The Rochester Area

o This page is b ROCHESTER AREA Includes WAYNE, SENECA, YATES, ONTARIO, LI,VINGSTON, MONROE, ORLEANS, GENESEE, and WYOMING COUNTIES or SECTION IX of Revised HISTORICAL ATLAS of NEW YORK STATE By WALLACE LAMB, En.D. Superintendent of Schools Hicksville, New York

Edited by H. ROBINSON SHIPHERD, Ph.D., Litt.D.

ILLUSTRATIONS ARRANGED By MARY CUNNINGHAM Associate in Publication and Education New York State Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York

ORIGINAL SKETCHES By ALBERT SWAY Member of Society of American Graphic Artists

1955 INTRODUCTION

This is a short history on one of the great economic units of New York State. It was written to make easier the task of teachers of local history who are confronted by the lack of teaching materials in readily available and readable form; it also should increase the understanding, and inspire the interest of the pupils. Its purpose is to relate clearly and concisely the main events and forces which have made this Area what it is today. It sifts from hundreds of historical source materials the facts and trends that matter most. It serves as a starting point for any person who desires to delve more deeply into the history of the Area. The author is deeply indebted to the New York State Department of Commerce for the facts and figures necessary to analyze recent economic development.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

The French Fight the Seneca Indians Page 1

A French Jesuit doing Missionary Work with the Indians Page 2

Thomas Morris and Seneca Indians Make a Land Agreement Known as The Big Tree Treaty Page 5

An Aqueduct of the Erie Canal Crossing the Genesee River in Rochester Page 6

Jemima Wilkinson, the "Universal Friend" Page 9

Canal Boat Loading at a Mill Page 10

Women's Fight for Equality Upsets Family Life Page 13

The Bloomer Girls Page 14

Upper Falls in Rochester-1831 Page 17

View of Courthouse and Presbyterian Church in Rochester- 1827 Page 18

Viewing the Genesee Falls Page 21

Buffalo and Main Streets, Rochester--1840 Page 22

George Eastman Changed This. Page 24 C1 HAPTER Th e B eginning In the western part of New York are nine counties whose economic activity centers in the great city of Rochester, the third largest community in the Empire State. It is particularly fitting that this section of the state should be called the Rochester Area. More than three-fifths of the people living in this area are in Mon- roe County, which includes Rochester, the other two-fifths live in the counties of Genesee, Livingston, Ontario, Orleans, Seneca, Wayne, Wyoming and Yates. The Rochester Area ranks high among the divisions of the state in both industry and agriculture. It is a place of fine traditions, beauty, interesting social development, and considerable cultural achievement. The entire R ochester Area has been favored by geographic factors. Its fertile soil is splendid for fruit and vegetables. Cool winds from Lake Ontario on the north hold back the first blossoms until the danger of frosts is ended in the spring; and in the fall warm winds add to the length of the growing season. The northern part of the area consists of two ancient lake bottoms, formed long before the coming of man when Lake Ontario covered wider areas. The lower of these prehistoric lake bottoms is the Ontario Plain, while much higher and to the south is the still older Erie Plain. These two areas are not o nlv admirably suited for agriculture but provide a level route that made the building of canals and railroads comparatively simple. Separating the two geo l ogic beaches is a limestone cliff over which the water of the various streams tumbles on its way to Lake Ontario. These many water- The French Fight the Seneca Indians falls have been the tireless servants of the men and women who have lived and la- Rochester P age 1 bored here. Lake Ontario itself is, of forth to dwell in our world. But at the foot against land sales to whites he insisted on course, one of the major reasons for the of the hill there was an enormous serpent signing every land treaty, so his name continued prosperity of this area. Here is that seized and ate the Indians as they would be on the documents. Despite his a great watery avenue of travel and com- emerged from the ground. A great num- craving for liquor, he lived until he was merce not only with other parts of the ber were devoured before one warrior, about eighty. When he died in 1830 the state but with Canada as well. Lesser but who was particularly brave and resource- Seneca lands, on which no white man important bodies of water that add to the ful, managed to inflict a fatal wound on lived when he was born, had been pierced beauty and prosperity of the area are the reptile. While the serpent thrashed by the Erie Canal, white settlements were Seneca Lake, Cayuga Lake, Canandaigua around in its death agony it threw up the growing rapidly everywhere, and the Lake, and Keuka Lake. The main river heads of the Indians it had swallowed. proud Iroquois Confederacy had followed valley is that of the beautiful Genesee, These heads became rounded stones, other great em pi res like Babylon, Egypt, which starts in Pennsylvania yet crosses which are peculiar to the vicinity in our Athens, and Rome into the dim mists of all of western New York before it empties present day. Bare Hill has ever since been history. into Lake Ontario. For all these natural considered sacred to the Senecas. blessings, the people who live in the area should be thankful. CHAPTER II The Indians and Early Settlers The Rochester Area, together with the Syracuse and Mohawk Areas, constituted most of the home terri tory of the great Iroquois League. The Rochester Area was Perhaps the best-known of the great the home of the Senecas, who were the Seneca chieftains was Red Jacket, the fa- The first outposts of white civilization most numerous of the Iroquois nations, mous Indian orator. He polished and re- among the Senecas and Cayugas were and who guarded the western gateway to hearsed his speeches until his words would French rather than Dutch or British. the figurative long house. The eastern part sway the entire Seneca nation. Unfortun- French Jesuit missionaries, following of the area was also the home of some of ate was the man who earned Red Jacket's Jogues and other martyrs who had pene- the Cayugas, another Iroquois nation. In- scorn or who was exposed to his biting trated to the Mohawk villages farther dian villages were located near such pres- sarcasm. He was particularly opposed to east, managed to establish successful mis- ent-day white communities as Canandai- the sales of Indian lands to the whites, and sions among the Senecas and Cayugas gua and Geneseo. to the extension of white civilization during the late 1660's. The first important among his people. He saw clearly that Seneca mission was that of Saint Michel, concessions to the whites meant the weak- established by Father Jacques Fremin ening of the Seneca nation. He refused to three and a half miles south of Boughton use the white man's axe or furniture, Hill, although Father Chaumont had though not his clothes nor his alcohol. He been originally selected to do so a decade received his name from a red coat he re- earlier. The first Cayuga mission was that ceived for his services to the British dur- of Saint Joseph, south of Union Springs One of the Seneca legends is concerned ing the Revolution, and which he wore in Cayuga County, just outside the bound- with the Indian settlement of Bare Hill. proudly ever after. Once in 1792 he was aries of the Rochester Area, which also Here it was that the Great Spirit is sup- presented with a silver medal by President had been first established in the 1650's. posed to have opened a great hole in the George Washington, and this also he never These early missions were allowed to exist earth to allow the first Senecas to come tired of wearing. Even though he spoke undisturbed for about twenty years. Rochester Page 3 Relations between the Senecas and the se ll their furs to French Canadian fur- of neutrality, but they realized th at in the French became gradually worse in the traders rather than throug h the eastern long run their main enemy would be th e 1680's. In 1687 the French Governor Iroquois to the British. J oncai re lived advancing American se ttlers rather than Denonvi lle determined to teach the In- until 1739, and during all that time the the British across the sea. Under the influ- dians a lesson that they would remember. only white influence felt among the Sen- ence of such Tories as the J ohnso ns and He landed at 1 rondequoit Bay, and peas was the French. It is interesting to the Butlers, they attacked American fron- marched against one of the Seneca vil- surmise what the eventual outcome of the tier settlements in the east. The 1 roquois lages with an army of one thousand men. French and Indian Wars might have been did so much damage that the American Eight hundred Seneca warriors lay in if J oncai re had lived somewhat later and government, in the midst of its bitter ambush along Denonville's route. The had been in his prime at the same time as struggle with the British, decided th at it jaws of the Indian trap snapped shut William J ohnson. As it was, the J oncaire was necessary to take time out in 1779 to around the French and their Indian allies, influence continued after 1739 through his subdue the 1 roquois and prevent the con- and a major Indian victory seemed at sons, particularly one w ho was also known tinuance of the depredations. hand, when some French reserves ap- as Chabert. peared on the scene. Then the 1ndians lost heart and melted away into the forests The last French and Indian War came where Denonville could not find them. to a close in 1763, and decided once and For the next twelve years relations be- for all that New York state, and North tween the Senecas and the French were America in general, was to be British and characterized by massacre, ambush, and not French. The onrush of white se ttle- torture. ment by that time was being felt by the other Iroquois nations farther east. In The Sullivan-Clinton campaign of 1779 1768 the Treaty of Fort Stanwix agreed ravaged the Indian vi llages of the Roches- that all New York land west of the present ter Area. The main A m erican army under city of R ome belonged to the Indians. All General J ohn Sullivan started from Eas- of the Rochester Area was of course far to ton, Pennsylvania, and at Tioga joined the west of that line, and it was far from another arm y commanded by General safe for any white man to se ttle on lands James Clinton. The combined army hur- belongi ng to the Senecas. When the Revo- ried along the eastern shore of Seneca lution broke out the entire area still be- L ake, in Seneca County, to Geneva. Ex- That these relations eventually im- longed to the Indians. cursions were made in va ri ous directions. proved was due to the influence of French principally through Canandaigua and fur-traders, and particularly to Chabert H oneoye to old Genesee Castle, which de J oncaire. Joncaire (the elder) exer- marked the western climax of the cam- cised influence among the Senecas in paign. L ess than three weeks had elapsed somewhat the same measure as did Wil- from the time Sullivan had left Tioga liam Johnson among the Mohawks for the until he had reached Genesee Castle on British at a later date; he actually lived September 14. During that period a great among the 1 ndians, and ranked as a Seneca amount of damage had been inflicted on chief. He managed to keep the Iroquois the Senecas. Western New York was now stirred up against the British; and con- unquestionably American soil, and the In- tinually sought to promote bad relations dians never fully recovered from the dev- between the Senecas and the western 1n- During the war between Britain and ast_ation wrought by the Sullivan cam- dians, so that the latter would be forced to her colonies the Indians made a pretense paig n. Rochester Page 4

