16042 " CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE DECEMBER 4 PRIVATE 'BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS COMMITTEE ME'ETING DURING SENATE attend the meeting of the Common Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private SESSION . wealth Parliamentary Association in bills and resolutions were introduced On request of Mr. LUCAS, and by unani Australia. · and severally referred as fallows: mous consent, the Committee on Foreign The Senator from Minnesota [Mr. By Mr. BOLLING: Relations was authorized to meet during HUMPHREY] is absent because of illness. H. R . 9836. A bill to provide for the admis the session of the Senate today. · The Senator from Nevada [Mr. Mc sion of Dr. Karl Schaefer to United States CARRAN] is absent by leave of the Senate. citizenship; to the Committee on the Judi SENATOR FROM CALIFORNIA The Senator from Illinois [Mr. DouG ciary. Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I LAsJ, the Senator from Montana [Mr. By Mr. JACOBS: H. R. 9837. A bill to provide· for the ex send to the desk a telegram from the MURRAY], the Senator from Pennsyl tension of design patent No. 133,870, issued Governor of California, the Honorable vania [Mr. MYERS], and the Senator September 22, 1942, to Mrs. Beulah Hill re Earl Warren, and I ask that it be read. from Wyoming [Mr. O'MAHONEYJ are ab lating to a Bootlette; to the Committee on The VICE PRESIDENT. The tele- sent on public business. the Judiciary. gram will be read. · The Senator from Alabama [Mr. H. R. 9838. A bill for the relief of Irene T. · The legislative clerk read as follows: SPARKMAN] is absent by leave of the Sen Mit chell; to the Committee on the Judiciary. ate on official business as a representa By .Mr. PATTERSON: SACRAMENTO, CALIF., December 3, 1950. H. R . 9839. A bill for the relief of Julio SECRETARY OF THE UNITED STATES SENATE, tive of the United States to the fifth Henrique Da Silva; to the Committee on the Capitol Bui lding, Washington, D. c.: session of the General Assembly of the Judiciary. This is to advise you that on December 1, United Nations. 1950, I appointed RICHARD M. NIXON United l\fr. WHERRY. I announce that the States Senator to fill the unexpired term of Senator from Maine [Mr. BREWSTER] is United States Senator Sheridan Downey in necessarily absent. SENATE the Eighty-first Congress. On that same d ate, I mailed Senator NIXON'S commission The Senator from New Hampshire to him at Washington, D. c. [Mr. BRIDGES] is absent on official busi MONDAY' DECEMBER 4, 1950 EARL WARREN, ness.
Dairen is the site of Third Army head ALASKA FORCES ARE OUTNUMBERED has made conquests 1n eastern Europe by quarters. About 290 air miles from Seoul. But more than alertness may be needed. the mere threat of force. prewar capital of Korea, Dairen came into Even if the five Soviet divisions on the But whatever the reasons for the Soviet Soviet hands by agreements at Yalta. No other side of Bering Strait are far below concentration of power in Siberia, there's no information is available on the strength of strength, which is entirely probable, our own hiding the main facts of the tremendous the Third Army. forces are greatly outnumbered. It'is doubt military and economic program being devel In the far north lies one of the strangest ful if we have the strength of a single divi oped there. and certainly one of the most audacious of sion in all Alaska. REDS RATE SIBERIAN ARMIES HIGH the world's military installations. This is That does not mean that Anchorage ts The findings cf Nagel's study, outlined on the Siberian Fourth Army, based at Anadyr, beset by anxiety. Brig. Gen. Elmer Rogers, the preceding pages, make a startling picture. not far from Bering Strait, which separates chief of staff to the Alaskan commander, Most impressive of Nagel's facts is the Siberia from Alaska. Lt. Gen. William E. Kepner, recently told a Soviet military establishment of 44 front It's believed this army is composed of five reporter: line divisions on what Moscow calls its far divisions, of which three are airborne. "Well, I'm sitting on the powder keg, if eastern front. Though based in the desolate wastes just there is one, and I am not alarmed. · I'm not It's evident that the Kremlin attaches below the Arctic Circle, its troops ·are main saying that we have an impregnable fortress great importance to the "front." In 1948, tained and supplied regularly. here. But I do feel that reasonable defense a prominent World War II military leader, Additional divisions comprising a fifth forces have been allocated and are on the Marshal Gregory K. Zhul:ov, was in com army are also known ·to be based in Siberia. scene." mand of the Siberian armies. More recently, Along with these armies, there ls a mighty . Military planners in Alaska count on Rus another Soviet hero, Marshal R. Y. Mali:nov array of air power. A chain of airfields ex sia's obviously great difficulties in supplying sky, has been the top military officer. tends through the eastern area to accom an attack. They also feel more Gomfortable "SIBERIAN ARMIES BEST IN U. S. S. R.'• modate the 4,500 planes that make up the than the situation might appear to warrant Siberian Air Force. Some 30· fields, origi because the heart of Alaska, where the Lieutenant Pirogov, the escaped Russian nally built to fight the Japanese, are reported main airfields are, is 600 miles from the flier, stresses the toughness of the Red troops in the Vladivostok area alone. Russian bases. Thus, while the possibility in Siberia. "It is an accepted fact," he says, is conceded that a Russian attack might be "that the Siberian armies are the best in the SIBERIAN NA VY HAS SNORKELS able to envelop Nome, taking all Alaska is Soviet Union. When Moscow was being at Russian sea power in the Far East is a quite another thing. tacked, Stalin told us: 'Hold on, hold on, the significant factor, too. Of the 100 Soviet Siberian armies are coming.' And they did.'' submarines believed to be in Pacific waters. AN ALASKAN PEARL HARBOR? The result was a decisive defeat for the Nazi most were designed for coastal operations. Still, the Siberian situation arouses con armies. But also included are some of th~ Russian cern, Gov. Ernest Grµening •. of Alaska, fore The industrial base on which this military Navy's high speed, snorkel type of subma casts the possibility of another Pearl Harbor establishment rests, as disclosed by Nagel's rines developed by German engineers. In there. And I have talked to Russians here research, is hardly less impressive. So far, addition, the cruiser3 Kalinin and Kagano who insist that a powerful thrust against it probably has not been developed suffi vich are often observed at Vladivostok. the United States will originate in the not ciently to supply the military establishment Refiecting the industrial development of too-distant future from Siberia. completely. But the fact that it exists at Siberia are cities like Komsomolsk. One of One such warning comes from Lt. Piotr all is a miracle. Thirty years ago, eastern the new, important cities of Siberia, it had a Uirogov, of the Red air force, who escaped Siberia was largely a wilderness inhabited population in 1940 of 70,000. Today, its pop from the Soviet Union last year via Austria. by primitive Siberian tribes. ulation is reported to be 250,000. The city "I have served in Siberia,'' Pirogov says. Today, the area is estimated to account now boasts steel mllls, an airplane-engine . "I know how the Soviet air force is indoctri for 17 percent of Russia's steel productio:i, plant, a locomotive works, repair shops and nated. Every Soviet officer believes that the 27 percent of its coal, and 5 percent of its automotive and generator works. only way into the United States is through oil. This output is small compared with Alaska. that of the United States, of course, but it Magadan is another mushrooming city. A "These officers have been taught that small fishing vlllage in 1940, it has grown is there on the spot. It does not have to Alaska ls Russia earth; that Catherine the be transported thousands of miles by land into a city of 100,000 today-a prison city Great was cheated out of it by avaricious with 80 percent of its population Soviet citi or sea. The same is true of Russian muni Americans; that its gold, minerals, and other tions production in Siberia, of which there zens exiled for minor infractions. It's be resources have been shamefully exploited by lieved to be an important administrative is thought to be a significant amount. American capitalists; that Alaska must be Ironically, the Soviet Union owes some of center for nearby gold mines. reclaimed for the Soviet Union. Every Khabarovsk, too, has grown rapidly and is its strength in Siberia to the United States. Soviet officer is expected to know this." In the days when we were urging Stalin to now an important oil-refining center. Some Plrogov says his air-force colleagues when get into war against Japan, we sent to Si experts think its population is greater than he was in Siberia were told they were there Vladivostok's 600,000. It is also the site of beria lend-lease supplies totaling some 800,- because Alaska must be attacked. They felt 000 tons of military and industrial material. an airframe manufacturing plant. There is a this was confirmed by. joint maneuvers they As events developed, the supplies were not second one at Irkutsk. engaged in with Russian Navy and ground needed for the defeat of Japan. And in In the area of Chita are mines and smelt forces. All the topographical details of stead of helping us, they have become part ers for coal, Iron, manganese, lead, zinc, and Alaska were taught them, together with de of the Soviet reservoir of power now lined molybdenum. Properly developed, such re tailed plans for bombing Alaska. up against us. sourc:s could lead to the rise of a "Ruhr" in However, another theory on the reasons One of the puzzles of Soviet industry in Siberia. fc:- the build-up in Siberia-that it's aimed Siberia is a continuing effort to produce PURPOSE OF THE MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL CONCEN• at Japan-must also be considered. Accord more and more gold. Some 25 mines are TRATION IN SIBERIA HAS UNITED STATES ing to an opinion commanding respect in in operation at Magadan and in the area PJ..ANNERS GUESSING BUT ON