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Saxon and Medieval Parish Churches in the City of London: a Review

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Saxon and Medieval Parish Churches in the City of London: a Review SAXON AND MEDIEVAL PARISH CHURCHES IN THE CITY OF LONDON: A REVIEW John Schqfield With contributions by Ian Belts, Charlotte Harding, Richard Lea and Peter Marsden CONTENTS Page Page Burials and cemeteries: buildings in 73 Summary 24 the churchyard or near the church Introduction 24 Some themes for church studies in 75 London The available sources of evidence 24 Churches and topographical 75 Physical survival development Antiquarian recording and 25 Building histories, architectural styles 77 archaeological excavation and patronage Plans and other pictorial sources 29 The archaeology of literacy 79 Other documentary sources 32 Liturgy and other ways of dividing 79 space within the church Saxon churches 33 The church and its local urban 79 environment Structural development of 44 Church archaeology 80 medieval churches The body of the church: chancels, 44 Gazetteer of church sites 81 aisles, roofs, crypts and towers Chapels and other internal features 58 Appendix: Medieval tiles in 133 and fittings London churches 23 24 John Schofield SUMMARY associated documentary research can tell us about medieval liturgy and other uses of space This paper reviews the evidence for the physical develop­ within the church, and the interrelationship of ment, architectural style and internal furnishing and embel­ the church with its local urban surroundings. lishment of the parish churches in the City of London from The 108 parish churches considered in this Saxon times to about ijjjo, highlighting the contribution paper are numbered and listed alphabetically in of antiquarian observation and archaeological excavations Fig I. This table serves to identify churches from 1818 to the present, but drawing also on the ren­ throughout the study. Numbers in bold in the ditions of churches in the eastern half of the City which text refer to further information in the Gazetteer are found on the surviving sheets of the copperplate map of below, which is ordered by the same numbering c.ijjjg. It is suggested that four developments in church series. Only those churches for which we have a architecture can be identified in London: (i) monuments to substantial body of evidence (archaeological, prominent citizens from the 1280s, and chapels in the documentary or graphic), however, are described 14th century, the latter especially attached to the chancel in the Gazetteer. This describes 51 churches and sproutingfrom it; (ii) many towers, intended primarily where a structural outline, from all kinds of as belfries, from about 1370; (Hi) though the addition of evidence, is attempted; and a further 12 instances north and south aisles to the nave began at some churches where an isolated observation has been made in around i2jo, the standard later-medieval form of nave the past, but which was not considered sufficient and two aisles only appears around 1400; (iv) the erection to merit a full Gazetteer entry. of altar tombs around the east end in a particular form, from at least i^yy (and possibly earlier). The parish churches of the medieval City of London are finally reviewed THE AVAILABLE SOURCES OF EVIDENCE as an archaeological resource, and research priorities for the future suggested. Detailed evidence from 5/ medieval Physical survival parish churches in the City and observations at 12 others is summarised in the Gazetteer which forms the second The Historic Towns Atlas volume for London part of this paper. (1989) lists 113 separate churches, though not all were functioning as full parish churches through­ out the medieval period. The present study lists INTRODUCTION 108 churches, of which six had disappeared by 1550. Two were removed during the 12th and The medieval City of London contained over 13th centuries through the creation of precincts 100 parish churches (Fig i); now, in the 1990s, for religious houses (Holy Trinity Aldgate and St there are 39. The eight churches with a significant Olave Broad Street), and a third disappeared by amount of medieval fabric remaining were the 14th century (St Michael Aldgate); a fourth surveyed by the Royal Commission on Historical was made redundant in the 15th century (St Monuments (RCHM) for their City volume in Augustine Papey). Between 1540 and the Great 1929 (Figs 2, 3). This paper sets out to place Fire in 1666 three were abolished at the these precious fragments in a true setting, by Reformation (St Audoen, St Mary Axe and St charting the structural and decorative develop­ Nicholas Shambles), a fourth (St Alphage) was ment of the London parish church from Saxon moved into an adjacent hospital, and six new times to about 1550. parishes were created as a result of the dissolution The information assembled in this survey, of the religious houses. On the eve of the Great largely from archaeological investigation and Fire there were once again 108 parishes and observation