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A Political Economy Analysis of Agricultural Development of Turkey's South-Eastern Anatolia Region

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A Political Economy Analysis of Agricultural Development of Turkey's South-Eastern Anatolia Region _________________________________________________________________________Swansea University E-Theses A Political Economy Analysis of Agricultural Development of Turkey's South-eastern Anatolia Region Inci, Ulas How to cite: _________________________________________________________________________ Inci, Ulas (2019) A Political Economy Analysis of Agricultural Development of Turkey's South-eastern Anatolia Region. Doctoral thesis, Swansea University. http://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa51067 Use policy: _________________________________________________________________________ This item is brought to you by Swansea University. 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Please link to the metadata record in the Swansea University repository, Cronfa (link given in the citation reference above.) http://www.swansea.ac.uk/library/researchsupport/ris-support/ SWANSEA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL AND CULTURAL STUDIES A Political Economy Analysis of Agricultural Development of Turkey's South-eastern Anatolia Region ULAS INCI MARCH 2019 Submitted to Swansea University in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ABSTRACT Rational choice theory, which has a prominent position in the study of politics, generally focusses on developed Western countries, former African colonies and Latin American countries but neglects countries with an imperial background. This research aims to fill this gap paying attention to Turkey’s political economy and more specifically to the Kurdish Question and agricultural development of the South-eastern Anatolia Region. Rational choice theory pays attention to intra-elite relationships in state formation but tends to overlook the role of the peripheral movements in shaping intra-elite relationships. Following the founding of modern Turkey, over time, a series of peripheral movements emerged. The highly centralised formation of the Turkish state, the conflicting relationship between the centre and the periphery, and its effects on intra-elite relationships in the dominant coalition will be discussed in this research, particularly within the context of the Kurdish Question. The Question is relevant to the relatively less development of the South-eastern Anatolia Region. The development narrative is used to both gain insights in the development problems of the region and in the Question. Since 2001, both neoliberal policies at national level and development interventions at regional level were concurrently employed to deal with the region’s problems. The effects of these policies will be under investigation to then critically assess the use of the rational choice theory for countries with an imperial history. I DECLARATION AND STATEMENT This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed ...................................................................... (candidate) Date ........................................................................ STATEMENT 1 This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Where correction services have been used, the extent and nature of the correction is clearly marked in a footnote(s). Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signed ..................................................................... (candidate) Date ........................................................................ STATEMENT 2 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter- library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ..................................................................... (candidate) Date ........................................................................ II TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. I DECLARATION AND STATEMENT ................................................................................. II TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................... VII LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ VIII LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. IX ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................ XI Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The Context and the Contribution of the Study .......................................................... 1 1.2 Key Concepts .................................................................................................................. 6 1.3 Research Questions ...................................................................................................... 10 1.4 Research Design and Methodology ............................................................................. 11 1.4.1 Focus and Limitations ............................................................................................. 11 1.4.2 Data Collection and Methodology ........................................................................... 13 1.4.3 Sampling for the Data Collection and Conduct of the Fieldwork ........................... 15 1.4.4 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................... 21 1.4.5 Ethical Considerations ............................................................................................. 22 1.5 Thesis Structure............................................................................................................ 22 PART 1: STATE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT ................................................ 24 Chapter 2: State Formation and Development from the Aspect of the Conflicting Relationship between the Centre and the Periphery .......................................................... 24 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 24 2.2 State Formation and Development in Rational Choice Theory and Its Critical Appraisal ............................................................................................................................. 24 2.2.1 The Cases of England and France as Developed Countries .................................... 28 2.2.2 The Case of Less Developed Countries in Africa as Former Colonies ................... 33 2.3 The Case of Turkey: State Formation and Development from the Aspect of the Conflicting Relationship between the Centre and the Periphery .................................. 34 2.3.1 Turkey’s Path Dependency: The Political Economic Heritage from the Ottomans 36 2.3.2 Modern Turkey until 1980 ....................................................................................... 40 2.3.3 Modern Turkey between 1980 and 2000 ................................................................. 44 2.4 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 49 III Chapter 3: The Kurdish Question as a Peripheral Movement: Political Collective Action and Ethnic Social Capital ...................................................................................................... 51 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 51 3.2 Social Capital and Collective Action .......................................................................... 51 3.3 Intra-Ethnic and Inter-Ethnic Social Capital ............................................................ 54 3.4 The Ethnic Social Capital of Kurds in Turkey .......................................................... 56 3.5 The Formation of Kurdish Ethnic Social Capital in the Kurdish Question ........... 58 3.6 The Military Narrative and the Development Narrative around the Kurdish Question............................................................................................................................... 61 3.7 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 65 Chapter 4: Turkey’s Political Economy and the South-eastern Anatolia Region’s Agriculture.............................................................................................................................
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