GUARD Washington, the Russians were disappointed south of Yakutsk and north of Chita. Gold The Soviet concentration of power in Si with the concessions they got at Yalta, which production there equals almost half the beria poses the keenest problem for the gave them approximately '\"'hat they had be world's production in 1940. It makes Rus fore the Russo-Japanese War. sia a close competitor of the United States United States. Why is the concentration The Russians hoped, it's reasoned, that there? as the world's leading hoarder of gold. Japan itself would fall under Soviet influ The most frequently suggested reason for There are several possi-ble reasons, all of ence. Instead, they have watched it grow which may apply: the Soviet gold hoard is that Russia will stronger and stronger under American con some day try to wreck the economies of the It could be a move in preparation for an trol. They .fear it will be set loose before attack on Alaska. world by wholesale dumping of the metal on long, to develop again as the leading in the world market. But for every expert who It could be a build-up for an ultimate in dustrial-military nation of the Far East. Be thinks this is the reason there is another vasion of Japan. ca•1se of this fear, the Russians may have who does not. The Kremlin is playing this Or it could be a naked show of strength as concluded that Japan will have to be smashed one close to the chest. notice to all Asia that it is under the con before it grows too powerful. trol of the Kremlin. That line of reasoning makes much sense EMPIRE FACES OBSTACLES Milltary circles fully recognize the threat at hich levels in Washington. The fact that A number of obstacles prevent the maxi of an attack on Alaska. The military com it may be less disquieting to us than the mum development of the Siberian empire. mand in Alaska is faced daily with the prob Alaskan invasion theory does not necessarily The climate, of course, is the most impor lem of what to do if Russia's Siberian arsenal detract from its logic. tant. Trimsportatton is another, though in erupts into a North American invasion. An What about the third possibility-that the military matters the Red Army usually man chorage, Alaska, is an armed camp, with new Siberian empire ts a show of strength ages to move somehow in areas where move antiaircraft batteries manned 24 hours a day to make all Asia bow to Russia? There is ment is regarded as impossible by westerners. and Jet-fighter squadrons constantly on the no way of evaluating this possibility fully. Two rail lines run east and west, and if they alert. Even foxholes have been dug. It's pertinent to recall, however, that Moscow were cut, large-scale military and industrial 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 16053 movements would be seriously interfered But on that d ay, the No. 2 m an in Commu wise-to take guerrilla warfare seriously. Let with. n ist China, Premier Chou En-lai, served no us, therefore, ask you, the reader, to perform The lack of electrical power, plus the diffi tice that the. war in Korea was not finished. a rather grim act of imagination. culties of transmitting over long distances, is Chou En-lai's warning was double-barreled. Please imagine that the United St ates has ·a definitely limiting factor too. But there is On the one h and, he warned that China been i:p.vaded by the Red army-and that plenty of coal, and the Soviets may some would not stand idly by while China 's Com you live in the area occupied by Russian day be able to expand their power resources munist allies were defeated, a threat he h as troops. Once this difficult feat of imagina substantially. Estimated coal reserves are since m ade good. tion has been performed, it should be less 460,000,000,000 tons, one of the largest in the But this was not the Chinese premier's difficult to imagine that you want to do every world, and of a quality similar to coal mined only threat. "Tactics of a prolonged war of thing in your power to help the American at Cardiff, Wales. resistance," he also said, "will undoubtedly forces still fighting at the front. So you A most serious limiting factor is the sup give the Korean people * * * final vic join the organized resistance-you become a ply of food. Five percent of Russia's popu tory." What Chou En-lai was t alking about, guerrilla. Let us follow you as you perform lation is in eastern Siberia, but the area of course. was guerrilla war, supported by the a guerrilla mission. produces only 1 percent of Russia's food. Chinese, and directed against the American It is dusk. You are on a secondary road, The development of the area, nevertheless, · and Allied forces, all over liberated Korea. not many miles from where you now live. has been extraordinary, as disclosed by It remains to be seen whether this threat With you are five men, armed like yourself Nagel's study. will· also be made good-the Korean people with Tommy guns or rifles, grenades strung And Nagel's findings are conservatively have already experienced at first hand the in their belts. The lead man moves warily, based on what he can prove. It's possible doubtful delights of Communist rule, and for there is always the risk of a Red Army that the miUtary and economic development they are hardly likely to wish to repeat the patrol. of Siberia considerably exceeds even his basic experience. Yet Chou En-lai's second threat Ahead of you the road curves off to the left figures. must be taken as seriously as his first. For and crosses a double railway track in a deep EXILES SWELL POPULATION it is time we recognized that the tradi: cut. You and another man drop into a tional rules of warfare no longer hold good. ditch, while the three others make their way Pirogov thinks-though he can't prove it It is time, indeed, that we learned about cautiously to the track. Soon you hear a that there is a population of eighteen or guerrilla fighting. We must learn how to soft whistle. The track is clear. This does twenty millions in eastern Siberia, as com support, fight '¥ith, and even create friendly not ·surprise you-the Russians cannot pos pared with Nagel's figure of at least sibly guard the hundreds of thousands of 10,500,000. guerrilla movements. What is more difficult, we must learn how to deal effectively with miles of track in occupied territory. Of tlie total Nagel says 700,000 are in. enemy guerrilla movements. If we dQ. not, THE WAY THE RESISTANCE WORKS forced-labor camps; 1,000,000 are exiles from it is entirely possible that we shall lose the the Baltic region and 600,000 are Japanese struggle which has been joined in this night You move onto the track, .and the other prisoners from the Kwantung Army. Piro men spread out as lookouts. It is darker mare twilight between war and peace. And now; you can only dimly make out their fig gov puts the number at forced labor higher it is just as possible that we shall lose a war, and thinks there are even more exiles. ures. You kneel beside the track and pack if real war comes. about 3 pounds of something that looks like According to his estimates, the number of For it can be shown that guerrilla fighting forced laborers runs into -the millions, maybe putty on both sides of a rail, fixing it in can have a very great, and sometimes an ab place with ordinary black mechanic's tape. 8 or 12.. "Nobody hunts wild animals in solutely decisive, influence on the outcome Siberia any more," be comments, "only peo Then you wire something that looks like a of modern war. It can further be shown child's Fourth of July toy on top of the rail. ple who escape from the labor camps." that, since the last war ostensibly ended, Besides exiles from the Baltic region, Piro The whole job takes perhaps 3 or 4 minutes. guerrilla warfare has deeply influenced the Two hours later, you and the other men gov says there are also millions moved in a course of events, gravely to our disadvantage. body from other areas. are many miles away, sleeping peacefully in Finally, it can be shown that the men in a hayloft on an isolated farm. While you "In the years 1941to1943," he claims, "in the Kremlin confidently rely on Communist dustrial plants were moved from the west are sleeping, a Red Army troop train on its guerrilla warfare to overbalance the indus way to the front roars into the cut. The into the Siberian area, together with work trial and atomic superiority of the West, ers and their entire families. front right wheel of the engine passes over whet her in time of war or in time of so the toylike object you have wired to the "This was followed in 1944 with the forced called peace. exile of two groups, one from South Russia track. The object is a percussion cap. It is and the other from the Crimea. In each These are some of the reasons why we must connected by an instantaneous fuse to the group, we were told, there · were. 1,000,000 learn about guerrilla warfare. There was a puttylike substance, which is plastic explo people. time when Americans were the greatest of sive. In the instant when the wheel passes "From 1945 to 1947, 25 percent of the all guerrilla fighters. ·The minutemen of the over the percussion cap, there is a small ex- population of western Ukraine was trans Revolution were essentially guerrillas. In . plosion and the rail under the wheel dis ferred to the Siberian area." Francis Marion, the Swamp Fox, who made integrates. The engine jumps the tracks and life miserable for Lord Cornwallis, we pro rolls up against the side of the cut. Cars pile SIBERIA A MUST FOR RED AIR FORCE duced one of history's most brilliant guer up behind it in ugly, twisted wreckage. What about the build-up of military forces rilla leaders. In John S. Mosby, who, with a Using a few dollars' worth of material, you in Siberia? "In 1947 .and 194"," Pirogov re few hundred men behind the Union lines, have wrecked an irreplaceable train, killed or ports, "there was a reshuffiing of Soviet Air tied down many thousands of Grant's best wounded many enemy soldiers, and severed Force personnel. Every air-force officer was troops, we produced another. an important transportation route to the required to spend 2 years in one of three But that was long ago. Now the experi front. You have done all this both more places: Chukotski (the area in the far north ence of living Americans in guerrilla war cheaply and more