T Introducing Vigilant Audiences Justice Seeking through Global Digital Media ROTTIER DANIEL TROTTIER, RASHID GABDULHAKOV AND QIAN HUANG , G This ground-breaking collec� on of essays examines the scope and consequences of ABDULHAKOV digital vigilan� sm — a phenomenon emerging on a global scale, which sees digital audiences using social pla� orms to shape social and poli� cal life. Longstanding forms of moral scru� ny and jus� ce seeking are disseminated through our Introducing contemporary media landscape, and researchers are increasingly recognising the signifi cance of societal impacts eff ected by digital media. Vigilant AND The authors engage with a range of cross-disciplinary perspec� ves in order to Audiences explore the ac� ons of a vigilant digital audience — denuncia� on, shaming, doxing H — and to consider the role of the press and other public fi gures in suppor� ng or contes� ng these ac� vi� es. In turn, the volume illuminates several tensions UANG underlying these jus� ce seeking ac� vi� es — from their capacity to reproduce categorical forms of discrimina� on, to the diverse mo� va� ons of the wider audiences who par� cipate in vigilant denuncia� ons. I This � mely volume presents though� ul case studies drawn both from high-profi le DANIEL TROTTIER, Anglo-American contexts, and from developments in regions that have received RASHID GABDULHAKOV less coverage in English-language scholarship. It is dis� nc� ve in its focus on the NTRODUCING AND QIAN HUANG contested boundary between policing and entertainment, and on the various contexts in which the desire to seek retribu� on converges with the desire to consume entertainment. As with all Open Book publica� ons, this en� re book is available to read for free on V the publisher’s website. Printed and digital edi� ons, together with supplementary IGILANT digital material, can also be found at www.openbookpublishers.com Cover Image: Photo by Vino Li on Unsplash at h� ps://unsplash.com/photos/NpYcvUqx8Go A Cover Design by Anna Ga� . UDIENCES book eebook and OA edi� ons also available OBP To access digital resources including: blog posts videos online appendices and to purchase copies of this book in: hardback paperback ebook editions Go to: htps://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/1151 Open Book Publishers is a non-proft independent initiative. We rely on sales and donations to continue publishing high-quality academic works. INTRODUCING VIGILANT AUDIENCES Introducing Vigilant Audiences Edited by Daniel Trottier, Rashid Gabdulhakov and Qian Huang https://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2020 Daniel Trottier, Rashid Gabdulhakov and Qian Huang. Copyright of individual chapters is maintained by the chapters’ authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the text; to adapt the text and to make commercial use of the text providing attribution is made to the authors (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Daniel Trottier, Rashid Gabdulhakov and Qian Huang (eds), Introducing Vigilant Audiences. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2020, https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0200 Copyright and permission for reuse of many images included in this publication difer from the above. Copyright and permissions information for images is provided in the captions. 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ISBN Paperback: 978-1-78374-902-7 ISBN Hardback: 978-1-78374-903-4 ISBN Digital (PDF): 978-1-78374-904-1 ISBN Digital ebook (epub): 978-1-78374-905-8 ISBN Digital ebook (mobi): 978-1-78374-906-5 ISBN XML: 978-1-78374-907-2 DOI: 10.11647/OBP.0200 Cover image: Photo by Vino Li on Unsplash at https://unsplash.com/photos/NpYcvUqx 8Go Cover design: Anna Gatti. Contents Acknowledgements vii Notes on Contributors ix Introducing Vigilant Audiences 1 Daniel Trottier, Rashid Gabdulhakov and Qian Huang ‘For the Greater Good?’ Vigilantism in Online Pop Culture 25 Fandoms Simone Driessen Contesting the Vulgar Hanmai Performance from Kuaishou: 49 Online Vigilantism toward Chinese Underclass Youths on Social Media Platforms Jiaxi Hou ‘I don’t think that’s very funny’: Scrutiny of Comedy in the 77 Digital Age Isabel Linton Criticism of Moral Policing in Russia: Controversies around Lev 107 Protiv in Moscow Gilles Favarel-Garrigues Far-Right Digital Vigilantism as Technical Mediation: Anti- 129 Immigration Activism on YouTube Samuel Tanner, Valentine Crosset and Aurélie Campana Empowerment, Social Distrust or Co-production of Security: A 161 Case Study of Digital Vigilantism in Morocco Abderrahim Chalfaouat ‘This Web Page Should Not Exist’: A Case Study of Online 187 Shaming in Slovenia Mojca M. Plesničar and Pika Šarf vi Introducing Vigilant Audiences ‘Make them famous’: Digital Vigilantism and Virtuous 215 Denunciation after Charlottesville Tara Milbrandt Doxing as Audience Vigilantism against Hate Speech 259 David M. Douglas Citizens as Aides or Adversaries? Police Responses to Digital 281 Vigilantism Rianne Dekker and Albert Meijer More Eyes on Crime?: The Rhetoric of Mediated Mugshots 307 Sarah Young Index 331 Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientifc Research (NWO) [276–45–004], as well as by the Erasmus Open Access Fund. Notes on Contributors Aurélie Campana is professor of Political Science at Laval University. She held the Canada Research Chair on Conficts and Terrorism between 2007 and 2017. She is associate director of the Canadian Research Network on Terrorism, Security and Society (TSAS) and member of the Centre International de Criminologie Comparée (Université de Montréal). Her research has focused for years on terrorism in internal conficts; difusion of violence across movements and borders and engagement in extremist movements, including Canadian far right groups. Her research appeared in numerous journals, including Studies in Confict and Terrorism, Terrorism and Political Violence, International Studies Review, New Media & Society and Global Crime. Abderrahim Chalfaouat is a media and communication researcher from Morocco. He holds a doctorate in advertising and communication (2019), and an MA in Moroccan American Studies (2011) from Hassan II University of Casablanca. His research interests include media discourse analysis, media policy and digital culture. He is an alumnus of the Annenberg Oxford media policy institute (Oxford, 2015). He also discussed the Arab Barometer fndings at the American Institute for Maghrib Studies’ annual conference (Tunis, 2015). His publications include book chapters and journal articles, including “Media, freedom of expression and democratisation in post-colonial Morocco” (2015), and “Framing the judiciary in Morocco: The case of Moudawala and Immortal Past” (forthcoming). Valentine Crosset recently completed her PhD in criminology at Université de Montréal. She is junior research aflitate of the Canadian Network for Research on Terrorism, Security and Society (TSAS), member of the Cybercriminology Laboratory (Université de Montréal) and research assistant at the Cyberjustice Laboratory (Université de x Introducing Vigilant Audiences Montréal). Her research examines violent political expression online, content moderation and algorithmic regulation. She has published in several journals such as New Media & Society and Revue Critique Internationale. Rianne Dekker is an assistant professor at the Utrecht University School of Governance (USG/USBO). She studies (social) media as modern sources of social pressure within governance in two societal domains: (1) public security and (2) migration and integration. She uses co-design methods, including the living lab methodology as an engaged research practice. David M. Douglas is a computer ethics researcher based in Australia. He was awarded a PhD in philosophy at the University of Queensland in 2011. He has served as an ethics advisor for the Center of Telematics and Information Technology (CTIT) at the University of Twente in the Netherlands. He has published research papers on free software, Internet regulation, doxing and Internet research ethics. Simone Driessen is a lecturer and researcher in media and communication at Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands. In 2017, Simone completed her PhD on popular music fandom, researching how audiences gave meaning to pop music from the recent past (1980s-2000s). She has published her work in e.g. Participations, Transformative Works and Cultures and Popular Music & Society, and contributed to several edited collections on fandom and pop culture. Her research interests are participatory cultures, (toxic) fandoms, pop culture, and media entertainment at large. Gilles Favarel-Garrigues holds a PhD in political science (2000) from Sciences Po and a “habilitation à diriger les recherches“