Our Literary Genes

1 INTRODUCTION

The talent for writing literature, poetry and prose, seems to be a gift, not something everybody can learn. Maybe there is such a gene, which has been inherited. Some in our family seem to have that interest and talent; my brother Kaj has written stories and poetry, which we have on our homepage.

I have compiled some information about several famous authors which definitely have had that gene – and which maybe has been carried over to some in our family. These authors are listed on the next page and there are brief descriptions about them in this book, taken from Wikipedia. The cover page shows some of their most popular books. An appendix shows how we are related to them, in alphabetical order. For some I have included YouTube links for listening to their poetry and music.

Our earliest direct ancestor/author is the Viking age famous poet Egill Skallagrimsson (910 - 990). He is my grand-daughter Anna’s 32nd great-grandfather. His story and famous poems were written down by Snorri Sturluson.

Anna is interested in and has now begun to do some writing, so I have listed these authors’ relationships in relation to her. Her first novel, Protected (Book 1 in the Ariya Adams trilogy), is available now on Amazon and Barnes & Noble in e-book form. Amazon offers a free downloadable application for computers for users who do not have a Kindle. The links to the book in the US are available below but they are available on other countries Amazon sites as well. If you’d like to follow Anna’s journey you can visit her website at https://annaapplegate.com/ or follow her on Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/annaapplegateauthor. Amazon:http://www.amazon.com/Protected-Ariya-Adams-trilogy- ebook/dp/B00DKCZ9S8/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1372774583&sr=1-1 Barnes & Noble: http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/protected-anna- applegate/1115804736?ean=2940016626369

Among these authors is a strange coincidence. The maternal great-grandfather of Poe and the maternal grandfather of Longfellow were Generals in the Revolutionary War. Poe’s grandfather was Benedict “The Traitor” Arnold (we can choose friends but not our relatives!) and Longfellow’s was Peleg Wadsworth, who remained loyal to George Washington and lived in the building, which had been Washington’s headquarter.

On a following page is a short sample of Kaj’s poetry. More serious poetry is at http://www.ancestryfootprints.com/poetry.

My father wrote often for various magazines. I recall being told that he used the pseudonym “Strix Bubo” (Eagle Owl) but none of those stories have been saved, except one later about a foxhunt in “ Jakt och Fiske Tidskrift”, a hunting and fishing magazine. A link to the full story is provided.

Uncle Uno had won a first price for a story in the same magazine. He refers to this story in a letter to me, which I have included. His story is here with a location map which I took from our lodge, now torn down. For the story about this lodge, Strömbäckas, click here on Granholmen, an Isle in the Forest

On a following page is Grandfather Karl Johan’s thoughtful advice to us.

Lars Granholm Adamstown MD, USA August 2013 2

List of authors/relatives

Agatha Christie Half 29th cousin Alexandre Dumas Half 22nd cousin 6 times removed Alfred Lord Tennyson 26th cousin 4 times removed Edgar Allan Poe 28th cousin 3 times removed Edgar Rice Burroughs 29th cousin once removed Egill Skallagrimsson 32nd great-grandfather Eirik Hornborg 9th cousin 5 times removed Ernest Hemingway 31st cousin once removed Evert Taube 13th cousin 5 times removed Francis Scott Fitzgerald 23rd cousin twice removed Francis Scott Key 24th cousin 5 times removed George Orwell Half 24th cousin 3 times removed Harriet Beecher Stowe 28th cousin 4 times removed Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 32nd cousin 3 times removed Herman Melville Half 27th cousin 7 times removed Jack London Half 26th cousin twice removed James Fenimore Cooper 24th cousin 6 times removed Jane Austen 26th cousin 5 times removed Johan Ludvig Runeberg 4th cousin 5 times removed John Steinbeck 29th cousin Jonathan Swift 25th cousin 7 times removed Laura Ingalls Wilder 20th cousin 6 times removed Leo Tolstoy 24th cousin 4 times removed Lewis Carroll 21st cousin 9 times removed 28th cousin twice removed Margaret Mitchell 35th cousin Mark Twain (Clemens) 26th cousin 3 times removed 30th cousin Sinclair Lewis Half 26th cousin twice removed Snorri Sturluson 6th cousin 26 times removed Stephen Foster Half 27th cousin once removed Viktor Rydberg Half 11th cousin 7 times removed Walt Disney 28th cousin once removed 7th cousin 7 times removed

3

What’s Cracked Truth be told, I’m a bit of a klutz, just ask my wife, or don’t, I’m afraid she’d really tell you what a klutz I am. Seems I’m forever dropping something, breaking something, or knocking something over. “Now what did you do?” seems to be a familiar refrain in our household. “Oooooooh...nothing.”