CHAPTER I II The Treaties to actual settlers, though they refused to acres, to some Dutch bankers who became sell any west of the Genesee River. Thus known as the Holland Land Company. After the close of the Revolution Amer- western New York between Geneva and ican settlers made ready to move onto the Genesee River became known as the Although the Holland Land Company lands that had belonged to the defeated Phelps-Gorham Purchase. Instead of became into possession of western New York Indians. All the lands had to be secured coming wealthy from their huge land by 1793, Indian claims were not extin- from the Indians by land treaties super- holdings, Phelps and Gorham could not guished until 1797, and the huge area was vised by the state and federal authorities.* keep up their installment payments to not completely surveyed until 1800. Bata- But there were conflicting claims to the Massachusetts. They relinquished all land via was selected for the company's head- Indian lands, and many Americans hesi- west of the Genesee River to Massachu- quarters, and it was from that office that tated to move into the western wilderness setts, and sold all their land east of the Gene- the affairs of the Holland Purchase were until such conflicts were settled. The east- see not already sold to settlers to Robert managed for the next thirty-five years. ern part of the Rochester Area, including Morris of Philadelphia, who in turn sold The outstanding agent for the Holland the present Seneca County and part of it to an Englishman named Sir William Land Company was Joseph Ellicott. Part Wayne County, was contained in the Pulteney. Charles Williamson was placed of the territory included in the Holland Military Tract, which also included the in charge of the Pulteney holdings, and it Purchase consists .of lands in the present Syracuse Area. It was called "Military was from him that most of the actual set- counties of Orleans, Genesee, and Wyo- Tract" because the state gave it away free, tlers really acquired their land titles. Ac- ming. six hundred acres per soldier, to those men tually this is but a simplified version of who had fought in the patriot army dur- the Phelps-Gorham story, because their ing the Revolution. The awarding of the operations were complicated still further land to the soldiers was badly bungled, by the rival claims of John Livingston however, and land titles were not straight- and others, and by unpredictable actions ened out until 1803. by theN ew York and Massachusetts legis- latures. The story is of particular impor- Much of western New York had been claimed by Massachusetts, and the two tance here, however, because such a large states had quarreled about their claims portion of the Rochester Area consists of until 1786, when they made the Treaty of the Phelps-Gorham holdings. Hartford. This agreement fixed the western boundary of the Military Tract with Massachusetts sold to Robert Morris all The early settlers of the Rochester Area the Preemption Line, which ran north the land west of the Genesee River that and south across the state through the vi- had been relinquished to that common- came from many different places. The cinity of Geneva. All land west of the wealth by P.helps and Gorham. Morris Military Tract was of course settled Preemption Line was to be sold by Massa- thereupon reserved for himself for later largely by New Yorkers from farther chusetts, but politically it was to belong to sale a tract since known as the Morris Re- east, though families from Massachusetts New York. Massachusetts sold its land to serve.* This was a strip stretching north and Connecticut began to appear. Many Oliver Phelps and Nathaniel Gorham on and south across the state bordering the of the settlers of the Phelps-Gorham Pur- an installment plan. Phelps and Gorham Genesee River, and constituting about chase were from Massachusetts, but many proceeded to sell part of the land in turn one-fifth of the area purchased from Mas- from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and sachusetts. Morris sold the remaining Maryland also moved up the river valleys *Foo t Note: Land treaty of Kanades aga or Geneva No- four-fifths, containing about 3,300,000 from the south. The settlers of the Hol- vember 1787 and Fort Stanwix treaties of August and the land Purchase were even more heteroge- Phelps and Gorham treaties at Buffalo Creek in 1788 are covered in more detail in other Sections of Lamb's Sec- *Foot No te : Morris also had to liquidate the Indian claims neous, and soon included immigrants, par- tional Atlas of N. Y. State. to his Rese rve. ticularly Germans. Rochester Page 7 were also bui 1t: the Genesee Valley Canal, CHAPTER IV connecting Rochester with Olean on the southern border of the state; the Chemung Early Transportation Canal, connecting Geneva with Elmira and Pennsylvania; the Seneca and Cayuga The extent of settlement depended to a Canal, connecting those two lakes; and the considerable extent on the development of Crooked Lake Canal, connecting Seneca transportation. Bridges and roads had to Lake with Lake Keuka. replace old Indian trails. Of special importance was the Great Genesee Road, Probably no other area in New York But the Erie Canal, which made which ran all the way from Utica to State was affected as much by canal build- Rochester the Flour City by providing it Geneva, and enabled settlers to pour into ing as was the Roch'ester Area. According with seacoast markets, eventually pro- the heart of the Rochester Area. This road to Dewitt Clinton, not a single house was moted serious competition from the Mid- was financed by lotteries, and expedited standing in 1810 at the present site of the dle West. Western farmers, living on by labor donated by the inhabitants of the city of Rochester. In 1816, shortly before vaster wheat lands than could be found in region. It was made a turnpike in 1800, the canal was begun, there were only 330 New York State, could grow more wheat, and at least fifty families settled along it people in that vicinity. But the farmers and the Erie Canal provided them also within four months of its completion. Set- who settled in western New York turned with fine seacoast markets. The growth of tlers could travel over its entire length in that part of the state, and particularly the wheat, which reached its height in New three days. This historic turnpike was Genesee Valley, into a famous wheat land. York State in 1844, soon after went into a gradually extended, and soon after the Many of these farmers transported their sharp decline. The farmers of the Roches- War of 1812 was completed all the way to w heat by flatboats to flour mills at Roches- ter Area turned from wheat to corn and Lake Erie. By 1830 five daily lines of ter, from whence much of the flour found other crops, and to sheep and hogs. Soon stages were running between Buffalo and its way across Lake Ontario to Canadian again, however, they were shifting from Albany-all the way from Lake Erie to cities. Then came the Erie Canal through sheep and hogs to dairy cattle, to serve the the Hudson. Communities along the stage- Rochester. By 1826 as many as 160 canal growing communities along the canal and coach routes were stimulated. Geneva, boats were owned by Rochester people. farther east. New milling cities grew up which in 1791 had only fifteen houses, by Flour mills, which in 1823 numbered only in the Middle West, and Rochester turned 1818 had a population of 2,000. Other seven, nearly tripled during the next to other industrial pursuits; some of these communities that grew rapidly in early twelve years. Population increased 500 were lumber mills, brickya rds, and tan- times because of their location on turn- percent during the 1820's; by 1834 R oches- neries. R ochester became noted for specta- pikes were Seneca Falls and Canandaigua. ter was a thriving community of 14,000 cles, and for the fine tools it manufactured. Between 1817 and 1825 the Erie Canal citizens. By 1840 Monroe County, in Then came the growth of the great nurs- was being built. Through much of the which Rochester is located, was the second eries, which changed Rochester from the Rochester Area its construction was com- largest wheat-producing county in the Flour City to the Flower City. Other paratively simple because of the level ter- nation, and Rochester itself was the fourth manufacturing interests included cloth- rain, but the crossing of the Genesee River largest community of the state, exceeded ing, thermometers, optical supplies, and taxed the ingenuity of man. Eventually only by New York City, Brooklyn, and photographic suppli.es. Rochester attained the canal crossed the Genesee on an enor- Albany. world-wide fame in the last-named field mous aqueduct that had nine arches and with the development of the Kodak fac- was more than 800 feet long. At that time *Foot Note: Another engineering problem was the embank- tories. it was acknowledged to be the longest ment at I rondequoit .which is described by Dr. Blake Mc- across the valley 65 feet above the surface of the creek ... stone structure in America.* So successful Kelvey in his article '"Rochester and the Erie Canal," Three gravel hills or drumlin, . . . served as natural Rochester History, July, 1949, as follows: "The embankment piers between which the embankment extended a total of was the Erie Canal that lateral canals had to be raised to a height sufficient to carry the canal 80 rods, reenforced by more than 900 log piles." Rochester Page 8

