Frédéric Bazille Frédéric | Maeve Brennan Maeve | Pissarro | The Japanese house house Japanese The | A late altarpiece by A Guercino late altarpiece The Rodin The centenary Rodin | | Piety at home in Renaissance Italy Italy Renaissance in home at Piety | Luca Signorelli Luca Signorelli Modern American prints prints American Modern | June 2017 | Guercino Guercino | The Art of Conservation: Mary Merrifield The Art of Conservation: Victor Pasmore Pasmore Victor | A gift of Russian prints A to gift of prints Museum the Russian British Vanessa Bell Bell Vanessa | Michelangelo and Sebastiano Sebastiano and Michelangelo | The painters of late medieval London London of The late medieval painters Prints in Paris in Prints Bellini and Co. and Bellini

COV.JUNE2017.V.4.qxp_cover.june.pp.corr 16/05/2017 11:58 Page 1 Page 11:58 16/05/2017 COV.JUNE2017.V.4.qxp_cover.june.pp.corr JUNE 2017 THEBURLINGTONMAGAZINE NO. 1371 VOL. CLIX The painters of late medieval London and Westminster

by SONJA DRIMMER

THE SUBJECT OF the painter in fifteenth-century London is one in Westminster. The following appendix is not exhaustive, but that has not been deeply studied and ‘much of the early history is the most comprehensive attempt to date to aggregate infor- of the painting trade in London remains obscure’.1Almost mation about these artists, much of which comes from unpub- seventy years ago, John H. Harvey published the names and lished sources. activities of several painters working in London during the The first observation that can be drawn from this data is that fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and not long after E.W. there is no apparent overlap between individuals who worked Tristram compiled a list of painters who worked in various in the manuscripts trade and those who participated in the oth- parts of England during the fourteenth century.2 In contrast er visual arts in London during the later fourteenth and fif- to the paucity of work on the late medieval period, the iden- teenth centuries.6 This point may seem obvious, and indeed it tities, working practices, materials and products of painters in was anticipated both by Paul Binski’s observation that ‘painters the Tudor and Jacobean eras have been studied extensively,3 were usually not illuminators’ and C. Paul Christianson’s de- and the names and biographies of painters working throughout cision to omit painters from his Directory of Stationers and Book England between 1500 and 1640 have been compiled by Rob- Artisans.7 However, the distinction between those who were ert Tittler and Edward Town.4 This article supplements these described as painters (‘pictor’ in Latin and variations on ‘payn- labours by documenting the names of over ninety London tour’ in Middle English) and those who were classified as illu- painters who worked within the years 1376 to 1509.5 1376 is a minators (‘limner’ in Middle English) can at times be unclear useful starting date because a document from that year records in modern scholaship. Gilbert Prince and William Larke as Common Councillors of This finding distinguishes working practice in London from the Painters’ Company, evidence of the painters’ increasingly working practice in France and the Low Countries, where professional organisation. Concluding with the end of Hen- illuminators and panel painters could be one and the same.8 ry VII’s reign in 1509 is a matter of practicality, since various Evidence for the isolated remits of painters and illuminators printed primary sources, such as the calendars of chancery rolls, in London is found in commissions: all of those that required are arranged according to monarch. The ‘professional painters’ the services of a limner ask that he illuminate a manuscript, considered here are those who are identified in legal and civic roll or a support that functions similarly to a manuscript;9 all records, written both in Middle English and in Latin, as having commissions that required the services of a painter ask that he the profession of painter, or individuals who were paid for work or she apply paint to walls, textiles, statues, panels (including that is specifically referred to as painting. This includes painters commercial signboards) or ephemera produced for celebratory who are named in documents as citizens of London, who were occasions such as ceremonial entries. There is no evidence of paid to conduct work within the City of London’s civic bound- the same individual receiving commissions to both illuminate aries or received royal commissions and appear to have worked and paint.