And you know what, seems I’ve always been a klutz, even as a kid. I can’t even remember the amount of windows I’ve broken. I do remember one time when my cousin and I were hitting a tennis ball against a low wall, and I sailed the ball right over the wall, and through the window of the police department next door. I threw the racket down, left my cousin standing there, ran home with visions of being thrown in jail, and fed bread and water for the rest of my life. Knowing my mom would take it hard if I spent the rest of my youthful life in jail, I told her what I did. She called the police department, told them what had happened, and I was very relieved to find out I didn’t have to go to jail.

So my point is this; I’ve done my share of breaking things, but if I didn’t break it, I sure didn’t want to get blamed for it. I’ve had to confess to too many things in my life that I did do.

What’s cracked...I didn’t do it.

1 I was skipping along, and looked on the ground, and a great big crack did I see.

2 I pondered and pondered, how deep did it go? perhaps all the way down to China.

3 A boy saw a crack, I tell you it’s true, it was all the way deep down in China.

4 But wonder of wonders, the earth split you see, and he was looking at the same crack as me.

5 I’ve broken some things, I’ve done it it’s true, but this one, just please don’t blame me. Kaj Granholm

4 My father Anton Granholm wrote often for various journals. I recall being told that he used the pseudonym “Strix Bubo” (Eagle Owl) but none of those early stories have been saved, except one about a foxhunt in Finlands Jakt och Fiske Tidskrift, a hunting and fishing journal. At our home in we had this tall stuffed owl. You can read Kaj’s translation of his poem "Fox Hunt" in English on our homepage. Click here to read the poem "Fox Hunt" as it was originally published in 1940 in Swedish.

This poem and the story behind it is further described below by my Uncle Uno in a story, written by him in the same journal.

As an indication of his literary production he was elected in 1936 as a member of the prestigious Swedish Literary Society in Finland, a copy of that appointment is shown here. This is signed by Eirik Hornborg, a famous Finnish author and freedom fighter, and also our distant cousin. Eirik Hornborg Eirik Mikael Hornborg, född 29 september 1879 i Helsingfors, död 29 december 1965 där, finländsk historiker, politiker, författare, och talare. Under första världskriget anslöt sig Hornborg till jägarrörelsen och verkade som soldat vid 27:de preussiska jägarbataljonen 1916-17. Vid de rödas maktövertagande i Helsingfors planerade han att ansluta sig till någon av de lokala skyddskårerna i Östra Nyland men förmåddes av Svenska folkpartiet att stanna i huvudstaden "för att finnas till hands". Han höll sig gömd, eftersom han var efterlyst av de röda som dömt honom till döden. Vid stadens befrielse deltog han i en skyddskårspluton som invecklades i gatustrider. Trots att Hornborg till sin utbildning var skolman och skolrektor kom han i hög grad att bli en politisk person, först som ledamot av lantdagen, senare som representant för Svenska Folkpartiet i Finlands riksdag mellan 1924 och 1927. Han var 1923–26 ordförande i försvarsrevisionen och 1945 för den kommitté som utredde Finlands utrikespolitik under andra världskriget. Som författare och skribent under sju decennier var Hornborg oerhört produktiv. 1981 utgavs en förteckning över hans skriftalster: ”Eirik Hornborgs i tryck utgivna skrifter 1897-1968.” Bibliografin på 178 sidor omfattar över 1400 nummer. Han var medlem av tidskriften Nya Argus redaktion från 1927 till 1948. Enbart i denna skrev han mer än 300 artiklar. 1934-47 var han ordförande för Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. Hornborg var enligt många en ypperlig talare, den enda finländare som finns representerad i antologin ”Världens bästa tal”. Olof Lagercrantz skrev om honom: ”Han hörde till de stora talarna… jag tror inte det under hans tid fanns någon talare att jämföras med honom i de nordiska länderna” Efter ett tal i Stockholms Konserthus beskrevs hans vältalighet enligt följande: ”Ingen kan som Hornborg måla upp de stora sammanhangen med några få, dramatiska ord… huden knottrar sig på en, man känner sig liten och förlorad… ända tills mannen med den mäktiga finländska stämman… med sina ord, lyfter upp en och vänligt makar in en på ens plats i det stora sammanhanget"