The building of canals affected many achievement, however, was not as wonder- other communities in much the same way tul as it might seem; rail transportation CHAPTER V as it did Rochester, though of course on a across the state was not provided by one lesser scale. Brockport is a typical exam- company, but by several, each of which Sects, Organizations, ple of a community that sprang up along owned only one segment; and there were and Their Leaders the canal where none had ever been be- eight such segments between Albany and fore. It is obvious that its founders from Buffalo. The trains were uncomfortable, the beginning regarded it as a port, though comparatively unsafe, and slow. The During its earlier history the Rochester it was located hundreds of miles from the schedules of the connecting lines did not Area was familiar with unorthodox re- Atlantic seacoast. Older communities that encourage through travel; at Rochester ligious movements and unusual social ex- the canal by-passed ceased to grow, and periments. The earliest of the radical sometimes declined in population and im- religious sects were the "J emimanites," or portance. followers of Jemima Wilkinson, who were among the first settlers in this region. In New England at the age of twenty she had had a severe illness. Finally she had risen from her sick bed with the announcement that Jemima Wilkinson had passed on, and that her body was then possessed by a new spirit dedicated to the saving of lost souls. Her teaching aroused considerable criticism, particularly since she insisted that her disciples should obey her instead of their parents, husbands, or wives. She all travelers were reqUIred to change dressed herself partly as a man and partly Just as the canals crowded on the heels trains, because the two separate depots for as a woman, and became known as the of the turnpike builders, so the railroad east and west travel were half a mile apart, "Universal Friend." To escape the antag- construction gangs were moving across and it was necessary to take a bus or hack onism of her New England neighbors she New York State even before the canals or to walk from one railroad line to the determined to settle on the New York were completed. The level plains that had other. Eventually the most serious defi- frontier, where she and her disciples could once been the beaches of prehistoric times ciencies of the early railroads were rem- live in peace. In 1788 a settlement was became railbeds for the "Iron Horse." edied. The various small railroad lines made on the western shore of Seneca Lake Communi ties scrambled to outbid each were united under one company, which near the present village of Dresden in other forthe privilege of having railroads we now know as the New York Central. Yates County, but they later moved into connect them with the outside world. Station facilities were consolidated so that the present township of Jerusalem nearby When the railroad was built to connect through travelers would no longer be re- in the same county. The "Friend's" at- Syracuse with Rochester it was twenty quired to travel by other means from tempts to impose celibacy on her follow- miles longer than necessary, so that it could depot to depot, although at Rochester this ers and to gain additional converts were circle around through Auburn, Geneva, improvement was fought bitterly by the not particularly successful. As she herself Canandaigua, and other communities that operators of the hacks and buses. The new grew old and her own beauty began to fail had been by-passed by the Erie Canal. By railroad lines and their improvements her influence declined. Though her settle- 1842 it was possible for people to travel by stimulated the growth of the Rochester ment flourished economically during her rail all the way across New York State Area in much the same way as the con- lifetime the entire movement collapsed from New York City to Buffalo. This struction of canals had done. whenshediedin 1819. Rochester Page 11 ing to one another; and even families were inststed that his death was due to a guilty rent asunder on the issue. The Masons and conscience. In the election of 1828 the their friends felt that their enemies had political heat generated by the Morgan contrived the rumors and evidence of affair was so great that the electoral vote Morgan's death in order to destroy their of the state was split between Andrew order, which they insisted was only social ] ackson and] ohn Quincy Adams. In 1831 and religious. Other people, however, be- a national Antimasonic Party nominated came firmly convinced that the order was William Wirt for president. So in five short The next strange movement, mainly po- a menace to the nation, and that it was years the disappearance of an insignificant litical, resulted from the disappearance of their patriotic duty to destroy it. Even re- citizen of Batavia had sky-rocketed into a William Morgan. In 1826 Morgan was ligious leaders decided that Masonry was national po1i tical issue. Then the move- an inconspicuous member of the Batavia contrary to religion, andwas the work of ment began to decline, and the Antima- Lodge of Masons, a religious and charita- the devil. sonic group was absorbed into the new ble organization that now has a vast mem- National Republican Party. But consid- bership. Because he needed money and erable opposition remained to all secret was anxious to retaliate on his fellow societies, and even secret college fraterni- Masons for some grievance, real or fan- ties were frowned on. cied, he decided to publicize the secrets of the order. He enlisted David C. Miller as a partner, but the two conspirators quarreled when Morgan accused Miller of attempting to rob him of his share of the profits. In any case, Morgan was arrested on a charge of petit larceny, placed in jail Feeling was so bitter in 1827 that poli- in Canandaigua, and transferred to old ticians who happened to be Masons were Fort Niagara, from which he disappeared. denied nominations in various towns in The Rochester Area was also the birth- The Masons declared that his arrest and Monroe and Genesee counties. It hap- place of the Mormon religion. Joseph disappearance was the result of an agree- pened that Dewitt Clinton, who was Gov- Smith, though born in Vermont, spent ment between them and Morgan, and that ernor of New York State at the time, was most of his youth on a farm near Palmyra he had been safely escorted to Canada to a grand high priest of the Grand Chapter in Wayne County. He claimed to have get him out of the mess he was in in return of the Royal Arch Masons. Clinton's po- had a vision and to have talked with an for his promise not to expose their secrets. litical opponents sought to secure every angel named Moroni. The angel told him Miller, however, asserted that Morgan advantage to themselves out of the Mor- that under a certain rock on Cumorah had been kidnapped and murdered. When gan episode. They pictured the Masons as Hill he would find some golden plates, a badly decomposed body was found in a murderous brotherhood, with Clinton as which, when translated, formed the fa- Lake Ontario, Morgan's wife claimed it, one of the main heads of thegang. Clinton mous Book of Mormon; he is supposed to though a Canadian wife was equally in- himself sought to demonstrate the inno- have found the · sacred plates in 1827. sistent it was her husband's corpse. Actu- cence of himself and the order by offering Smith's followers accepted the new trans- ally the evidence in the entire case was $2,000 to solve the mystery, and by at- lation as of Divine origin-as sacred as highly uncertain, and no one has ever been tempting to prosecute anyone concerned the rest of the Bible accepted by other re-' able to prove what happened to Morgan. with the abduction. In 1827 the voters in ligious groups. The new religious sect was the Rochester Area elected anti-Masonic founded in 1830 in Manchester, Ontario The Morgan affair split the Rochester candidates for the state legislature. When County, but was formally organized at Area wide open; neighbors stopped speak- Clinton died early in 1828 the anti-Masons Fayette, Seneca County, a few weeks later. Rochester Page 12 Women's Fight forE quality. Upset s Famzly. Life