I am grateful to the Bibliographical Society of America for supporting my re- and after the fifteenth century. For example, Alan Strayler referred to himself as search, and to the librarians and archivists of London Metropolitan Archives, the ‘pictor’ responsible for the illumination in the Benefactors’ Book of St Albans Ab- Guildhall Library, the National Archives and the Institute for Historical Research bey (British Library, London, Cotton MS Nero D vii), which he executed c.1380, for sharing their knowledge and expertise. I would also like to thank Chris Twy- see K.L. Scott: Later Gothic Manuscripts, London 1996, II, no. 82. In cities such as man, clerk of the Worshipful Company of Painter-Stainers, Nigel Ramsay for Chester and Norwich, painters were allied in guilds with members of other crafts; offering suggestions on an earlier version of this paper and for sharing his vast see R. Marks: ‘Window glass’, in J. Blair and N. Ramsay, eds.: English Medieval knowledge and erudition with me, and the anonymous reviewer for invaluable Industries, London 2001, p.277. feedback. Finally, my thanks to Sarah Peverley for her encouragement and friend- 7 P. Binski: Medieval Craftsmen: Painters, London 1991, p.15; C.P. Christianson: ly advice. Any errors or infelicities are my own. A Directory of London Stationers and Book Artisans, 1300–1500, New York 1990; 1 A. Borg: The History of the Worshipful Company of Painters, Otherwise Paint- and idem: ‘Evidence for the Study of London’s Late Medieval Manuscript-Book er-Stainers, Huddersfield 2005, p.18. Trade’, in J. Griffiths and D. Pearsall, eds.: Book Production and Publishing in Britain, 2 J.H. Harvey: ‘Some London painters of the 14th and 15th Centuries’, the burl- 1375–1475, Cambridge 1989, pp.87–108. ington magazine 89 (1947), pp.303–05; E.W. Tristram: English Wall Painting of the 8 See T. Kren: ‘From Panel to Parchment and Back: Painters as Illuminators be- 14th Century, London 1955, pp.288–92. fore 1470’, in idem and S. McKendrick, eds.: exh. cat. Illuminating the Renaissance: 3 T. Cooper, A. Burnstock, M. Howard and E. Town, eds.: Painting in Britain The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in Europe, London (Royal Academy) 1500–1630: Production, Influences and Patronage, Oxford 2015. and Los Angeles (J. Paul Getty Museum) 2003–04, pp.81–82. 4 E. Town: ‘A Biographical Dictionary of London Painters, 1547–1625’, Walpole 9 The only receipt that would fit in this latter category dates from sometime Society 76 (2014), pp.1–235; and R. Tittler: Early Modern British Painters Database, after 1424, when the Master of the Brewers’ Company paid two pence to a c.1500–1640, 4th ed. 2017, available online: http://spectrum.library.concordia. ‘lomyno[ur]’ for gilding the letters of the Company’s brothers and sisters, which ca/980096/, accessed 28th April 2017. See also E. Town: ‘“A Good Eye and Stead- had been written on a wooden panel (‘estrich bordes’) by a textwriter (Brewers’ fast Hand”: Painting in London 1547–1625’, in Cooper, Burnstock, Howard and Company Masters’ Accounts, Guildhall Library, London, MS 5440, fol.102v). It Town op. cit. (note 3), pp.252–61. is possible that these names were written on parchment and then laid on wooden 5 All dates recorded here are regularised according to the New Style. panels, as was done at St Mary at Hill; see H. Littlehales: The Medieval Records of a 6 The situation appears to have differed in other cities in England, both before London City Church – St Mary at Hill, 1420–1559, London 1905, repr. 1975, p.132.

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The fact that painters worked in all media except on manu- Serle are well known as the King’s Painters in the reigns of scripts is significant because the Painters’ Company appears to Richard II and Henry VII, respectively. Yet there were cer- have been a loosely regulated organisation before 1466, when tainly others employed by the court who adorned the walls and it presented to the Mayor of London ordinances to strength- furnishings of the kings’ residences, and who even did ‘down- en its control over its members.10 tI was, therefore, possible for right house-painting’.16 Finally, both civic bodies and royal much of the fifteenth century for them to work in a variety patrons commissioned many works of art to celebrate or com- of media, which they did and which was a frequent source memorate people or events. This category includes the painting of contention between the Painters’ and other companies: as of ephemera for pageants and processions, which are some of Alan Borg notes, members of the Painters’ Company ‘seem to the most detailed commissions that survive. Thomas Daunt, have been prepared to work on all types of material, oblivious for example, was paid £8 by the wardens of London Bridge of any boundary between painting and staining’.11 noI fact, s for painting images on the bridge for the entry of Catherine habitual were painters’ forays into staining textiles that, in 1502, of Valois, wife of Henry V, in 1421.17 The same Thomas Daunt the Painters’ and the Stainers’ companies merged. This is not in 1435 was awarded £19 by the exchequer ‘for 300 shields, to say that painters and illuminators never consorted: they may with the arms of the Duke of Bedford, deceased, made for the have shared materials or expertise. Richard Wylde, the ‘peyn- exequies and funeral of the said Duke [. . .] and for six banners tour’ charged with ‘new peyntyng of seynt lukes chapell [in of the said arms [. . .] to place on the hearse aforesaid’.18 tI may the parish church of St Nicholas Shambles] to taske’ for 16s. be that the collaboration of painters and stainers for events such 8d. in 1481, for example, rented a tenement between 1472 and as these prompted their merger in 1502. 1477 and again in 1487 on Paternoster Row, where numerous Finally, the names of three women appear in these records. artisans in the book trade worked.12 oBut n documents attest to The most remarkable of these is the painter Rose Tenterden painters collaborating with illuminators. who produced major decorations for a pageant held by Henry The documentary evidence illustrates the diversity of work V. She was the wife of Robert Tenterden, who is referred to executed by painters. Their commissions fall largely into four as the King’s Painter, also under Henry V. Agnes Breten, in categories: the first and most common comprises ecclesiasti- contrast, was not a painter but rather donated £27 – an exor- cal and parochial work, whether polychroming new works bitant sum – between 1487 and 1488 to the parish church of St or freshening up old paintwork, decorating the walls of Lon- Mary at Hill for the painting and gilding of the tabernacle to don’s many parish churches, adorning liturgical instruments or contain an image of the Virgin.19 Likewise, between 1479 and painting the faces on clock dials. Examples of such commissions 1481 the unnamed wife of William Blase, a barber, gave 20d. include the record of payment of 9d. by the churchwardens of to fund the painting of ‘an ymage of owre lady’ in the same St Michael Cornhill in 1459 ‘to a peyntour for clensyng of the church.20 While only one of these three women was a painter, ymages of Seynt Mighell & Seynt George’,13 and the payment recent work by Therese Martin has shown that the patronage by the wardens of St Mary at Hill to Underwood (his first activities of medieval women qualifies them as ‘makers’ of art.21 name is not given) in 1497/98 for ‘payntyng & gyldyng of the Women donors are not included in the Appendix, since they Roode, the Crosse, Mary & Ioh’n, the iiij Evangelistes & iij were not professional painters; but both Agnes Breten and the dyadems’, all of which had been commissioned from sculptors wife of William Blase are important to mention as patrons who (‘karvare[s]’) in the same year.14 Commercial signboards pro- funded works of art. vided another reliable source of income, as in the 1460/61 pay- The Appendix is the most extensive collection to date of doc- ments to ‘John Wardeswyk, painter, for painting the sign of the umentary evidence relating to professional painters who worked Castle, Wood Street, 26s. 8d. And to Ralph Reynold, painter, or lived in late medieval London and Westminster. It is to be for painting the sign of Saint Christopher at Deptford, 10s’.15 hoped that the documents give rise to questions. They reveal Higher up the social ladder, monarchs and nobles frequently that late medieval London hosted a flourishing community of requested the services of painters, and Gilbert Prince and John painters, despite the fact that few of their works survive today.