5

Del av Uno Granholms brev om en rävjakt vid Strömbäckas

31/5/-72 Bästa Lasse!

Då jag sökte i mina gömmor efter Finlands Jakt och Fiske Tidskrift, i vilken tidning jag deltog i en pristävlan, gemensamt för Finland och Sverige, och vann 1:sta priset med min berättelse om “Stjäggo Janne”, så hittade jag ett nummer, i vilket din pappa berättade om en rävjakt i stil med Runebergs “Älgskyttarna”. Då du är äldst i brödraskaran är det väl rätt att du får den.

Jag kommer bra ihåg jakten i fråga. Vi hade på prov en hund, “Dix” från Purmo och vi skulle köpa dem om den motsvarade våra fodringar. Den hade ett utomordentligt vackert dubbel skall, stor och kraftig men – tyvärr hade den svårt att veta i vilken riktning haren hade sprungit. Den skallade lika friskt på “bakspår”, varför den, efter en månads avprovning, sände vi den tillbaka. Kanske du kommer ihåg hunden.

När jag är inne på rävjakt, måste jag berätta en säregen historia. Vi brukade i februari – mars ring räven, d.v.s. vi skidade och ringde in räven, varefter vi drog en lina på vilken röda, 10 – 15 cm breda, ½ mtr långa tygremsor hängde med circa 3 – 4 – 5 mtr mellan avstånd. Nå, vi startade en morgon från Strömbäckas. Det var 24 – 26 grader kallt, varför vi satte tidningspapper under yttre kläderna för att inte förfrysa oss. Vi startade över vägen i riktning mot Kronoby och då vi kom över backen och ned på mossen, finns där en liten skogsholm (skogsklubb), och 2 rävspår gick in i holmen. Vi skidade runt och hittade bara ett utspår. Då ringen var så liten placerade vi oss på inspåret och andra rävens utspår, samt ännu på ett par bra ställen, utan att börja draga flagglinan runt. Din pappa skidade försiktigt in i holmen från dett synliga utgångs spåret. Han skidade i siksak eller tvärs over skogsholmen och vi väntade då att räven skulle komma tillbaka efter in-spåret, som de brukar. Din pappa klappade sakta och försiktigt i träden, så att räven ej skulle bliva alltför skrämd, för då är det svårt att hinna skjuta.

Vi stod i stor spänning och väntade på den röda, men ingenting kom, och då plötsligt ropade din pappa att “komin å si”, och han behövde ej ropa två gånger. När vi kom dit visade han på en stor snöhög och, kan du tänka dej, inne i snöhögen låg den andra räven död och behörigen begravad och täckt med snö, så att inte kråkor och korpar skulle kalasera på kamraten. Snön var ihopkransad på ett par meters håll runt, så den ordentligt skulle täcka kamraten, som kanhända fått något förgiftat bete, som någon räv-pytare lagt ut. Vi tog räven, och då det var smällkall vinter, så skinnet var prima och såldes för fullt pris. Vill minnas att vi fick 1,500:- för skinnet.

Det var jakten – annorlunda-.

6 Parts of Uno Granholm’s letter about fox hunt at Strömbäckas 31/5/-72

Dear Lasse, When I searched in my stash of Finlands Jakt och Fiske Tidskrift (Finland's Hunting and Fishing Journal), in which magazine I participated in a competition, common to Finland and , and won a first prize with my story about "Stjäggo Janne", I also found a number in which your dad wrote about a fox hunt in the style of Runeberg's "The Elk Hunters". As you are the oldest among your brothers, you should be entitled to get it.