Rochester P age 13 -

The Bloomer Girls

Rochester p age 14 Perhaps the most sensational of Smith's riosity-seekers and to obtain privacy the "six thousand years." Such publicity, in- new teachings was that it was acceptable family moved to Rochester; but the stead of discouraging the reform leaders, for a man to have more than one wife. rappings continued there. In time the seems to have served as a challenge to spur Most of Smith's neighbors were skeptical "Rochester rappings" became famous all them on to greater efforts. Although Mrs. about his role as a prophet, and were de- over New Y ark State, and great numbers Stanton was disowned by her father, she termined that he and his followers were of people visited the Fox family in the did not waver. She was an abolitionist and not going to practice polygamy in western hope of communicating with friends and a temperance reformer as well as a wom- New Y ark. As a result the Mormons were relatives in the spirit world. en's rights advocate, and went so far as to forced to move out of New Y ark to Ohio, insist that drunkenness was a sufficient and then to points much farther west. excuse for divorce. Under the leadership of Brigham Young the Mormon movement became of national importance, and helped to open up the Far Western frontier, particularly Utah.

The Rochester Area was also one of the main battlegrounds in the fight for equal rights for women-a principle that has Susan B. Anthony of Rochester was an- won acceptance in our own day but that other nation-wide figure in the fight for was considered radical and dangerous a women's rights; she was particularly con- hundred years ago. Mrs. Elizabeth Cady cerned with the right to vote. She and Stanton moved to Seneca Falls from Bos- several other women succeeded in voting ton in 1847. A year later a reformer from in Rochester in 1872, but were arrested Modern spiritualism had its origin in Philadelphia named Mrs. Lucretia Matt for their efforts to exercise their citizen- Wayne County. A family named Fox was visiting her sister, Mrs. Martha ship; the other women paid bail, but she moved there from Canada in 1847. In this Wright, at Auburn. Mrs. Stanton and refused. At the ensuing trial in Canandai. family were two daughters, living at Mrs. Matt happened to meet, and as are- gua she was directed to pay a fine or go to home, named Margaret and Kate. They sult a famous Women's Rights Convention jail, but the aggressive crusader refused to told of hearing rapping on the walls at was called to meet at Seneca Falls in July, do either, and no one ever forced her to night, and of someone digging in the cel- 1848. They issued a declaration of senti- obey. lar, and of having cold hands touching ments, which insisted that "all men and them in the dark. They reported having women are created equal," and declared talked with the spirit of a peddler who themselves opposed to "this entire dis- had been murdered there four years ear- franchisement of one-half the people of lier. The details of the murder were re- this country, their social and religious enacted by spirits every night, and always degradation." This declaration and the ended with the unfortunate victim being resolution adopted at the Seneca Falls dragged downstairs to his grave in the Convention created a furor. The press and Another feminine crusader from this cellar. Naturally such reports excited the the clergy strongly defended the status area was Amelia Bloomer, who had at- curiosity of neighbors, and people came quo, and accused the reformers of starting tended the Seneca Falls Convention and from miles around to pry on the Fox fam- the "reign of petticoats," and of under- who in 1849 had started the Lily, sup- ily. To escape from this meddling by cu- mining a social order that had endured for posed to have been the first journal ever Rochester Page 15 published by a woman. This publication Rochester Area outranks every other area was George Eastman, who experimented specialized in propaganda in behalf of of the state, including New York City; with photographic plates in his mother's women's rights. Mrs. Bloomer, however, and has actually outdistanced all the rest kitchen while working as a clerk in a has become more closely identi tied with of the state put together. It is the leading R ochester bank. When his experiments the cause of dress reform, having made Area upstate, and second only to New began, picture-making was a complicated popular the article of women's wear York in the entire state, in the making of process, and the results were often disap- known as the "bloomer." apparel, mainly men's clothing. A large pointing. He introduced the idea of film number of people living in the Area are on a roll, and the taking of pictures by The Rochester Area produced the first also employed in making machinery merely pressing a button. At first it was female physician in the United States, (other than electrical) and in processing necessary to send the entire camera to Miss Elizabeth Blackwell, who was grad- foods and kindred products. Factory pay- Rochester to have the film removed and uated from the medical college at Geneva rolls reached a total of $428,940,000 in developed, but later improvements made in 1849. It was the home of one of 1948. The I ,363 manufacturing establish- this unnecessary. In time Eastman's Kodak the pioneer educational institutions for ments of the Area added $640,330,000 in became known throughout the world. The women- the Ontario Female Seminary at value to what they made, or approxi- business expanded to include the manu- Canandaigua, established in 1825. It also mately $470,000 per establishment. There facture of paper and chemicals for devel- was in the front lines in the battle for tem- were 36 firms that employed 700 or more oping and printing films in homes; the perance, when Rochester served as the employees each. making of films for movies; the produc- meeting place for the Women's State tion of projectors; and the manufacture of Temperance Convention in 1852. Indeed, Monroe County, which includes the aerial cameras, gun cameras, and special it would be difficult to find any new and City of Rochester, is of course the indus- lenses and other equipment needed by our radical movement that did not exist in the trial giant among the nine counties of the armed forces. Rochester is also the home Rochester Area. Area. It boasts of three-fifths of the popu- of Graflex, Inc., which also makes cam- lation of the Area, yet claims four-fifths of eras and allied products. the factory workers and more than four- fifths of the manufacturing. More than two-fifths of its factory employees are engaged in making instruments and related products, and more than one-tenth in making apparel and related products. Of the 36 firms in the Area employing more than 700 workers, 27 are in Monroe County CHAPTER VI Industry alone, and 25 in Rochester. Also famous and known throughout the Even though the area was young com- world is the Bausch & Lomb Optical pared with some other parts of the state, Company. It was founded a century ago its industries developed rapidly. Today it by two German immigrants, John Jacob is one of the leading industrial areas of Bausch and Henry Lomb. It became a New York State. In 1948 more than 135,- success when Bausch built a machine that 000 people out of a total population of could grind lenses as good as those im- 800,000 were engaged in manufacturing. ported from Germany. E yeglass frames More than 48,000 of these worked in fac- were also one of the concern's first prod- tories that turned out instruments and re- One of the best-known and most famous ucts. Since the early days this company lated products, primarily cameras and companies in the Area is the Eastman has expanded in much the same way as scientific equipment. In this field the Kodak Company of Rochester. Its founder Kodak. It is now well-known for a variety Rochester Page 16 Rochester Page 17 - --