10 On the early history of what became the Painter-Stainers’ Company, see 15 LMA, Bridgehouse Accounts, 1460–84, CLA/007/FN/02/003, fol.15r; The W.A.D. Englefield: The History of the Painter-Stainers Company of London , London same Ralph Reynold was also paid in 1461/62 ‘for painting the sign of the 1923, pp.13–51; and Borg, op. cit. (note 1). “Saracen’s Head” in Eastcheap, 13s. 4d [. . .] for painting the sign of the “Crown” 11 Ibid., p.14. in Southwerk, 20s’, ibid., fol.36r. 12 For the commission to paint St Luke’s Chapel, see St Bartholomew’s Archives, 16 Editorial: ‘The Serjeant-Painters’, the burlington magazine 84 (1944), pp.80–82. London, St Nicholas Shambles Churchwardens’ Account (SNC/1), fol.121v; 17 V. Harding and L. Wright, eds.: London Bridge: Selected Accounts and Rentals, for the rents on Paternoster Row, see LMA, Bridgehouse Accounts, 1460–84, 1381–1538, London 1995, p.85. CLA/007/FN/02/003, fols.203r, 250r, 250r, 279r and 281r (although the page is 18 F. Devon, ed.: Issues of the Exchequer, London 1837, pp.427–28. actually fol.280 because two consecutive folios were numbered 281). Later en- 19 ‘Also, Maistres Agnes Breten did do gilte & paynte the tabernacle of owr lady tries record vacancies left by Wylde, and he resumed renting a tenement on the with in the queer[choir] the which cost xxvij li’. Littlehales, op. cit. (note 9), p.133. same street in 1487, LMA, Bridgemasters’ Account Roll, 1484–1509, CLA/007/ 20 Ibid., p.94. FN/02/004, fol.62r. Other associations between painters and illuminators are 21 T. Martin: ‘The Margin to Act: a Framework of Investigation for Women’s noted in Christianson, op. cit. 1989 (note 7), p.103, note 9. (and Men’s) Medieval Art-making’, Journal of Medieval History 42 (2016), pp.1–25. 13 W.H. Overall, ed.: Accounts of the Churchwardens of the Parish of St. Michael, 22 Available online at www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/common-pleas/ Cornhill in the City of London from 1456 to 1608, London 1871, p.15. 1399–1500, accessed 28th April. 14 Littlehales, op. cit. (note 9), pp.224–25. 23 ‘Item paid to Henry Barmell, painter, for painting the choir, pulpit and all

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Appendix Brewer (Breuer), William. Receipts for work executed between 1492 and 1493, LMA, Wardens’ Accounts, All Hallows Staining, P69/ALH6/B/008/ List of painters working in London or Westminster between c.1376 and c.1509. MS04956/1, fols. 5r, 6r and 7r.24 Where substantial information about a painter has been published, only the pub- Bryd, John. Party to a lawsuit, Westminster, 1411, CCR, 1409–1413, p.223.25 lications are cited, and no further details are given here unless new information Butler (Boteler), John. Convicted of treason and sentenced to be hanged and can be added. beheaded, with his head set above London Bridge, Westminster, 1443, CCR, 1441–1447, p.98. The following abbreviations are used throughout: Catlet, John. Surety for defendant in a contract case, Middlesex, 1466, CCP, s.v. Assizes: H.M. Chew, ed.: London Possessory Assizes: A Calendar, London 1965. Chapman, Richard. Surety in a legal action, Westminster, 1403, CCR, BAR: Bridgemasters’ Account Roll, 1484–1509. LMA, London, CLA/007/ 1402–1405, p.187; plaintiff in a lawsuit against John Causton, carpenter, West- FN/02/004. minster, 1407, CPR, 1405–1408, p.254; mentioned as the deceased brother-in- BHA: Bridgehouse Accounts, 1460–1484, LMA, London, CLA/007/FN/02/003. law to John Lynde, party to a lawsuit, Westminster, 1419, CPR, 1416–1422, CCP: J. Mackman and M. Stevens, eds.: Court of Common Pleas: The National pp.229–30.26 Archives, CP40: 1399–1500, London 2010.22 Clakton, Henry de. Mentioned in a suit regarding a messuage and twenty-four CCR: Calendar of Close Rolls, 47 vols., London 1900–63. shops in St Andrew upon Cornhill, 1376, Assizes, no.179. CPR: Calendar of Patent Rolls, 53 vols., London 1901–16. Coleborne, Christian (d.1486). See A.F. Sutton: ‘Christian Colborne, Painter of Englefield: W.A.D. Englefield: The History of the Painter-Stainers Company of Germany and London, Died 1486’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association London, London 1923, pp.13–51. 135 (1982), pp.55–61. Exchequer: F. Devon, ed.: Issues of the Exchequer, London 1837. Coleman, John. Rental payments for tenements owned by the Grocers’ Com - Harding and Wright: V. Harding and L. Wright, eds.: London Bridge: Selected pany, c.1460, Guildhall Library, London, Grocers’ Company Records, MS Accounts and Rentals, 1381–1538, London 1995. 