I remember well the hunt in question. We had to test a dog, "Dix" from Purmo and we would buy it if it would meet our expectations. It had an exceptionally beautiful double-bark, big and strong, but - unfortunately difficulties to know which way the hare had run. It barked just as eagerly on backtracks, so that, after a month of testing, we sent it back. Perhaps you remember the dog.

When I am on fox hunting, I have to tell a peculiar story. We used in February-March to circle fox, i.e. we skied around the fox, after which we hung out a rope with red, 10-15 cm wide, ½ meter long cloth strips about 3-4-5 meters apart. Well, we started one morning from Strömbäckas. It was 24-26 degrees Celsius below zero, which is why we put newspaper under the outer clothing so as not to freeze. We started across the road towards Kronoby, where we came over the hill, and down in the bog or swamp, there is a small forest island, and two fox tracks went into the island. We skied around and found only one out-track. As the circle was so small we placed ourselves one on the in-track and on the other fox’s out-track, and even on a couple of other good places, but not yet beginning to pull in the rope with the flags. Your dad skied cautiously into the island from the visible out-track. He skied in zigzag or across the forest island and we waited as the fox would come back along the in-track, as they usually do. Your dad patted the trees gently and carefully, so that the fox would not become overly alarmed, because then it is difficult to find time to shoot.

We stood in great anticipation, waiting for the red, but nothing came, and then suddenly your dad shouted "Come and see", and he did not have to shout twice. When we got there he pointed at a big pile of snow and, can you imagine, inside the pile of snow was the second dead fox and properly buried and covered with snow, so that no crows and ravens could begin to feast on his friend. The snow was scratched together for a couple of meters around, so it would properly cover his friend, who perhaps had taken some poisoned bait, which a fox-catcher may have placed out. We took the fox, and as it was a stone cold winter, the skin was fine and was sold for full price. I remember that we got 1,500: - for the skin.

That was the hunt - different-.

Anton Granholm on his way to the office, but first to drop off the fox to be skinned Photograph taken at our home in Karleby, the old school in the background

7 This map, which I took from Strömbäckas shows the location of the fox funeral, a forest island which became the subject of a poem on our homepage by Kaj and for which I composed the music; click for that; Listen how The Forest Pine (the Swedish lyrics about Granholmen) pictures us as a family. See the Lyrics in English and Swedish, listen to the Thorson’s Arrangement or to my Granholm Arrangement. You can also see my Music Notes. Jussi Törnwall has provided the Lyrics in Finnish.

The Strömbäckas lodge was in the center just below the road, “Granholmen” is at the black square up to the left 8

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12

MY THOUGHTS AND REFLECTIONS

I sit today - a Sunday - contemplating my half-finished new dwelling, which will contain a heated room on the upper floor. The thoughts wander to a long harbored wish to make this a room for the family to gather. May this be our "gathering room" where we together will be able to exchange views of the experiences of life, both in the material and spiritual world.

The need for a closer understanding of each other within the family, in these social times, is clear. The young get enthusiastic and are cradled in the different maelstroms of life, both good and bad, healthy and harmful, for body and soul. The elder in the family, who, in accordance with the laws of nature, are more conservative - with a narrower, older view of things - often have a difficult time comprehending and appreciating the justification of all the new ideas, because of the reason that the older ones have passed their development phase, that is, experienced their youth and won a certain perception of the wisdom of life, as well as learned the value of life, and realized that not everything that glitters in the fantasies of youth is gold. Only a small percent of the carats, which are contained therein, are real. These differences in viewpoints, it appears to me, should already within the home and family be settled to the extent possible in order to be applied in the practical life. All achievements must have a reason (inner conviction) to gain understanding.

Every society requires cooperation among its members to attain the goals of the society. The state requires loyal and cooperating citizens. How important, for this reason, is cooperation in the home, which must lay the foundation for all civic and spiritual life. If this is neglected - which often is the case - the reasons and consequences are clear. The family members find no compassion for each other and consequently cannot act in consonance with each other. The outcome will be disagreements and fights. Initially in thoughts; thoughts give birth to words and reap action.