View of ---Courthouse- and Presbyterian Ch u rch in Rochester--1821

Rochester Page 18 of manufactured goods, such as binocu- firms in Rochester today are American munity, its population increased by one- lars, microscopes, projectors, and · also Home Foods, Inc., which specializes in third between 1940and 1950. more specialized items required by our the preparation of baby foods; Fanny armed services. Among other Rochester Farmer Candy Shops, Inc.; and the Tobin firms now engaged in similar business are Packing Co., Inc., which processes meat the Shuron Optical Company and the products. Wollensak Optical Company. Yet the industrial picture of Rochester is not confined to such long-established businesses. Other Rochester firms employing more than 700 workers are Fasco In- dustries, Inc., which produces electric motors and other equipment; the Gan- nett Company, Inc., which publishes newspapers; the General Motors Corp., Clothing is another comparatively old which makes electric and other equip- Ontario County is the second most pop- industry in Rochester, since it has been ment; the General Railway Signal Co.; ulous of the nine in this area, yet it claims traced back to the 1850's. This business the Gleason Works, specializing in gear- only 7.5 percent of the people. Its chief was greatly stimulated during the Civil cutting machinery; the Pfaudler Co., spe- industry is the making of machinery (ex- War by the demand for uniforms in the cializing in food-processing equipment; cept electrical), while others of impor- Northern army. After the war the em- the Ritter Co., Inc., producing surgical tance are the processing of foods and the phasis continued to be placed on men's equipment; the Samson United Corp., making of instruments and related prod- clothing, though some clothing was made making electrical appliances; the Strom- ucts. Its most populous center is Genev.a, for women and children as well. Among berg-Carlson Co., specializing in commu- which in 1950, with a total of 17,087 in- the larger establishments that today make nication equipment; the Taylor Instru- habitants, was the third largest commu- clothing in Rochester are such well-known ment Co., making weather instruments; nity in the Rochester Area. 1 t increased firms as Bond Stores, Inc., Fashion Park, the Todd Co., Inc., manufacturing bank about I 0 percent between 1940 and 1950, Inc., the Hickey-Freeman Company, and supplies; and the Yauman & Erbe Mfg. and showed signs of becoming larger; \1ichaels-Stern & Co., Inc. One of the Co., manufacturing steel office furniture. more than 3,000 of its citizens were em- interesting aspects of the clothing indus- ployed in manufacturing. Geneva boasts try in R ochester is the size of its shops. The second largest community in Mon- two companies that employ more than 700 Between 1914 and 1929, when the average roe County is East Rochester, which in workers each: the Shuron Optical Co., number of workers per shop inN ew York 1950 had a population of 7,020. It has two lnc., which makes a variety of optical City was decreasing from 25 to 17, the companies, each of which employs more goods, and Timely Clothes, Inc., which average in Rochester was increasing from than 700 workers. One is the Aeolian specializes in men's clothing. This com- 58 to 273. The shoe industry began about American Corp., which makes pianos and munity also has large iron foundries that the same time as clothing, and was also piano parts, and the other is Despatch make steam boilers and furnaces. Another stimulated greatly by Civil War demands. Shops, Inc., which manufactures railroad population center of Ontario County is equipment. The next largest communities Canandaigua, with 8,296 people in 1950. The food industry has also remained in Monroe County are Fairport and This community, which was important important, though Rochester has long Brockport. Brockport was born because back in the early days of the turnpikes and since ceased to be the flour city of its the Erie Canal happened to come that the great land companies, is today a maker yo uth. Among the largest food-processing way. Though it has remained a small com- of tinware. Rochester Page 19 Third among the counties of the Area nonferrous die castings; and \1assey- Orleans CountY and Seneca County are in population is Wayne County. A large Harris Co., which makes farm machinery. about the same size in population. More portion of its manufacturing population is Other goods manufactured here include than two-thirds of the industrial workers concerned with the making of stone, clay, clothing, paper boxes, and iron products. in Orleans County are engaged in the and glass products, though another large Another Genesee County communitv is processing of foods grown in the rich farm portion processes food and kindred prod- LeRoy, which has the large firm of the lands. \ledina is the largest community. ucts. Newark, with a population of 10,275 Lapp Insulator Co., l nc., makers of porce- reporting 6,187 people in I 950. Here is in 1950, is the largest community in the lain insulators and radar and radio parts. located a large plant. the H . J. Heinz Co .. county; it makes furniture and paper Other products made at LeRoy are Jell-O which prepares baby foods. soups. and boxes. Lyons manufactures certain articles and underwear. vinegar . AAlbion is the home of another of men's wear, such as suspenders and Livingston County has 5 percent of the large cannery. the Snider Co. belts. Palmyra, though small, is the home population of the Rochester Area. Its in- of the Garlock Packing Co., which makes dustrial workers are employed in the mechanical packing for all types of ma- printing and publishing field , in making chinery. This is the only concern in the electrical machinery, and in processing county employing more than 700 workers. foods. It has no large industrial establishments, and its largest community, Dans- ville, had in 1950 a population of only 5,238. Other centers of population in the county are \Iount \lorris and Geneseo. Next among the counties stands Wvom- ing. A large number of its industrial workers make textile mill products. Its largest community is Perry, which in 1950 had a population of 4,560; it is the home of the More than half of the industrial work- Perry Knitting Co., Inc., which spe- ers of Seneca County are engaged in the cializes in the manufacture of chil- making of machinery. The largest com- dren's nightwear and men's sport shirts. munity (6,629 in 1950) is Seneca Falls, Other Wyoming communities are War- which was identified so closely with the saw, which produces buttons and eleva- radical social movement that infected the Genesee County has 6 percent of the tors, and Attica, which makes stokers for area a century and more ago. The largest population of the Rochester Area. Its furnaces. industrial firm today is Gould Pumps, most important industries are the making 1 nc .. which specializes in the manufacture of machinery other than electrical, and of pumps. Another important center of the manufacture of stone, clay, and glass population in Seneca County is Waterloo. products. Batavia, with a population of Yates is the smallest county in the 17,807, was in I second only to Roches- Rochester Area; it has a population of ter. This community, which in the distant only 17,61 + (in 1950), and only a small past was the home of one of the great land portion of the inhabitants are engaged in companies and later the center of Anti- manufacturing. The only important in- masonic agitation, is an important indus- dustrial center is Penn Yan, which in 1950 trial center. It contains two firms each of had a population of 5,+79. Here we find which employs more than 700 workers: small canneries and wineries, and also the Doebler Harvis Corp., which makes small factories making fruit baskets. Rochester Page 20

