DOCSLIB.ORG

Ast Until 1204, Leaves from Venice

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ast Until 1204, Leaves from Venice Timeline / 1200 to 1800 / ALL COUNTRIES Date Country | Description 1184 - 1209 A.D. Tunisia The powers of the Almohads declines. 1202 A.D. Italy The Fourth Crusade, which will last until 1204, leaves from Venice. 1204 A.D. Turkey Capture of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusaders; Nicea becomes the new capital of the Byzantine Empire. 1205 A.D. Croatia Dubrovnik recognises the authority of Venice, which will last until 1358. In that period Dubrovnik was obliged to pay Venice annual tribute and to accept Venetians as its dukes and archbishops. 1206 A.D. Syria Badi' al-Zaman al-Jazari (from al-Jazira) is commissioned by the Atabeg Artuqid court to write his brilliant illustrated manuscript on mechanical engineering, a milestone in technology history. 1207 A.D. Spain Approximate date of Cantar de Mio Cid, the principal work of the epic Castilian poem. 1208 A.D. France Albigensian Crusade against Cathars established in southern France triggers the conquest of the Languedoc by barons from the north of France. The Kingdom of France experiences an unprecedented period of economic and cultural expansion. 1210 A.D. Italy Saint Francis of Assisi writes his Rule, inspired by the principles of poverty, errant preaching and Christian charity. Frederick II (1211–50), already King of Sicily, is crowned emperor. 1210 A.D. Hungary A notary of King Béla III (Anonymus ‘Magister P.’) writes a chronicle of the Hungarian conquest and settlement (Gesta Hungarorum). The beginning of the rebuilding of the Kalocsa abbey (built in the 11th century). 1212 A.D. Morocco Date Country | Description The Almohads lose the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in Andalusia. 1212 A.D. Spain Almohad defeat at Navas de Tolosa, marking the beginning of their decline. 1212 A.D. Czech Republic Golden Bull of Sicily: Roman King Friedrich II defines the relationship between Czech kings and the Holy Roman Empire. The Czech king becomes one of seven electors privileged to elect the Roman king. 1215 A.D. United Kingdom English barons force King John to agree to a statement of their rights and sign the Magna Carta, which limits his power and paves the way towards a constitutional monarchy in England. 1217 A.D. Portugal Conquest of Alcácer do Sal. 1221 A.D. Hungary After writing the Summa de paenintentia Paulus Hungarus, a canon lawyer, returns from Bologna and organises the Dominican order in Hungary. French architect Villard de Honnecourt visits Hungary. 1222 A.D. Hungary Displeased with the king’s rule noblemen force King András II to sign the Golden Bull that limits his power. In another order the king strengthens the privileges of the ecclesiastical order. 1225 A.D. Turkey Anatolian Seljuq Sultan Alaeddin Keykubad marries the daughter of the Ayyubid Sultan al-Malik Adil. 1228 - 1236 A.D. Tunisia The Hafsid Kingdom of Tunis exerts a remarkable influence in politics, economics and culture. 1229 A.D. Germany Friedrich II (1215–50), Emperor of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty and King of Sicily, becomes King of Jerusalem during the Fifth Crusade. He was influenced by Islamic traditions. 1229 A.D. Turkey Date Country | Description A trade treaty is signed between Anatolian Seljuqs and the Venetians. 1229 - 1249 A.D. Jordan The Ayyubid king al-Nasir Dawud establishes an emirate at Karak; he erects a hospital (bimaristan) to treat the sick and to teach medicine. 1230 - 1240 A.D. Syria One of the greatest Sufis of Islam, Ibn al-Arabi (b. 1156), travels all around the Muslim lands and finally settles in Damascus where, under Ayyubid patronage, he composes many works. 1230 A.D. Spain Permanent union of the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Leon. 1233 - 1235 A.D. Algeria The Hafsids take several town in Central Maghreb: Constantine (1233) and Béjaia (1235). 1234 A.D. Czech Republic Establishment of towns. German colonisation. Invasion of the Mongolians (1241). Introduction of mining law (1249), the provincial court (1253) and provincial statutes. The Inquisition introduced (1257). 