Going back to my reflections about the half-finished new building, I wish we would reach a higher plateau in this warm attic room; here we could bring our higher and warmer thoughts to be exchanged. The elders' thoughts to possibly rejuvenate and the youngers' to mature. The thought itself is neither young nor old. It is eternal - immortal, though always new. But sowed, it gives birth to action, good or evil.

May we learn to live a life in real unity. To now and then isolate the thought from the everyday; its struggles and worries for tomorrow, taking one day at a time, as it is us given. Share its pleasures and pains in common understanding among young and old. Let us remember, when we look down from our new attic window over the hills and vales, that we are no higher beings. Let us turn our eye toward the height from where the all-seeing eye, in its mercy, looks down upon us, searching out the innermost thoughts in our hearts.

May He lead and teach us to think and live the real family life!

Karl Johan Granholm, Teerijärvi, Finland 1908.

13 Agatha Christie Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, (née Miller; 15 September 1890 – 12 January 1976) was a British crime writer of novels, short stories, and plays. She also wrote six romances under the name Mary Westmacott, but she is best remembered for the 66 detective novels and more than 15 short story collections she wrote under her own name, most of which revolve around the investigations of such characters as Hercule Poirot, Miss Jane Marple and Tommy and Tuppence. She also wrote the world's longest running play The Mousetrap. Born to a wealthy upper-middle-class family in Torquay, Devon, Christie served in a hospital during the First World War before settling into married life with her first child in London. Although initially unsuccessful at getting her work published, in 1920, The Bodley Head press published her novel The Mysterious Affair at Styles, featuring the character of Poirot. This launched her literary career. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Christie is the best- selling novelist of all time. Her novels have sold roughly four billion copies, and her estate claims that her works rank third, after those of William Shakespeare and the Bible, as the world's most widely published books. According to Index Translationum, Christie is the most translated individual author, and her books have been translated into at least 103 languages. And Then There Were None is Christie's best-selling novel with 100 million sales to date, making it the world's best-selling mystery ever, and one of the best-selling books of all time. In 1971, she was made a Dame by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace. Christie's stage play The Mousetrap holds the record for the longest initial run: it opened at the Ambassadors Theatre in London on 25 November 1952 and as of 2012 is still running after more than 25,000 performances. In 1955, Christie was the first recipient of the Mystery Writers of America's highest honour, the Grand Master Award, and in the same year Witness for the Prosecution was given an Edgar Award by the MWA for Best Play. Many of her books and short stories have been filmed, and many have been adapted for television, radio, video games and comics. In 1910 Agatha found that her mother had been taken ill, and so they decided to head for a holiday in the warmer climate of Cairo in Egypt, then a part of the British Empire and a popular tourist destination for wealthy Britons. Staying for three months at the Gezirah Palace Hotel, Agatha – always chaperoned by her mother – spent much of her time attending social functions in search for a potential husband. Christie had long been a fan of detective novels, having enjoyed Wilkie Collins' The Woman in White and The Moonstone as well as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's early Sherlock Holmes stories. Deciding to write her own detective novel, entitled The Mysterious Affair at Styles, she created a detective named Hercule Poirot to be her protagonist. A former Belgian police officer noted for his twirly moustache and egg-shaped head, Poirot had been a refugee who had fled to Britain following Germany's invasion of Belgium; in this manner. Christie frequently used settings which were familiar to her for her stories. Christie's travels with Mallowan contributed background to several of her novels set in the Middle East. Other novels (such as And Then There Were None) were set in and around Torquay, where she was born. Christie's 1934 novel Murder on the Orient Express was written in the Pera Palace Hotel in Istanbul, Turkey, the southern terminus of the railway. The hotel maintains Christie's room as a memorial to the author.