The Rochester Area was achieving The Rochester Area leads all upstate areas Historical farm publications were born agricultural leadership even before its in- in horticultural specialties, though in the here. Although earlier farm journals were dustries were developing. The growth of state as a whole the New York City Metro- published elsewhere, the first paper to be wheat by the early settlers was enormous; politan Area and Long Island produce written from the point of view of practical and it was this farm crop that stimulated more. Monroe County ranks first within experience was the Genesee Farmer, first the development of Rochester as the Flour the Area, followed by Wayne and Livings- published by Luther Tucker in Rochester City. When other crops replaced wheat, ton. The Area also leads the rest of the in 1831. Another publication of historical the farmers of the area continued to set state in miscellaneous crops, and produces importance was the Neew Genesee Farmer, records; this dominance has continued to more than half of the upstate total. Wyo- which was started in Rochester nine years the present. In 1950 there were more ming County is an important maple sugar later. farms in the Rochester Area than in any producer. The sale of livestock and live- other area of the state. The value of the stock products form an important part of farm products sold in 1949 was $103,480,- the farmers' income here, even though the 000, or about one-sixth of the entire state Area is not a state leader. The value of total. The dominance of the Rochester dairy products is nearly three times the Area in agriculture can be best illustrated value of the vegetables sold. Wyoming by the fact that its nearest competitor, the County is the leader in the Area, followed Northern Area, produced farm products by Livingston, Monroe, and Genesee. worth $67,878,000. Wayne County is the Area leader in poultry and poultry products, followed by \1onroe and Ontario.

It was in the Rochester Area that farmers first used tile to drain wet clay soils, and thereby greatly increase the extent of productive farm land. The first drainage tile used in the United States was laid in 1851 in the town of Fayette, Seneca County. It was in this area that S.M. Bab- The Rochester Area has won a perma- cock perfected a device that would accu- This Area leads all sections of the state nent place in the pages of agricultural rately determine the butter-fat content of in the growing of vegetables, since in 1949 history. The navy bean, as a field crop, had milk; though he was born outside this it produced about 30 percent of the state its origin on an Orleans County farm in Area, it was at Geneva in Ontario County total: The counties that contributed the the 1830's. Beans did not become popular, that he began his experiments. It was in most vegetables were Wayne, Orleans, however, until after the Civil War. Dur- this Area that the first black raspberry was and Monroe, in that order. The Rochester ing the War the Union soldiers were fed perfected--the Doolittle, which was first Area grew about three-eighths of all the beans regularly. Although forced to eat raised in Ontario County in 1850. There fruits and nuts raised inN ew York State; them at first or starve, the soldiers learned were many other achievements too numer- nearly half of the Area's total came from to like them, and carried this taste to all ous to mention. Such achievements in agri- Wayne County alone. No other county in parts of the nation. Soon New York State culture were just as important to the eco- the state comes close enough seriously to was producing two million bushels of nomic development of the area as were the challenge Wayne's leadership in this field. beans per year. achievements in the factory towns. Rochester Page 23 The Rochester Area also beckons to the In 1948 there were 9,840 establishments tourist. Many fine recreational facilities engaged in retail trade. The total re- are to be found in the beautiful Finger tail sales in the area exceeded the volume Lakes Region, in the scenic Genesee Val- of wholesale receipts by a large am(')unt; ley, and along Lake Ontario. Perhaps the the average sales per establishment were best known scenic attraction is beautiful about $77,000. The highest average sales Letchworth State Park. This park is often were in Batavia, where they approached spoken of as "The Grand Canyon of the $100,000, followed by Rochester ~Canandai- East," because of the great gorge carved Other widely-known attractions include gua, Newark, and East Rochester, in that in the Genesee River. At one point the the Mormon Shrine on Cumorah Hill; order. The average, however, was good in walls of the gorge tower about four hun- the beautiful rose gardens around New- all the communi ties-the lowest being dred feet above the stream. The river ark; and the famous lilac display in about $41,000 in Mount Morris. reaches this depth after three plunges over Rochester's Highland Park. The 281 cliffs, each of which is between seventy amusement establishments in the Area in and one hundred feet high. The park re- 1948 reported more than twelve and a half ceived its name in honor of William Pryor million dollars in receipts, or more than Letchworth, who deeded his house "Glen $44,000 per establishment. There were 85 Iris" to the state when power companies hotels in the Area, 27 of which were in the threatened to spoil its natural beauty. city of Rochester; their annual receipts Here the tourist can see the last council were about nine million dollars, approxi- house of the Seneca Indians. Here in 1872 mately two-thirds of which was reported Ex-President Fillmore and other dis- by the Rochester hotels. tinguished leaders of our nation attended the last council of the Senecas, together Transportation facilities are extensive. with the descendants of such famous In- Here are six major and three minor rail- dians as Red Jacket, Cornplanter, and road lines, which tend to radiate out from Joseph Brant. Here also the tourist can Rochester. Here is the great port of see the log house in which lived Mary Rochester. Nine separate bus companies Jemison, "the white woman of the Gene- serve Rochester. Daily air service is avail- see." She remains one of the interesting able at the Rochester Municipal Airport. traditions of this area. At her home in About 9,000 miles of improved high- Pennsylvania she was captured by Indians There were six daily papers in the ways link the farms with the industrial at the age of fifteen, and taken to Ohio, Rochester Area in 1951. Largest, of communities. All these factors contribute where she married an Indian warrior; course, are the Rochester Democrat and to a healthy economic situation, and make later she moved into the Genesee Valley. Chronicle and the Rochester Times- the area an ideal retail and wholesale She shunned every opportunity to return Union, both of which reported a circula- market. to white civilizati'on, and lived among the tion of about 110,000; the third largest Indians all her life. was the Batavia News, with a circulation In 1948 there were 1,143 wholesale es- of 11,000, followed by the Geneva Times, tablishments in the Rochester Area, and the Canandaigua M "essenger, and the Me- the average sales of each were consider- .. .. dina Journal Register. The Area also has ably in excess of half a million dollars. adequate radio and television communica- About two-thirds of these firms were to be - tion, though the large stations are confined found in the city of Rochester, although to Rochester. there were some in all the nine counties. Rochester Page 24 George Eastman Changed This.