1236 A.D. Algeria Birth of the ‘Abd al-Wadid Dynasty in Tlemcen and the long reign of Abu Yahya I ibn Zayyan, making Tlemcen an important commercial, cultural and spiritual centre in Central Maghreb. 1236 A.D. Italy The first seigniories are formed, in Milan under Filippo della Torre, in Ferrara with Obizzo d’Este and in Mantova with the Gonzaga family. 1238 A.D. Spain Birth of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada. 1240 A.D. Egypt Al-Salih Ayyub builds up an army of Turkish slaves and houses them in his fortress on Roda island in the Nile. They come to be known as the Bahri Mamluks. 1241 A.D. Hungary Date Country | Description Battle of Muhi: Mongolian troops led by Khan Batu defeat the army of King Béla IV. At the end of the Mongol invasion in 1242 Austrian and Styrian forces also attacked Hungary, which was rebuilt by King Béla IV. 1242 A.D. Croatia The Croatian–Hungarian King Bela IV grants the Golden Bull to Gradec, as a token of appreciation for the citizens who provided him shelter during the Tatarian invasion. 1243 A.D. Turkey The Battle of Köseda# and the invasion of Anatolia by the Mongols. 1244 A.D. Spain Treaty of Almizra by means of which Castile and Aragon divided al-Andalus. 1246 A.D. France Charles of Anjou, brother of the King of France, marries Beatrice, heir to the Count of Provence. Sailors from Marseilles become special allies of the Angevins in southern Italy. 1247 A.D. Jordan The Ayyubid king al-Salih Najm al-Din orders the construction of a congregational mosque at Ajlun; it seems not to have had a minaret. 1249 A.D. Egypt Louis IX is captured by the Ayyubid army in Mansourah and later released for a ransom of 100,000 dinars. Al-Salih Ayyub dies and is succeeded by his son Turan Shah who shatters the Crusader army attacking the Delta. 1249 A.D. Portugal End of the Christian conquest of the west of the peninsula. 1250 A.D. Egypt Brief reign of Shajar al-Durr, widow of al-Salih Ayyub, as Sultana for 80 days. 1250 A.D. Sweden Stockholm, Sweden’s capital today is founded by Birger Jarl. 1250 A.D. Italy Death of Frederick II. 1253 A.D. Tunisia Date Country | Description The socio-cultural movement in Ifriqiya flourishes with individuals such as Sidi Bou Saïd and Sidi Mehrez venerated as patron saints. 1258 A.D. Italy Manfred, son of Frederick II, becomes King of Sicily (1258–66). 1259 A.D. Germany The Hanseatic League, an alliance of trading guilds from the cities of Lübeck, Hamburg, Wismar and Rostock is officially founded. 1259 - 1260 A.D. Syria After devastating Baghdad, the Mongols, led by Hulegu, invade Syria and put an end to the Ayyubid dynasty. The Mongols lose Syria when they are defeated by the Mamluks in Ain Jalut. 1260 A.D. Egypt Al-Zahir Baybars defeats the Mongols at Ain Jalut and reinstates the Abbasid caliph in Cairo. 1260 A.D. Palestine* The battle of ‘Ain Jalut, the first defeat of the Mogul armies and the rise of the Mamluk power in Greater Syria in addition to Egypt. 1260 A.D. Jordan On 3 September the Battle of ‘Ain Jalut takes place in Palestine between the Muslim Mamluks and the nomadic tribes of Mongols who defeated the Islamic world in the 13th century, destroying cities and killing citizens. The Mamluk victory in this battle stops the march of the Mongol army in Jordan and Palestine. 1262 A.D. Jordan The Mamluk Sultan al-Zahir Baybars captures Karak castle from the Ayyubids, putting an end to Ayyubid rule there; he rebuilt some of its towers and transferred his wealth to it. 1263 A.D. Spain Código de las Siete Partidas, a return to Roman law with the unification of Castilian laws. 1266 A.D. United Kingdom Three years after Scottish victory at Largs, Alexander III of Scotland and Magnus IV of Norway sign the treaty of Perth, handing sovereignty over the Western Isles and the Isle of Man to Scotland. Date Country | Description 1268 A.D. Germany Konradin, son of King Konrad IV of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty, is beheaded. This ends the German emperorship in Italy. 1268 A.D. Egypt Al-Zahir Baybars captures the city of Antioch, the second Crusader state in the Levant after al-Raha. 1269 A.D. Morocco The Marinids enter Marrakesh, ousting the Almohads. 1270 A.D. Tunisia Death of Louis IX at the gates of Carthage during the Eighth Crusade against the Kingdom of Tunis. 