot and a Western conspiracy to May 1989. They weren’t students, and they thought divide and weaken China, so the military crackdown that the root of the problem was that Mao and was justified. Afterward, the government tried not Communist ideology were still there. Instead of to mention it. On the eighteenth anniversary, in the including and embracing these people, the stu- advertisements of the Chengdu Evening News, there was dents turned the men in to the police, to show one line that said, “Paying tribute to the strong- that the student demonstrators weren’t trouble- willed mothers of June 4 victims.” And it was print- makers. ed! It turns out that the editors didn’t even know If the students had worked with everyone to what it meant, but they were still punished. form a grand alliance and called for radical regime As Princeton sinologist Perry Link [’66, Ph.D. ’76] change, then maybe the result would have been dif- wrote in the introduction to my book, the Chinese gov- ferent. But they didn’t do that! They were taught to love ernment has taken the approach of “Money, yes. Ideas, no.” their country, to sacrifice for their nation—and when Rowena He They tell people they can get rich and do anything, as long as

Photograph © Bernard Bisson/Sygma/Corbis Images H./,./0 M.&.1%!$ 51 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 they don’t touch unapproved politics. One thing the regime learned The aftermath of idealism: Tiananmen Square cleared, June 4, is that they need to make sure the younger generation does not re- with violence and overwhelming military force used to put down what the government called a “counterrevolutionary riot” peat what the students did in 1989. I often use the metaphor of locking the doors and locking the mind. In 1989, the government locked psychological distortions. Citizens understand their responsibili- all the doors of major campuses to prevent students from taking to ties for a country’s future by debating the moral meaning of his- the streets. But now, even though the doors are wide open, students tory. When a regime tells its people that human lives and human do not take to the streets to push for political reform. rights, human dignity and human decency, can be “sacriﬁced” for In China, more than other places, each generation has this very the sake of higher goals such as national pride and economic de- special characteristic of what I call “generational thinking” be- velopment, it sends the message that any principle can be compro- cause all the political socialization agents—media, school, par- mised to “get rich” and for China to “rise.” Such a mentality has ents, textbooks—are centrally controlled. However, the manip- become the root of major social and political problems in post- ulation of memory is always accompanied by sociopolitical and Tiananmen China.

At a certain point, they will be able to reverse some of those In Prospect verdicts on the people accused of causing trouble, and that will be a big thing. It may be at a time when some of the leaders pass Ezra Vogel on, or it is possible that the current leader, Xi Jinping, later in his T#$ )$.0$/+ of China have believed that open discussion of June term, might be able to do it. Hu Yaobang has an anniversary com- 4 is still too dangerous. To the extent that it is to be discussed, it ing up: November 2015 is the hundredth anniversary of his birth. is the story of misguided youth who unfortunately had to be put That could potentially be a time when more things are written down because they obstructed the functioning of government about Hu Yaobang, and it could be an occasion for a little more and the city. That’s the story that the regime in charge of the pro- openness. paganda department wants to get across. But there are so many dramas and stories told, even short stories based partly on reality. Adi Ignatius Once the propaganda department gives a little room, those writ- I6,$ .)7.*+ 8$)" that at some point, Tiananmen will be o'- ers will have a way of giving the public a better understanding of cially reevaluated, and there will be an apology. But the longer it what went on. goes, the less likely it seems. It seems less important, like a blip in

52 J()* - A(&(+" 2014 Photograph © Koichi Imaeda/Magnum Photos Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 history, and fewer people will have heard about it. The post-Tiananmen question, which Deng History and Memory resolved, was “Economic reform: yes, a lot of it. Political reform: none.” That was the sense of bal- S%!5$ 2010, Rowena Xiaoqing He, a lecturer in the department of governance that people were fighting over during the ment, has taught a freshman seminar titled “Rebels With a Cause: Tiananmen run-up to the crackdown, and Deng absolutely in History and Memory.” Through a combination of primary source material established it afterwards. That persists today. and scholarly accounts, students reconstruct the fraught history and legacy of We’re still living in the post-Tiananmen era. an event that, in China, remains politically taboo. “For my students, who were Is that balance sustainable forever? I can’t be- not even born in 1989, Tiananmen is not a memory, because they never lived lieve it is, particularly if the economy fails to de- through it,” says He. “For them, Tiananmen is history.” liver, as it has to at some point. If something’s The event is memory for He, a student participant in the 1989 protests in not sustainable, it will stop, and the question is Guangzhou, who brings a personal dimension to the course: recounting her when, and then what happens. One view is that experiences; arranging a visit to the Tiananmen archives at the Harvard- the government will keep handling this okay. Yenching Library, which contain thousands of photographs, manuscripts, and And the other is that something has to blow, be- artifacts; and inviting exiled student leaders to speak to the class about their cause it’s not possible in an authoritarian state experiences. Indeed, He’s recent book, Tiananmen Exiles: Voices of the Struggle for to release pressure along the way. I think that’s Democracy in China, interweaves her own story with oral histories from exiled probably true, it’s just that the boom could be to- activists Yi Danxuan, Wang Dan, Ph.D. ’08, and Shen Tong, author of Almost a morrow, or it could be a hundred years from now. Revolution, to reflect on the conflicts and contradictions of a life in exile. The seminar culminates in a conference, where students present their fi- Edward Steinfeld nal projects for the course to a wider audience. This year, for the movement’s A+ .! %!0%,%0(.), I look at the reality of a gov- twenty-fifth anniversary, it included panels of academics, journalists, and ex- ernment and soldiers shooting unarmed civilians, iled leaders, who reflected on the demonstrations’ lasting personal and politi- and it seems to me that it normatively should not cal impact. The course has not escaped its own controversy. A Chinese man be forgotten. But objectively speaking, I don’t told one student not to take the course because it represented a biased version know whether countries and societies have to of history, and each year, some students, usually those from mainland China, come to terms. There’s a sad reality that many ask for their names and appearances to be withheld from the publicly accessi- parts of China have moved on, and to some extent ble course website. Nevertheless, He sounds a note of optimism. “Tiananmen forgotten this event. may remind us of oppression, but it is also a reminder of the human spirit,” she After the Soviet Union collapsed and there said, closing the conference this year. “History is on our side.” was real disorder in Russia and economic growth stopped, at least some participants in the 1989 movement looked back on their actions with a more skeptical above]. Because public opinion pertaining to nationalism and de- eye. I don’t mean that they somehow believe what the govern- mocratization is inseparable from a collective memory—truthful, ment did in cracking down was right. Rather, they look back on it selective, or manipulated—of the nation’s immediate past, the and say, “Maybe we were naïve, and pushing political revolution memory of Tiananmen has become a highly contested field. wouldn’t have led to positive outcomes in China.” I don’t advocate Many of the human-rights activists in China today, those who that view, but we have to recognize that a substantial portion of are imprisoned and those who are quietly working on NGO proj- the educated Chinese public believes that the movement was not ects, are veterans of the Tiananmen movement. They were not a wholly positive thing. For a lot of us, it’s uncomfortable recog- high-profile leaders in the square, but those extraordinary days in nizing that, because of course that’s the government’s o'cial line. 1989 have changed their life trajectories profoundly. But the state also had to change. It didn’t really allow the line Some exiles have moved on, but many others continue to carry that Li Peng was spouting in 1990 to rule the day—certainly not on the unfinished cause, paying a heavy personal price. As dis- economically and even politically. So they, too, took some lessons cussed in my book, the exiles are often torn between living an or- from the collapse of the Soviet Union, and all the other things dinary life and fighting for an unfinished cause. We have learned that happened in the mid 1990s. that being idealistic can mean being selfish. You can choose to So that makes the issue of a society coming to terms with Ti- be idealistic and be prepared personally to pay the price, but our ananmen very complicated. Maybe in some ways they are com- families did not make that decision. They do not choose to be our ing to terms with it. It just has to be recognized it’s not doing so family members, but they have to pay the price for our personal through free and open debate by any stretch. decisions. Ironically, we have become the best illustration of the two central themes in Communist education: sacrifice and ideal- Rowena He ism. T%.!.!3$! 0%0 !2" $!0 in 1989. It remains a politically ta- June 1989 is an open, unhealed wound. Truth and reconcilia- boo topic in China. The Tiananmen Mothers are still prohibited tion: there will be no reconciliation without truth. Milan Kun- from openly mourning their family members, exiles are banned dera described the struggle of man against power as the struggle from returning home, even to attend a parent’s funeral, and schol- of memory against forgetting. Tiananmen as forbidden memory ars working on the topic are regularly denied visas. The war of didn’t end in 1989, and it has never ended. It was just the begin- memory against forgetting continues [see “History and Memory,” ning of an end. China has to face its past to have a future.

H./,./0 M.&.1%!$ 53 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Rebooting Social Science

The interdisciplinary Tobin Project addresses real-world problems.

David A. Moss

! "#$ $%&'( 1930s, as a stock market crash spiraled into This understanding arose from academic research conducted in the Great Depression, the governors of the Federal Re- the second half of the twentieth century. Economic modeling and serve frequently declined to provide emergency loans to study of the actual events enabled economists to say with a high banks, instead standing by as they failed. The prevailing degree of confidence that the misery inflicted during the Great economic orthodoxy held that painful as an economic Depression could have been tempered significantly with di*er- Idownturn might be, it served to purge weak banks and other ent monetary policy. Comparative studies strengthened the con- businesses. If they were protected, ine)ciencies would be pre- clusion: the countries that got o* the gold standard quickly and served—to the long-term detriment of the economy. pumped money into their economies (as the Fed declined to do) Most economists now believe that this approach—combined recovered from the depression faster. with the high interest rates needed to maintain the gold stan- When a new financial crisis began to take shape in late 2007, dard—contributed significantly to the depth and severity of the then-Fed chairman Ben S. Bernanke ’75 “had that research in his Great Depression. “There’s a broad consensus” that the Fed’s pol- back pocket,” says Moss. In fact, Bernanke, an academic econo- icy back then “was a terrible mistake,” says McLean professor of mist, had contributed to this literature himself. As a result, the business administration David A. Moss. central bank’s response in 2008 was al- by ELIZABETH GUDRAIS 54 J+'( - A+,+-" 2014 Photograph by Jim Harrison Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 together di*erent from its response in the early 1930s: this time, family professor of management practice Arthur Segel, one of the it pumped funds into the financial system, bringing short-term organization’s founding board members. “With very little money, interest rates nearly to zero to support banks and stimulate the we’ve got hundreds of scholars doing research on important is- economy. Though the e)cacy of continuing that policy today is sues together.” debated, Bernanke’s actions “may well have helped prevent an- Yet that institutional innovation has proved to be far less chal- other Great Depression,” says Moss, “and it was at least in part be- lenging than the definition of worthwhile queries to pursue: large cause sound research shaped his thinking about monetary policy problems on which social scientists can engage each other pro- in a crisis.” ductively, make meaningful discoveries, and shape both society This exercise in retrospection in fact informs much of Moss’s and the future of research. Tobin aims high. Moss cites examples work. It illustrates the huge stakes for people’s lives implicit in of the influence of social science ranging from the origins of Social large questions that can be engaged by social science; the capacity Security, which was first envisioned by academic economists, to to answer those questions better with better social science; and foundational civil-rights advances such as the desegregation of the value of evidence and deep, methodical, empirical scholarship. American schools. But identifying such turning points in hind- “When people think about transformative research, they tend to think of the natural sciences,” Moss says. “I believe social-science research can also be—and has been—transformative. So how do we increase the likelihood of that happening?” The answer to that question is embed- ded in the Tobin Project, an independent, nonprofit research organization he founded in 2005. Asking the Right Questions #$ %!./%".!, 0&.!1.0'$ underlying the TTobin Project grew from conversations between Moss, then a graduate student, and his mentor, the late Yale economist and Nobel lau- reate James Tobin ’39, Ph.D. ’47, JF ’50, LL.D. ’95. They often discussed an idea that Tobin laid out in an autobiographical essay: [E]conomic knowledge advances when striking real-world events and issues pose puzzles we have to try to understand and resolve. The most important decisions a scholar makes are what problems to work on. Choosing them just by looking for gaps in the literature is often not very productive and at worst divorces the literature itself from problems that provide more important and productive lines of inquiry. The best economists have sight turns out to be much easier A disaster made worse taken their subjects from the world around them. than framing them prospectively. by ill-informed policies: unemployed workers on a That challenge has translated into the Tobin Project’s mission. At the project’s inception in 2005, Great Depression bread (A poster excerpting part of the quotation hangs in the confer- Moss and colleagues from across line, c. 1930 ence room at the organization’s Harvard Square o)ce, signaling the country convened 12 interdis- to all who enter what the enterprise is about.) Aiming to catalyze ciplinary groups to address obviously big subjects—energy, the significant research, it works to environment, pensions, tax policy, regulation, and so on—assum- mobilize, motivate, and support a community of scholars ing, Moss recalls, that “magic would happen.” It did not. “If you across the social sciences and allied fields seeking to deep- ask people to sit around and talk in working groups,” says Moss, en our understanding of significant challenges facing the “that’s what they’ll do. They’ll talk. Bringing talented people to- nation over the long term, and to engage with policymakers gether around a table can be helpful, but it doesn’t necessarily at every step in this research process. Toward this end, the produce research, let alone great research. A weekend meeting of Tobin Project aims to identify and pursue questions that if the smartest cancer researchers is not going to cure cancer.” And addressed with rigorous, scholarly research could have the so the Tobin Project became a learning organization, inventing greatest potential to benefit society and to unlock doors its own new approach to finding worthy, actionable ideas for re- within the academy to new and vital lines of inquiry. search. Doing that work well has come to involve a network of more than In those days, says Moss, “There was a tremendous desire to 400 scholars a)liated with 80 institutions, pursuing truly inter- just do something.” But he recalls Tobin’s first executive director, disciplinary research. “It’s a really amazing model,” says Poorvu Mitchell B. Weiss ’99, M.B.A. ’04 (now a senior lecturer at Har-

