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Excavations on the Site of St Nicholas Shambles, Newgate Street, City of London, 1975-9

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Excavations on the Site of St Nicholas Shambles, Newgate Street, City of London, 1975-9 EXCAVATIONS ON THE SITE OF ST NICHOLAS SHAMBLES, NEWGATE STREET, CITY OF LONDON, 1975-9 John Schofield With contributions by Ian M Betts, Tony Dyson, Julie Edwards, Richard Lea, Jacqui Pearce, Alan Thompson and Kieron Tyler SUMMARY World War; in 1974 Victorian buildings (the lower storeys of part of the original structure) The site of the small parish church of St Nicholas and a large circular ventilation shaft occupied Shambles, north of Newgate Street in the City of London the south-west quarter of the site. The eastern was excavated in 1975-9. ^^ church, which was demol­ half of the site, beyond Roman Bath Street ished in 1552, lay under modern buildings which had (which lay on the line of the medieval Pentecost removed all horizontal levels and only truncated foundations Lane), was already lost to archaeological investi­ survived. It is suggested that the church had five phases of gation as the cumulative effect of building and development: (i) a nave and chancel in the early nth clearance had removed all deposits. The north­ century; (ii) an extension of the chancel, probably a sanctu­ west quarter of the site, west of Roman Bath ary, in the period 1150-1250 or later; (Hi) chapels to Street and north of the church site, was also the north and south of the extended chancel, 1340—1400; excavated in 1975-9 (sitecode POM79), and (iv) a north and south aisle (1400-50, possibly in stages; publication of this excavation is planned for some (v) rebuilding of part of the north wall and a north vestry point in the future. The sitecode for the church (1400-50, with further monuments of 1470 -\-). The investigation, which was supervised for the survival of moulded stones in walls of Bull Head Court, Museum of London's Department of Urban which was built on the site of the church in the 1550s, Archaeology by Alan Thompson, was GPO75. allows some reconstruction of internal architecture of the The excavations were funded by the Department church. The development of the church is linked to that of of Environment and British Telecom; the post- the northern cemetery, 234 skeletons from which have excavation work by English Heritage and the already been published. City of London Archaeological Trust. The Roman levels from the site have already INTRODUCTION been published (Perring & Roskams 1991, 3-36). Ten successive periods of Roman activity were John Schofield recorded, from the first decades of Roman occupation in AD 50-60 to sometime in or after The site of the parish church of St Nicholas the late 2nd century. Thereafter the site was Shambles (Figs i, 2; TQ_ 3204 8135) lay at the covered with a dark earth deposit containing late south-west corner of the GPO Headquarters Roman pottery and coins. This late Roman- buUding in Newgate Street, in the City of Saxon transition is not well understood, on this London. It was badly damaged in the Second site as elsewhere (Vince 1991, 411-12), and the 77 78 John Schojkld Fig I. Location of the Newgate Street site (GPOy^) within the medieval and modem City of London present report begins with the features immedi­ the founder — whether or not the same Aldred ately preceding the foundation of the church of who by the early nth century had given his St Nicholas around AD HOC. name to Aldersgate, some 120m to the north­ A total of 234 articulated human skeletons was east.* Prior to the excavations, virtually all that excavated, mostiy from the cemetery which lay was known about the structure and form of the to the north of the church, with a few burials church derived from the record of its final years. within the outline of the church itself. These In the mid 1540s, in the wake of the Dissolution, have also been published (White 1988), and the the parish of St Nicholas was abolished before discussion section of the present report attempts incorporation within the new parish of Christ to fit the findings concerning the growth of the Church Newgate Street, an entity to be served church into context alongside its cemetery. by part of the much larger conventual church recently surrendered by the Greyfriars, and also including the rest of the Greyfriars' former THE CHURCH AND CHURCHYARD OF ST precinct to the west and north of St Nicholas as NICHOLAS SHAMBLES well as the parish of St Audoen to the south west. On 27 December 1546 the vacated parish Tony Dyson churches of St Nicholas and St Audoen and their properties, together with the the sites and The church of St Nicholas Shambles is first properties of the Greyfriars and St Bartholomew's recorded in c. 1144,' and there is a reference to Hospital, were granted by the King to the Mayor the 'street of St Nicholas next to the meat-market and Corporation of the City, as trustees, for the [macellumj (most probably the modern King relief of the poor.