1270 A.D. France Death of Louis IX at the gates of Tunis during the Eighth Crusade following an initial defeat in Egypt (Seventh Crusade). Louis IX will be canonised in 1297. 1271 A.D. Syria Crac des Chevaliers, a critical Crusader stronghold in the Syrian coastal mountains, falls to the Mamluk Sultan al-Zahir Baybars (r. 1260–77). 1271 A.D. Italy Marco Polo, son of a Venetian merchant, departs for China with his father Nicolò and uncle Matteo. He is one of the first Westerners to reach China. 1273 A.D. Turkey The death of poet Mevlana Rumi (born in Belh, Afghanistan, (1207?). 1275 A.D. Germany The oldest German code of law (Sachsenspiegel), written by Eike von Repgow (ca.1180–d. after 1233) in Latin and translated to German appears in final form. It becomes a standard for all future codes of law. 1276 A.D. Egypt Al-Zahir Baybars defeats the Tartars in Asia Minor. 1276 A.D. Morocco The Marinid Sultan Abu Yusuf takes Algeciras, Tarifa and Ronda and founds the town of Fez al-Jdid, al-Madina al-Bayda, in Fez.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Ilkhanate of Iran
    OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi POWER, POLITICS, AND TRADITION IN THE MONGOL EMPIRE AND THE ĪlkhānaTE OF IRAN OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Īlkhānate of Iran MICHAEL HOPE 1 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6D P, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Michael Hope 2016 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2016 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2016932271 ISBN 978–0–19–876859–3 Printed in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only.
    [Show full text]
  • Encyclopaedism in the Mamluk Period: the Composition of Shihāb Al-Dīn Al-Nuwayrī’S (D
    Encyclopaedism in the Mamluk Period: The Composition of Shihāb al-Dīn al-Nuwayrī’s (D. 1333) Nihāyat al-Arab fī Funūn al-Adab The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Muhanna, Elias Ibrahim. 2012. Encyclopaedism in the Mamluk Period: The Composition of Shihāb al-Dīn al-Nuwayrī’s (D. 1333) Nihāyat al-Arab fī Funūn al-Adab. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:9366551 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA © 2012 Elias Muhanna All rights reserved. Advisor: Professor Wolfhart P. Heinrichs Elias Muhanna Encyclopaedism in the Mamluk Period: The Composition of Shihāb al-Dīn al-Nuwayrī’s (d. 1333) Nihāyat al-arab fī funūn al-adab Abstract This dissertation explores the emergence of a golden age of Arabic encyclopaedic literature in the scholarly centers of Egypt and Syria during the Mamluk Empire (1250-1517). At the heart of the project is a study of Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-Wahhāb al-Nuwayrī’s (d. 1333) Nihāyat al-arab fī funūn al-adab (‘The Ultimate Ambition in the Branches of Erudition’), a 31-volume encyclopaedic work composed at the beginning of the 14th century and divided into five parts: (i) heaven and earth; (ii) the human being; (iii) animals; (iv) plants; and (v) the history of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Resources for the Study of Islamic Architecture Historical Section
    RESOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE HISTORICAL SECTION Prepared by: Sabri Jarrar András Riedlmayer Jeffrey B. Spurr © 1994 AGA KHAN PROGRAM FOR ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE RESOURCES FOR THE STUDY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE HISTORICAL SECTION BIBLIOGRAPHIC COMPONENT Historical Section, Bibliographic Component Reference Books BASIC REFERENCE TOOLS FOR THE HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ART AND ARCHITECTURE This list covers bibliographies, periodical indexes and other basic research tools; also included is a selection of monographs and surveys of architecture, with an emphasis on recent and well-illustrated works published after 1980. For an annotated guide to the most important such works published prior to that date, see Terry Allen, Islamic Architecture: An Introductory Bibliography. Cambridge, Mass., 1979 (available in photocopy from the Aga Khan Program at Harvard). For more comprehensive listings, see Creswell's Bibliography and its supplements, as well as the following subject bibliographies. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND PERIODICAL INDEXES Creswell, K. A. C. A Bibliography of the Architecture, Arts, and Crafts of Islam to 1st Jan. 1960 Cairo, 1961; reprt. 1978. /the largest and most comprehensive compilation of books and articles on all aspects of Islamic art and architecture (except numismatics- for titles on Islamic coins and medals see: L.A. Mayer, Bibliography of Moslem Numismatics and the periodical Numismatic Literature). Intelligently organized; incl. detailed annotations, e.g. listing buildings and objects illustrated in each of the works cited. Supplements: [1st]: 1961-1972 (Cairo, 1973); [2nd]: 1972-1980, with omissions from previous years (Cairo, 1984)./ Islamic Architecture: An Introductory Bibliography, ed. Terry Allen. Cambridge, Mass., 1979. /a selective and intelligently organized general overview of the literature to that date, with detailed and often critical annotations./ Index Islamicus 1665-1905, ed.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline / 1810 to 1850
    Timeline / 1810 to 1850 Date Country Theme 1810 - 1830 Tunisia Economy And Trade Situated at the confluence of the seas of the Mediterranean, Tunis is seen as a great commercial city that many of her neighbours fear. Food and luxury goods are in abundance and considerable fortunes are created through international trade and the trade-race at sea. 1810 - 1845 Tunisia Migrations Taking advantage of treaties known as Capitulations an increasing number of Europeans arrive to seek their fortune in the commerce and industry of the regency, in particular the Leghorn Jews, Italians and Maltese. 1810 - 1850 Tunisia Migrations Important increase in the arrival of black slaves. The slave market is supplied by seasonal caravans and the Fezzan from Ghadames and the sub-Saharan region in general. 1810 - 1850 Tunisia Rediscovering The Past Travellers and explorers of modern times have scoured and described the Regency of Tunis. Their missions to the region provided occasions to discover the remains of antiquity and open up new fields of research to European scholars. 1810 - 1822 Morocco Political Context In relation to trade policy, Mulay Sulayman opposes the liberalism of his father Muhammad Ibn ‘Abd Allah by passing an edict in 1814 imposing a 50 per cent duty on imports, and takes restrictive measures by banning the export of most Moroccan commodities to Europe, including grain, oil, wool, animal hides and livestock. The years of drought and swarms of locusts that devastated all crops between 1810 and 1816 caused a shortage of basic commodities, price increases and famine, on top of the plague epidemics that swept the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Jacques De M Jacques De Molay
    Jacques De Molay Born 1240–1250 Franche-Comté Died 18 March 1314 Paris Nationality French Known for Knights Templar Coat of arms of Jacques de Molay Jacques de Malay (c. 1244 – 18 March 1314) [1] was the 23rd and last Grand Master of the Knights Templar , leading the Order f rom 20 April 1292 until it was dissolved by order of Pope Clement V in 1307. Though little is known of his actual life and deeds except for his last years as Grand Master, he is the best k nown Templar, along with the Order's founder and first Grand Master, Hughes de Payens (1070 –1136). Jacques de Malay’s goal as Grand Master was to reform the Order, and adjust it to the situation in the Holy Land during the waning days of the Crusades . As European support for the Crusades had dwindled, other forces were at work which sought to disband the Order and claim the wealth of the Tememplar’s as their own. King Philip IV off FranceF , deeply in debt to the Templars, had de Molay and many other French Templars arrested in 1307 and tortured into making false confessions. When de Molay later retracted his confession, Philip had him slowly burned upon a scaffold on an island in the River Seine in Paris , in March 1314. The sudden end of both the centuries-old order of Templars, and the dramatic execution of its last leader, turned de Molay into a legendary figure. Youth source Little is known of his early years, but de Molay was probably born in Molay, Haute- Saone , in the county of Burgundy , at the time a territory ruled by Otto III as part of the Holy Roman Empire , and in modern times in the area of Franche-Comté , northeastern France.