Rochester Page 25 A total of 3, 167 other firms were en- ning in 1900 women were admitted too. cultural experiment station. Hobart Col- gaged in selected service trades; these of Its Memorial Art Gallery is today one lege has a long and interesting history; it course centered also in Rochester. The of the best-known art museums in the grew originally out of Geneva Academy, annual average receipts per establishment state. Rochester is the home of the East- which in 1822 was transformed into a col- were more than $17,000. man School of Music, which is connected lege by Episcopalians, and after 1825 be- with the University of Rochester; it is came known as Geneva College. In 1852 Bank deposits reached a total of $833,- known throughout the cultural world; the 202,000 in 1949, and averaged more than it was renamed Hobart College. Geneva Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra is one also was the home of a medical college, $1,000 for each resident of the Rochester of the best among cities the size of Roches- Area; the average in Monroe County was from which was graduated in 1849 Eliza- ter. Throughout its history Rochester has beth Blackwell, the first woman physician $1,300, yet in Orleans County it was under been a pioneer in the field of public educa- $500. Following Monroe County total in the United States. Another educational tion since the turn of the century. Many of institution of historical importance was bank deposits were Ontario, Wayne, Gen- the educational practices taken for granted esee Livingston, Wyoming, Seneca, Or- the Ontario Female Seminary, which was in our own day were started here. It was a organized at Canandaigua in_ 1825. It was lean's, and Yates. A further indication of pioneer in the teaching of homemaking; the economic well-being of the Rochester one of the national leaders In providing it taught sewing as early as 1901, and cook- education for women at a time when edu- Area is the relatively large number of ing as early as 1908. It was also a pioneer motor vehicles owned here (approaching cation was considered necessary for men in the movement to provide special train- only. 300 000 in 1950). There were about a ing for children who were below normal qua'rter of a million telephones in service in intelligence. Rochester was also the in 1949 nearly one for every three people. first city east of the Mississippi to have St. Bernard's Seminary in Rochester The full property value of the Area in junior high schools, as we understand was founded in 1891 and opened in 1893 1949 was about a billion and a quarter. their definition today. There are many to prepare students for the priesthood of Taxes levied varied from a county high in additional aspects of Rochester's cultural the Roman Catholic Church. More than Wyoming County, of 4.3 percent of full achievement; and various other educa- 2000 have been ordained to the priest- value, to 3.3 in Yates and Ontano. tional institutions and cultural societies hood. Nazareth College, also in Roches- too numerous to mention here. It should ter, was founded in 1924. Conducted by be sufficient to state that Rochester's cul- the Sisters of Saint Joseph, it is dedicated tural traditions have been and are out- to higher education for women. Yet another Rochester educational institution is standing, and that the accomplishments in this field have proved as far-reachmg as St.John Fisher College which opened its the achievements in industry and agri- doors in 1951 and graduated its first class culture. in 195 5. It is under the direction of the Basilian Fathers.

