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Life and Death: a Study of the Wills and Testaments of Men and Women in London and Bury St

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Life and Death: a Study of the Wills and Testaments of Men and Women in London and Bury St 1 Life and Death: A Study of the Wills and Testaments of Men and Women in London and Bury St. Edmunds in the late Fourteenth and early Fifteenth Centuries. Robert A. Wood Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London Royal Holloway, University of London, 2012 2 Declaration of Original Authorship I confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where the work of others has been drawn upon, it has been properly and appropriately acknowledged according to academic conventions. 3 Abstract The aim of this thesis is to investigate the lives of men and women living in London and Bury St. Edmunds in the late fourteenth - early fifteenth centuries. Sources studied include the administrative and legal records of the City of London and of the Abbot and Convent of St. Edmund’s abbey; legislation and court records of royal government and the wills and testaments of Londoners and Bury St. Edmunds’ inhabitants. Considerable research on a wide range of topics on London, but far less work on Bury St. Edmunds, has already been undertaken; however, this thesis is the first systematic comparative study of these two towns. The introduction discusses the historiography and purpose of the thesis; the methodology used, and the shortcomings of using medieval wills and the probate process. Chapter One discusses the testamentary jurisdiction in both towns; who was involved in the will making process, and the role that clerics played as both executors and scribes and how the church courts operated. Chapter Two focuses on testators’ preparations for the afterlife, their choices concerning burial location, funeral arrangements and the provisions made for prayers for their souls. Chapter Three examines in detail their pious and charitable bequests and investigates what ‘good works’ testators chose to support apart from ‘forgotten tithes’. The family and household relationships, including servants and apprentices, are examined in Chapter Four, exploring the differences in bequests made depending on the testators’ marital status, together with evidence for close friendships and social networks. Chapter Five discusses the ownership and types of books referred to in wills and the inter-relationship between the donors and the recipients. Testators’ literacy and the provision for education are also investigated. 4 Introduction Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................................. 3 List of Figures and Tables ................................................................................................................. 6 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... 8 Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................... 9 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 11 Historiography .................................................................................................................... 11 Methodology. .................................................................................................................... 12 Medieval wills: the problems of evidence. .................................................................. 13 The Custom and Process of Will-Making and the Motivations of Testators ........... 14 Chapter One. Testamentary jurisdiction in London and Bury St Edmunds. ........................ 20 The Ecclesiastical Courts of the Diocese of London and of Bury St Edmunds ...... 22 The Archdeacon of London and his probate records. ............................................. 25 Will-makers of London and Bury St Edmunds ............................................................... 44 Chapter Two. Preparation for the after-life. .............................................................................. 62 Chapter Three. Through Purgatory to Paradise: Pious and Charitable Bequests. ............. 97 Chapter Four. Family and Household relationships. .............................................................. 152 Will-makers, Heirs and Legatees................................................................................... 153 Families and Households in Medieval London and Bury St. Edmunds ................. 160 Chapter Five. Literacy, Education and Book ownership. ..................................................... 192 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 230 Appendices ................................................................................................................................... 236 Appendix 1. Archdeacon of London Register of Copy Wills: Concordance data ............................................................................................................................................ 236 Appendix 2. The Parishes of London in 1520 Including Extra-parochial Areas .. 262 Appendix 3. Testamentary Jurisdiction in the medieval parishes of the city of London. ............................................................................................................................. 263 5 Introduction Appendix 4. Additions, rebuilding or major repairs to Bury St. Edmunds churches between 1393 and 1414 ................................................................................................ 265 Appendix 5. Additions, rebuilding or major repairs to London and suburban parish churches 1330-1530. ........................................................................................... 266 Appendix 6 London testators and their Fraternities. ................................................ 271 Appendix 7. Bury St. Edmunds testators and their Fraternities ............................... 276 Appendix 8. Surviving Gild Returns for London ......................................................... 277 Appendix 9. London gild masters/wardens from the 1388/9 returns in Chancery ............................................................................................................................................ 278 Appendix 10. Surviving Gild Returns for Bury St. Edmunds ...................................... 279 Appendix 11. Bury St. Edmunds gild aldermen from the 1388/9 returns .............. 279 in Chancery ..................................................................................................................... 279 Appendix 12. London book owners and their books .............................................. 280 Appendix 13. Bury St. Edmunds book owners and their books .............................. 285 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................... 286 Manuscript Sources ........................................................................................................ 286 London .............................................................................................................................. 286 Primary Printed Sources ................................................................................................. 287 Secondary Works ............................................................................................................ 289 Unpublished Theses and Dissertations ......................................................................... 303 6 Introduction List of Figures and Tables Figure 1.1: London’s Ecclesiastical Courts ................................................................................ 24 Table 1.1. Index to Archdeacon of London’s probate Register, GL MS 9051/1 ................ 28 Figure1.2: Comparison between the wills recorded in the index and the surviving wills in the Archdeacon of London’s probate register between 1368 and 1421. .......................... 30 Figure 1.3: The number of days that the Archdeacon’s court sat each month for 1399, based on the recorded probate dates ..................................................................................... 31 Figure 1.4: The number of days that the Archdeacon’s court sat each month for 1407 based on the recorded probate dates. .................................................................................... 32 Figure 1.5: Days of the week that the Archdeacon’s court sat in each month for the year 1399-1400. ............................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 1.6: Days of the week that the Archdeacon’s court sat in each month for 1407- 1408 ................................................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 1.7: Number of testaments registered between 1368 to 1421 recorded in the Index of the Archdeacon of London’s Probate Register, G.L. MS. 9051/1 ......................... 36 Figure 1.8: Indicative mortality rates between 1374 to 1407 taken from the indexes in the Commissary Court Registers Courtney and Broun GL MSS 9171/1 and 9171/2, and the Archdeacon's Court register GL MS 9051/1 .............................................................................. 37 Table 1.2: London and Bury St. Edmunds Testators 1380–1415. ............................................
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