surely than it could have facing Bering Strait); Kamchatka (the pen fare is almost wholly limited to the vague done in the conventionai way-from the air. insula thrusting out from Siberia) or Sak memories of the American soldiers who Looks easy, doesn't :i. t? halin (t he island whose southern half was fought in Europe-memories of unkempt, ex And it is easy, remarkably easy. This given to :Russia at Yalta)." citable Europeans, armed to the teeth and imaginary exploit of yours was repeated lit As to the number of troops in Siberia, incomprehensibly oratorical, sometimes use erally hundreds of thousands of times dur Pirogov thinks there are even more than . ful, but more often seemingly in the way. ing the last war, so that the rail systems in the 750,000 estimated by Nagel. He figures Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower himself is the western Europe and in Russia became almost at least 1,000,000 are now stationed there. authority for the statement that these ex wholly useless to Hitler. Regardless of the exact statistics, however, citable Europeans were worth 15 divisions to But it is ea:;y only if-there are a number it's plain that the Soviet empire in Siberia the Allies in western Europe. In southeast of if's. Ask yourself some questions and you introduces a critical new element .in the ern Europe, Yugoslav and Greek guerrillas will begin to understand the nature of mod cauldron of world affairs today. tied down no less than 45 of Hitler's German ern guerrilla warfare. How could you be sure And. the day may soon come when it will and satellite divisions, although he needed that informers would not betray you? Obvi• emerge as the dominant power in the Far only 30 divisions to take these countries in ously, a good many people would know what East. · the first place. Yet this evidence of the ex you were doing. Equally obviously, the Rus traordinary effectiveness of guerrilla fighting sian commander would pay high for the priv ExHIBIT 4 h as been largely lost on our professional sol ilege of hanging you most publicly, after [From the Saturday Evening Post of diers. In the Pentagon, as in most conven appropriate tortures, in order to discourage December 2, 1950] tional military circles in the West, guerrilla others of like mind. Without the active warfare is still regarded as an interesting WE CAN BE GUERRILLAS, Too sympathy of the mass of your compatriots, but essentially unimportant footnote to the you would not long survive. · And you need. (By Stewart Alsop and Col. Samuel B. ancient art of m alting war. not only sympathy but support-informa Griffith, USMC) Alone among the great nations of the tion, ·food, safe shelter. On October 1 this year, by all the tra earth, the United States has never in living This suggests one reason why guerrilla war, ditional rules of warfare, the war in Korea memory feared a successful enemy invasion. the war of the ragged civilian with a rifle, was finished. The North Korean Army was This is one reason why it is so hard for most has suddenly. ·become of paramount impor destroyed as an organized fighting force. Americans-professional soldiers or other- tance in the era of the guided missile and 16054 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE DECEMBER 4 the atomic bomb. Modern war is in~ensely Even more, you need trained men-spe the enemy is of enormous value, if the in political. The day of the old, simple, cially trained pilots and navigators to drop formation can be transmitted to the other straightforward clash between nation states thousands of tons of weapons and supplies side of the lines. And the radio makes this s.eeking limited objectives ls over. Modern on pin-point targets at night behind enemy possible. But it is the plane and the para war is fought not only between nations but lines; radio operators able to send and re chute which have transformed the guerrilla within nations. This was true of Hitler's ceive in code at 30 words a minute under the art, adding a whole new dimension to modern war. It wm be far more true of Stalin's worst possible conditions; liaison officers who war. war, lf lt comes. speak the language, who can train guerrillas No one who has ever experienced what Guerrllla warfare, political by its very na in the use of the parachuted weapons, who the French called a parachutage will ever ture, part civil war, part rebellion, is the know your political and strategic objectives, forget it-the nervous waiting in the dark natural expression of the war within. Be and who can promote these objectives effec ness; the distant drone of engines, growing cause of its political nature, it requires the tively. The task of supplying friendly guer nearer; the frantic blinking of the recogni active support of the mass of the people. rillas in wartime is a job for professionals. tion signal as the uncertain outlines of the Given this support, guerrilla fighting be The job on the other side of the lines-in great planes become visible against the night comes a fourth dimension of warfare. It enemy territory-is a. job for professionals, sky; then the sharp crack of the parachutes, can make as decisive a contribution to vic too. Guerrilla fighting is highly specialized, opening like ghostly flowers in the dimness tory as any of the conventional services-the different from any other. A .regular infan as the heavy metal containers sway down Navy, the Army, the Air Force. But it must try commander is no more trained to lead to earth. · be supported by an et'fective organization on guerrillas than he is to lead a flight of Among the men of the resistance, as they the other side of frori.t lines. Ask yourself bombers. It is the infantryman's job to take lugged the containers off to hiding places and some more questions, and you will see why and hold ground, at whatever bloody cost. opened them, . there was always something this is so. A true guerrilla never tries to hold ground. of the hysterical joy of small children open How did you get the weapons to protect If he does, he is soon a dead guerrilla. ing their Christmas stockings. But this was yourself-the rift.es and grenades and Tommy The French summed up guerrilla tactics no mere childish joy. For the containers, guns? How did you get the tools to do your in three words, drummed into the heads of full of weapons and supplies, provided the job-the percussion cap, the insta'ltaneous recruits to the French Maquis: "Surprfse, means of maintaining life and inflicting fuse, the plastic explosive? How did you mitraillage, evanouissernent." These three death. ·They were the lifeblood of the know that a troop train was coming over words-which can be roughly translated a.s resistance. that particular track at that particular time? "surprise, shoot, scram"-give a mental pie-· As long as this lifeblood flows, a guerriila. How did you know how to blow up the train? ture of the classic ,guerrilla operation. An movement can be a nightmare to an occupy The technique is simple, but not every civil unsuspecting and unready enemy unit-a ing power. No occupying army can afford ian knows it. Do you? Finally, how did you supply convoy, a headquarters behind t'he to commit much more than one soldier to know that by blowing up that particular front-is suddenly and viciously attacked. every 80 conquered civilians. Assume that train you would really contribute to the Then the guerrillas run-they run like the the 80 hate the 1. What happens when the strategic objectives of the American regular devil. Before a counterattack can be or 80 are armed? This is a question which forces fighting at the front? ganized, the guerrillas have vanished. What should send shivers up the spine of any world Three modern technical devices-the plane, is an enemy commander to do when the men conqueror. the parachute, and the radio-provide the who have been massacring his forces from The plane, the parachute, and the radio answers to all these questions. This is the concealed positions, instead of presenting a make it possible to arm the 80. But, as we second reason why guerrilla warfare has sud bold and united front, simply disappear? have seen, arming the 80 requires the most denly become a decisive element in modern Regular army troops are not encouraged careful and complex organization. Belatedly war. For it is now possible to support guer to memorize the old couplet, "He who fights and haphazardly, the United States and rillas on a massive scale. The radio provides and runs away will live to fight another day." Great Britain did create such an organization. the means of communicating with the fight Yet this precisely describes correct guerrilla The British, desperate for allies in the early ers behind the lines, coordinating their ac tactics. Mao Tse-tung, ruler of Communist days, were the first to sense the possib111ties. tions with the larger strategy of total war. China, and, as we shall see, the greatest pro They organized a resistance service which The plane and the parachute provide the fessional guerrilla of our generation, put it they called the Special Operations Executive. means of supplying them with the where another way: "Guerrillas should be as cau We followed suit with the Special Operations withal to fight. tious as virgins and as quick as rah.bits." Branch of the Office of Strategic Services. The logistical support of guerrilla warfare This suggests a rather surprising character SOE and SO-OSS dropped thousands of men is a job for highly trained professionals. istic of properly led guerrilla warfare. It is into the resistance movements, and teris of This is a big subject in itself, but what fol really not a very dangerous sort of fighting. thousands of tons of arms and explosives, lows may give you some idea of the sort of After all, an infantryman who was as cautious The dividends they paid were startling. thing you need. You must have codes which as a virgin and as quick-to run-as a rabbit But even during the war, the essentially are simple and virtually unbreakable. You · would not be much of an infantryman. The political nature of guerrilla warfare was over must have radios which can be easily car few hundred Americans who parachuted to looked. The rule was that we supported any ried, which can be hand-operated, and the resistance movement in the last war, one willing to kill Germans. The result