Photograph © Bettmann/Corbis Images H%&2%&3 M%,%4.!$ 55 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 vard Business School), saying, “If you don’t have a strategic direc- 5 national security (how the United States can advance its se- tion, don’t move.” The new strategy, which Weiss and Moss shep- curity interests in light of fiscal constraints and changes in the herded, involved constant experimentation to figure out how to global distribution of power); and, since 2009, inspire research. Moss focused especially on developing strategic 5 economic inequality (the consequences of widening income questions, while MIT political scientist Stephen Van Evera, the disparities for the U.S. economy, society, and politics). Tobin Project’s national security chair, stressed the importance of In each case, Moss says, successful work plans must survive building communities of scholars with strong personal relation- several filters. Would a Tobin-convened inquiry facilitate re- ships. Segel, meanwhile, facilitated connections with policymak- search that would not be pursued otherwise? Does it concern an ers, who helped to ground the work. When Stephanie Khurana, important, real problem? Would scholars commit to work on it M.B.A.-M.P.P. ’96 (now co-master of Cabot House), joined the over time? Would their work inspire wider research? And could team in 2010 as acting executive director, she encouraged Moss to answering the question change public debate? articulate a clear process, breaking it down into steps that other The plan for investigating inequality—among the most con- organizations could follow. Thanks in part to these innovations, tested of contemporary issues, but hardly the best understood— says Segel, “we’ve created a new research model that takes advan- illustrates the full force of this process. tage of all these great research institutions our country has.” Interrogating Inequality $60'$ make all sorts of claims every “Pday about inequality,” says Moss. For example, some analysts hold that rising inequality among Americans caused the financial crisis, as the rich invested in additional financial assets like mortgage- backed bonds, enabling those at the bottom to maintain consumption—despite a diminished share of income—by taking on too much una*ordable debt. If true, that suggests urgent action to maintain economic stability. But others dismiss this argument, viewing rising inequality “as little more than a hiccup” or even celebrating it as “a favorable development…in the progress of American capitalism.” Thus Moss, Anant Thaker, M.B.A. ’11 (now of Boston Consulting Group), and Tobin sta* member Howard Rudnick summarized the situation in a working paper published last summer. “The problem is, there is no consensus in the research on the consequences of inequality,” says Moss. “We often make policy based on guesses, and this may be necessary at times. But it would be great if we didn’t have to.” He knows exactly what gaps exist in in- The !rst day of Defense Today, the first (and, some would terpreting inequality, because the working paper is a sweeping, Department-mandated say, most important) step in any relentless review of the literature in an attempt to tease out a desegregation at Fort Tobin inquiry is the identification meaningful approach to understanding the implications of the Myer’s elementary school, September 8, 1954 of good questions. That task falls new reality: that from 1980 to 2010, the income share of the top mostly to a small group, including 1 percent of Americans doubled (to 20 percent), and that of the Moss himself and some combination of: an expert scholar or two bottom 90 percent decreased by one-fifth (from 65 percent to 52 in a given field, Tobin director of research John Cisternino, J.D. percent). ’08, and a sta* member or members, who undertake searching, Research around the world on the measurement of inequality is protracted screening of the literature to develop a work plan. robust and proceeding well, and there is at least a degree of schol- Rather than pursue the original dozen fields, the project cur- arly consensus on the causes of rising inequality, Moss explains. rently focuses on four areas: But despite all the work done to date on the societal consequences 5 government and markets (the conditions for successful regu- of greater inequality, scholars have achieved little agreement. lation of the economy); Economic growth? Moss and his coauthors find it “impos- 5 institutions of democracy (the aspects of government, busi- sible to conclude…that there exists anything even remotely re- ness, and civil society that are central to the functioning of Amer- sembling an academic consensus on the relationship between ican democracy); inequality and economic growth.” Health? The “evidence on a

56 J+'( - A+,+-" 2014 Photograph © Bettmann/Corbis Images Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 causal relationship” between income inequality and the health of fects, including on physiological markers of stress. Two psychol- the population as a whole “remains anything but clear.” Political ogy professors with expertise in this area from the University of outcomes? In theory, greater inequality might be expected to pro- California, San Francisco are taking the lead: Nancy Adler, Ph.D. mote greater pressure for redistributive policies—but adoption of ’73, who was one of the first to encourage Moss (and to volunteer such policies could also be thwarted by “asymmetrical political to help) after hearing about his attempt to connect the fields of power for the top end of the distribution.” Three decades after inequality and decisionmaking, and Wendy Berry Mendes, who the leading theory on inequality as a driver of redistribution in was assistant and then associate professor of psychology at Har- democracies was advanced, “the academic community remains vard from 2004 until 2010. divided regarding both its accuracy and the true nature of the ef- The scholars in the working group combine individual exper- fect (if any) of income inequality on political outcomes.” tise in economics, psychology, history, business, and public policy. Thus, along almost any dimension of analysis important to so- Their work is truly interdisciplinary: the scholars learn from one cial-science researchers (involving di*erent theoretical underpin- another and adapt their own thinking, instead of just working nings, sample selection, data, and methods), they cannot confi- alongside one another with each one continuing on his or her dently say that they understand or can explain the consequences previous path. “People often say interdisciplinary when they mean of greater economic inequality for society as a whole: surely a multidisciplinary,” says Moss. “But this group is truly interdisci- pressing priority for e*ective inquiry. “Of course,” says Moss, plinary, and it’s such a privilege to work with them.” “given the magnitude of changes in inequality we’ve seen, it seems He hopes that results from these experiments will produce very likely that there are significant societal e*ects, which will new ideas for framing experiments out in the world—for in- eventually be found. But it’s ultimately an empirical question, and stance, about how inequality a*ects people’s preferences regard- so far—despite much outstanding work—the large-sample em- ing everything from consumer borrowing to investment in public pirical research on consequences remains inconclusive.” goods, such as schools. “By studying these possible mechanisms How, then, to proceed? Moss, Thaker, and Rudnick home in at the individual level,” he says, “we may eventually be able to say on the mechanisms through which inequality may lead to provable with some confidence whether inequality actually causes certain consequences for society. In particular, they define an agenda of behavioral ex- “There is no consensus on the consequences periments that might assess how high or rising inequality a*ects individual deci- of inequality. We often make policy based on sionmaking: how changes in inequality in society a*ect choices about consump- guesses, and this may be necessary at times. tion and saving, hours of work, taking risk, or trusting others. In e*ect, they But it would be great if we didn’t have to.” propose a novel melding of streams of research: testing behavior under varying conditions of inequality. societal outcomes”—an achievement that has eluded most in- Tobin’s working group for this new inquiry (Moss describes it equality researchers. as an “academic dream team”) includes scholars who had already Wiener professor of social policy Christopher Jencks, who begun using experimental methods to examine related questions. has been conducting influential research on inequality since the Professor of business administration Michael I. Norton has test- 1960s—and who recently revealed he had given up on his own ed people’s perceptions of, and preferences for, the distribution long-term project on the social e*ects of inequality, for lack of of wealth in society (see “What We Know about Wealth,” No- convincing conclusions—has said he believes that the Tobin vember-December 2011, page 12). Columbia University economist group’s plans represent the most promising direction in inequal- Ilyana Kuziemko ’00, Ph.D. ’07, has written with Norton about ity research today. “We don’t know whether rising income in- the concept of “last-place aversion”—the propensity displayed equality in society as a whole a*ects people’s sense of who they by subjects in laboratory experiments to take greater risks when are or who they think they can become,” says Jencks. “Nor do they are placed at or near the bottom of an imaginary society, ap- we know whether changes in inequality a*ect people’s feelings parently because we all object so strongly to occupying (or falling of compassion for those less fortunate than themselves, envy of onto) the lowest rung of the societal ladder. those more fortunate than themselves, or solidarity with neigh- Other participants include professor of business administra- bors and fellow citizens.” Where many have speculated, the Tobin tion Francesca Gino, whose research examines why people don’t group is trying to find answers. Says Jencks, “I think we will be stick to decisions they make, among other questions, and Kuz- wiser as a result.” iemko’s Columbia colleague Ray Fisman, Ph.D. ’98, whom Moss characterizes as one of the most creative social science research- Reframing Regulation ers he knows, and who has studied everything from racial pref- 7 &$-.3$!"- of an apartment complex witnessed a bitter erences in dating to cultural di*erences in corruption (the latter “Iargument between a father and son just days before the fa- based on United Nations diplomats’ likelihood of paying a park- ther was murdered, investigators might reasonably be interested ing ticket in New York). in the son as a potential suspect. Yet evidence of the argument, by In a second prong of the quest to understand the mechanisms itself, would hardly be grounds for conviction.” by which inequality operates, another part of the Tobin group is So write Daniel Carpenter, Freed professor of government, and planning experiments to examine inequality’s psychological ef- Moss in their editors’ introduction to Preventing Regulatory Capture:

H%&2%&3 M%,%4.!$ 57 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 Special Interest Influence and How to Limit It (just published by Cam- Washington and Wall Street; energy regulators ignoring bridge University Press). It is an unexpected analogy in the first the risk of a catastrophic oil spill just as their inspectors part of a huge academic tome—but it conveys some sense of their and o)cials were cavorting with industry managers; a ability, and intention, to bridge the gap between scholarship and telecommunications regulator making a series of industry- practice, and minimize policy based on guesswork and on infer- friendly decisions, and just over a year later a prominent ring causation where it may not exist. And it and the title have commissioner who was a pivotal vote in these decisions de- a larger purpose: conveying vividly the central discoveries of the parting the agency to take a high-status vice-presidential Tobin Project’s recent work on government and markets. position with a regulated company. That work dates back to the original Tobin Project group on To all appearances, each incident demonstrates the “capture” of a regulation, created in late 2005. Duke University historian Ed- regulatory agency—and an airtight case for it to be dismantled, or ward Balleisen, who chaired the group at the time, recalls that at the least completely overhauled. But as their analogy suggests, “prevailing theories on government and business relations (es- “Plausibility…lies quite a distance from proof.” pecially regulation) were premised on government failure. We Second, Moss observes, the very nature of the financial crisis wanted to engage more substantially with instances of regulatory brought to light new needs for “systemic” regulation. When fi- success, and deepen the empirical basis for judgments regarding nancial institutions obscured the risks of low-quality loans in a range of regulatory strategies: when they achieved their aims collateralized mortgage obligations; enmeshed one another in and when they didn’t, and how to distinguish the first from the far-reaching credit-default swaps; and simply became too large to second.” The group’s early e*orts culminated in Government and fail—some di*erent regulatory regime was clearly needed. Markets: Toward a New Theory of Regulation, co-edited by Balleisen and Defining an inquiry into regulatory capture enabled fresh un- Moss, which suggests ways to study the e*ectiveness of regula- derstanding, unmoored from prevailing assumptions. When the tion in specific cases, and o*ers examples of cases where regula- scholars set to work, says Carpenter, whose previous research tion has worked, or hasn’t, in American society. includes an exhaustive history of the U.S. Food and Drug Ad- Even before that volume was published in 2010, the country had ministration, “We needed a precise definition: what do we mean succumbed to a major financial crisis, and experts on economic by capture and how do we know it when we see it?” There hadn’t been a book on the concept in 30 years. There “What do we mean by capture?” There was, he says, “an oversupply of theory and an undersupply of data.” was, Daniel Carpenter says, “an oversupply In the intersection of these trends—popular distrust of the e)cacy of regulation, the of theory and an undersupply of data.” new need for such oversight, and a prevailing social-science theory that over-predicted regulation were in demand. Several in the Tobin network— regulatory capture and may have overprescribed wholesale de- among them Moss, Carpenter, and Elizabeth Warren, then Got- regulation—the Tobin scholars found an urgent need for fresh, tlieb professor of law, now a U.S. senator—found themselves better social science. The new book (one product of that work) regularly en route to Washington to talk with lawmakers about combines historical investigations, new theory, and detailed financial regulatory reform, including the possibility of creating case studies to advance an operational definition of regulatory two new agencies focused on consumer financial protection and capture, a taxonomy of the varying forms and degrees of the the management of systemic risk. “At the same time,” recalls Mel- phenomenon, and, perhaps most important, insights into what anie Wachtell Stinnett, then Tobin’s policy director, “members Carpenter and Moss call “the conditions under which regulation of Congress and the administration raised a new question: how sometimes succeeds, or can be made to succeed, when capture is could they design new regulatory agencies that wouldn’t fall prey constrained.” In other words, the scholars’ research has shown to ‘regulatory capture’?”—the “capture” of a regulatory agency by ways to make needed regulation and governance work, so business those it oversees, resulting in its failure, or corruption. processes—manufacturing drugs, producing energy, making con- This real-world question, and the lack of existing scholarship sumer loans—can operate safely, productively, and fairly. to answer it, gave Moss the focus for the next round of regulation “Weak capture” (defined as special-interest influence compro- research at the Tobin Project and led to Preventing Regulatory Cap- mising “the capacity of regulation to enhance the public interest, ture. “Nobody was looking at capture from the perspective of how but the public interest is still being served by regulation”) may to prevent it or mitigate it,” says Tobin research director John Cis- be nearly ubiquitous. But where some net social benefit remains, ternino. The organization worked closely with top scholars, he so does the case for regulation—perhaps modified, but not aban- says, to “get the right people involved and ask the question in a doned. Resorting to analogy again, Carpenter and Moss suggest way that they could do something powerful with it.” consulting the history of medicine: The research was also powerfully shaped by news late in the Just as physicians once believed that the only e*ective last decade. First was a popular narrative about the financial cri- way to treat infection was to cut it out surgically, it is com- sis, the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill, and other un- monplace today to believe that capture can only be treated toward events. As Carpenter and Moss put it: by “amputating” the o*ending regulation. Fortunately, the Consider a few recent “scandals” in the news: financial evidence that emerges in this volume suggests that less regulators missing investment fraud and toxic loans at the drastic remedies may be equally if not more e*ective, and very time their sta* was shuttling back and forth between that some are already working— (please turn to page 87)

58 J+'( - A+,+-" 2014 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 ADVERTISEMENT

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69 Open Book 69 “Chorus of Soloists” 71 Rhode Island Blues 72 Chapter and Verse 73 Off the Shelf

(Clockwise from left) Infant Eve Biddle with her mother, Relational Lens Mary Ann Unger; Eve at four, at Philadel- Photographs that admire, probe, and “flinch from” phia’s Franklin Institute; Eve, Mary family members. Ann, and Geoffrey Biddle in Maine by !"#$# %&""#' Forbes, and GEO, &' (#&)'#* +,--.# ’72, photogra- ly consumed with and corporate cli- phy has been a way of earning a living, their own dramas, ents included IBM, practicing an art, and understanding interested in children primarily as reflec- GE, Citicorp, and GAF. His work has been F his family. Or rather, families: Biddle tions of themselves,” Biddle says. “I picked published in 15 books, and the Museum of has had two marriages and fathered four up the camera to reverse their scrutiny—I Modern Art and other institutions have daughters, and his family of origin is the became the one looking and assessing.” his prints in their collections. In the 1990s, renowned Biddle clan of Philadelphia. His His passion for photography burgeoned he spent seven years as assistant chairman lens has proven a potent tool for probing the in high school. In college, he led the pho- of the photography department at Par- closest relationships in his life. tographic board at The Harvard Crimson and sons School of Design. “Although my family has been in Amer- took courses at the Carpenter Center be- The death in 1998 of his first wife, the ica since the 1600s and is well established, fore setting out on a lengthy, successful noted sculptor and curator Mary Ann Un- my own childhood was marked by divorce, career in commercial photography. His ger, after 14 challenging years of battling death, and a cast of adults who were large- photographs ran in Time, Newsweek, Fortune, breast cancer, confirmed Biddle’s six-year-

Photographs by Geoffrey Biddle H/'$/'- M/(/0,1# 67 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 MONTAGE

(Clockwise from left) Eve and Geoffrey in upstate New York; Eve, Geoffrey, and Mary Ann in Tena!y, New Jersey,1997; Eve, in her mother’s East Village sculpture studio, with Mary Ann in the background

family history with Mary photograph without actually getting in Ann and Eve that fuses front of the camera, and I loved that the ages a 60,000-word text with were mixed up: a four-year-old, a fifth-grad- scores of carefully chosen er, and a grandmother.” images. It’s a cross between At first glance, Biddle’s work could come a memoir and a visual and from almost any family album of that era. verbal documentary on the What sets it apart is the powerful nature of Biddle clan, as seen through the images, chosen from perhaps thousands the author-photographer’s made by a master pho- lens and memory; he plans tographer coming to to publish it as a book. terms with a central Visit www.harvardmag. Another product of Bid- fact of his own life. Be- com/extras to view dle’s exploration of family cause Biddle’s pictures additional images of Biddle’s family life. old decision to give up commercial work in resides on his website, geo2reybiddle.com, are taken with wide- favor of a more deeply personal approach. on a page titled “Family.” There, the viewer angle lenses in the “real” world (rather than He was left in his grief with their daugh- finds 17 black-and-white images produced a studio), they resemble typical family snap- ter, Eve, then a junior in high school and between Eve’s birth, in 1982, and 1991. All shots, which include many inanimate objects today a successful artist. “Dealing with but one feature Eve: with her mother, father, as well as the human subjects. In amateur death,” he says, “has made me give more or occasionally both parents, and at times snapshots, such elements often produce a time to the things that make me happiest: with Geo2rey’s parents, a family friend, or distracting, even chaotic background. But being with my family and taking pictures.” a hired caregiver. In one, Eve is in the fore- for Biddle, they are elements in a thoughtful, Biddle now lives in Berkeley, California, ground and her grandmother in the back- considered composition that integrates the with his second wife, Jane Gottesman. ground, both out of focus. The only object primary subject with a larger context. They have three daughters under the age that is sharp and clear is a framed fifth- His photographic involvement with the of eight, who are, of course, frequent sub- grade photo of Geo2rey. “Eve had gone up- concept of “family” goes back at least to the jects of Biddle photos. Yet his current work stairs to wake my mother, and she asked her late 1970s, when he shot Alphabet City, an ex- also embraces earlier generations: one se- grandma about that picture, which ries of annual photographs begun in 2008 was on the dresser. I saw the oppor- captures images of him sitting beside his tunity to make a three-generation father, who’s now 92 years old. Biddle describes it as “a gentle way of looking at death.” He is also putting together a project titled “First Wife/First Life.” It is a kind of photoessay on his

(Right) Eve, foreground, and her grandmother, with a "fth-grade photo of Geoffrey. (Far right) Geoffrey and his father, Oliver Biddle ’43, in 2013

68 J3.* - A3(3!" 2014 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 MONTAGE

“This book,” writes Matt Freedman ’78, “reproduces a journal I OPEN BOOK kept in the fall of 2012 while I was undergoing care at Massachusetts General Hospital.” Friends gave Freedman, an artist and writer who lives in New York, a sketch book before he went to Boston, and “I Cancer Chronicle decided I would gradually !ll the thing up with whatever came into my head during the course of my treatment.” The result, hand-lettered and illustrated, is Relatively Indolent but Relentless (Seven Stories Press, $23.95), an un!l- tered record as matter-of-fact as its subtitle, A Cancer Treat- ment Journal. The following is the !rst day’s entry, with some of the subsequent drawings.