14 Alexandre Dumas Alexandre Dumas (born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie, 24 July 1802 – 5 December 1870), also known as Alexandre Dumas, père, was a French writer, best known for his historical novels of high adventure. Translated into nearly 100 languages, these have made him one of the most widely read French authors in history. Many of his novels, including The Count of Monte Cristo, The Three Musketeers, Twenty Years After, and The Vicomte de Bragelonne: Ten Years Later were originally published as serials. His novels have been adapted since the early twentieth century for nearly 200 films. Dumas' last novel, The Knight of Sainte-Hermine, unfinished at his death, was completed by a scholar and published in 2005, becoming a bestseller. It was published in English in 2008 as The Last Cavalier. Prolific in several genres, Dumas began his career by writing plays, which were successfully produced from the first. He also wrote numerous magazine articles and travel books; his published works totaled 100,000 pages. In the 1840s, Dumas founded the Théâtre Historique in Paris. His father, general Thomas-Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie, was born in Saint-Domingue to a French nobleman and a black slave woman. His aristocratic rank helped young Alexandre acquire work with Louis- Philippe, Duke of Orléans. In the election of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte in 1851, Dumas fell from favor, and left France for Belgium, where he stayed for several years. Upon leaving Belgium, Dumas moved to for a few years, before going to Italy. In 1861 he founded and published the newspaper, L' Indipendente, which supported the Italian unification effort. In 1864 he returned to Paris. The father died of cancer in 1806 when Alexandre was four. His widowed mother could not provide her son with much of an education, and had to reject an offer from the elite Mao school because they could not afford the fees. However, undaunted, Dumas read everything he could and taught himself Spanish. His mother's stories of his father's bravery during the campaigns of the Revolutionary Wars inspired the boy's vivid imagination. Although poor, the family had their father's distinguished reputation and aristocratic rank. In 1822, after the restoration of the monarchy, the 20-year-old Alexandre moved to Paris. He acquired a position at the Palais Royal in the office of Louis- Philippe, Duke of Orléans. In 1846 he had built a country house outside Paris at Le Port-Marly, the large Château de Monte-Cristo, with an additional building for his writing studio. It was often filled with strangers and acquaintances who stayed for lengthy visits and took advantage of his generosity. Two years later, faced with financial difficulties, he sold the entire property. Château de Monte-Cristo The Count of Monte Cristo (French: Le Comte de Monte-Cristo) is an adventure novel by French author Alexandre Dumas (père). Completed in 1844, it is one of the author's most popular works, along with The Three Musketeers and is considered as one of the best novels ever written[citation needed]. Like many of his novels, it is expanded from plot outlines suggested by his collaborating ghostwriter Auguste Maquet.

15 The story takes place in France, Italy, islands in the Mediterranean, and in the Levant during the historical events of 1815–1838. It begins from just before the Hundred Days period (when Napoleon returned to power after his exile) and spans through to the reign of Louis-Philippe of France. The historical setting is a fundamental element of the book. An adventure story primarily concerned with themes of hope, justice, vengeance, mercy and forgiveness, it focuses on a man who is wrongfully imprisoned, escapes from jail, acquires a fortune and sets about getting revenge on those responsible for his imprisonment. However, his plans have devastating consequences for the innocent as well as the guilty. The book is considered a literary classic today. According to Luc Sante, "The Count of Monte Cristo has become a fixture of Western civilization's literature, as inescapable and immediately identifiable as Mickey Mouse, Noah's flood, and the story of Little Red Riding Hood."

The Three Musketeers (French: Les Trois Mousquetaires [le tʁwa muskətɛʁ]) is a novel by Alexandre Dumas, first serialized in March–July 1844. Set in the 17th century, it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan after he leaves home to travel to Paris, to join the Musketeers of the Guard. D'Artagnan is not one of the musketeers of the title; those are his friends Athos, Porthos and Aramis, inseparable friends who live by the motto "all for one, one for all" ("tous pour un, un pour tous"), a motto which is first put forth by d'Artagnan. In 1625 France, d'Artagnan—a poor young nobleman—leaves his family in Gascony and travels to Paris with the intention of joining the Musketeers of the Guard. However, en route, at an inn in Meung-sur-Loire, an older man derides d'Artagnan's horse and, feeling insulted, d'Artagnan demands to fight a duel with him. The older man's companions beat d'Artagnan unconscious with a pot and a metal tong that breaks his sword. His letter of introduction to Monsieur de Tréville, the commander of the Musketeers, is stolen. D'Artagnan resolves to avenge himself upon the man, who is later revealed to be the Comte de Rochefort, an agent of Cardinal Richelieu, who is in Meung to pass orders from the Cardinal to Milady de Winter, another of his agents.