has which can be used to transmit and receive in asked about their war experiences, are apt been that Communist guerrillas from Indo . code at very high speeds. If the radio is on to respond with the white-knuckled, tight china to Greece were armed with British and the air too long, the enemy will get a fix on llpped, glassy-eyed routine. They like to American weapons, while in western Europe the location of guerrilla headquarters, using think of themselves as heroes. A few of them the Communists have cached great stocks of mobile radio-direction finders, with disas were. Most of them were nothing of the sort. our weapons against the day when the Krem trous consequences. Over-all, they took less than 10 percent lin orders direct action. You must have all sorts of special devices casualties. This is about the average per Since the war, moreover, the new idea · for bringing planes in over very small drop centage in months of guerrilla operations the idea of arming the conquered against ping zones-known as Dee Zeds in the trade less than a. good infantry outfit would expect the conquerors-has been all but forgotten. at night in enemy territory. The primitive in an afternoon's rather desultory battle. We are not prepared, either in war or in so way to do this is by agreed signal lights or Yet though guerrilla casualties are almost called peace, to exploit the rage and despair even brush fires lighted on a prearranged always low, guerrillas can inflict an enormous of the masses of the people within the great pattern, tended by guerrma reception com amount of damage. To quote Mao Tse-tung new Soviet e~pire. mittees. These reception committees guide again: "Guerrillas may be compared to in Now consider the other side of the picture. the planes into the Dee Zed, and then haul numerable gnats, which, by biting a giant in Some months ago Nicolai Bulganin, former away and hide the parachuted containers of front and rear, ultimately exhaust him." Soviet war minister and one of the most weapons and supplies. The trouble ts that The giant can rarely bite the gnats back. powerful members of the Politburo, boasted the enemy cal). set up false reception com Because a guerrilla attack is always a sur rather smt:gly that the Soivet Union now mittees. This the Germans did in the last prise attack, a properly led guerrilla move possessed "an entirely novel doctrine of war war, using them just the way a duck hunter ment should inftict casualties of at least 10 fare." This doctrine ls squarely based on uses his decoys. A plane with bomb bays dead enemy to 1 dead guerrilla-and in guerrilla fighting. And Bulganin pointed · open to parachute, slowed down to stalling the last war, the ratio was quite often as out-as quoted in F. 0. Miksche's interesting speed over an area well stacked with anti high as 50 to 1. Moreover, killing enemy book, Secret Forces-that the new doctrine aircraft guns, is a very dead duck indeed. troops is only part of a guerrilla's job. More could be used to gain the Kremun·s ends Toward the end of the war various gim often, he is attacking objects which don't "without resort to regular army warfare." micks were developed to outwit the Ger :fight back-like the railway track in your In fact, the "novel doctrine" has been so mans-Rebecca-Eureka two-way electronic imaginary exploit, or a power station, or a used all over the world since the last war bleep devices, for example, to guide a pilot bridge .. Or he is collecting information-a in Greece, for example, a:µd in Burma, in in over a Dee Zed from great distances on good guerrilla leader knows everything Malaya, in Indochina, in the Philippines and an agreed signal, or the S-phone, which per absolutely everything-about the enemy, and in China itself. We have fair warning that mitted a man on the ground to talk a pilot this information is invaluable on both sides it is is going to be used in Korea. in over the Dee Zed. For effective guerrilla of the front lines. The history of this novel doctrine, in fact, support, you need this sort of thing-and Indeed, a resist.ance movement which does goes right back to that curious, neurotic, much more which is still secret. nothing at all but collect information about mid-nineteenth-century figure, Karl Marx. 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 16055 Marx first evol'lled the theory of guerrilla war .territory . with orders to commit atrociti.es guerrilla fighting or of its political meaning. . as an instrument of revolutionary power, and against the Germans. The Gestapo, in re We nevertheless accomplished a great deal christened his theory "the people's war." He prisal, burned villages, and tortured and • * * but belatedly, and almost by ac noted the essential fact about guerrilla fight hanged hostages. For the first time, a fierce cident. ing-that there is no means of striking at h atred of the Germans was born, and with Now let us turn to Asia. The Japanese the roots of a combination of this kind. it a guerrilla movement supported by the encountered almost as much trouble from Nicolai Lenin elaborated the theory of the .people. The Germans retaliated with ever guerrillas as Hitler did during the war. But people's war in a number of studies whi"ch mounting brutality and more what is really meaningful is what has hap now form an important part of Communist Russians joined the guerrillas. pened in Asia since the war. holy writ. Lenin concluded: "Marxism recog Even so, it was not until a full year after In 1937 Mao Tse-tung wrote a remarkable nizes the inevitability of new forms of strug- the invasion that Stalin's careful prepara treatise on guerrilla warfare, from which we : gle as social conditions change. * * • tions for guerrilla warfare began to bear real have already quoted. This treatise, the bible Guerrilla warfare is the inevitable form of fruit. But by 1943 great areas of occupied of the Asiatic Communists, is almost un : struggle when the mass move;ment has Russia were under partisan control, espe known in the West-only one. English trans _reached the stage of rebellion." cially in the vast stretches of central Rus lation, by a coauthor of this article, Colonel The people's war theories of Marx and sia, where endless marshes and forests pro Griffith, exists. Mao concluded this treatise Lenin were thoroughly battle-tested, with vide ideal guerrilla cover. Ponomarenko's with a warning: striking success, in the Russian revolution partisan command maintained a fleet of "Historical experience ls written in blood and the civil war which followed. Lenin's planes_;_mostly American C-47's-which not and iron. We must point out that the guer successor did not forget the lessons which only supplied the guerrillas with weapons rilla campaigns being waged in China today Marx and Lenin had taught. On June 22, but even flew out crops grown under guer arc a page in history that has no precedent. 1941, Adolf Hitler ordered the attack on Nazi rilla control to feed the besieged populations Their influence will not be confined solely to Germany's erstwhile ally, the Soviet Union. of Moscow and Leningrad. China but will be world-wide." On July 3 Josef Stalin gave the following The measures taken by Stalin and Beria . order to the Russian people: to insure against the partisans' turning When Mao Tse-tung wrote these words he "In areas occupied by the enemy, guerrilla against the Kremlin itself are also signifi commanded a Communist guerrilla army units, mounted and on foot, must be formed; cant. Political commissars were fl.own in to which the Japanese regarded as an essenti diversionist groups must be organized to com suppress all eviden".e of independent political ally unimportant collection of tattered ban bat enemy troops, to foment guerrilla warfare thinking among the guerrillas. The disci dits, Mao Tse-tung no:w rules a nation of everywhere, to blow up bridges and roads, to pline was ferocious. Here are a couple of 460,000,000 people. And he is the chief archi damage telephone and telegraph lines, to set random examples-from an article in the In tect of a strategy designed to repeat the fire to forests, stores, and transports. In the fantry Journal-of how the guerrillas were Communist triumph in China all over Asia. . occupied areas conditions must be made un kept under control: There is no mystery about this: Mao Tse bearable for the enemy and all his accom "MAY 11, 1943.-Repeated licentiousness in tung's strategy was spelled out in detail for plices. They must be bombed and annihi dealing with women has caused pregnancy in the benefit of Communist leaders from every lated at every step and all their measures seven cases. These women are a bother. c0untry in Asia at a meeting in December frustrated." Shoot them." 1949 in Peiping. A number of Russian Com Hitler joyfully interpreted this order as a "SEPTEMBER 22, 1943.-Platoon leader munists were present. But the Chinese, confession of Stalin's despair. It was nothing Lukjnov extorted brandy and caroused with rather than the Russians, dominated the of the sort. It reflected a military and his platoon. Shoot him." conference. They laid down the strategy. political strategy which had been carefully Whether in spite of or because of this ruth The meeting was entirely businesslike. elaborated long before Hitler's attack. lessness, the Russian partisan movement Just as an insurance salesman rates his pros As long ago as 1933, in a partisan direc grew from a thorn in Hitler's side until it pects, so all the countries of Asia were rated tive of that year, the Kremlin ordered theo became a dagger in his heart. In a single according to their vulnerability. retical study of guerrilla warfare and training night, for example, on the front of the Third Three count ries-Mongolia, China, and in the guerrilla art. By 1934 Stalin was al Panzer Division . before Moscow, Russian North Korea-were already safely in Com ready warning the bourgeois states against guerrillas completed 15,000 separate road and munist hands. They were assigned the role making war on the Soviet Union: "It would rail demolitions. That night's work resulted of forming a firm base in the drive for be a most dangerdus war for the bourgeois, in the collapse of the whole Ger·man com power. Six countries were designated ripe for the reason that it would be waged not munications network in the Moscow area, prospects for immediate .