Yesterday my colleagues and students gave me this sketch book to !ll up over the next two months while I undergo radiation and chemotherapy. I’m going to get proton radiation to !ght the tumor in my tongue. I will also get protons to !ght the tumors in my lymph nodes in my neck. There will also be chemotherapy to sensitize the cancer cells. They hope they will get a “two-fer” out of the chemo and it will also attack the tumors in my lungs. It’s October 3 and I’ve known for about two months that I have adenoid cystic carcinoma, a rare cancer that is “slow and indolent.” It moves slowly but is hard to stop. No one knows how long the cancer has been in me. It could have been years. I’ve had a bad earache for years. For most of that time I thought it was caused by nighttime tooth grinding. I had mouth guards made that sort of worked, but not really, and not for long. And besides, the dog ate them every time it could. I’m very sloppy and I let things go when I shouldn’t. Maybe that was the root of all the trouble.

tended photo essay named for the streets (Avenues A, B, C, and D) on the Lower East “Chorus of Soloists” Side of Manhattan. That neighborhood was home to a largely Puerto Rican community The Chinese people’s individual acts of self-transformation then plagued with street violence and her- by #-4/'- !"#,15#.- oin addiction. The project, which eventually appeared as a book in 1992, helped teach #6#1" 7&1"8! have brought so millions of people—take on an almost over- Biddle the power of integrating textual and many reasons to worry about Chi- whelming, intimidating feel. visual elements. “With a photo on its own, na’s rise: rapidly expanding military Perhaps it has something to do with the you can go anywhere,” he observes. “Text R capabilities, an increasingly asser- scale of it all, or may- gives you direction. When you have a story tive foreign policy, deepening tensions with be even the tempo. Evan Osnos ’98, Age of to tell, text is important.” One model was regional neighbors, and a new leadership But for most observ- Ambition: Chasing Fortune, the 1941 classic, Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, that as one of its first acts pledged to fight ers, the real problem Truth, and Faith in the New by Walker Evans and James Agee ’32. Other the “perils” of constitutionalism, civil soci- lies in the politics. China (Farrar, Straus & influences on his family work are contempo- ety, and “universal values”—the favored of- Beijing’s o9cial line Giroux, $27) raries Nicholas Nixon and Lee Friedlander. ficial euphemism for human rights. The list is that the “Chinese For Biddle, taking photographs seems goes on and on. In the current climate, even Dream” is first and foremost about nation- to be not only a way of recording fam- the most ostensibly benign aspects of Chi- al “rejuvenation” () and the ily life, but also a means of participating na’s rise—the phoenix-like rebirth of cit- development of “comprehensive national in it. “This is part of the family soup,” he ies like Shanghai and Beijing, the dazzlingly power” (). Upon hearing this, one says. “Seeing the family relationship—and futuristic public infrastructure, the lifting could be forgiven for treating all of China’s flinching from it.” out of poverty of tens or even hundreds of recent achievements as merely vehicles for

Journal pages by Matt Freedman H/'$/'- M/(/0,1# 69 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 MONTAGE enhanced Communist Party power, and evi- The party may control the symphonic melody, dence of the ongoing subordination of the citizen to the state. but Chinese society follows its own beat. But in his beautifully written Age of Ambi- tion: Chasing Fortune, Truth, and Faith in the New becomes less about national power and But the most compelling accounts in China, Evan Osnos ’98 provides a strikingly unity of mission than about personal self- Age of Ambition involve neither politics nor di2erent and decidedly more nuanced ac- transformation, and self-transformation in fame, but instead the extraordinary ex- count. Osnos, a Beijing-based journalist as many variants as there are Chinese citi- periences of absolutely ordinary citizens. from 2005 to 2013, and a sta2 writer for The zens. “The Party,” Osnos writes, “had al- One, appearing early in the book, involves New Yorker since 2008, is anything but naïve ways prided itself on articulating the ‘cen- “Michael” Zhang, a coal-miner’s son de- about Chinese authoritarianism. Over the tral melody’ of Chinese life, but as the years termined to realize a fortune by invent- years he has reported eloquently on indi- passed, the Party’s rendition of that mel- ing a new approach to English study. “In- viduals who, wittingly or not, found them- ody seemed increasingly out of tune with venting” is perhaps too strong a word, for selves on the receiving end of the most the cacophony and improvisation striking what Michael really was doing was copy- brutal and crude forms of Chinese state up all around it.” China, in his words, is ing (and hoping to one-up) the “Crazy oppression: people like currently jailed now a “chorus of soloists,” a vessel not for English” model made famous in China by Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo and a single collective dream, but for many dif- Li Yang, a hugely successful businessman the previously imprisoned blind human- ferent individual dreams—few of which fit who used language training as a platform rights activist Chen Guangcheng (now liv- neatly into a single box, and many of which for Oprah-like self-help sessions (for paying in de facto exile in the United States). are in tension with one another. Indeed, as ing participants) and bountiful wealth Even in relating these most heart- he argues, perhaps the only thing unifying generation (for himself). Whether Mi- wrenching accounts, Osnos argues that them is the raw, absolutely unbridled am- chael can prove successful with his own China’s contemporary narrative entails bition with which they are pursued. version is anybody’s guess. That he still something far more complex than just the Followers of the contemporary Chinese lives in his parents’ ramshackle apartment, crushing of the individual by the state. scene will meet some familiar characters in and appears armed only with an endless For Osnos, the situation is in some ways Age of Ambition: world-renowned dissident stream of aphorisms(“The past does not almost the opposite. In his telling, hyper- artist Ai Weiwei, former World Bank chief equal the future.” “Believe in yourself.” bolic growth has created a sort of national economist Justin Lin, Internet blogger-cum- “Create Miracles.”) does not bode well. canvas upon which millions of Chinese cit- race-car-driver Han Han, journalist Hu But it is the sheer ambition of it all—the izens are feverishly defining their own des- Shuli, and the aforementioned Liu Xiaobo unwavering determination to strive for tinies, and doing so in ways at once wildly and Chen Guangcheng. Public figures one the seemingly unachievable, and the con- diverse and jarringly discordant. From this and all, some achieved fame by resisting the tinual bouncing back despite failure after perspective, the country’s “rejuvenation” Chinese state, others by accommodating it. failure—that is at once mind-boggling and familiar to anybody who has spent time in contemporary China. An equally compelling account of Beijing street sweeper Qi Xiangfu appears at the very end of the book. In urban China, few jobs rank lower than his. Dressed in his orange over- alls and speaking the South- ern-inflected Mandarin that instantly marks him as an outsider, Qi is on one level indistinguishable from any number of migrants who perform this lousiest of jobs in the nation’s capital. To the average Beijing resident, he China—both a Communist Party state and a consumer society (as in this holiday street scene in Guang- zhou)—is also the setting for a billion-plus citizens’ pursuit of their own dreams.

70 J3.* - A3(3!" 2014 Photograph © Imaginechina/Corbis Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 would hardly be worth a moment’s attention. Yet, as it turns out, this lowly street sweeper happens also to be a poet—not just the self-described kind, but one who has attained widespread renown as host of an online poetry forum and winner of various poetry competitions. Street sweeper by day, “Super King of Chinese Couplets” by night, Qi has achieved self-actualiza- tion in the very domain that outsiders tend to associate only with state suppression and censorship, the Chinese internet. In Age of Ambition, Evan Osnos is careful to let people like Qi carry the narrative. Rather than forcing a single interpretation upon the reader, he o2ers many di2er- ent possibilities, acknowledging just how hard it is even for the Chinese themselves to understand what’s going on in their contemporary environment. But among the many themes and insights that make Age of Ambition such an Rhode Island Blues absolute must-read, one in particular gives pause for thought. As so many of Fiction that paints a regional subculture with “merciless realism.” Osnos’s profiles underscore, there is so much more to China today than the poli- by 6'/,( ./7+#'" tics. Of course, the Chinese government, as it strives to drown out discordant 3'",$#1#!!, denial, and pugnacious, face. He had a bad temper, and kept the voices with political hokum and its own abrasive families permeate the dark strap looped over the kitchen door, and we o9cial orthodoxy, would have us think stories of Jean McGarry ’70. The Prov- learned to run like rabbits...the one who re- otherwise. And foreign observers, too F idence, Rhode Island, native has set ally pulled his chain was Mom, but she was (albeit in a very di2erent manner), would down an unblinking account of the blue- a sprinter in school, and first up the stairs have us think otherwise as they project collar Irish of that state. “It’s a clannish cul- and into the bathroom, door locked.” onto these discordant voices political ture,” she says—and one that likes to turn Soon: “Dad was dead one week, and his motivations having more to do with the inward on itself, not outward. After read- old mother living with us, as she’d always yearnings of the West than anything ac- ing her first short-story collection, Airs of wanted to.... She’d left the cemetery early, tually going on in China. Providence (1985), her parents were furious. jumped into a cab and whipped past the Y to What Osnos relates with such clarity, “You know, Jean, we keep our secrets,” raged her get her bag. When we got home, eyes drip- however, is that among the myriad acts of father, Frank. ping and snotty noses, she was installed, and self-transformation unfolding in China to- Indeed they do. “When we turned the stirring Ritz crackers into a cup of warm day, many—including those of Qi Xiangfu lights on in our house, we would rush to milk…. It was one bully taking over for an- or Michael Zhang—display utter indif- pull down the blinds so people couldn’t see other in a single day.” ference toward the state, the Communist in,” McGarry says. “There was a terror of Six of McGarry’s eight books—which in- Party, and every other o9cial articulator being observed. Whatever was inside the clude three novels and five short-story col- of the “Chinese Dream.” The party state house was supposed to be perfect—though lections—have rendered this Rhode Island may control the symphonic melody, but actually it was a shambles. The houses were subculture with merciless realism. (Nearly Chinese society is grooving to a decidedly a mess, physically and otherwise. One thing all the books come from Federal Hill in di2erent beat. Today’s China is less mar- I’ve written about is what goes on inside the press at Johns Hop- Providence, tial music than Miles Davis. And that, in a the house.” kins, where McGarry is Rhode Island, sense, is why the possibilities for China’s For example, this, from “And the Little a longtime professor and today, with its Roman Catholic rise truly are bound only by the limits of One Said,” published last year in The Yale Re- co-chair of the Writing churches human imagination…or ambition. view: “Dad died of the usual causes: drinking, Seminars.) Though other heart trouble, diabetes, cancer, and the war, authors (like John Casey ’61, LL.B. ’65, in his Edward Steinfeld ’88, Ph.D. ’96, is Dean’s Professor where—although a supply sergeant—he 1989 novel Spartina, winner of the National of China Studies, professor of political science, and lost an eye and his left thumb. He wouldn’t Book Award) have depicted Rhode Island director of the China Initiative at Brown Universi- talk about it, so there had to be a story and culture in pitch-perfect detail, McGarry ty. His reflections on the Tiananmen movement and no glory, as we liked to say about anything may have painted the most evocative por- its aftermath appear at page 46 of this issue. that went wrong. Not that we said it to his trait of how the common people live in the

Photograph by Will Hart H/'$/'- M/(/0,1# 71 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 MONTAGE