Monument to Four Musketeers in Condom, France (by Zourab Tsereteli) In Paris, d'Artagnan visits de Tréville at the headquarters of the Musketeers, but the meeting is overshadowed by the loss of his letter, and de Tréville refuses his application to join. From de Tréville's window, d'Artagnan sees Rochefort passing in the street below and rushes out of the building to confront him, but in doing so he separately causes offence to three of the Musketeers, Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, who each demand satisfaction; D'Artagnan must duel each of them in turn that afternoon. When d'Artagnan prepares himself for the first of the three duels, he realizes that Athos' counterparts are actually Porthos and Aramis. But just as he and Athos begin to fight, Cardinal Richelieu's guards appear; they try to arrest d'Artagnan and the three Musketeers for illegal dueling. Although outnumbered, the four men win the battle that follows. In the course of events, d'Artagnan duels with and seriously wounds Jussac, one of the Cardinal's officers and a renowned fighter. After learning of this event, King Louis XIII appoints d'Artagnan to des Essart's company of guards and gives him forty pistoles (gold coins).

16 Alfred, Lord Tennyson Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson, FRS (6 August 1809 – 6 October 1892) was Poet Laureate of Great Britain and Ireland during much of Queen Victoria's reign and remains one of the most popular British poets. Tennyson and two of his elder brothers were writing poetry in their teens, and a collection of poems by all three were published locally when Alfred was only 17. Statue of Lord Tennyson in the chapel of Trinity College, Cambridge A number of phrases from Tennyson's work have become commonplaces of the English language, including "Nature, red in tooth and claw", "'Tis better to have loved and lost / Than never to have loved at all", "Theirs not to reason why, / Theirs but to do and die", "My strength is as the strength of ten, / Because my heart is pure", "To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield", "Knowledge comes, but Wisdom lingers", and "The old order changeth, yielding place to new". He is the ninth most frequently quoted writer in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations After Wordsworth's death in 1850, and Samuel Rogers' refusal, Tennyson was appointed to the position of Poet Laureate, which he held until his own death in 1892, by far the longest tenure of any laureate before or since. He fulfilled the requirements of this position by turning out appropriate but often uninspired verse, such as a poem of greeting to Princess Alexandra of Denmark when she arrived in Britain to marry the future King Edward VII. In 1855, Tennyson produced one of his best known works, "The Charge of the Light Brigade", a dramatic tribute to the British cavalrymen involved in an ill-advised charge on 25 October 1854, during the Crimean War. Queen Victoria was an ardent admirer of Tennyson's work, and in 1884 created him Baron Tennyson, of Aldworth in the County of Sussex and of Freshwater in the Isle of Wight. Tennyson initially declined a baronetcy in 1865 and 1868 (when tendered by Disraeli), finally accepting a peerage in 1883 at Gladstone's earnest solicitation. He took his seat in the House of Lords on March 11, 1884. The Charge of the Light Brigade was a charge of British light cavalry led by Lord Cardigan against Russian forces during the Battle of Balaclava on 25 October 1854 in the Crimean War. Lord Raglan, overall commander, had intended to send the Light Brigade to pursue and harry a retreating Russian artillery battery near the front line, a task well suited to light cavalry. Due to miscommunication at some level in the chain of command, the sabre-armed Light Brigade was instead sent on a frontal assault into a different artillery battery, one well-prepared with excellent fields of defensive fire. Although reaching the battery under withering direct fire and scattering some of the gunners, the badly mauled brigade was forced to retreat immediately, producing no decisive gains and very high British casualties. It is best remembered as the subject of the poem "The Charge of the Light Brigade" by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, published just six weeks after the event, whose lines emphasize the valour of the cavalry in bravely carrying out their orders, regardless of the obvious outcome. Blame for the miscommunication has remained controversial, as the original order from Raglan itself was vague. Here you can listen to a YouTube recording of this poem; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzCOL6ewpPw