· conquest-South · only at the front but behind the front lines." and made possible the first. great Russian Korea, Indochina, Siam, Malaya, Indonesia, And by 1941, when the Nazis struck, the break-through. and the Philippines, in that order. · Seven Kremlin was ready or so the Kremlin thought. By 1943, according to evidence in the files countries were designated unripe at pres A central staff of the partisan movement of the defense c'_epartment, Russian partisans ent-Iran, Pakistan, India, Australia, Ceylon, had been created, enjoying separate and were tying down no less than 100,000 German Japan, and-rather surprisingly-Burma. equal status with the supreme command of combat troops in German Army group cen In these countries a preliminary softening the Red army. An elaborate chain of com ter alone. And the supply problem became up process is to continue for a time. mand was prepared on both sides of the ·almost insuperable. Great stretches of road The technique of conquest is to be pat ·front, through the chief of the partisan staff, and rail had to be abandoned by the Ger terned precisely on the technique employed ·General Ponomarenko, up through Secret mans. By 1944, even hundreds of miles be by Mao Tse-tung in the capture of China. Police Chief Lavrentl Beria to Stalin him hind the front, it was necessary to armor It is squarely based on guerrilla war. self. plate all German supply trucks. Mao Tse-tung has basically revised the Thousands of specialists in guerrilla war It is. no wonder that the authoritative In theory' of the People's War, sired so long ago fare, trained before the war, were ready. So fantry Journal, after a careful study of Rus by Karl Marx. All students of guerrilla war, was a complex system of communication and sian guerrilla warfare, concluded that the including at one time Mao Tse-tung himself, supply, also organized before the war. Russian partisans gave Stalin the necessary have believed in the past that guerrillas can Then Stalin and the Politbm:o received margin of victory. Herr Goebbels, Hitler's never by themselves win through to final an unpleasant surprise. Nothing happened br!Uiant, vicious little propaganda minister, victory; they can only be a complement to when Stalin gave the order above quoted. said shortly before his death that the greatest regular forces fighting at the front. But The reason nothing happened is deeply sig single German mistake of the war was the Mao Tse-tung . proved in China that guer- · nificant.. German combat commanders gen failure to deal adequately with the Russian rillas, given the support of a great power erally followed a policy of leaving the Rus guerrilla resistance. Hitler himself paid his e.nd given moderate techniques of commu sian people to their own devices. Churches final respects to the Russian .partisans, and nication and supply, can themselves be were reopened, the collective-farm system to the other guerrillas who had harried and gradually transformed into regular forces. broken up. As a result, almost everywhere badgered his Wehrmacht, when he ·tried to They can then win total victory. in Russia -~ he Germans at first were greeted form his own guerrilla movement, the This is, of course, precisely what happened wlth bread and salt, the traditional symbols Werewolves. Because the war was already in China, with the Soviet Union cast in the of welcome. Festivals and folk dances were lost, the German people had no hope of vic role of the supporting power. The Commu arranged for the amusement of the German tory, and the attempt failed miserably. nist guerrillas in Indochina have now troops, and hundreds of thousands of young So much for Europe and the war. The reached the stage of being transformed into Russians volunteered to join the invading Kremlin successfully exploited the fourth di regular forces, with China as the supporting armies. mention of modern war, the dimension of the power. According to the Communist strat Then, as the regular armies fought their war behind the lines, despite the initial al egy lald down in Peiping, this sequence of way east, the Gestapo took over, and ran most universal disloyalty of the Russian peo events is to be repeated throughout Asia, the occupied territories in strict accordance ple. The Kremlin's success derived from the until all Asia is Communist-ruled. with Hitler's theory that Russians were an fact that the Soviet leaders thoroughly un The Peiping strategy is continuing on inferior race, fit only to be slaves. Beria's derstood the nature of guerrilla war, and ~chedule. Korea is now obviously the major secret police and Ponomarenko's partisan were thoroughly prepared beforehand. By target. But Ir..dochina also is in desperate command were thus enabled to retrieve the contrast, we entered the war with no under ~anger, and 150,000 good French troops are situation. Agents were sent into occupied standing at all of-the military possibilities of tied down there. Some 90,000 British and 16056 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE DECEMBER 4
Malayan troops are dealing none too suc hands of the enemies of the state, and the STATEMENT BY SENATOR O'CONOR cessfully with a few thousand Communist monopoly is broken. It is gratifying to be able to report to the guerrillas in Malaya. Unless we very soon It will also be said that the Kremlin will Senate that, after the extensive investiga understand what is going on and take deter go to war in response to so direct a chal. tion by the Senate Subcommittee on Mari mined measures to deal with it, all Asia lenge to its authority. This, too, is non time Matters, it has been announced that will be lost. · · sense. No sane man doubts the identity of strict controls will hereafter be applied How do you deal with guerrillas? First, the power which has armed and supported effective last midnight-on all shipments there is one way not to deal with them. This the Communist guerrillas in Greece, for ex destined for Communist China, Hong Kong, is by a campaign of retaliatory terror directed ample, or Korea, or China itself. A boxer and Macao. against the civilian population. Innumera fighting according to the Marquis of Queens This action is in line with the requests ble military commanders, from Nepoleon berry rules cannot long survive against a made by us to the Otllce of International through Hitler, have tried the technique of thug with a shiv. If we are to survive, we Trade and is in accord with the public de terrur. It may lead to a surface calm, a must be prepared to use the shiv. mand which I made on the Senate floor last deathly stillr.ess, for a time. But in the end And the opportunity is there. It is greater, ·week at the time of introducing Senate Reso it is always fatal. With mathematical cer perhaps, than any of us realize. Remember lution 365 for an all-out investigation per tainty, the guerrillas are in the end enor the bread and salt with which the Russian taining to shipments to ·communist-domi mously strengthened by the hatred of the people at first greeted the German invaders. nated areas. survivors. Remember the thousands of R1.:ssians and While we hail the action taken by the There are certain purely military tech- · eastern Europeans who preferred death to Commerce Department, it is to be regretted niques for dealing with guerrillas. The Ger rPpatriation to their homelands. Remember that it has been so long delayed. The Com .the tens of thousands who have risked death man generals in Russia, toward the end of munists have been in con ·~rol of China for the war, created special antipartisan forces, to escape since the war. The rage and despair over 14 months and the United States fight called Jagd-Kommandos. These were lightly of the people in the satellite states and in ing forces have been engaged in deadly com but -powerfully equipped columns, manned the Soviet Union itself are the ideal raw bat with the Communists in Korea since last by elite troops, extremely mobile, with an material of resistance. June. It is, therefore, more than surprising elaborat'1 communications network and with . Chou En-lai is himself the authority for the statement that today there are no fewer that it is not until December of 1950 that plenty of aircraft for transportation, obser these materials, wh~ch can unquestionably be vation, and support. By the time the Jagd· than 250,000 bandits in China-bandits is the word always used by those in authority put to strategic uses in the building of the Kommandos came iii.to existence, it was al industrial potential .of the Communists, are ready too late. But the Germans were on the to describe hostile guerrillas. Let us sup port these bandits, just as the Soviets sup:. now brought under controls. right track. This sort of specially trained An important fact to be stressed is that mobile force can do much to seal off guerril· ported Chou En-lai and Mao Tse-tung when they were bandits. Let us support other the mere applir.atioil of control procedure las from their bases of supply and to keep does not mean that the United States is going them on the run. bandits, especially where there is a common frontier between Soviet empire and the to prohibit the transportation of possible Yet one fact cannot be emphasized too strategic supplies to China. What we de much-there is no :purely military solution _west-in Eastern Germany, in Poland, in Czechoslovakia, in Bulgaria. mand is that there be no licenses issued for whatsoever to the problem posed by modern anything which can help the military poten guerrilla warfare. Military strength is an To do this will require an elaborate or ganization, staffed by professionals who thor tial of our avowed enemy. . essential component. But the only final so Of great importance is the announcement lution is a political solution. oughly understand both the political impact of guerrilla fighting and modern techniques that the new regulations will apply to trans "Guerrillas," Mao Tse-tung wrote, "are like for supporting guerrillas. There is already shipments o~ strategic materials originating fish, and the people are the water in which the nucleus for such an organization in the in foreign countries and passing through the fish swim. If the temperature of the Central Intelligence Agency. But it must be United States ports. Our subcommittee