Jean McGarry other way—in their intimate and family relationships, their emotions, their values and habits, and even, despite the looming presence of the Catholic church, in their spiritual lives. They appear condemned to their rigid, beaten-down patterns, and seem to lack the imagination to conceive an alternative. Even so, their love for each other seeps out through cracks in their souls, expressed indirectly in actions like lovingly tending a gravesite. Take the quiet story “Providence, 1954: Watch,” which tracks the last hours of a dy- ing man who looks out the window from his bed on a wet Halloween day, still absorbed in dramas like a poignant moment when the rain causes a child’s trick-or-treat bag to give way, dumping his candy on the ground. Around 4:30 in the afternoon he breathes his last, his wife sitting nearby in a rock- ing chair. The story ends with her thoughts nation’s smallest state. steps below”—organize everything. Even as she watches him in his bed: “There was “Even in 1966, at Regis College, a Catholic crockery was stratified, with Belleek por- no room in there for her, but more than she school [from which McGarry transferred celain from Ireland representing “the Holy expected, or would ever say or think about to Harvard], my past felt like I had lived Grail, the great prize.” It’s all “a gift for a fic- again, she wanted to climb in there with in the Middle Ages,” she says. “At Harvard tion writer,” the author says. “Fiction needs him. That was the doorbell, but in an hour in the late ’60s, it became the Dark Ages. organized worlds.” or so when it would be so dark you didn’t Nothing I’ve encountered later in life was Though so firmly rooted in place, many of know who or what you were getting, she anything like it, nor would anyone believe McGarry’s characters seem adrift in every was just going to sit and let it ring.” such a shtetl-like world existed in the United States as late as mid century.” In that world, “natives find no need, for C hapter & Verse the most part, to leave the state—even to go to Cape Cod,” she explains. “The popula- Correspondence on not-so-famous lost words tion, largely Irish and Italian Catholic, domi- nate everything in a uniquely ward-heeling Robert Rosenberg hopes for an original Spin rad’s “Carcinoma Angels,” and Lark- and who-do-you-know-in-city-hall kind of source for a story about two patients so Aeryn Speyer suggested “Night Win,” by way. The first five major industries from the frustrated by their psychiatrist’s silence Nancy Kress, but the story sought has not early Industrial Age—like Brown & Sharpe, in response to whatever they said that yet been identi!ed. New England Butt—were still there in my they conspired to get a rise out of him. lifetime, and my extended family worked in They made up an elaborate dream full of “This machine surrounds hate” (May- all of them. Generations attended the same bizarre details and memorized it word for June). Ed Levin and David Feurzeig were Catholic schools, were waked at the same word. The !rst patient recounted the the !rst to point out Pete Seeger’s debt funeral homes, and interred in the same dream to the psychiatrist on Monday and, to Woody Guthrie, whose guitar face cemeteries.” as expected, received no response. The carried the message “This Machine Kills The Irish proletariat of McGarry’s tales second patient reported the dream on Fascists” as he performed at bond drives often feels “demeaned and worthless, yet Wednesday, again eliciting no response during World War II. Elizabeth Segal somewhat proud,” she says. “They are al- —until the very end of the hour, when found a January 29, 2010, New York Times ways scanning for the insult.” She recalls the psychiatrist said offhandedly, “Funny article about Seeger’s short-lived plan to that as a child, “I heard so much abuse, it thing about that dream of yours: it’s the auction off his banjo head for charity; it became a kind of music. It’s a really lively third time I’ve heard it this week.” stated that the “well-worn face of Mr. language.” There’s abundant drinking in her Seeger’s banjo had been with him for stories, though it mostly happens o2stage, Ransford Pyle wants to learn who said more than 30 years.” in references to bottles hidden around the (as best he recalls it), “I’ll pretend I’m house, or the six-pack an older man’s wife teaching if you’ll pretend you’re learning.” Send inquiries and answers to “Chapter brings him each day; the reader can imagine and Verse,” Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware the e2ects on daily life. Ironclad hierarchies, “fighting cancer with telepathy” (May- Street, Cambridge 02138 or via e-mail like those of the church—“Jesuits on top of June). Paul Bickart proposed Norman to [email protected]. the heap, Franciscans and Dominicans a few

72 J3.* - A3(3!" 2014 Photograph by Marshall Clarke Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 MONTAGE

ern recipe of success—decentral- title of this major work on human rights ized authority, the af!rmation of in fact describes phenomena ranging from Off the Shelf individual rights and liberty, the children traveling to rejoin families who Recent books with Harvard connections pursuit of truth…, toleration of dif- have migrated, to traf!cking, smuggling, ferences, the rule of law, respect and the collateral damages of war. for property, openness to novelty, The Temptation of Despair: Tales and unimpeded access to informa- Incognito: Lost and Found at Har- of the 1940s, by Werner Sollors, Cabot tion and knowledge.” vard Divinity School, by Andrea Raynor, professor of English literature and pro- M.Div. ’86 (Howard Books, $24). A highly fessor of African and African American A Social Strategy: How We Pro"t personal passage through the school in studies (Harvard, $35). Studying post- from Social Media, by Mikołaj Jan Pis- what the author (now a hospice chaplain war Germany, where he grew up, Sollors korski, associate professor of business ad- and spiritual counselor) describes as its found not the relief of liberation, but the ministration (Princeton, $29.95). From the free-form 1980s. Experiencing Spiri- crushed spirit (and culture) of defeat and day the nascent LinkedIn’s founders sought tuality: Finding Meaning through illness in the wake of worlds destroyed. him out as a faculty adviser, the author has Storytelling, by Ernest Kurtz, Ph.D. ’78, thought about how social networks enable and Katherine Ketcham (Tarcher, $25.95). The Architecture of Paul Rudolph, by Timothy M. Rohan, Ph.D. ’01 (Yale, $65). An art historian at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, presents the !rst comprehensive review of the “brutalist” architect’s work—most famously, the corrugated concrete Yale Art & Ar- chitecture Building. Rudolph studied at Harvard with Walter Gropius, and left his mark on the Boston Government Service Center, too. Brilliantly illustrated.

How Not to Be Wrong: The Power of Mathematical Thinking, by Jordan El- lenberg ’93, Ph.D. ’98 (Penguin, $27.95). An

exceptionally clear, well-written, engag- .ROHAN M ing book on using math (“mathematics is HY T

the extension of common sense by other TIMO means”), for laypeople, by a University of (At right) Designs for Paul Wisconsin-Madison professor who must Rudolph’s iconic, controversial Yale Art & Architecture be a marvel in class. build ing, 1959-1961. (Above) The Concourse, Singapore, 1964 Unstoppable, by Ralph Nader, LL.B. ’58 A narrative on spirituality, illustrated by HE BOOK HE

(Nation Books, $25.99). The consumer social needs or lower their cost. Expect snappy spiritual tales (you know, the sin- T advocate now sees right and left converg- the !rms illustrated in his analyses, or new ner who consults his physician—not for ESY OF ESY ing in pursuit of systemic change propelled ones, to attract you to their webs. something to strengthen his willpower, but RT by “the deep aversion many people have to weaken his conscience). COU to the wars of empire and corporate con- Walden Warming: Climate Change trol over their lives, particularly the ever- Comes to Thoreau’s Woods, by Hotel Florida: Truth, Love, and tightening in"uence of Big Business on the Richard B. Primack ’72 (Chicago, $26). Death in the Spanish Civil War, mainstream media, elections, and our lo- A Boston University biologist, compar- by Amanda Vaill ’70 (Farrar, Straus & cal, state, and federal governments.” ing modern data to Thoreau’s meticulous Giroux, $30). A narrative of the war observations, details a three-week shift through the intersections among Ernest The Rise of Western Power: A Com- in the advent of spring and evidence, in Hemingway, Martha Gellhorn, Robert parative History of Western Civiliza- real time, of a world “being transformed.” Capa, Gerda Taro, Arturo Barea, and tion, by Jonathan Daly, Ph.D. ’92 (Blooms- Ilsa Kulcsar, whose paths crossed at Ma- bury, $47.95 paper). An enormous text Child Migration and Human Rights drid’s Hotel Florida. The Capa photos, (404 pages, nearly 200 pages of notes and in a Global Age, by Jacqueline Bhabha, and those by Taro, perhaps less well sources), scaled to its enormous subject. professor of the practice of health and hu- known today, bring back the horror, In the end, that comes down to “the West- man rights (Princeton, $35). The benign powerfully.

H/'$/'- M/(/0,1# 73 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 A L UMNI Playing Together, Staying Together

Peabody Terrace Children’s Center celebrates a golden anniversary. by 1#.. %&'"#' +'&41

1964 1982

Photographs taken at the Peabody Terrace Children’s 1983 Center during the last "ve decades reveal the timeless- ness of children’s play and their love of the outdoors.

This approach, and former teachers, parents, and stu- many believe, also dents, along with some of the founders— helped Peabody Ter- gathered at the complex to celebrate the race tenants launch center’s fiftieth anniversary. Amid food what has become and drinks, they caught up on news and the University’s marveled at various former children who longest continually came to prove they’ve grown up. Blown- operating daycare up photographs of the early days showed program: today’s children playing with blocks, climbing Peabody Terrace jungle gyms in the playground, and tak- Children’s Center ing trips to the river, much as they still do. (PTCC). It origi- Barnard associate professor of psychology 2013 nated as a nursery Tovah P. Klein, a special guest, lectured on school fo unded her new book, How Toddlers Thrive. PTCC’s '68,"#6" Josep Lluís Sert de- in 1964 by a core group of mostly young facilities, which include eight classrooms, signed Harvard’s married-stu- mothers, pioneers in the nascent move ingenious playground structures, and even dent housing complex, Peabody to create what’s now called “a work-life a state-of-the-art atelier (inspired by the A Terrace, which opened in 1964, balance.” PTCC director Katy Donovan, Reggio Emilia early childhood education as a modern neighborhood. The quadran- who began there as a teacher 30 years ago, philosophy), clearly impressed Klein, who gles o2er plenty of outdoor spaces, some credits Sert with helping “tenants to find directs Barnard’s Center for Toddler De- with views of the Charles River, for play- a community in this concrete structure, velopment. “Do you know how lucky you ing and picnics. Common rooms encourage which was very much international hous- are?” she asked. “Harvard knows how to social gatherings. Elevators geared to stop ing, and still is,” she adds. “There are sto- celebrate children.” at every third floor opened up more space ries of families who lived here and became The event was spearheaded by one of for larger units on the other floors, and en- friends because their kids were at the the PTCC founders, Susan Riemer Sacks, abled tenants to meet each other more eas- daycare center—and they are still friends, an adjunct professor of psychology and ily while coming and going along corridors across the globe, all these years later.” professor of education emerita at Barnard, and stairwells. In April about 100 people—current who contacted many former families and

74 J3.* - A3(3!" 2014 Photographs courtesy of Peabody Terrace Children’s Center Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 A LUM NI

also invited Klein, her colleague, to speak. 2013 Sacks recalls moving into Peabody Ter- race in September 1964 with her husband, Sanford J. Sacks, M.B.A. ’66, then at the Business School, and their two-year-old, Lauren. It was still a “mud pit” of new construction, she says, smiling at the memory. They had relocated from Ohio, where family members looked after Lauren while the couple worked, so Susan Sacks 1982 was glad to ﬁnd a notice on a community bulletin board in her building announc- she explained. “The new 1982 ing a meeting for those keen on forming a apartment was a gift. The nursery school. “I already had a master’s swift launch of a superb in psychology and had been teaching,” she nursery school was anoth- explains, but with her husband fully con- er gift. We had an instant sumed by coursework, “that degree would neighborhood to support not have done any good [professionally] us for three memorable without a nursery school,” she adds. “It years.” was really a di2erent era and there was really no childcare, which was clearly dra- T8# %"66 is still run by a matically needed.” parent advisory board, but 1982 She and others, including Ann Scott and has grown to serve 80 children daily with a proﬁt organization, but Harvard pays for the Diana Ernaelsteen, set to work. “A group sta2 of 38. It is one of six childcare centers at facilities and utilities. “What’s fascinating is of the most talented, innovative, and edu- Harvard that together enroll about 380 chil- that each center has its own unique culture, cationally creative women came together dren of faculty, sta2, and students: each cen- history, and birth story, coming from di2er- with a shared vision of what we wanted ter is operated as its own independent non- ent constituents,” according to Sarah Ben- to achieve,” recalled English pediatrician Ernaelsteen, widow of Geo2rey Searle, AMP ’58, during a phone interview. “I had HAA’s N ew Helmsman a one-year-old and a three-year-old and was very committed to the children having an education. And the rooms there were Philip W. Lovejoy has been appoint- ni to connect with one another and build splendid: Sert did a wonderful job. I was ed executive director of the Harvard the foundation of a lifelong relationship immensely happy and made a lot of really Alumni Association (HAA), succeeding with the University.” Reardon, who relin- good, lifetime friends.” John P. ( Jack) Reardon Jr. ’60, effective quishes his management role but main- Despite the myriad building, safety, and July 1. The executive director leads the tains his other Harvard responsibilities, public-health requirements to be met, HAA’s approximately 40-person staff in said, “Philip has done a spectacular job as and the need to hire a teacher and buy managing club and shared-interest-group deputy executive director. He brings great equipment, the Peabody Terrace Nursery operations, education and travel pro- personal strengths to this role.” See Group was up and running by November. grams, international outreach, class re- http://harvardmag.com/lovejoy-14 About 50 children were enrolled, and by ports, reunions, digital communications for more details. the spring of 1965, records show, the fee (the alumni.harvard.edu website and the was $6 per week per child. (Full-time care HarvardX for Alumni online-education there now ranges from $1,650 to $2,629 per experiences), and more. The transition month.) for the staff should be seamless: Lovejoy Ann Scott and her husband, Douglas, joined the HAA in 2004, following prior M.B.A. ’61, M.P.A. ’65, Ph.D. ’68, traveled positions in the travel industry and at from Virginia to attend the April anni- the then-Harvard Museum of Natural Y