CHAPTER VII Education It is d i fficu It to find another a rea whose There are a total of twelve institutions development and achievements are as nu- of higher learning in the Rochester Area. merous and as well balanced. With such The largest is the University of Rochester, fine traditions, so much economic wealth, which has an enrollment of 6,500 students; and such fine cultural opportunities, the it was founded in 1850, and was of Baptist Rochester Area is well equipped to re- origin, as was the Rochester Theological main a leader in the Empire State as the Seminary, founded soon after. At first t_he Geneva boasts also of Hobart College, future unfolds. May the Great Spirit cou- University was for men only, but begm- William Smith College, and a state agri- tinue to bless the land of the Senecas. Rochester Page 26 Rochester Area Index A D . Geneva, Treaty of, 7 n. Adams, John Quincy, 12 Dansville, 20 German immigrants, 16 Aeolian American Corporation, 19 Denouville, Governor, 4 Germans, 7 agriculture, 23 Despatch Shops, Inc., 19 Germany, 16 Albany, 8 . Doehler Harvester Corporation, 20 Gleason Works, 19 Albion, 20 Doolittle raspberry, 23 "Glen Iris," 24 America, 8 Dresden, 11 Gorham, Nathaniel, 7 American - army, 4; frontier settlements,4; Dutch, 3 Gould Pumps, Inc., 16 government, 4; settlers, 4, 7; soil, 4 E "Grand Canyon of the East, The," 24 American Home Foods, Inc., 19 East Rochester, 19, 24 Grand Chapter, 12 Americans, 7 Eastman, George, 16, 25 Great Genesee Road, 8 Anthony, Susan B., 15 Eastman Kodak Company, 16 Great Spirit, 3, 26 Antimasonic Party, 12 Eastman School of Music, 26 anti-Masons, 12 Easton, Pennsylvania, 4 H Atlantic, 3 education, 26 H. J. Heinz Company, 20 Attica, 20 Egypt, 3 Hickey-Freeman Company, 19 Auburn, 11, 15 Ellicott, Joseph, 7 Highland Park, 24 Elmira, 8 Hobart College, 26 B Holland Purchase, 7 Babcock, S. M., 23 Empire State, 1 Englishman, 7 Honeoye, 4 Babylon, 3 Hudson River, 8 Baptist origin, 26 Episcopalians, 26 Bare Hill, 3 Erie Canal, 3, 6 ill., 11, 19 I Basilian Fathers, 26 Erie, Lake, 8 Indian- allies, 4; claims, 7; lands, 3; orator, Batavia, 7, 12, 20, 24; News, 24 F 3; trails, 8; trap, 4; victory, 4; villages, 4; Bausch, John Jacob, 16 warriors, 24 Bausch & Lomb Optical Company, 16 Fairport, 19 Indians, 2 ill., 3, 4, 7, 24 Bible, 12 Fanny Farmer Candy Shops, Inc., 19 industry, 8, 16-20, 24 f. Big Tree Treaty, 5 Far Western frontier, 15 "Iron Horse " 11 Blackwell, Miss Elizabeth, 16, 26 Fasco Industries, Inc., 19 Irondequoit,' 8 n. Bloomer, Mrs. Amelia, 15 f. Fashion Park, Inc., 19 Ironaequoit Bay, 4 Bloomer girls, 14 ill. Fayette, 12, 23 Iroquois, 4; Confederacy, 3; League, 3; na- Bond Stores, Inc., 19 Fillmore, Millard, 24 tions, 3, 4 Book of Mormon, 12 Finger Lakes Region, 24 Boston, 15 Flour City, 8, 23 J Britain, 4 Flower City, 8 Jackson, President Andrew, 12 British, 3 Fox, Kate, 15 Jell-0, 20 Brockport, 11, 19 Fox, Margaret, 15 "Jemimanites," 11 Brooklyn, 8 Fox family, 15 Jemison, Mary, 24 Buffalo, 8, 11; Creek, 7 n. Fremin, Father Jacques, 3 Jerusalem, 11 Butlers, 4 French, 1 ill., 3, 4; Canadian fur traders, 4; Johnson, Sir William, 4 c fur traders, 4; Jesuit, 2 ill.; Jesuit mission- J ohnsons, 4 . Canada, 3, 12, 15 aries, 3; reserves, 4 Joncaire, Chabert de, 4 Canadian - cities, 8; wife, 12 French and Indian War, last, 4 Joncaire influence, 4 canals, 8 French and Indian Wars, 4 Joseph, Saint, 3 Canandaigua, 3, 4, 8, 11, 12, 15, 16, 19, 24, 26; Messenger, 24 G K Canandaigua Lake, 3 Gannett Company, Inc., 19 Kanandesaga, Treaty of, 7 n. Cayuga Mission, 3 Garlock Packing Company, 20 Keuka Lake, 3, 8 Cayuga County, 3 General Motors Corporation, 19 Kodak, 16; factories, 8 Cayuga Lake, 3 General Railway Signal Company, 19 Cayuga, 3 Genesee Castle, 4 L Chaumont, Father, 3 Genesee County, 1, 7, 12, 20, 23, 26 Lamb, Sectional Atlas of New York State, Chemung Canal, 8 Genesee Falls, 21 ill. 7 n. Civil War, 19, 23 Genesee Fanner, 23 Lapp Insulator Company, Inc., 20 Clinton, De Witt, 8, 12 Genesee River, 3, 6 ill., 7, 8, 24 LeRoy, 20 Clinton, General James, 4 Genesee Valley, 3, 8, 24; Canal, 8 Letchworth, William Pryor, 24 Connecticut, 7 Geneseo, 20 Letchworth State Park, 24 Crooked Lake Canal, 8 Geneva, 4, 7, 8, 11, 16, 19, 23, 26; Times, 24 Lily, 15 Cumorah Hill, 12, 24 Geneva Academy, 26 Livingston, John 7 Note - ill.= illustration; n =footnote; q quoted ROCHESTER INDEX (continued) Livingston County, 1, 20, 23, 26 Olean, 8 Seneca Lake, 3, 4, 8, 11 Lomb, Henry, 16 Ontario County, 1, 12, 19, 23, 26 Senecas, 3, 4, 24, 26 Lyons, 20 Ontario Female Seminary, 16, 26 settlement, 3, 7 Ontario, Lake, 1, 3, 8, 12, 24 Shuron Optical Company, Inc., 19 M Orleans County, 1, 7, 20, 23, 26 Sisters of Saint Joseph, 26 Manchest er, 12 Snider Company, 20 Maryland, 7 p social and political life, 11-16 Masonry, 12 Palmyra, 12, 20 St. Bernard's Seminary, 26 Masons, 12; Royal Arch, 12 Penn Yan, 20 Stanton, Mrs. Elizabeth Cady, 15 q. Massachusetts, 7; Legislature, 7 Pennsylvania, 3, 7, 8 Stanwix, For t - treaties, 7 n.; Treaty of, 4 Massey-Harris Company, 20 Perry, 20 Stromberg-Carlson Company, 19 McKelvey, Dr. Blake, "Rochester and the Erie Perry Knitting Company, 20 Sullivan, General John, 4 Canal," 8 n. q. personalities, 15 f . Sullivan-Clinton campaign of 1779, 4 Medina, 20; Journal Register, 24 Pfaudler Company, 19 Syracuse, 11; Area, 3, 7 Memorial A r t Gallery, 26 Phelps, Oliver, 7 Michaels-Stern & Company, Inc., 19 Phelps and Gorham Purchase, 7 T Michel, Saint, 3 Phelps-Gorham story, 7 Taylor Instrument Company, 19 Middle West, 8 Philadelphia, 7 15 Timely Clothes, Inc., 19 Military Tract, 7 population, 19 f . Tioga, 4 Miller, David C., 12 P r eemption Line, 7 Tobin P acking Company, Inc., 19 Mississippi R iver, 26 Pulteney, Sir William, 7 Todd Company, Inc., 19 Mohawk Area, 3 Pulteney holdings, 7 Tuck, Luther, 23 Mohawks, 4 Monroe County, 1, 8, 12, 16, 19, 23, 26 R u Morgan, William, 12 railroads, 11 Union Soldiers, 23 Morgan's wife, 12 Red Jacket, 3, 24 Union Springs, 3 Mormon movement, 15 resorts, 24 United Sta tes, 16, 23, 26 Mormons, 15 Revolution, 3, 4, 7 Utica, 8 Moroni, 12 RitterCompany, Inc., 19 Morris, Robert, 7 Rochester, 1, 6 ill., 8, 11, 15, 16, 19, 20, 23 v Morris, Thomas, 5 ill. 24, 26; bank, 16; Courthouse, 18 ill.; Demo- Vermont, 12 Morris Reserve, 7 crat and Chronicle, 24; 1840, 22 ill.; firms, Mott, Mrs. Lucretia, 15 q. 19; hotels, 24; people, 8; "rappings," 15; w Mount Mor ris, 20, 24 Times-Union, 24; University of, 26 W ar of 1812, 8 "Rochester and the Erie Canal," McKelvey, wars, 4 N 8 n. q. Warsaw, 20 National Republican Party, 12 Rochester Municipal Airport, 24 Washington, General George, 3 Nazareth College, 26 Rochester Philosophical Society, 26 Waterloo, 20 New England, 11; neighbor, 11 Rochester Theological Seminary, 26 Wayne County, 1, 7, 12, 15, 20, 23, 26 New Genesee Fanner, 23 Rochester Upper Falls, 17 ill. Wilkinson, Jemima, 11; "Universal F riend," New Jersey, 7 Roman Catholic. Church, 26 9 ill. New York City, 8, 11, 16, 19, 23 Rome, 4 . William Smith College, 26 New York State, 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 15, 16, 23; Rome (Italy) , 3 Williamson, Charles, 7 frontier, 11; Governor, 12; land, 4; Legisla- Wirt, William, 12 ture, 7; western, 4, 7 s Wollensak Optical Company, 19 New Yorkers, 7 Samson United Corporation, 19 Women's Rights Convention, 15 Newark, 20, 24 Sectional Atlas of New York State, Lamb, 7 n. Women's State Temperance Convention, 16 newspapers, 24 Seneca- chief, 4; chieftains, 3; Indians, 1 ill., Wright, Mrs. Martha, 15 Niaga ra, Fort, 12 5 ill., 24; lands, 3; legends, 3; mission, 3; Wyoming County, 1, 7, 20, 23, 26 North America, 4 nation, 3; villages, 4; warriors, 4 Seneca and Cayuga Canal, 8 y 0 Seneca County, 1, 4, 7, 12, 20, 23, 26 Yauman & Erbe Manufacturing Company, 19 Ohio, 15, 24 Seneca Falls, 8, 15, 20 Young, Brigham, 15 List of Suggested Activities for Rochester Area 1. On an outline map of New York State, draw in the nine 6. 0n a transportation map of New York State locate the fol- counties of this area and locate the county seat of each one. Also lowing: Use your Atlas. include the natural waterways that help to make up this area. I . Erie Canal 2. Genesee Valley Canal 2. Draw a map of New York and on it, label the territory which Chemung Canal belonged to each of the five tribes that made up the Iroquois League. 3. 4. Seneca and Cayuga Canal Color each territory so the extent of it can be easily be seen. 5. Crooked Lake Canal 3. In the Atlas, look up the routes followed by General John 6. Oswego Canal Sullivan and James Clinton as they came into western New York 7. Oneida Lake Canal State to break the power of the Iroquois. Then draw a free hand map of New York State and with two different colors trace their routes. 7. Imagine you are traveling on the Erie Canal from Albany to Locate each place of importance in the expedition. Buffalo in the 1820's. Write a letter (using correct letter form) to a friend telling him of your experiences. 4. Consult other sections of this series, the Teacher Edition index, and your encyclopedia to learn more of the biographies of: 8. Plan a discussion on the merits of railroad transportation Red Jacket Fox Sisters over canal transportation in the period 1820-1840. Outline your Father Isaac J ogues Susan B. Anthony arguments for and against. Have several teams of two, then allow General John Sullivan Amelia Bloomer the class to decide which means of transportation has the best argu- General James Clinton George Eastman ments presented. Charles Williamson John Jacob Bausch 9. List the industries and products this area produces in chart Joseph Ellicott Henry Lamb form as: Jemima Wilkinson Mary Jemison City or Village, Industry, Products Joseph Smith From the above chart make a large New York State map on oak 5. Do an outline map of western New York State, placing on tag or heavy cardboard. On it put it the following places of importance in the western settlement of the I . all of the industrial communities, state. Also consult your Atlas. 2. all of the products (Draw a picture of the product, cut it from 1 . Military Tract a magazine, or put on the real product or a portion of it). 2. Preemption Line 3. Phelps and Gorham Purchase 1 0. This Rochester area is a leader in agricultural production. 4. Pulteney Estate Make a chart of the agricultural products as: 5. Bath County, Product 6. Morris Reserve From this chart make a large New York State map and put on it 7. Holland Land Company I. all of the counties 8. Batavia 2. all of the agricultural products (Draw a picture of the product, cut 9. Your community, if you live in western New York State. it from a magazine, or put on the real product).