water is right the fish will multiply and very greatly expanded if the opportunity to high-lighted this as a glaring loophole in the :flourish." turn the two-edged sword of guerrilla war preexisting system which allowed sizable We and our allies in Asia and Europe must fare against the Kremlin is to be etllciently shipments of strategic goods to reach Com control the temperature of the water in exploited. munist hands. which the Communist fish are swimming. Make no mistake about it, the men in I mention in this regard boiler tubes from This is what w.e did in the two nations the Kremlin are fully aware of the fact that Germany, silicon i:;teel plates from. several Greece and Indonesia-where Communist guerrilla warfare is a two-edged sword. In countries of western Europe, copper from guerrilla movements have met with total 1919 anti-Bolshevik guerrilla bands were or Japan, and other items which we definitely defeat. We controlled the "temperature of ganized in the Ukraine. When he learned of have established were purchased in those the water" in Greece by backing the Greek this, there was something very like hysteria countries by American companies for the Government with military and economic aid. in the reaction of the usually icy Lenin. express purpose of shipping to Communist We controlled it in Indonesia by supporting "We must dread these guerrilla tenden consignees. the fight of the Indonesian leaders for inde· cies!" Lenin shouted at his fellow Bolshe The hearings of our subcommittee brought pencience. vi.ks. "We must dread them like fire, or they out clearly that certain products were being This suggests the nature of an effective will lead to our destruction!" permitted to go to Communist China as non defense against Mao Tse-tung's strategy of Lenin's successor is quite aware of the strategic which common sense tells us are conquest. Military strength is deeply im deadly hatred for his regime which under highly strategic. On this point the Com portant, and nowhere on earth is military lies the carefully organized adulation for merce Department has come to agree with strength more respected than in Asia. But "the great comrade Stalin." He, too, must the sl!bcommittee with relation, for instance, we must also replace the false revolutionary dread "guerrilla tendencies" like fire. For to such items as petrolatum, certain types appeal of communism in /..sia by a revolu they could lead to his destruction. of sheet steel, and penicillin and other tionary appeal of our own-for the situation medicines. almost everyw!lere in Asia is intrinsically Mr. O'CONOR. Mr. President the in In penicillin alone it was ascertained that revolutionary. sertions to which I had referenc~ are as tons of this vital antibiotic have been flown This cannot be done by futile mouthings follows: to Communist China since the opening of a~out "our way of life"-t~ey mean pre host1lities in Korea. Yet the Department did cisely nothing at all to Asiatics. It can be UNITED STATES SHIP WILL TAKE STEEL PLATES not place it on 'the restricted list until No done only by offering the two things Asia TO MAO yember 16. Fro1? the huge amounts shipped, wants above all-national independence and HONG KONG, December 4.-The Isbrandtsen it would seem likely that Communist forces a level of life somewhat above the animal Steamship Co. of New York plans to send its have a large enough quantity of penicillin and by being prepared to deliver on the offer. ship Flying Clipper from Hong Kong to Com necessary to keep their fighting forces in But defense is never enough. It is not munist China tomorrow, carrying a cargo of condition to murder our fighting men, and steel plate and cotton enou~h merely to attempt to control the they got this penicillin right from our own "temperature' of the water" in the threatened The line's agents, Pattison & Co., said th~ country. areas of the non-Communist world. We must ship would sail as scheduled despite the fact While agreeing that the action of the De have fish of our own, capable of swimming several crew members refused to sail to the partment in restricting all direct shipments Communist port of Tsingtao. in Communist waters. We must support, to Communist China is a step forward, let arm, and even help to create-quite openly The American consulate said the crew me emphasize that this action does not 1f need be-guerrilla movements within the members visi_ted the consulate Friday shortly cove~ a very great source of help to the .com after the arrival of the Flying Clipper to de munist countries with which our- subcom vast new Soviet empire of tyranny. mittee has heen concerning itself likewise. It will be said that guerrillas cannot oper termine whether they had any grounds to leave the ship. This ls the question of strategic items which ate successfully within a ruthless totalitar go from our allies, from foreign c9untries ian state. This is nonsense. A totalitarian The consulate pointed out to them that which are being furnished American finan state is totalitarian only because it possesses they had signed articles for the entire trip cial and other assistance in great quantities a mon?poly of power-and power, in the last in New York, even though they knew it and wh!c.h, nevertheless, are continually analysis, means guns. Put guns into the would call at Tsingtao. dealing with and supplying our Communist 1950 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 16057
enemies with items highly necessary to the document I could not believe my· eyes. MR. ACHESON TIED GENERAL MAC ARTHUR'S HANDS conduct of their war against United Nations To me almost every line spoke of a sur After having blundered into war, the forces. render to Stalin." This entire matter of export controls must · least Mr. Acheson could have done was be gone into very thoroughly. It was for It was Mr. Acheson -who said, "I will to give General MacArthur and his gal this reason that I introduced last week a not turn my back on Alger Hiss," after lant troops a free hand, as the Senator resolution asking for Sep.ate authority to Hiss had been convicted for his activi from California CMr. KNowLAND] said. broaden the investigation into export regula ties in connection with the delivery of Mr. Acheson has not done this. Instead, tions and policies. For weeks United States State Department secrets to a man at .his behest the hands of General Mac representatives in Europe have been meeting named as an espionage agent. Arthur have · been tied. Our fighting with representatives of our European allies I wonder what the American boys regarding the matter of trade with Commu men have been forbidden to strike across nist countries. It is an open fact, however, fighting for their lives on the icy slopes the Korean border at the Chinese Com that despite these efforts such countries as of North Korea think of this beautiful munists. Mr. Acheson has created a England, Belgium, France, and others are relationship. What a somber spectacle vacuum-a sanctuary for · Red troops sending to Communist Russia and her satel confronts us today-our soldiers fighting behind the Yalu River, where they are lite countries the most highly strategic ma- · against overwhelming Red forces-out free from attack in their assembly areas terials and products, including copper, steel, State Department, guided by a man, for in Manchuria. · machine tools, automobiles, and other trans a long time identified with a policy, the · In an interview last Saturday, Gen portation equipment. Only last week Bel inevitable result of which was to gium effected a trade agreement to send eral MacArthur described this as "an large quantities of copper and steel products strengthen the power of the Soviet enormous handicap, without precedent to Russia in exchange for wheat and certain Union. ' in military history." Officers on Gen Russian products. MR. ACHESON ZIGZAGGED US INTO WAR eral MacArthur's staff have stated fiatly The American people demand that our Under Mr. Acheson, the United States that it would be impossible to fight the officials act in protecting United States in cannot be said to have a foreign policy. war while the enemy had "protected terests and prevent continuation of the ship We have had a whole series of policies, bases across an inviolate frontier." ments of any items which our enemies need badly for their war upon us. It is high time' each differing from the other, in essen This sanctuary is not the creation of that effective steps· be taken to close the tial particulars. the United Nations. It is the brain many doors through which these strategic The Acheson foreign policy of Decem child of our State Department. Accord materials have been getting to our enemies. ber 1950 is not the Acheson policy of ing to an Associated Press article in the While it is apparent that the executive 1949. It is not even the Acheson policy of New York Times for December 2, branch now has taken definite steps to May 1950. Inconsistencies of action and "highly placed administrative sources in tighten. our controls of strategic materials opinion may sometimes be justified Washington said it was the United states to Red China and other Communist-domi when they arise from changing circum Government rather than the United nated areas, it is quite apparent that these steps would not have been taken had not the stances. But what has been described Nations that had forbidden General Congress, through its investigation, empha as our foreign policy under Mr. Acheson MacArthur to send troops or bombers sized the need for such action. has consisted of nothing more nor less across the Korean border to smash at Because of the great importance of than a series of wavering, SP,.ur-of-the strategic targets in Red China." strengthening our control program at all moment pronouncements, most of which There are, Mr. President, and always levels at this time, I believe that both the were exactly what the Reds anticipated ·will be doubts in my mind as to the wis executive and the legislative branch should and desired. Mr. Acheson zigged, and dom of the President's action in sending, continue to examine thoroughly the entire he zagged, until he zigzagged us into war. without the authority of the Congress, program. On February 24, 1949, Mr. Acheson American forces into Korea. But since ACHESON MUST GO said that it