versary, during which she walked into History. He has most recently served as T SI the courtyard and looked up at their old deputy executive director. R NIVE apartment. “The children would look out In the announcement of his appoint- U D R

our window and say, ‘There’s a babysitter, ment, Lovejoy said, “Harvard is a singular VA R A and there’s a babysitter,’ pointing at the place !lled with brilliant and engaging H YNCH/

adults in the courtyard,” she said. The fam- alumni who are making a huge impact in L E ily had moved into Peabody Terrace fresh the world. The HAA empowers our alum- Philip W. Lovejoy TT

from three years in Uganda and Ghana, JULIE

H/'$/'- M/(/0,1# 75 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 A LUM NI

tween 2006 and 2013, Bennett-Astesano “It’s a time of growth and vulnerability, so explains, and “the centers continue to evolve and build on their histories, while people really do get to know each other.” Harvard works with them on moderniza- tions—both in terms of physical space nett-Astesano, Ed.M. ’08, assistant director as an important factor in women’s profes- and in their ability to serve today’s work- of the University’s O9ce of Work/Life. She sional development—and liberation. force.” For PTCC director Katy Dono- researched the history of childcare at Har- Frances Hovey Howe ’52, Ed.M. ’73, van and those who gathered in April, the vard and wrote a 20-page report and chro- was one of the principal proponents of center and its history highlight the im- nology as part of her master’s degree work. childcare at Harvard, and helped found portance of supporting family life, espe- Childcare first existed primarily on the the Radcli2e Childcare Center, which has cially at a university. “These centers bring Radcli2e campus in the 1920s and 1930s, had various locations and began operat- people together—faculty, sta2, and stu- she reports, “as a way to give young wom- ing as early as 1968. In a 1972 Harvard Bul- dents—on an equal playing field,” Dono- en summer employment.” The first more letin article, “Who Needs Childcare?” she van says. They also help connect families formalized “day nursery” opened at the wrote that Radcli2e graduates “found that who come to Harvard from vastly di2er- Phillips Brooks House in 1941, and evolved having a child eliminated their opportuni- ent cultural and ethnic backgrounds. She throughout that decade “as a way to sup- ties to achieve career positions in a highly has seen children who spoke no English port families when dad was occupied with competitive world.” By 1974, Howe had when they arrived talking and playing the war and mom was probably working.” been appointed the first University Child easily with friends by the time they left. The close of World War II brought an in- Care Adviser, according to Bennett-Aste- Even parents from opposite sides of politi- flux of veterans with families to Harvard, sano; during the next six years, she helped cal divides, who might not have engaged which prompted the expansion and move oversee the founding, growth, move, or with each other otherwise, Donovan adds, of childcare services, in 1946, to two Quon- merging of several centers, including the have grown close, even asking about each set huts on Kirkland Street that accommo- Soldiers Field Park Children’s Center, other’s grandparents who were still at risk dated 40 “baby-boom” children (there was Radcli2e Child Care Centers, and the Ox- at home, such as during the Lebanese and a waiting list of 200). ford Street Daycare Cooperative—all of Israeli conflicts of 2006. After piecing together scant records, which are still open. “This is a very formative time,” Donovan Bennett-Astesano says it appears that “for Meanwhile, the Peabody Terrace nurs- adds, “when you have young children and most of the 1950s and early 1960s, there ery school was flourishing; by 1978 it had you are defining your professional life and doesn’t seem to [have been] any childcare been incorporated as the PTCC. It became who you are as parents, and really who you operating on the Harvard campus.” But a full-fledged daycare center with added are going to be throughout adulthood. It’s the mid 1960s brought a wider push for slots for infants around 1989. Childcare a time of growth and vulnerability, so peo- care, which, she says, began to be viewed services at Harvard expanded further be- ple really do get to know each other. Look at Susan Sacks and all of these founders who have stayed in touch for 50 years, based on when their children were here for two or three years a long time ago.”

All the World’s a Page S8/:#!%#/'#, %#'5&'7#- in the palm of one’s hand. So proposes educational technologist Alexander Parker, Ed.M. ’96, whose company, The New Book Press, has created full-length e-books of Macbeth and Midsummer Night’s Dream, with Romeo and Ju- liet due in August. What’s di2erent and exciting is that when these are download- ed onto a Mac or iPad (streaming versions for all other devices are coming in Septem- ber), the left-hand “page” displays a chunk of text while on the right side, professional actors play out the scene, bringing the lan-

In the e-book version of Macbeth, the witches’ dark mischief unfolds beside the text.

76 J3.* - A3(3!" 2014 Images courtesy of Alexancer Parker and The New Book Press Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 ALUM NI guage truly alive. This multidimensional- Harvard Medalists ity, Parker believes, will O1 6&77#16#7#1" -/*, four alumni received the HAA’s ION make all the di2erence to Harvard Medal, which recognizes extraordinary service to T middle- and high-school the University. The names of three recipients had been previ- students, and even many ously publicized; the surprise announcement at the meeting adults, who might oth- of a fourth, retiring HAA executive director John “Jack” P.

erwise struggle with the Reardon Jr. ’60, prompted cheers, applause, and a standing VAD ALUMNI ASSOCIA R centuries-old text and ovation in Tercentenary Theatre. “I hope you all can appreci- HE HA HE thus miss out entirely on ate how much fun it was,” HAA president Catherine Gellert T

the bard’s timeless themes. ’93 told the crowd, “to keep a secret from a man who knows OF ESY RT “What trips up the readers R everything about Harvard.” COU is not the ‘thees and thous,’ Anand G. Mahindra ’77, M.B.A. U ROSNEU T but the more dense, knotty S ’81. Distinguished graduate of Harvard passages,” notes Parker, who was born Anand G. Mahindra College and Harvard Business School, and raised in England and now lives in you have served the University on several continents with deep de- Manhattan. “What we provide are visual votion and insight, a!rming the vital importance of the humanities footnotes: the text is illuminated by the while advancing interdisciplinary studies within a broad liberal arts performance which, in turn, clari- education. fies what is going on and permits a J. Louis Newell ’57. Whether cheering closer reading, understanding, and, from the stands at the Stadium, or chairing dare I say it, enjoyment.” the committee charged with making Com- He points to act one, scene five, of mencement happy, you stand always ready Romeo and Juliet. Young readers could to answer Harvard’s call, as a stalwart lead- be confused because Capulet “is ba- er of your Class, the Harvard College Fund, sically reining in his nephew Tybalt, the Harvard Club of Boston, and the Har- J. Louis Newell ‘a saucy boy’ who is being a hothead, vard Varsity Club. (Newell could not be present; he will receive while also trying to keep a party his medal at a later date). going—‘Well said, my hearts!...More R Emily Rauh Pulitzer, A.M. ’63. As Harvard Overseer, expert in light, more light!’—[lines] that are modern and contemporary U ROSNEU T actually said to other people,” ex- S art, and devoted friend of plains Parker. “You would never get that, Emily Rauh Pulitzer Harvard’s art museums, or the feeling of dual purpose, without you have elevated the University and its embrace of seeing Capulet’s body language and hear- creativity through your profound belief in the power ing the di2erent inflections in his voice.” of art and education to transform how we look at the Or take the opening of Macbeth. The text world. whimpers compared to the e-book’s ar- John P. Reardon Jr. ’60. From Admissions resting performance by the three witches, to Athletics to Alumni A"airs, you have shaped the whose bodies writhe together as they Harvard we know and love, touching and changing speak in a slithering, sliding, chanting countless lives through your skillful leadership and R verse—“Fair is foul, and foul is fair: Hover sage counsel, your impeccable judgment and inimi- U ROSNEU T through the fog and filthy air.” It’s viscer- table way with people. The whole Harvard family sa- S ally frightening and foreshadows the un- lutes you—and thanks you. John P. Reardon Jr. earthly evil ahead. These are plays, after all, that were primarily designed to be seen, heard—and experienced. “It’s striking,” cle,” Parker explains. “The actors are much vid Scott Kastan (a New Book Press advi- Parker says, “when you see that there are more out there on their own and have to sory board member), who has helped en- limits to what words really know their Shakespeare and deliver sure that nothing is “dumbed down.” alone can convey.” the meaning through diction, context, and With the products now in hand, Parker Visit www.harvardmag. The videos them- subtle body language, along with word- has moved into marketing and distribu- com/extras to view selves are a new art perfect performances, which is very hard tion, with an initial focus on school dis- several videos from the form. Tightly framed by to do.” tricts. An extensive pilot program across e-book. the camera, the actors Parker has worked steadily with his di- the country during the last year indicated move minimally, eschew histrionics, car- rector, Jessica Bauman, and cast members a desire for WordPlay Shakespeare, as the ry only essential props, and wear simple, “to figure out the language of this new series is called. The medium fits well with dark clothes. There are no stage sets: ac- medium and use it intelligently,” he says. the new Common Core State Standards tors are silhouetted against a stark white He also consults with Yale’s Shakespeare education initiative, and also accommo- background. “We don’t focus on specta- scholar, Bodman professor of English Da- dates some of the “multiple intelligences” www.alumni.harvard.edu H/'$/'- M/(/0,1# 77 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 ALUM NI identified by Hobbs professor of cognition The lark or the nightingale? and education Howard Gardner, whose Romeo and Juliet classes Parker took at the Harvard School grapple with their of Graduate Education. “Linguistic intelli- fate. gence, of course, focuses on the text while the visual and auditory learners may en- technology in education gage better with the video,” Parker asserts. at Harvard and worked A third group, the multitasking video for the Instructional game-playing generation, seem to watch, Computing Group in listen, and read simultaneously, while stu- the Faculty of Arts and dents with learning disabilities can pause, Sciences, developing rewind, fast-forward, or isolate the audio some of the first large- and video portions. course websites with Parker is also eager to reach lifelong such early adopters as learners and those who “didn’t quite get Knafel professor of mu- on the Shakespeare merry-go-round the sic Thomas Forrest Kel- first time. Every adult who has seen these ly and Jones professor e-books, including myself, has expressed a of classical Greek literature Gregory Nagy. was Eroica, in 2013, featuring the works of wistful wish that they’d had them when He left for other jobs in New York City, Harvard poet Kevin McGrath, an associate they were young,” he adds. “You begin to but returned to Harvard in 2008 as the of the South Asian studies department and realize that there is this troubled relation- director of research computing in the hu- special program instructor in the Division ship with Shakespeare, that very few of us manities, a field, he reports, that “has been of Continuing Education: on the left-hand got it immediately, and there is this dis- largely about a relationship with books: “page” are the texts and on the right are tance between what we think we should that’s how knowledge until recently has videos of the eloquent McGrath reading like and what we actually enjoy.” been stored and transmitted and it’s very and discussing the poems. “Even the shape Parker, who was raised by a Venezuelan powerful.” of the book as we know it—a series of pa- mother and Boston-born father, moved to Paper books are “here to stay,” he adds. per sheets bound at one edge that gives America to attend Yale. He then studied But an increasing fascination with their you access to text,” was once an innova- other potential in- tion, Parker points out. “So then you begin carnations led Parker to ask yourself, When do things like sound to find investors and, and movement get incorporated? I think in 2011, move back to we are at the dawn of a new era.” Read- New York City to de- ers and viewers of his Shakespeare e-plays velop his ideas. may think we’re already there. The first to launch !1#.. %&'"#' +'&41

Centennial Medalists

T8# ('/-3/"# !68&&. of Arts and Sciences Centennial Medal, ﬁrst awarded in 1989 on the occasion of the school’s hundredth anniversary, honors alumni who have made contributions to society that emerged from their graduate study at Harvard. It is the highest honor the Graduate School bestows, and awardees include some of Harvard’s most accomplished alumni. The 2014 recipients, announced at a ceremony on May 28, are: Bruce Alberts, Ph.D. ’66, Chancellor’s Leadership Chair in biochemistry and biophysics for science and education at the University of California, San Francis- co; Keith Christiansen, Ph.D. ’77, Pope-Hennessy chairman of the department of European paintings at the Metropolitan Museum of Art; Judith Lasker, Ph.D. ’76, the N.E.H. Distinguished Profes- sor of sociology at Lehigh University; and Leo Marx ’41, Ph.D. ’50, Kenan professor of American cultural history emeritus in MIT’s Program in Science, Technology, and Society. For more about the honorands, see http://harvardmag.com/medalists-14.