    [Show full text]
  • Anadolu'da Moğol Boyları - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi/ International Journal of Historical Researches, Yıl/Vol
    Anadolu Moğolları: Anadolu'da Moğol Boyları - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi/ International Journal of Historical Researches, Yıl/Vol. 1, Sayı/No. 1 Bahar/Spring 2018 Anadolu Moğolları: Anadolu'da Moğol Boyları Ekizceliler.com* Marco Polo* Sadun Köprülü* Anadolu Moğolları* Özet Moğolcalı, Moğolcalu, Moğulcalı, Moğulcalu, Muğalcalı, Muğalcalu, Muğulcalı, Muğulcalu, Muscalı, Muscalu, Musacalı, Musacalu, Müscalı, Müscalu, Müsacalı, Müsacalu, Musulcalı, Musulculu, Musulcalu, Muslucalı, Muslucu, Muslucalu aşireti – diye Irak’ın Musul, TELAFER Türk-Moğolları. Türkleşmiş Moğol aşiretidir. Bugün (Emirdağ’ında “Nevahi-i Barçın Kazası”) Ekizce köyünde yaşarlar. Ve Jırgın (Cırgın) aşiretide bugün (Emirdağ’ında “Nevahi-i Barçın Kazası”) yaşarlar. Ve Diğer Moğol boyları: Tatarlar, Kireyitler, Naymanlar, Sünit, Bisüvüt, Suganut, Mangıt, Kurulas, Kongırat, Dürben, Kıyat, Bayaut (Bayat), Barın, Barlas, İlhanlı, Uyrat aşireti, Suldus aşireti, Celayir aşireti, Sutay (Sutai) aşireti, Tatar aşireti, Mugal Tatarları cemaati, Moğultay cemaati (İçel Yörükleri), Çalış ("Tataran-ı Gayiban" Arsa Yüzü Bölüğü) aşireti, Çavurcu cemaati, Garb Yüzü Bölüğü (Tataran-ı Mugal), Gayiban Tatarları, Haymene-i Tataran-ı Mugal cemaati, Hamis Ağıl (Ulu Azman "Tataran-ı Mugal" Garb Yüzü Bölüğü), Hindüler cemaati ("Baybal Özü Bölüğü" Baybal Özü Bölüğü), İletmiş Bölüğü cemaati (Tataran Cemaati), Karataylu cemaati ("Moğol Tatarları cemaati" Arsa Yüzü Bölüğü), Kayabalu Bölüğü cemaati (Tataran-ı Mugal), Konbaklar cemaati (Tataran-ı Mugal), Nureddin cemaati ("Moğol Tatarları
    [Show full text]
  • Authority and Identity in Medieval Islamic Historiography
    Authority and Identity in Medieval Islamic Historiography Intriguing dreams, improbable myths, fanciful genealogies, and suspect etymologies. These were all key elements of the historical texts com- posed by scholars and bureaucrats on the peripheries of Islamic empires between the tenth and fifteenth centuries. But how are historians to interpret such narratives? And what can these more literary histories tell us about the people who wrote them and the times in which they lived? In this book, Mimi Hanaoka offers an innovative, interdisciplinary method of approaching these sorts of local histories from the Persianate world. By paying attention to the purpose and intention behind a text’s creation, her book highlights the preoccupation with authority to rule and legitimacy within disparate regional, provincial, ethnic, sectarian, ideological, and professional communities. By reading these texts in such a way, Hanaoka transforms the literary patterns of these fantastic histories into rich sources of information about identity, rhetoric, authority, legitimacy, and centre–periphery relations. Mimi Hanaoka is Assistant Professor of Religious Studies at the Uni- versity of Richmond, where she is a scholar of history and religion. Her publications include scholarly journal articles on Persian and Islamic history and historiography. Her work as a social and cultural historian focuses on Iran and the Persianate world from the tenth to fifteenth centuries, concentrating on issues of authority and identity. In the field of global history, she concentrates on interactions between the Middle East and East Asia, focusing on the history of Iran–Japan relations. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization Editorial Board Chase F. Robinson, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York (general editor) David O.