was the policy of the admin we have resorted to the sword in Korea, Mr. KEM. Mr. President, never before istration to wait until the dust settled we should swing it with all the force at in the history of the Republic have our in China. The administration waited. our command. We must not force our people faced such a critical period. To When the dust had settled, the Reds had boys to fight with one arm tied behind day our Army in North Korea is being grabbed all China except Formosa. their backs. As the Dallas News has overwhelmed. It is a time for Plain Thereupon Acheson announced: "A new sagely commented: "War is no game for speaking. day has- dawned in Asia." Then the handicaps." Never before has our need been greater State Department sent a secret memo HOW LONG MUST WE WAIT? for a Secretary. of State capable of mak randum to its representatives in the Far Mr. President, how long must we wait? ing wise, sound, consistent decisions. East saying that it would accomplish How long can one be as. wrong as the Have we such a Secretary of State to no material good to send naval units to present Secretary of State has been, and day? The record will give the answer. Formosa and that the loss of the island still continue in that high pfiice, the wise was widely anticipated. MR. ACHESON AND . MR. HISS · On January 12 of this year, Mr. conduct of which means so much for the At the outset of his diplomatic ca Acheson warned against what he called peace of the world? reer, Mr. Ii heson associated himself "foolish adventures" in the Far East, The boys who are fighting and dying with a group of men who believed in such as intervention on Formosa. At in Korea-their mothers and fathers and what they were pleased to call the great that time he drew a line through Japan, friends, all of us-deserve a prompt and design. This was no more nor less than Okinawa, and the Philippines and said ·satisfactory answer. The public is de the appeasement of Russia. This plan we would defend them against attack. manding a decisive answer. And the of giving Stalin everything he asked for only answer that will meet with public But he gave no such assurance as to acceptance is a thorough house cleaning has proved a failure-a tragic failure. Korea or Formosa or southern Asia. Mr. Acheson has never been able to rid This statement by Mr. Acheson must of the State Department, set off by the himself of remnants of either his ea-rly have been interpreted by Stalin as an departure of Mr. Acheson. point of view or his long-time associa invitation to attack. The Reds had a MISSOURIANS EXPRESS THEIR VIEWS tion. right to believe that they had a free Last Wednesday Secretary Acheson, in In 1939, before Alger Hiss did his deeds pass into Korea. an effort to justify his position, took to of shame at Yalta, Dean Acheson stated, When the Reds made their attack in the air to address the American people. "Don't investigate Hiss, I will vouch for Korea, the State Department hastily re He gave voice to a number of studied and him completely." Mr. Acheson kept Hiss, versed itself. The decision to defend pious platitudes, accompanied by much retained him In top jobs in the State De Korea and to send the Navy to protect waving of his index finger. Following partment and finally brought about his Formosa represented a complete about tl1at address, the mail coming into appointment as head of the United Na face-a complete repudiation of Mr. Washington demanding the removal of tions Convention in San Francisco. Acheson's program and policy. If Mr. Mr. Acheson was expected in official cir Mr. Acheson sent Hiss to Yalta. There Acheson had drawn the line in South cles to drop off. So far as my office is Hiss and Gromyko drafted the Yalta Korea and warned that we would defend concerned it has increase in volume and agreement. Arthur Bliss Lane, our it-as we are defending it now-we in violence. I have not received a single American Ambassador to Poland, said of probably would not be fighting there letter expressing approval of the Secre I this agreement: "As I glanced over the today. tary's speech. XCVI--1011 16058 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE DECEMBER 4 Let me read a few excerpts from some complete and absolute change in our State The PRESIDING OFFICER. The of the letters on this subject. I am ·con Department policy and personnel. Chair advises the Senator from South fident that every Member of the Senate THE PEOPLE WANT A SECRETARY OF STATE LIKE Carolina that the rent-control joint res has received letters to the same effect. TAFT OR BYRD olution is the unfinished business. I shall, therefore, recite only a few ex From Richmond Heights comes this: Mr. MAYBANK. .Mr. President, there tracts. Here is the reaction in the State The situation in Korea demands that Con-. are several committee meetings in prog of Missouri: gress clean out the State Department and ress. The Senator from Washington A telegram from Kansas.City states: replace Achesqn with a man of the caliber [Mr. CAIN] desired to be heard. He told of BYRD or TAFT. It is inconc3ivable that our Nation is as me that he was to address the Municipal bankrupt of leadership as has been exempli There we have it. The thinking peo League today at 12 o'clock, but that fied by the address of Dean Acheson. It is ple of this country eagerly desire a Sec he would return to the Senate Chamber time our Government is cleansed of him and retary of State of seasoned judgment by 2. I have assured my good friend the his clan before it is too late. and practical common sense like ROBERT acting minority leader [Mr. SALTON Another telegram from the same city A. TAFT or HARRY F. BYRD. STALL], as well as the Senator from Ne asks: Out country is in peril. We shrink braska [Mr. WHERRY], the minority leader, that the Senator from Washing Why don't you get rid of Acheson and his from thinking of the results of · a con gang before it is too late? tinuation of the present trend. It is ton would have an opportunity to be · said that we are already in world war heard. There!ore I suggest the absence A Kirksville woman writes: two and a half. Perhaps it is too late of a quorum, so that Senators may have I listened to the speech of the Secretary of to avert the catastrophe of a third world ·an opportunity to reach the Chamber. State. He did:~·t tell us anything we didn't war. I do not know. But I do · know If the Senator from Washington does already J: .now, and I'm sick and tired of that that as the elected, the trusted repre not return, I shall speak briefly upon the whole mess from him down to the office cat. sentatives of the American people, we joint resolution. I know the records have been cleaned out but in the Congress have a bounden duty The . PRESIDING OFFICER. The isn't there some way to clean out the people, clerk will call the roll. too! to do everything in our power to save the world from this appalling ruin. The Chief Clerk called the roll, and A woman from Kansas City says: We must not only reexamine our the following Senators answered to their In the name of God do something to get foreign policy which brought us to the names: .i\,..heson and his Communist clique out of brink of this catastrophe, we must re Aiken Hoey Mundt · our Government. consider, replace and reconstruct it. It Anderson Holland Neely Bricker Hunt Nixon "In the name of God do something." must be brought down to earth. Our Butler Ives O'Conor she says. She does not speak irrever ·commitments must be geared to our ca Byrd Johnson, Tex. Pepper . pacity to fulfill them. The so-called Cain Johnston, S. C. Robertson ently. This comes from the heart of a Capehart Kefauver Russell good, God-fearing woman. Truman doctrine must be redefined. Carlson Kem Saltonstall From Kirksville a man and his wife The first step is to engage the services Chapman Kerr Schoeppel of a Secretary of State whose inclina Chavez Kilgore Smith, Maine ·write: · Clements Knowland Smith, N. c. The past 5 years of appeasement of Rus tion and record will inspire faith in his Connally Langer." Smith, N. J. sia by Acheson and his party is showing up ability to do the job as the American Cordon Leahy Stennis people want it done. Only a completely Donnell Lehman Taft more and more every day. And this ap Dworshak Long Taylor peasement is the cause of our American boys new, anti-Red State Department will ·be Eastland Lucas Thomas, Okla. being killed ·on the far-away battlefields to able to guide the United States through Ecton McCarthy Thomas, Utah day. this crisis. President Truman has said Frear McClellan Thye It is time Acheson and his entire gang was that Mr. Acheson is assured "of a place Fulbright McFarland Tydings kicked out. Why fight Communists thou George McKellar Watkins of preeminence among the greatest of Gillette McMahon Wherry sands of miles away and protect them at our Secretaries of State." If so, the .Gurney Magnuson Wiley home, and especially in our Government. American people are quite content that Hayden Malone Williams The American peo!lle are getting pretty Hendrickson Maybank Young tired of this kind of stuff. Mr. Acheson now retire on his laurels. Hickenlooper Millikin This is the first and a necessary step Hill Morse A man from the President's home town in the rehabilitation of our foreign pol The PRESIDING OFFICER