since 1818, provides a fragmented parish churches in the City (Keene & Harding but often detailed picture of religious observance 1985, xviii-xix).' and church building in the City of London. From Eighty-seven churches were destroyed or badly this picture emerge several themes which both damaged in the Fire. Only eight of the survivors summarise recent advances in knowledge and were still standing in pre-Fire form to be recorded point the way to future research. These concern by the Royal Commission on Historical origins, churches and topographical development Monuments in the early 20th century (RCHM of towns, building histories and architecture 1929). Of these, in turn, three were badly (including the role of individual and corporate bombed in the Second World War; though all patronage), what the archaeological remains and three: All Hallows Barking (i), St Giles Saxon and medieval parish churches in the City of London 25 Cripplegate (42), St Olave Hart Street (95) stand several cases Wren's preferred design is of three today in rebuilt form and contain some original aisles with the chancel projecting slightly further medieval fabric and fittings. east, reminiscent of the medieval form. It seems Up to 1992, the City possessed five parish probable that, except for distinctive new shapes churches with a significant amount of pre-Fire such as the decagon at St Benet Fink, Wren fabric extant; and of these, St Bartholomew often modelled his new church on the fullest Smithfield was a priory church converted into a outline of the pre-Fire church, only occasionally parish church at the Reformation, and St sacrificing parts to the needs of street-widening Katherine Cree (50) was rebuilt in 1628-31. (as at St Magnus, where a protruding pre-Fire Thus there were only three parish churches with north aisle is shown on Leake's plan and Hollar's predominantly pre-Fire fabric standing: St Helen derivative map immediately after the Fire). Bishopsgate (44), which was also part of a The plans of the eight surviving medieval Benedictine nunnery, St Ethelburga Bishopsgate churches, drawn for the Royal Commission on (38) and St Andrew Undershaft (16), all in the Historical Monuments in 1929, are given on Figs same small area in the north-east of the City, 2-3 to show the variety in shapes and sizes: All between Bishopsgate and Leadenhall Street, Hallows Barking (i), St Andrew Undershaft (16), where the Great Fire did not reach. St Ethelburga Bishopsgate (38), St Giles In April 1992 a terrorist bomb exploded in St Cripplegate (42) on Figure 2; and St Helen Mary Axe street, outside the east end of St Helen Bishopsgate (44), St Mary le Bow (69), St Olave Bishopsgate. It badly damaged the church and, Hart Street (95) and St Sepulchre (103) on to a lesser extent, the nearby St Andrew Figure 3. Undershaft. The windows of both churches were blown in or damaged, and several cannot be restored. A second bomb in April 1993 exploded Antiquarian recording and archaeological outside the west end of St Ethelburga, demol­ excavation ishing much of the church (Fig 65 below). After a clearing exercise by the Museum of London in The sites of the churches where recording work 1993-4, which has conserved all historic frag­ has taken place are shown on Figure 4. ments, the future of the church is still under Although D Laing recorded remains of St discussion at the time of writing. Dunstan in the East (35) during rebuilding in Pieces of pre-Fire fabric are also to be found 1818, and an anonymous correspondent briefly in later churches. As noted by an observer of the described roadworks in Fenchurch Street which demolition of St Bartholomew by the Exchange uncovered fragments of St Gabriel Fenchurch in 1840 and suggested on a wider scale by Philip (40) in 1834, modern archaeological observation Norman in 1902 (Norman 1902), the 52 churches of City churches really begins with the belated rebuilt by Wren and his associates after the Great reaction to the removal of a number of churches Fire often contain substantial portions of pre-Fire in the 19th century, after the Union of Benefices fabric. A notable case is the 11th-century crypt Act of i860; 'I deplore from my heart this below St Mary Ic Bow (69); but there are vandalism', wrote Philip Norman, Treasurer of indications that Wren often incorporated above- the Society of Antiquaries, in his report on one ground fabric, especially towers, into his new of the victims, St Michael Bassishaw (Norman designs. In many cases the medieval tower, being 1902). Under the Act, 22 churches, 16 of which largely of stone or brick probably did not burn had been rebuilt by Wren, were removed by as fiercely as the rest of the church, and was 1888. Antiquaries observed some of the destruc­ retained and rebuilt; this ensured the survival of tion at St Dionis Backchurch (34, 1878), St Olave a 16th-century tower arch at St Mary Aldermary Jewry (96, 1888-9), ^t Michael Bassishaw (81, (56) and of a fragment of the west door jamb at 1896) and St Michael Wood Street (87, 1897).
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