Clockwise from far left: Judith Lasker, Bruce Alberts, Leo Marx, and Keith Christiansen

78 J3.* - A3(3!" 2014 Photograph by Bethany Versoy/courtesy of Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Science Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 ALUM NI Election Results T8# 1/7#! of the new member of the Senior Alumni Board of Overseers and the newly elected directors of the Harvard Alumni Association T8# &.-#!" ('/-3/"#! of Harvard and Rad- (HAA) were announced during the HAA’s cli2e present on Commencement day were Lillian annual meeting on the afternoon of Com- (Sher) Sugarman ’37, 98, of Swampscott, Massa- mencement day. chusetts, who was accompanied by her grandson, The new Overseers (six-year terms) are: Peter S. Cahn ’96, RI ’09, and Robert F. Roths- Michael Brown ’83, J.D. ’88, Boston. child ’39, 95, of New York City, celebrating his sev- CEO and co-founder, City Year. enty-ﬁfth class reunion, who came with his wife, James E. K. Hildreth ’79, Davis, Califor- Margaret Rothschild ’65. Both were recognized nia. Dean, College of Biological Sciences, during the afternoon ceremony by HAA presi- University of California, Davis. dent Catherine Gellert ’93. According to the active Jane Lubchenco, Ph.D. University alumni ’75, Corvallis, Oregon. Val- records, the oth- ley professor of marine er oldest alumni bio logy and Distinguished include: Edith Professor of zoology, Ore- M. Van Saun ’29, gon State University. 107, of Sykesville,

Michael M. Lynton ’82, Maryland; Bertha ISON RR A

M.B.A. ’87, Los Angeles. O. Fineberg ’31, H CEO, Sony Entertain- 105, of Gloucester, JIM Lillian (Sher) Sugarman ment. Massachusetts; L e s l e y F r i e d m a n Mary Anglemyer ’31, 104, of Medford, New Jersey; Er- Rosenthal ’86, J.D. ’89, hart R. Muller ’32, 104, of Harvard, Massachusetts; Lou- New York City. Vice presi- ise J. Wells ’32, 104, of Harwich, Massachusetts; Hel- dent, general counsel, and ena W. Phillips ’33, 102, of West Palm Beach; Clarence secretary, Lincoln Center M. Agress ’33, 102, of Santa Barbara; Mary Grossman for the Performing Arts. MacEwan ’33, 102, of Tucson; Anne Sharples Frantz ’33, 102, of Peterborough, New Hampshire; and William The new HAA elected Peters Blanc ’34, 101, of Sag Harbor, New York. ISON RR directors (three-year A

H Robert F. Rothschild terms) are: JIM Henry Parkman Biggs ’86, Saint Louis. Associate director, McDonnell Interna- Cambridge Scholars nounced during the organization’s annual tional Academy, Washington University in F&3' !#1,&'! have won Harvard Cam- meeting on the afternoon of Commence- St. Louis. bridge Scholarships to study at Cambridge ment day. “Let me repeat that,” Gellert told Raphael W. Bostic ’87, Los Angeles. University during the 2014-2015 academic the cheering classmates and others gath- Bedrosian chair in governance and the year. Eric Cervini, of Round Rock, Texas, ered in Tercentenary Theatre: “An aston- public enterprise; director, Bedrosian Cen- and Lowell House, a history concentrator, ishing record!” That number includes the ter on Governance, Price School of Public will be the Lionel De Jersey Harvard Schol- unprecedented $150-million contributed Policy, University of Southern California. ar at Emmanuel College; Miriam Farkas, of earlier this year by Kenneth C. Gri9n ’89, Margaret Jay Braatz, Ed.M. ’93, Ed.D. Ellicott City, Maryland, and Lowell House, primarily for undergraduate ﬁnancial aid; ’99, Chicago. Vice president for planning a linguistics concentrator, will be the John the gift is the largest in Harvard College and presidential administration, DePaul Eliot Scholar at Jesus College; Shelby Lin, history (see “Undergraduate Aid and Cam- University. of Poquott, New York, and Adams House, paign Milestones,” May-June, page 27). Leea Nash Bridgeman ’00, M.B.A. ’05. an applied mathematics concentrator, will In addition, Gellert publicly thanked the Louisville, Kentucky. Executive director be the William Shirley Scholar at Pembroke ﬁftieth-reunion class of 1964 for its more and trustee, Bridgeman Family Founda- College; and Mariel Pettee, of Dallas and than $38-million reunion gift and 50 per- tion. Quincy House, a physics and mathemat- cent participation rate, and saluted the Jessica Gelman ’97, M.B.A. ’02, Welles- ics joint concentrator, will be the Charles class of 2014’s 78 percent participation rate. ley, Massachusetts. Vice president, cus- Henry Fiske III Scholar at Trinity College. Overall, alumni have also given to the tomer marketing and strategy, The Kraft University in myriad other ways, Gellert Sports Group (New England Patriots); Alumni Gifts emphasized: by volunteering and continu- co-founder, MIT Sloan Sports Analytics T8# "4#1"*-;5"8 '#31,&1 6./!! of ing to volunteer an enormous amount of Conference. 1989 established “an astonishing record” their time and energy in “a great show of Vanessa W. Liu ’96, J.D. ’03, New York this year with its more than $180-million commitment to the community of Harvard City. COO, Trigger Media Group. gift, HAA president Catherine Gel lert an- and Radcli2e.”

H/'$/'- M/(/0,1# 79 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 THE COLLEGE PUMP Harvard Talking

have gone too far and given the game away. vember 2, 2013, at the age of 104. In April, “We don’t accept any tips,” he said, “but I Jorge I. Domínguez, chair of a small com- will give you one: go to Harvard.” mittee charged to write a memorial minute about Bowie, presented it to the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Bowie combined distinguished academic O#(')*: Jonathan Newmark ’74, M.D., of achievement with professional service at “Your wooden arm you hold outstretched Cincinnati and Bel Air, Maryland, reports the highest levels of the U.S. government, to shake with passers-by.” that he retired as a colonel from the U.S. said Domínguez, Madero professor for the Army Medical Corps in November 2013. He study of Mexico and vice provost for inter- !"!#!#$ %&'% Yale students had been a clinical neurologist and specialist national a/airs. For his work after World spend a lot of time taking tour- in medical responses to chemical and bio- War II as general counsel to the U.S. high ists around their campus in logical warfare, and also, he believes, the old- commissioner for Germany, the German New Haven, a group of Harvard est Harvard College graduate on active duty. government awarded him the Command- Dyoung bloods headed south last fall to help For an encore he has returned to college on er’s Cross of the Order of Merit. out. In case you missed the video of this un- the post-9/11 GI Bill as a full-time graduate Bowie was devoted to making academ- dertaking shown on the comedy news pro- student in composition at the College-Con- ic ideas matter in the world of policy, said gram On Harvard Time (www.onharvardtime. servatory of Music, University of Cincinnati. Domínguez. His book Suez 1956 concerned com), you can catch up with the fun and the His first completed work done there, just a military crisis he experienced in govern- way-more-than-a-million fans already in the performed, is a trombone sextet, each movement firsthand and involved criticisms of the picture by switching on www.youtube.com/ ment describing a skeletal bone, entitled Six administration of which he then was a part. watch?v=EqsTatw-RT1. Bones for Six Bones. He invites classmates to Bowie returned to Harvard to become The ringleader of the Crimson perpetra- visit. “My apartment,” he promises, “has a the first Dillon professor and to found and tors was Samuel B. Clark ’15, of Denver and roll-out couch, like any proper dorm room.” direct what is now the Weatherhead Cen- Kirkland House. A social studies concen- ter for International A/airs. For him, said trator, he is involved with several perform- Domínguez, “the center was Harvard at its ing arts groups such as the Hasty Pudding best, a self-governing community of schol- Theatricals and On Thin Ice Improv, as well T'+,!#$ -'., to John Foster Dulles: Rob- ars who worked hard, insightfully, and col- as On Harvard Time. ert Richardson Bowie, Dillon professor of legially on the central problems of the day.” His tour touched on New Haven’s high international a/airs emeritus, died on No- Bowie served as assistant secretary of crime rate and the shortcomings state under John Foster Dulles. of Yale’s architecture and went on, In remarks to the faculty not part “Yale is in many ways Harvard’s of the formal memorial minute, sort of little—perhaps less suc- Domínguez noted that Bowie told cessful—sister.” Clark told his in- The New York Times in 1966, “ ‘Dulles nocent tourist listeners that “Yale complained once to me that no students are stupider than Harvard one would talk back to him.’ ” For students.… Yale students are not as his part, Bowie assured the Times, attractive as Harvard students.” “ ‘I found that I had no trouble at At the end of the tour, Clark may all, apart from a two-week period Samuel Clark, in costume, shows when we weren’t speaking because real tourists around Yale. He later I had been extra aggressive.’ ” said he was trying to be helpful. ! 0)!123 "