ment, _a nation either .Plindly and stiffneck INFORMED PUBLIC OPINION THROUGH THE NEWS EXTENSION OF RENT CONTROL edly pursues the course which produced the crisis, or its best minds devote· themselves Mr. MALONE. In the article George The Senate resumed the consideration to a reexamination of conduct with a view Sokolsky enumerates the mistakes that of the joint resolution (S. J. Res. 207) to rechanneling its att~tudes. ~ · were made by the administration over a to continue for a temporary period cer Since 1939, it is apparent, beyond doubt, long period of time. tain provisions of the Housing and Rent that great errors have been made by the Anyone familiar with Mr. Sokolsky's Act of 1947, as amended. leaders of our Nation. These errors need to column over the last year and a half, as Mr. MAYBANK. Mr. President, there be reexamined, not to blame the living or well as that written by Mr. Constantine has been considerable discussion among the dead, but to safeguard the future. I shall here list only a few demonstrable Brown, including columns and news dis Senators as to when the vote is expected errors: patches written by other well-known to be. had on the question of extension of 1. Our association with Soviet Russia in writers, know that they have for ·a long rent control. I have spoken to the the war without prior stipulations as to period of time continually warned of minority leader [Mr. WHERRY] and to peace terms. It is suggested that there was exactly what is happening today. · the Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. no time to work out a full peace program. ATTLEE TO WARN PRESIDENT MUST NOT DEVIATE SALTONSTALL]. In view of the fact that That is a cover-up. Th3re was ample ti~e FROM ENGLAND'S PROGRAM several Senators will be absent from the to outline the general terms of our partici Mr. President, it is the opinion of the Senate tomorrow on important busi pation. ness, I wish to announce that it is my 2. The lend-lease agreements gave not - junior Senator from Nevada that Mr. ample protections tci the United States. Attlee has come here to warn the Presi hope, and my purpose after the Senate Lend-lease to a large degree won the war for dent tomorrow that he must not deviate convenes tomorrow, and a quorum call Soviet Russia. We contributed $11,000,- from the policy outlined by England's has been had, and after various pre 000,000 to the upbuilding of Soviet Russia's Government to Acheson several months liminary matters have been disposed of, industrial and military strength. Peacetime ago: to ask unanimous consent that a vote on equipment should not have been provided. Daniel W. Thornhill Francis L. Franeto- William O. Hudson II John D. Hughes Harry P. Kwasny William A. Miller Cecil 0. Williamson vich Joseph W. Beadles, Jr. Trygve A. Holl Eugene A. Lakes Arthur F. Meeks Fred S. Frederickson Fred s. Card, Jr. Francis E. Malley Harry E. Schmidt Joseph L. Mahoney Warren F. Cline Alex F. Hancock Frank Larsen Arthur H. Murray, Jr. "C" "Y" Justiss Eugene F. Martiny John Nuckel, Jr. Paul B. E'verson Norman E. Thurmon John P. Sullivan Robert W. Jackson Joseph V. Jones Paul V. Flaherty Edward Flores James E. Shortall Elmer L. Crance Lawrence B. Rapp Chester A. Lewis John W. Aufden- William J. Hussong, Harold V. We"ed Wendell c. Mackey Frederick W. Smith Harold D. Corn spring Jr. Harry G. Sharp, Jr. John Q. Edwards III Theodore R. Gray LIEUTENANT COMMANDER, DENTAL CORPS Howard A. Sauer Glenn C. Michel Olyce T. Knight Jesse H. Radcliffe Benjamin C. Cooley. Ray A. Hilbert Robert L. Joseph George I. Gilchrest, Jr. LIEUTENANT COMMANDER, MEDICAL CORPS Robert M. Williams Albert R. Oesterle Jr. Richard F. Cyr Neil L . . Ellis, Jr. Robert E. Warner Benjamin F. Gundel- Boyd K. Black Robert M. Blackwood Robert D. Phillips Eugene Pridonoff Robert E. Cheverton finger Gerald E. Wineinger Jerome C. Stoopack Ralph H. S. Scott Albert G. Fenley Marius G. Brambilla, Edward D'Orazio Chester M. Lessendell LIEUTENANT COMMANDER, MEDICAL SERVICE Earle A. Carr Jr. Charles K. Holloway, Jr. CORPS Walton L. Carlson Robert B. Giblin Jr. Francis M. Morgan Paul R. Kent Harry H. Linder James G. Pollock Raymond J. Devito John F. McCabe David Minard Robert L. Henry Arvin L. Maines John K. Holcomb Roger W. Becker John H. Stover, Jr. George C. Beattie Carroll M. White George A. Barunas Harry S. Holt Paul E. McNamara John H. Hege Robert L. Gade Frank J. Mitchell Warren E. Westrup Henry L. Basler, Jr. LIEUTENANT COMMANDER, SUPPLY CORPS George S. Stains Samuel M. Nelson William J. Sloane Roger A. Bisbee Robert C. Beasten Stuart R. Allen Richard T. Holway Samuel H. Barboo John E. Barrows Robert Kfl,y Norman W. Shorb John E. Moeller Frederick J . Lewis, Jr. Arthur P. Daul Jerrel D. Stephens James O. House, Jr. Henry T. Adams, Jr. Bernard A. Mago Bernard F. Duwel Chalmers L. Anderson Joseph W. Ady James R. Bremer James E. Raynes George E. Hauge Clarence Shearer James F. Buckner Denman W. Knight Jack K. Gierisch Thomas C. Farrell Henry L. Geoghegan John E. Kelley Dwight L. Gadberry William R. Kreitzer Encil E. Rains Joseph E. Sanders Kenneth H. Stimeling William T. Sterling George H. Parlcer Charles T. Idle, Jr. Kenneth M. Russell John J. McCloughry, Herbert G. Cocke Conard C. Fowkes Walter H. Wilford Richard Williams Floyd C. Atnip Jr. Stephen L. Kasprzak Erw~n W. White Howard L. Mosley Benjamin H. Brown-Frank V. Scott, Jr. Robert C. Simmons, Robert E. Whelan Wayne W. Willgrube Denny S. Miller ing, Jr. Arthur R. Waggener Jr. Thomas G. Lewis William W. Taylor, Jr. T4omas L. Jackson Frank L. Danowski David M. Jones Thomas E. Foster, Jr. Arthur W. Sirginson George A. L. Johnson John A. Oley Charles C. Sanders W:.!liam A. Harpster Paul B. Nicks Robert C. Simmerman Ralph L. Vasa Roman L. Kledzik James W. !Barnitz Floyd X Passmore Albert M. MacDonald James E. Grey Robert H. Desbrow,Archer W. Wilson William 0. Gilbert James E. Corcoran Jr. J ames W. Durborow Joseph Z. Powell, Jr. Raymond G. Frey Samuel L. Morton Howard W. Mabus George J. Findlay Carl A. Prince HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Lloyd W. Bertoglio Willard Triska George C. Waters, Jr.Daniel W. Brown John M. Thomas Thomas V. Cooper John L. Ruhl, Jr. Melvin 0. Parrish MONDAY' DECEMBER Daniel J. O'Connell Cecil E. Wilson Walter E. Scott, Jr. Harold C. Lemon 4, 1950 Arthur E. Francis Robert E. Weaver Frank V. Gregg Lloyd C. Marsland The House met at 12 o'clock noon. Clarence B. ·Johnson, William J. LaPlante Edward A. Sanford, Jr.Frank O. Hanson Jr. John B. Ramsey Frederick W. Weather-Clifford A. Hanson The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Bras George F. Ziegler George L. Dunn son Geleter Grimsley kamp, D. D., offered the following James R. Branscome Arla Ford Gerald L. Griffin, 2d George B. Alrnr prayer: Milan L. Pittman, Jr.Peter G. Trapani Ralph H. Jack Dwight H. Ellis, Jr. Eternal God, whose resources of wis James S. Stafford Thomas F. Dixon Augustus Lotterhos, Ralph L. Eaton James L. Cox John P. Doherty Jr. John G. Travis dom and power are inexhaustible, grant Lloyd J. Reuter Irvin L. McNally Robert W. Murphy Joseph H. Timmons that in these days, when truth and right Cornelius H. TalbertAmedee J. Beaudoin Robert F. Newsome, John H. Garrett, Jr. eousness and justice are being violated, William S. Webster, 'l'homas S. McCrory Jr. Walter d. Normile we may have the clear and commanding Jr. Allen W. La Marre Pierre H. Guelff Cyrus L. Brainerd conviction that these virtues and forces John M. Kistler Thomas L. Conder, Jr. Robert H . Lindig John W. Haft can never be defeated or destroyed. Hubert P. Prather Stanley Ryder John W. Hull Leo Webb However great the temporary triumph George Flanagan ·Raymond J. Tennant Douglas 0. Williams Ray M. Turner Seymour Dombroff Melvin R. Downes Dale D. Dinsmore Thomas L. Greenough, of the enemy, however severe our suffer Judson C. Davis, Jr. Preston Hoggard George F .. Halla Jr. ings and sacrifices may be, we are confi Kay P. Rehnberg, Jr.Rem! ·c. O'Connor Robert J. Gerhardt John W. Wade dent that our cause will be victorious. James W. Perkins James A. Jones Jack D. Gilmore Francesco M. Barbero We know that the struggle in which John "T" Griffith Harold J. Baird John C. Moore Michael Hubona we are engaged is testing our material Arthur E. Mix "W" "J" Redwine Arthur B. Crooks Olen R. Garrett strength to the utmost but may we not Richard I. Haley William Laliberte Daniel L. Martin Donald L. Crucher fail to see that the more serious test is George C. Pyne Paul G. Hannon John W. Haskell John H. Walker Glenn E. Welch Ernest W. Downey Leo E. Furtwangler Charles E. Emrick that of our morale. J ames M. Nifong Guy R. Strickland Elwin 0. Swint Francis E. Shea Give us a calm and courageous spirit Howard J. Boydstun Sy(ney R. Weed Augustus P. Hughes.Lloyd O. Johnson and an indomitable faith. May the least Walter Roach, Jr. Larry D. Moore Jr. Rufus G. Cook as well as the greatest, the weakest as John R. Peck Emil Mikich William B. West William J. Barnhill well as the strongest, have a share in Martin G. O'Neill Marvin D. Jones Philip B. Holbrook Walter Barsz maintaining the Nation's morale and William H. Armstrong Joseph D. Jeffords William T. Collins R ichard C. Hammond thus render valuable service to our be Michael J. Onofrio Sterling Osmon J aclc L. Wright Samuel W. Farr John E. Coste Warren H. Burns Claude I. Carroll, Jr. John C. Kamps loved country in its time of desperate John E. Tefft Roderick L. O'Flaherty Joseph C. Jones Robert A. Hendry need. Alvin D. Leach Elmer W. Dinger John M. Lewis, Jr. Joseph R. Shirley We pray that Thou wilt guide with Thy Erwin J. Wagner Donald N. Duncan John H. May, Jr. John A. Foley Spirit the representatives of the free Grant N. Lipelt Harold M. Forrest · Russell K. Wood, Jr. John W. Cooper dom-loving nations as they take counsel Robert H. Ahlers Leonard Pruski William B. Jones James D. Yadon together in an effort to resolve all inter Fred W. Pump, Jr. Frederick C. Wilson, Clyde C. Barnhard George M. Wolfe, Jr. national conflicts and reconcile all inter Robert H. Epley Jr. William A. Rye Earl G. Schweizer Horace B. West Kenneth D. Helsel Richard A. Lindsey Elmer S. Landers national estrangements. Arthur G. Newton James H. Harms Robert W. Zivnuska William R. Ormsbee Hear us in ·the name of the Prince of John T. Hassell Stanford E. Storey John F. Sieck Peace. Amen. Howard W. A. Derlln John D. Mccurdy LIEUTENANT COMMANDER, CHAPLAIN CORPS Robert A. Rourke Willard F. Allbright The Journal of the proceedings of Frank Colenda Cecil C. Abbott, Jr. William M. Edwards William J. Meagher Friday, December 1, 1950, was read and Joseph J. Pace Wallace A. F'ite Robert H. Vitz Wylie R. Bryant approved. Robert E. Empey Carl T. Smith Thomas C. Davies Charles C. Hartung Paul A. Lloyd Loren M. Lindquist VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION FOR DIS Robert F. Grant Henry L. Delaney ABLED VETERANS - COMMU':\ICATION Robert W. Mellish Homer A. McCrerey Harold A. MacNeill FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED Gerald T. White Robert N. MacGovern LIEUTENANT COMMANDER, CIVIL ENGINEER CORPS STATES (H. DOC. NO. 728) Harry C. Stanley Elton L. Sumrall James E. McPhillips Zbyszko C. Trzyna Oren R. Christian Jones W. Purcell Harold E. Hobson Jack P. Pollock The SPEAKER laid before the House Jack C. Heishman Richard M. Moore Woodrow M. Brown Joseph W. Gorman the following communication· from the