11571/1, fols.32v and 52r. Harvey: J.H. Harvey: ‘Some London Painters of the 14th and 15th Centuries’, Daunt (Daunce), Thomas. Surety in a number of legal actions, Westminster, the burlington magazine 89 (1947), pp.303–05. 1410–12, CCR, 1409–1413, pp.84, 127, 212 and 341; was paid £8 for painting Husting: R.R. Sharpe, ed.: A Calendar of Wills Proved in the Court of Husting 1252– image/s at and over the stone gate for Henry V’s entrance (in reference to the 1688, 2 vols, London 1889 and 1890. coronation of Catherine de Valois), 1421, extensive and detailed instructions for ITRC: M. Fitch, ed.: Index to the Testamentary Records in the Commissary Court of the painting of banners and standards for the king, c.1420–22, TNA, E 361/6, London, London 1969. mm. 9 front, 10 dorse, Harding and Wright, p.85; payments for work executed Littlehales: H. Littlehales: The Medieval Records of a London City Church – St Mary for Henry VI, 1436, Exchequer, pp.427–28.27 at Hill: 1420–1559, London 1905, repr. 1975. Davy, John. Named as a master of the Fraternity of the Trinity and Sts Fabian LMA: London Metropolitan Archives, London. and Sebastian in the parish of St Botolph without Aldersgate, London, 1389–90 TNA: The National Archives, Kew. and 1393–94, British Library, London, Add. MS 37664, fols.12v, 13r and 15r; or- Tristram: E.W. Tristram: English Wall Painting of the 14th Century, London 1955. der not to withdraw from the court without licence, Westminster, 1416, CCR, 1413–1419, p.374. Adey (Ady), Roger. Registered his will in 1457, St Mary at Hill (probate has Davy, Richard. Will, Westminster, 1437, CCR, 1435–1441, p.125. no date). ITRC, p.2; mentioned in a court case relating to trespass, Essex, 1461. Deken, Clement (alias Clement Richard). Plaintiff in case of detinue, Lon - CCP, s.v. don, 1468, CCP, s.v.; rented a tenement in the parish of St Dionis between Aldenham, John. Will, Westminster, 1405, CCR, 1402–1405, p.496; party to 1469 and 1487 and had a cellar made in another tenement in St Nicholas Flesh lawsuits, Westminster, 1406 and 1409, CCR, 1405–1409, pp.122 and 526; party Shambles in 1482, BHA, fols.161r, 174r, 189r, 204r, 220r, 236r, 251r, 266r, 281r, to a lawsuit, Westminster, 1413, CCR, 1409–1413, p.428. 293v, 308r, 324r, 341r, 359r and 365v; BAR, fols.4r, 22v, 41r and 63r. Aston, Thomas. Party to a lawsuit, Westminster, 1406, CCR, 1405–1409, p.149. Eastwick, William. Will, St Michael le Querne, 1389, ITRC, p.64. Aumeney, Sampson. Surety in legal actions against Robert Grisley, painter of Everard, Thomas. Surety in legal actions, Westminster, 1411, CCR, 1409–1413, London, Westminster, 1400, CCR, 1399–1402, pp.167 and 200. pp.190, 193, 212, 228 and 230. Barker, William. Will, Westminster, 1464, CCR, 1461–1468, p.268. Faudemay, Henry. Party to a legal action, Westminster, 1411, CCR, 1409–1413, Barmell, Henry. Receipt of payment for work done in 1478–80, C. Burgess: The p.223. Church Records of St Andrew Hubbard Eastcheap, c.1450–c.1570, London 1999, p.38.23 Frere, John (1). Will, Westminster, 1448, CCR, 1447–1454, p.99. Barnard, William. Defendant in lawsuit, London, 1486, TNA, CP 40/895, m. Frere, John (2). Will, Westminster, 1487, CCR, 1485–1500, p.58.28 356 front. Garland, Richard. Plaintiff in lawsuit against William Stone, painter, London, Barunston, William. Named beneficiary of the will of Richard Rede, free- 1403, CCP, s.v.; mentioned in a dispute over land in Corringham and Stanford- mason of London, Westminster, 1469, CCR, 1468–1476, p.96. le-Hope (Essex), Westminster, 1425, ITRC, p.77. Body, John. Named beneficiary of the will of John Kingston, mason, West - Girdmiller, Henry. Party to suit brought before the King’s Bench, London, minster, 1434, CCR, 1429–1435, p.341; named beneficiary of the will of 1483, TNA, KB 27/885. William Children, stationer, Westminster, 1446, CCR, 1441–1447, pp.431–32; Gloucestre, Thomas. Commissioned mayor and sheriffs to provide labourers will proved, bequeathing a tenement and parcel of land within the parish of to assist in the funeral preparations for Henry IV, Westminster, 1413, CPR, St Augustine at St Paul’s Gate to the rector Master Stephen Germen, 1455, 1413–1416, p.64;29 delivered the repayment of a loan to the king, Westminster, Husting, 2, p.541. 1413, Exchequer, pp.286–87.30