80 J2+4 - A2$23% 2014 Image courtesy of On Harvard Time Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746

LETTERS (continued from page 6) While talking further about economics as challenges” (see “Harvard Details Climate- a career, I happened to mention John Ken- Change Actions” at http://harvardmag. o&”; loquacious is similar to prolix and again neth Galbraith. He hadn’t heard of him. A com/climate-14). For more, see “The Di- not necessarily showy; circuitous is “round- bit later I happened to mention Paul Sam- vestment Debate,” page 22. about/won’t get to the point”; circumlocu- uelson. Never heard of him, either. Then a tory is similar to circuitous but carries the bit later, I mentioned Arthur Schlesinger BABY TALK AND CHILDCARE added implication of “devious with intent Jr., and this time I said, “You certainly A ;"6'/--$ 7-%* from Jessica Salley to dissemble/deceive” (yes, this last is re- must know of him?” He said “Yes, I do.” To (“Baby Talk,” The Undergraduate, March- dundant, but it has alliterative value); di- which I replied, “Who was he?” He sheep- April, page 24) misled one of her new room- gressive means “can’t or won’t stay on the ishly said, “I just said that. I really don’t mates to think she was arriving with a baby. point.” Leave aside the more pedantic know.” The column prompted me to recall my thir- quibble that he’s trying to synonimize He had never even heard of any of them. ty-fifth reunion, where one of my classmates (ha!) adjectives with a noun. Stunning. He should do very well on Wall disclosed, tearfully, Why not just settle for pretentious? But Street. that she did arrive with this would commit the academic sin of K'##'*! E. M"6W)00)"5% 958, M.B.A. 962 a baby—but placed Visit harvardmag. using a short, clear, almost universally un- Portland, Me. her with relatives and com/extras for derstood word when it’s so much more fun carefully concealed the additional letters. to use an arcane uncommon word that is, DOES THIS RING A BELL? secret. It also brought well…pretentious. F-00-<)#( publication of the item about to mind the student-parents who attend my T'3 P'".%-# J.. 961 “Bellboys” (Yesterday’s News, March-April, classes at a state university. True, they do Tucson page 20), a reader commented on “amusing not live in the dorms. But many bring keen nicknames for undergraduate houses….Low- intellects to the classroom. ANIMAL RESEARCH REDUX ell House…acquired the nickname ‘Bellboys.’ Salley’s author note states that she R'(".3)#( Dr. Schneidewind’s letter con- At the time, Lowell House was where all the “hopes to enter a career in anything but cerning animal research (May-June, page 6): students on scholarships lived.” childcare.” The phrase conflates an inclina- may I say that after my graduation in 1960, I I never heard the nickname used during tion to take on parenthood with an inter- spent several decades as a part-time animal my Lowell House years, but there’s an- est in or capability at working in childcare. caretaker at the Harvard Biological Labo- other reason why it could have been. Have It also reveals a lack of knowledge about ratories, and have a pretty good idea about you ever heard or seen the massive Russian the seminal contributions to early-child- how researchers treat laboratory animals. I bells that occupy Lowell’s blue belfry, or hood education made by women from elite saw no deliberate instances of cruelty. their infamous Sunday concerts? educational backgrounds. Dr. Abigail Eliot I would suggest that those who feel that Your version hints at a degree of elite (the department of child development at use of laboratory animals (without their snobbery that I don’t believe prevailed Tufts bears her name) was a 1914 Radcli&e consent?) is “indefensible” (her word), among Harvard undergraduates. I think graduate and recipient of a doctorate in should be consistent. I believe that those most of my housemates would disagree education from Harvard. She never expe- who agree with Schneidewind should car- with your premise—including those with rienced motherhood, but she founded one ry a little card with them at all times. The names like Birdseye, Lamont, Lodge, Mor- of the nation’s first nursery schools and co- card would state that in case of a medical gan, and Weatherhead. founded what is now the National Associa- emergency, during which they could not J"5'% F)*6! 950, M.B.A. 953 tion for the Education of Young Children. speak for themselves, they did not want to Former scholarship student The idea that there is a connection be- receive any medications or surgical proce- Santa Rosa, Calif. tween “being a mother” and “being pre- dures which had been developed through pared to work with young children” has the use of live animal research. Does this QUESTIONING CLIMATE CHANGE often been deployed nefariously. Why not seem reasonable? P.'%)3'#* 3.'< ;"+%* has recently de- kill two birds with one stone, ask some R-/'.* A. C"57/'00 960, E3.M. 961 tailed University resources, research, and fi- “welfare reformers,” by putting moth- We ymouth, Mass. nances dedicated to “climate change” issues, ers who need public assistance to work which present a reasoned approach to the is- in childcare and thereby expand child- SCHLESINGER, REMEMBERED? sue. Far from “settled science,” as some would care services for all? The notion that any A#'#* the life of Arthur M. Schlesinger claim, there remain many contradictions and woman can work in childcare, just because Jr. (Open Book, March-April, page 57) and partisan claims on both sides. Hoorah to Faust she is a mother, is demeaning to those who Marshall S. Shapo’s fine letter referencing and Harvard for the balanced inquiry. have worked hard to gain a deep under- it (May-June, page 7), I just received a tele- P'*'. M6K)##'1 956 standing of how young children learn and phone call from a junior at the College solic- Chicago grow. And of course it is demeaning to the iting for the annual Harvard College Fund. public-aid recipients at whom it is tar- After he completed his task, we chatted Editor’s note: The president addressed the geted. Who says they want to work with a bit. When I asked him his major, he said issue in an April 7 e-mail to the commu- children, just because they’ve had babies? economics, and that he is thinking of going nity; it began, “Climate change represents D"0' B-.5"# F)#$ 971 to work in Wall Street after he graduates. one of the world’s most consequential Williamstown, Mass.

86 J+01 - A+(+%* 2014 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 REBOOTING SOCIAL SCIENCE Unsurprisingly, perhaps, this model of thought about the problem,” says Moss. “It (continued from page 58) cross-disciplinary dialogue and engage- implied that doctors were killing people.” ment reflects who Moss is as a scholar, and Or, consider the career of Moss’s uncle, like the body’s own immune sys- the lessons he absorbed from his mentor, the late cancer researcher Judah Folk- tem—almost invisibly behind the James Tobin. Colleagues describe Moss as man, M.D. ’57, who made the revolutionary scenes. extraordinarily versatile, with a unique discovery that tumors recruit their own The Tobin research is a call for “reaching ability to think deeply and insightfully blood supply. When Folkman first started a new level in the treatment of regulatory across a variety of topics, and to find stra- investigating this path, colleagues told capture.” tegic ways into big issues. (His own schol- him he was wasting his time; it was so dif- That deeply empirical research, which arship focuses on the roles of government, ferent from what anyone else was working identifies certain regulatory bodies with including risk management, and putting on that they couldn’t see its potential. “surprisingly strong immune systems,” recent developments such as the financial Again and again, Moss returns to the yields all sorts of practical suggestions for crisis in historical perspective; see “An idea that research can be transformative, mitigating capture: consumer empower- Ounce of Prevention,” September-October not only in medicine but in the social sci- ment programs; cultivating diverse, ex- 2009, page 24.) ences as well. Today it seems obvious that ternal expert advisers; expanding federal As the Tobin Project hews to its careful hand-washing saves babies’ lives, that cut- review of regulatory actions to include in- process, meticulously setting up the con- ting o* a tumor’s blood supply can stop its action (where an agency has been stymied ditions to encourage new insights, “The growth, and that greater liquidity can keep by an interested party). Some of these techniques have already been implement- ed—for example, by building a consumer advisory board into the new Consumer Fi- nancial Protection Bureau. “Our ultimate goal,” says Moss, beyond any accompanying gains in practice, “is to help ensure that tomorrow we have a deeper understanding of the problem of regulatory capture—and how to limit it— than we do today.” Taking Risks with Ideas #$ "68.! 0&69$1" came through Ttrial and error to its present, e*ective model for catalyzing transformative social-science research and identifying significant problems on which to work. Last year, the organization received a MacAr- thur Foundation Award for Creative and E*ective Institutions, which recognizes risk-taking happens with the ideas,” says Tobin team staff members (left to right): “exceptional organizations that…generate Stephanie Khurana. For example, the in- John Cisternino, Rebecca Chan, Robert Ward, David A. Moss, Jonathan Decker, provocative ideas, reframe the debate, or equality group is trying an entirely new Katie Nihill, and Sidharth Shah provide new ways of looking at persistent approach, with no guarantee it will pay o*. problems.” Moss is not interested in an intellec- a recession from becoming a depression. Once a research priority is defined, tually cautious approach. As models for Once, these things were not so obvious— the Tobin Project is careful to assemble a boldness, he often turns to science and and this is another way of stating the Tobin group of scholars that spans disciplines medicine, telling the story of Hungar- Project’s mission. “We ask, what are the big and generations. When graduate students ian physician Ignaz Semmelweis, whose problems that seem to defy understanding sit alongside Nobel laureates, it has found, discovery that deaths could be prevented today, but that could become manageable youthful energy meets with the wisdom if doctors washed their hands before de- through the advancement of knowledge that comes with experience, challenging livering babies initially met with intense tomorrow,” says Moss, “and how can we all involved to think in new ways. Invit- resistance. “This was a very risky idea, be- increase the likelihood that transformative ing each group to answer a question, as op- cause it was threatening to the way people research will help to generate that knowl- posed to talking about an issue, helps edge, opening the door to solutions that orient the discussion so the scholars Learn more may feel obvious one day, but that aren’t consider, and learn from, one another’s Visit the Tobin Project website at www.tobin- obvious to us now?” perspectives—productively moving project.org to read about the research on insti- beyond their expertise in their own tutions of democracy and national security and Contributing editor Elizabeth Gudrais ’01 is a fields. access information on the project’s model, his- freelance writer based in Madison, Wisconsin. tory, and community of scholars. Photograph by Jim Harrison H%&2%&3 M%,%4.!$ 87 Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 TREASURE Harpsichords Extraordinaire Two keyboards, each with a story to tell

! 1900, no one in America was building acquired the harpsichords. Pianos ruled, and that Dolmetsch in was that. Then in 1905, the French- 1929, and ju- born musician and instrument maker nior Ralph Kirkpatrick IArnold Dolmetsch (1858-1940) arrived in ’31, later an acclaimed harpsi- Boston, where he spent the next six years chordist and musicologist, con- building clavichords and harpsichords with certized on it at Paine Hall the piano makers Chickering & Sons. Dolmetsch next year. was “the man in front of the ‘early-music’ The 1906 harpsichord has revival in the United States,” says Mariana two keyboards, or “manuals.” In his foreword Quinn, manager of Piano Technical Services Dolmetsch used ebony for to Hubbard’s Three (PTS) at Harvard. Early-music aficionados the natural notes and ivory Cen turies of Harpsi- sought to build authentic reproductions of for the accidentals, yielding a color chord Making (1965), ancient instruments and to perform centu- scheme that reverses the conventional one. Kirkpatrick writes ries-old pieces in ways true to their origins. Its beautiful case, with ivory inlays, may be of hearing about Two extraordinary harpsichords, one of Indian rosewood, according to PTS senior “two graduate stu- which Dolmetsch built with concert technician Paul Rattigan. dents in English…who had built what I Chickering in 1906, re- Piano keys trigger hammers, but pressing believe was a clavichord....it became per- side in the PTS work- a harpsichord key raises a jack with plec- fectly clear to me that Frank Hubbard and shop in Vanserg trum that plucks a metal string. A “choir” William Dowd did not in any way embody Hall, both in need is a set of strings; Dolmetsch gave the Har- the enthusiastic ineptitude that so fre- of full restora- vard instrument two eight-foot choirs and quently is to be encountered among those tion. Harvard a four-foot choir (which sounds an octave persons infatuated with old instruments.” higher), reviving the style of celebrat- Their maiden e"ort is a single-manual ed French harpsichord makers harpsichord with no pedals and a range of the eighteenth century, such of less than four and one-half octaves, as Pascal Taskin. or about half that of a piano keyboard. Riding on the coattails of Like the Dolmetsch, the instrument has the early-music revival, Frank no home at Harvard: climate-controlled Hubbard ’42, A.M. ’48, and rooms suitable for delicate old harpsi- William Dowd ’44 built the chords are in short supply. second harpsichord, pictured at Hubbard & Dowd built some of the best left. The two young men indepen- harpsichords in the world until the firm dently pursued apprenticeships dissolved in 1958. Both men continued the with disciples of Dolmetsch, then craft afterward. Frank Hubbard was pre- founded a harpsichord company paring to teach a class at Mather House in 1949. The instrument seen here, on harpsichord making when he died in bearing serial number 1, is their 1976. The Hubbard & Dowd legacy lives first creation, modeled on a design by the on in Framingham, Massachusetts, where Flemish Ruckers family of Renaissance Hubbard Harpsichords continues to build harpsichord makers. quality instruments. !#.$.

Photographs by Jim Harrison Reprinted from Harvard Magazine. For more information, contact Harvard Magazine, Inc. at 617-495-5746 140719_HarvardAthletics.indd 1 5/23/14 10:49 AM Where will your days take you?

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