    [Show full text]
  • Metalwork and Material Culture in the Islamic World
    Metalwork and material culture in the islamic world Metalwork and material culture in the islamic world ARt, Craft and Text Essays presented to James W. Allan edited by Venetia Porter and Mariam Rosser-Owen Published in 2012 by I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 www.ibtauris.com Distributed in the United States and Canada Exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 Copyright © Venetia Porter and Mariam Rosser-Owen 2012 The right of the Venetia Porter and Mariam Rosser-Owen to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN ????????????????? A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library A full CIP record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Library of Congress catalog card: available Designed and typeset in Jenson by Dexter Haven Associates Ltd, London Printed and bound in Great Britain by ??? contents Contributors ix Introduction Venetia Porter and Mariam Rosser-Owen 1 1 The Principle of Parsimony and the Problem of the ‘Mosul School of Metalwork’ Julian Raby 11 PART 1 MetalworK from the Iranian world 87 2 Metalwork
    [Show full text]
  • Crossing the Strait from Morocco to the United States: the Transnational Gendering of the Atlantic World Before 1830
    CROSSING THE STRAIT FROM MOROCCO TO THE UNITED STATES: THE TRANSNATIONAL GENDERING OF THE ATLANTIC WORLD BEFORE 1830 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Marsha R. Robinson, MA ®®®®® The Ohio State University 2006 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Claire Robertson, Advisor Professor Ahmad Sikainga _________________________ Professor Stephen Hall Advisor History Graduate Program Copyright by Marsha Renee Robinson 2006 ABSTRACT This world women’s history is a comparative legal study tracing two thousand years of cultural contact through 1830 between the Saharan-based, gynecentric, Berian culture foundational to the Maliki Islam of the Berbers, Southern Arabs and Iberians, and the Mesopotamian and eastern Mediterranean patriarchy foundational to West Asiatic Islam and Western Christianity. The work explores the female-friendly Berian values common to the Saharan salt marsh diaspora and Almoravid Andalusia and North Africa, correcting patriarchal Sassanid influences upon Abbasid and Almohad omissions of female politicians from their imperial histories of the Maghrib. The European patriarchal bias began during Isabel I’s Reconquista Spain when the Spanish Inquisition attempted a purge of Berian matriliny. It continued with British harem envy, hyper-virility and political jealousy as Anglo-Americans engaged Barbary states. Western Christian philosophers, Freemasons, politicians and ministers used misperceptions of the harem to limit Western women’s economic and legal rights. In the U.S., this resulted in the simultaneous rise of domesticity, left-handed marriages, and de facto American polygyny. The Berber cultural influence on the U.S. occurred in the 1833 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Sample Chapter
    Copyrighted material – 9781352004137 Contents Preface viii 1 Chronology 1 The Ottoman Empire in 1650 1 Before the Ottomans 3 The Ottoman Emirate: from Triumph to Disaster, 1300–1402 6 The Ottoman Emirate: Civil War and Recovery, 1402–51 13 The Ottoman Empire: Conquest and Consolidation, 1451–1512 20 The Apogee of Empire, 1512–90 31 The Ottoman Times of Trouble, 1590–1650 47 Notes 60 2 The Dynasty 66 Reproduction and Family Structure 66 Succession 73 Accession 88 Legitimisation 92 Notes 99 3 Recruitment 103 Notes 115 4 The Palace 116 Palaces 116 The Household 119 The Imperial Council 124 Notes 142 5 The Provinces: Anatolia and the Balkan Peninsula 146 Provinces 146 Sanjaks 151 Fiefs 159 Peasant Tenements 169 The Provinces Transformed 170 Notes 178 v Copyrighted material – 9781352004137 Copyrighted material – 9781352004137 vi Contents 6 The Arab Provinces 182 Syria 182 Egypt 184 The Hijaz and Yemen 188 Abyssinia 190 Iraq and Eastern Arabia 192 The Maghrib 195 The Growth of Provincial Autonomy 199 Notes 203 7 The Law 207 Legal Communities 207 The Sacred Law 208 Colleges, Muftis and Judges 213 The Secular Law 229 Notes 235 8 Taxation 239 Taxes due to Fief-holders 239 Taxes due to the Treasury 242 Treasury Deficits 246 Tax-farming 250 Payments 254 Personnel 256 Notes 257 9 The Army 260 The Fourteenth Century 260 1400–1590: Troops 263 1400–1590: Weapons 271 1400–1590: Tactics 279 After 1590: the ‘Military Revolution’ 284 Notes 288 10 The Fleet 292 The Ottomans and the Sea 292 Ships 293 Shipbuilding 296 Admirals 300 Captains and Crews 304 Copyrighted material – 9781352004137 Copyrighted material – 9781352004137 Contents vii Troops 308 Tactics 310 Notes 315 Some Conclusions 319 Glossary 326 Sources Quoted 332 Bibliography 337 Index 363 Copyrighted material – 9781352004137 Copyrighted material – 9781352004137 1 Chronology THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN 1650 In 1650, the Ottoman Empire occupied lands in Europe, Asia and Africa.
    [Show full text]