around the images of St John and St James, 8s’. with the arms of France and of “Berye”, departed, price each shield, 6d.,–sum, 24 ‘Item payed to William Bruer peyntour the xiiii day of Aprile for peyntyng £5.; and for six banners of the said arms, price of each banner, 13s.4d.–sum, £4., the Iudafis [Judah Face] of the paschall and of the rode lofte 20.d’; ‘Item payed to to place on the hearse aforesaid. By writ, etc. £19’. William Bruer for peyntyng of the [clock] diall that standith on the steple side, 28 Town lists ten painters or Painter-Stainers with the surname Fryer to whom 10.d’. He was also paid for new torches and is referred to once as a waxchandler. both John Frere (1) and John Frer (2) here may be related, Town 2014, op. cit., Town lists a Lawrence Brewer (d.1647) as a Painter-Stainer, who may have been a pp.82–84. descendant, Town 2014, op. cit. (note 4), p.41. 29 The King’s Painter to Henry IV and presumably also to Henry V. ‘Commission 25 Town records three Painters with the surname Bird (or Byrd) who may be to the mayor and sheriffs of London to take workmen of the misteries of ‘wex- descendants, ibid., p.37. chaundeler’ and ‘payntour’ for the making ( forisfactura) of a hearse of the king’s 26 Possibly an ancestor of the Painter-Stainer Arthur Chapman (fl. 1621),ibid. , p.53. father and carriage by land and water and men for the carriage to carry the hearse 27 ‘To Thomas Daunte, of London, painter. In money paid to his own hands, at to the city of Canterbury, where the king’s father is buried, and deliver the same different times; viz., at one time 5 marks, at another time £15.13s. 4d., in dis- to Simon Prentout of London, ‘wexchaundeler’, and Thomas Gloucestre of Lon - charge of £19. which the Lord the King, with the advice and assent of his Coun- don, the king’s painter’. cil, commanded to be paid to the same Thomas; viz., for 300 shields, with the 30 ‘To William Loveney, clerk of the King’s great wardrobe. In money paid to him arms of the Duke of Bedford, deceased, made for the exequies and funeral of the by the hands of Thomas Gloucester, the painter, in discharge of 36l. [i.e. £]. 2s., said Duke, the price of each shield, 8d.,–sum, £10.; for half a hundred of shields, which he lent to the Lord the King, &c., £36. 2s’.

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Grace, John. Mentioned as the former joint-owner of two shops with solars for work done for St Mary at Hill, 1498/99, Littlehales, pp.112, 126 and 234.38 in Bridge Street, in the parish of St Magnus, 1443, A. Dyson: ‘Calendar of Melborne, William. A substantial amount has been published on his activities the Cartulary of the Parish Church of St Margaret, Bridge Street (Guildhall between c.1442 and 1511, although there may have been two William Library MS. 1174)’, Guildhall Studies in London History 1 (1974), p.180. Melbornes (a father and son), see A. Sutton and P.W. Hammond, eds.: The Coro- Grene, Simon. Will, Westminster, 1456, CCR, 1454–1461, p.129. nation of Richard III, Gloucester 1983, pp.33, 65, 72, 73, 112, 113, 137, 319, 356 and Griseley, Robert. Party to a legal action, Westminster, 1400, CCR, 1399–1402 , 372; defendant in lawsuit, London, 1450, and plaintiff in another lawsuit, 1464, p.200. CCP, s.v.; referred to as Chamberlain of London, 1496–97, see B. Megson, ed.: Hoggekyn (Hodgkin). Paid for work executed at St Mary at Hill, 1428–29, The Pinners’ and Wiresellers’ Book, 1462–1511, London 2009, nos.41, 50 and 51. Littlehales, p.70.31 Miles (Mylys), Thomas. Plaintiff in lawsuit, London, 1421, CCP, s.v.; defendant Holke, Henry. Surety in a legal action against Robert Grisley, painter of West - in dispute over right to property in St Alban, Wood Street, 1429, Assizes, no. minster, 1400, CCR, 1399–1402, p.200; surety in a legal action, Westminster, 236; E.A. Jones: ‘English Medieval Painters’, the burlington magazine 82 1407, CCR, 1405–1409, pp.232 and 250. (1943), p.77. Hovell, John. Rental payment and record of late rental payment for property in Moleyns, Robert. Beneficiary of will of Henry Walsh, brewer, Westminster, Tower Street, 1448 and c.1450, Guildhall Library, London, Grocers’ Company 1479, CCR, 1476–1485, p.176. Records, MS 11571/1, fols. 3r and 9v. Northfolk, John. Warden of the Painters’ Company in 1416, Harvey, p.305; Hulke, Peter / Percy. Witness to the will of Nicholas Boyfelde, leatherseller, Englefield, p.221. Westminster, 1455, CCR, 1454–1461, p.56; receipt of payment for work done, Parker, Thomas. Surety in legal action, Westminster, 1406, CCR, 1405–1409, St Nicholas Shambles, 1454: St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, Church- p.122; surety in legal action, Westminster, 1410, CCR, 1410–1413, p.131.39 wardens’ Accounts, SNC/1, fol. 32v.32 Paunton, Robert. Registered will, London, 1441, ITRC, p.141. Hunt, John. Plaintiff in lawsuit, London, 1460, CCP, s.v.; registered will, St Phipp, John. Party to lawsuit, Westminster, 1413, CCR, 1409–1413, p.428. Peter le Cheap, 1489, ITRC, p.102.33 Pope, Thomas. Witness to will of John Stratford, painter, Westminster, 1441, Johnson, Hugh. Record of annual rent for property in St Clement’s parish by CCR, 1435–1441, p.486. Candlewick Street, 1471, Churchwardens’ Accounts of St Martin Orgar, LMA, Power, William. Registered will, St Lawrence Jewry, 1477; yeoman of the P69/MTN2/B/001/MS00959/001, fol. 2v; registered will, St Clement’s East- chamber of the Guildhall, ITRC, p.149. cheap, 1474, ITRC, p.105; will proved, 1474, Husting, II, p.573.34 Prince, Gilbert. King’s Painter to Richard II, Harvey, p.304; Tristram, p.288; Kayle (Keyle), John. Beneficiary of the will of John Jacowe, brewer, West- Common Councillor of the Painters’ Company in 1376, Englefield, p.221. minster, 1439, CCR, 1435–1441, p.329; Master of the Painters’ Company, 1434, Prince, Thomas. Defendant in lawsuit, London, 1402, CCP, s.v.; received Englefield, p.221. payment as the King’s Painter under Henry VI, 1425, Exchequer, p.291; possibly Kent, Thomas. The King’s Painter under Henry IV. Harvey, pp.304–05.35 the alias of Thomas Lytlington, Harvey, p.304. Kirkby, Richard. Rented a tenement in the parish of St Dionis, London, 1475– Reed, Simon. Registered will, London, 1398, ITRC, p.153. 80, BHA, fols.251r, 266r, 281r, 293r, 308r and 324r; paid 20d. for painting ‘of Reed (Rede), Thomas. Rental of a chamber and later three chambers in the the Crosse Keis in Ffenchurchstrete’, London, 1481/2, BHA, fol.332r; paid for parish of St Mary Woolchurch, between 1472 and 1484, BHA, fols.203v, 219v, or painted at his own cost items for St Margaret Pattens between 1479 and 1486, 225v, 227r, f. 235v, 250v, 265v, 280v, 293v, 307v, 341r, 359r and 378r; Warden W.H. St John Hope: ‘Ancient Inventories of Goods Belonging to the Parish of the Painters’ Company in 1486, Englefield, p.221; recipient of properties, Church of St Margaret Pattens in the City of London’, Archaeological Journal 42 London, 1494–1500/01, M.F. Monier-Williams, ed.: Records of the Worshipful (1865), p.322.36 Company of Tallowchandlers, London, London 1897, pp.238–39; beneficiary of Larke, William. Common Councillor of the Painters’ Company, 1376, Engle - will of Thomas Gylderd, skinner, 1486, CCR, 1485–1500, p.24; paid for work field, p.221. executed for the Worshipful Company of Drapers, WA/02, fol. 48r; will Let, Roland van. Plaintiff in lawsuit, Westminster, 1401, CCR, 1399–1402, p.401. proved, Canterbury, 1509, TNA, PROB 11/16/268.40 Lincoln, Guy. Master or Warden of the Painters’ Company in 1441, Englefield, Reynold(s), Ralph. Payments by wardens of the Bridgehouse for work executed, p.221; surety for defendant in trespass case, London 1445, CCP, s.v. London, 1460 and 1462. Harding and Wright, pp.134–35.42 Link (Lynk), John. E.A. Jones: ‘English Medieval Painters’, the burlington Richer, Thomas. Warden of the Painters’ Company, 1416, Englefield, p.221; magazine 82 (1943), p.77. Harvey, p.305; mentioned in a memo transcribed in the Liber Dunthorne, along Litlyngton (Lythyngton), Thomas. Painter in the service of Richard II, with the scribe, John Tanner, 1428, LMA, COL/CS/01/010, fols.42r-v. Harvey, p.304. Richmond, William. Citizen of London, ‘now dwelling’ in Canterbury, CCR, Lyons, John. Owed money to the church of St Martin Orgar between 1469 and 1461–1468, p.431; beneficiary of will of Robert Cokkes, gentleman, John Bur - 1471, LMA, St Martin Orgar ‘Great Book’, P69/MTN2/B/001/MS00959/001, ton and Thomas Lynrygge of Canterbury, vintners, receiving all goods willed fol.8r. to them by Nicholas Baker of Canterbury, draper, Westminster, 1467, CCR, Mace (Masse), Henry. Defendant in trespass case, London 1424. CCP, s.v.; Mas- 1461–1468, p.431. ter or