^ In May 1547 the City duly Edward Street) in 1187.^ The by-name Aldred, transferred the two parish churches and their appended to the dedication, occurs once only in lands to the new hospital for the poor in West 1240-59,^ and may possibly record the name of Smithfield, for which the old name of St Excavations on the site of St Nicholas Shambles, Newgate Street, City of London, 1975-9 79 Fig 2. Location of site in Newgate Street in the modem City of London, showing the excavated area of GPOy^ in black, and the wider area of archaeological investigation (which included the POMyg site to the north) as diagonal hatching Bartholomew was revived, as a source of income.^ church does not seem to have begun until May The latest churchwardens' accounts for St 1551) when lead was removed from the steeple, Nicholas, running from Michaelmas 1546 to and the church roof was dismanded.'" In all Michaelmas 1548, were rendered by the church­ some 491 hundredweight of lead was salvaged, wardens of Christchurch and, with previous and some of the cut stone was sold off.'' Rubbish accounts from 1526, were subsequently bound clearance began on 12 July and, according to the into the first minute book of the Hospital's Board record, continued until 12 September. The of Governors.' steeple, on the other hand, still stood largely In February 1548 the City issued instructions intact in March 1552, when the Hospital for the 'defacing' of St Nicholas and for the contracted for its demolition, together with 'all removal of its altars, and also of its plate, which the stonework adjoining to the said steeple was to be brought to the Lord Mayor.^ In between the shed and the tenement of Richard October, the Hospital leased the former parson­ Boorne called by the name of the church porch age house, which stood at the north-west corner and the stone wall on the north end of the said of the church, to the Butchers' Graft for 80 years steeple and Boorne's tenement and also ... at a rent of _^6 pa to serve as their hall.® Work pull(ing) down the wall on the south side of the on the actual demolition of the abandoned hall called Butchers' Hall and if it be thought 8o John Schofield needful... pull(ing) down the wall on the east Only at its north-west corner is the disposition side of Butchers' Hall and ... dig(ging) the same of the church within this plot clearly defined by steeple and walls a foot within the ground.''^ the documentary sources.'^ There, the parsonage From the references to Butchers' Hall and to site was described, when leased to the Butchers' Boorne's tenement, which lay at the south-west Company in 1548, as being bounded to the south corner of the church, it is clear that the steeple by the church wall, which ran eastwards for 20ft was likewise situated at the west end of the i/4in from a point on Chicken Lane 38ft 9in church.'^ In April a contract was drawn up for south of the north-west corner of the parsonage pulling down the stone walls (of the church, plot. The church wall then returned north for though that is not stated) at the south and east 19ft and finally east again for a distance of i6ft sides of Butchers' Hall and, in accordance with iiin.^° These three dimensions presumably the terms of the lease of 1548, for making a new represent respectively the north wall of the nave, wall, either of timber, lath and loam or of brick, the west wall of a northern aisle, and the on the south and east sides of the old walls, and westernmost part of the north wall of that aisle. capable of sustaining the hall.'* The new walls With due allowance made for the rebuilding of of Butchers' Hall, built within the line of the the Butchers' Hall southern and eastern walls dismanded stone walls of the church, would have within the line of the demolished church walls in marginally increased the hall's ground plan. The 1552, the outline of the hall plot, and therefore demolition of the church was promptiy followed of the church itself at this point, can clearly be by the erection of 14 dwellings arranged around seen to correspond with the area occupied by the three Bull Head Court tenements numbered a central courtyard (later known as BuU Head here 4, 6 and 7 (Fig 3). These replaced the Hall Court) entered by an alley from Newgate Street after the fire of 1666 and supplemented the to the south.'' Work on these 'new rents', already existing Nos 12 and 13 to the east and constructed in stages as demolition progressed, No.
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