Warden of the Painters’ Company in 1441, Englefield, p.221; beneficiary Roon, John de. Registered will, St Mary Abchurch, 1383, ITRC, p.157. of will of Ralph Kempe, seaman, London, 1444, CCR, 1441–1447, pp.266–67; Sayton, Thomas. Surety for defendant in lawsuit, Middlesex, 1466, CCP, s.v. registered will, St Margaret Pattens, 1449, ITRC, p.120.37 Scarlet, John. ‘Late’ painter of London. Quitclaim of property in ‘Estilbery’, Marsh (Mershe), Henry. Rented a tenement in St Margaret Pattens, and records Essex, Westminster, 1446, CCR, 1441–1447, p.434.42 of improvements done to property, 1460–78, BHA, fols.2r, 21r, 44r, 66r, 84r, Seburgh, William. Surety for defendant in legal action, Westminster, 1416, 100r, 116r, 147r, 147v, 161r, 175r, 189r, 195r, 204r, 228v, 236r, 251r, 266r, 281r CCR, 1413–1419, p.374. and 294r; rental payments to the wardens of St Mary at Hill, 1483–85: payment Sergeant, Thomas. Defendant in lawsuits, London, 1462 and 1468, CCP, s.v.

31 ‘Also payd for iiij Ewangelistes, makyng & keruyng xjs viij d. Also for fecchyng ijs. vjd. Item, to harry mershe for peyntyng of the same clothe’. home of the same crosse iiij d. Also payd to hoggekyn, peyntour, for the peyntyng 39 Perhaps related to the Painter-Stainer Edward Parker (fl.1600),ibid. , p.151. iiij mark’. Cited as ‘Hoggelyn’ in Tittler, op. cit. (note 4). 40 Perhaps related to the three Reades listed ibid., pp.160–61. The Drapers’ Com- 32 ‘Item payde the 25 day of Ap[re]ll to perse hulke peyntour for peyntyng of ii pany receipt records, ‘Item to Thomas Rede peynter for payntyng and betyng of candylstyks that stondyn be fore the hye autyr, 13.s. 4d’. the seid baner and stremers . . . xli s. viii d.’. 33 Perhaps related to John Hunt (d.1607); see Town 2014, op. cit. (note 4), p.112. 41 ‘And to Ralph Reynold, painter, for painting the sign of Saint Christopher 34 Perhaps related to the seven Johnsons listed ibid., pp.118–19. at Deptford, 10s’; ‘Item to Ralph Reynold, painter, for painting the sign of the 35 Perhaps related to Andrew Kent (fl.1605),ibid. , p.121. Saracen in Eastcheap, 13s. 4d’; ‘Item to him for painting the sign of the Crown in 36 ‘Item A Crosse staffe like white siluer newe paynted of the coste of Richard the brewing tenement in Southwark, 20s’. Kyrkby payntour, 5s’; ‘Item a nother fote for the Silver crosse made by the coste of 42 Perhaps related to the two Scarletts listed ibid., pp.163–65. Richard Kyrkby payntour 12d’. 43 ‘To John Stratford, of London, painter. In money paid to him, by assignment 37 Perhaps related to the three Masseys listed ibid., pp.138–40. made this day, by the hands of his wife, in discharge of £10. which the Lord the 38 ‘Item, for vj elles lynyn clothe for to mende the Cloth afore the Roode Summa King commanded to be paid him, as well for painting the King’s barge within

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Serle, John. King’s Painter to Henry VII, E. Auerbach: Tudor Artists, London Wyatt, William. Warden of the Painters’ Company in 1486. Englefield, p.221.49 1954, p.185; W. Campbell, ed.: Materials for a History of the Reign of Henry VII, Wylde, Richard. Rented a tenement on Pater Noster Row, London, between London 1877, II, pp.100, 168, 296 and 491. 1472 and 1477, then in 1487, BHA, fols.188r, 203r and 250r; payment of 16s. 8d Skinner, John. Party to suit brought before the King’s Bench, London, 1483. for painting St Luke’s Chapel, St Nicholas Shambles, 1481: St Bartholomew’s TNA, KB 27/885. Hospital, London, Churchwardens Accounts, SNC/1, fol.121v; plaintiff in Somer, John. Rental payment for a tenement in Tower Street, c.1450. Grocers’ a legal action against the mayor and sheriffs of London, 1502/03. TNA, C Company Records, Guildhall Library, London, MS 11571/1, fols.76r, 106r. 1/274/28.50 Somerville, Thomas. Surety in a legal action against Robert Grisley, painter of Wytte, John. Payment for work executed, 1420–21, Harding and Wright, pp.80 London, Westminster, 1400, CCR, 1399–1402, p.200. and 102.51 Squyry, Robert. Master of the Painters’ Company, 1434, Englefield, p.221. Stone, William. Defendant in lawsuit brought by Richard Garland, London, 1403, CCP, s.v.; party to a lawsuit, Westminster, 1406, CCR, 1405–1409, p.122; party to a lawsuit, Westminster, 1411, CCR, 1409–1413, p.223. Stratford, John (1). Will registered, Westminster, 1441, CCR, 1435–1441, p.486. Stratford, John (2). Will registered, Westminster, 1449, CCR, 1447–1454, p.143. Stratford, John (3). Payment for work executed for Henry VI, Westminster, 1447, Exchequer, pp.458–59;43 named King’s Painter to Edward IV, Westmin - ster, 1461, CPR, 1461–1467, p.15; will registered, Westminster, 1472, CCR, 1468–1476, p.263.44 Swerdfayr, John. Rental payment for a tenement in Tower Street between 1466 and 1470, Grocers’ Company Records, Guildhall Library, London, MS 11571/2, fols.111r, 145r, 150r, 171r and 214r. Tenterden (Tenderden), Robert. King’s Painter to Henry V, instructions to enlist other painters and labourers to execute work for the king, 1414. CPR, 1413–1416, p.175; extensive instructions for decorative work for pageants on several occasions between 1417 and 1421, TNA, E361/6, mm. 5 dorse, 9 front. Tenterden (Tenderden), Rose. Extensive and detailed instructions for deco - rative works for pageants on several occasions between 1417 and 1421, TNA, E361/6, mm. 5 dorse, 9 front. Thoresby, J. Referred to as both a stainer and a painter and was commissioned to perform various tasks in anticipation of Catherine of Valois’s entrance to London, 1421, Harding and Wright, pp.80 and 83.45 Turnour, Simon. Paid 3s. 4d. to paint the clock dial, 1471 or 1472, C. Burgess: The Church Records of St Andrew Hubbard Eastcheap, c.1450–c.1570, London 1999, p.18.46 Underwood [no first name given]. Payment for painting sculpture, St Mary at Hill, 1497–98, Littlehales, pp.224–25 and 229.47 Vekke, Henry. Rental of a tenement in Southwark between 1472 and 1484. BHA, fols.218r, 234r, 249r, 264r, 278r, 292r, 306r, 322r, 339r, 340r, 357r and 376r; BAR, fol. 1r. Wardeswyk, John. Payment of 26s. 8d. for painting the sign of the Castle, Wood Street, 1460/1, BHA, fol.15r. Warren (Waryn), Thomas. Order to the sheriffs of London to be set free if bail is posted, Westminster, 1406, CCR, 1405–1409, pp.95 and 98. West, Thomas. Surety for Thomas Richer, painter, Westminster, 1413, CCR, 1409–1413, p.428. Westnesse (Wastenesse), Henry. Surety for Constance atte Naldyr, dressmaker, in legal action, London, 1423, CCP, s.v. Whitwey, Richard. Beneficiary of the will of John Stratford the elder, painter, London, 1472. CCR, 1468–1476, p.263. Worshop (Worsop), John. Named as legal occupant of premises in post-mor- tem inquisition regarding William Grome, cheesemonger, London, 1436, M. Holford, S. Mileson, C. Noble and K. Parkin, eds.: Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, XXIV: 11 to 15 Henry VI, 1432–1437, Woodbridge 2010, no.589; party to a case of trespass against statute, Yorkshire, 1445, CCP, s.v. Wryght, Thomas. King’s Painter to Henry IV, Harvey, pp.304–05; instructions to provide decorations for pageants between 1409 and 1410, TNA, E361/6, m. 3 front.48

and without with the arms of the King and Queen, as for painting other things his counant vj.s viij.d’. Perhaps related to the Painter-Stainer George Underwood intrusted to him by Robert Rolleston’. (fl.1624) listedibid. , p.177. 44 The 1472 will of John Stratford (3) indicates that he has a younger brother also 48 Perhaps related to Richard Wright (fl.1542), listedibid. , p.194. named John, but whose profession is not given. The work for Henry VI in 1447 49 Perhaps related to the Painter-Stainer John Wyatt (fl.1586), listedibid. , p.195. may actually have been done by John Stratford (2), but John Stratford (3) is the 50 Perhaps related to the Painter-Stainers Henry (fl.1604) and William Wilde more likely candidate given his later appointment in 1461 as King’s Painter to (d.1625?), listed ibid., p.190. Edward IV. 51 ‘Item paid to John Wytte, painter, for painting 5 banners of gilt and silver of 45 Referred to as both a stainer and a painter and was commissioned to perform var- divers kinds for the same coming [of the king and queen], 34s. 4d’; ‘Item to J. ious tasks in anticipation of the entrance of Catherine de Valois to London in 1421. Wytte, painter, in part payment for painting 6 images in the chapel, and cleaning 46 Perhaps related to James Turner (fl.1578–79), listedibid. , p.176. of the same, 16s. 8d’. 47 ‘Item, paid vndirwood for payntyng & gyldyng of the Roode, the Crosse, Mary & Ioh’n, the iiij Evangelistes & iij dyadems; with the ij nobilles that I owe to hym in monye . . . Summa £v’; ‘Item, to vndirwod, peynter, for a Reward more þan

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