17 Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe (born Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American author, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre, Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre. He is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction. He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career. He was born as Edgar Poe in Boston, Massachusetts; he was orphaned young when his mother died shortly after his father abandoned the family. Poe was taken in by John and Frances Allan, of Richmond, Virginia, but they never formally adopted him. He attended the University of Virginia for one semester but left due to lack of money. After enlisting in the Army and later failing as an officer's cadet at West Point, Poe parted ways with the Allans. His publishing career began humbly, with an anonymous collection of poems, Tamerlane and Other Poems (1827), credited only to "a Bostonian". Poe switched his focus to prose and spent the next several years working for literary journals and periodicals, becoming known for his own style of literary criticism. His work forced him to move among several cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City. In Baltimore in 1835, he married Virginia Clemm, his 13-year-old cousin. In January 1845 Poe published his poem, "The Raven", to instant success. His wife died of tuberculosis two years after its publication. He began planning to produce his own journal, The Penn (later renamed The Stylus), though he died before it could be produced. On October 7, 1849, at age 40, Poe died in Baltimore; the cause of his death is unknown and has been variously attributed to alcohol, brain congestion, cholera, drugs, heart disease, rabies, suicide, tuberculosis, and other agents. The bar where legend says Poe was last seen drinking before his death still stands in Fells Point in Baltimore, Maryland. The drinking establishment is now known as "The Horse You Came In On", and local lore insists that a ghost they call "Edgar" haunts the rooms above. Westminster Hall and Burying Ground at 519 West Fayette Street in Baltimore is home to the grave of American author Edgar Allan Poe, arguably its most famous resident. Adding to the mystery surrounding Poe's death, an unknown visitor affectionately referred to as the "Poe Toaster" paid homage to Poe's grave annually beginning in 1949. Every January 19, in the early hours of the morning, the person made a toast of cognac to Poe's original grave marker and left three roses. Menu: viewmenu.com

18 Edgar Rice Burroughs Edgar Rice Burroughs (September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an American author, best known for his creation of the jungle hero Tarzan and the heroic Mars adventurer John Carter, although he produced works in many genres. Burroughs was born on September 1, 1875, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of businessman and Civil War veteran Major George Tyler Burroughs. Burroughs was educated at a number of local schools, and during the Chicago influenza epidemic in 1891, he spent a half year at his brother's ranch on the Raft River in Idaho. He then attended then the Michigan Military Academy. Graduating in 1895, and failing the entrance exam for the United States Military Academy (West Point), he ended up as an enlisted soldier with the 7th U.S. Cavalry in Fort Grant, Arizona Territory. After being diagnosed with a heart problem and thus ineligible to serve, he was discharged in 1897. Bookplate of Edgar Rice Burroughs showing Tarzan holding the planet Mars, surrounded by other characters

Typsescript letter, with Tarzana Ranch letterhead, from Edgar Rice Burroughs, explaining the design and significance of his bookplate By 1911, after seven years of low wages, he was working as a pencil sharpener wholesaler and began to write fiction. By this time, Burroughs and Emma had two children; Hubert and Joan (1908– 1972), who would later marry Tarzan film actor James Pierce. During this period, he had copious spare time and he began reading many pulp fiction magazines. In 1929 he recalled thinking that; ...if people were paid for writing rot such as I read in some of those magazines, that I could write stories just as rotten. As a matter of fact, although I had never written a story, I knew absolutely that I could write stories just as entertaining and probably a whole lot more so, than any I chanced to read in those magazines. Burroughs soon took up writing full-time and by the time the run of Under the Moons of Mars had finished he had completed two novels, including Tarzan of the Apes, which was published from October 1912 and went on to become one of his most successful series. Tarzan was a cultural sensation when introduced. Tarzan remains one of the most successful fictional characters to this day and is a cultural icon. In either 1915 or 1919, Burroughs purchased a large ranch north of Los Angeles, California, which he named "Tarzana." The citizens of the community that sprang up around the ranch voted to adopt that name when their community, Tarzana, California was formed in 1927. Also the unincorporated community of Tarzan, Texas, was formally named in 1927 when the US Postal Service accepted the name, reputedly coming from the popularity of the first (silent) Tarzan of the Apes film. At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Burroughs was a resident of Hawaii and, despite being in his late sixties, he applied for permission to become a war correspondent. This permission was granted, and so he became one of the oldest war correspondents for the U.S. during the Second World War. 19 Egill Skallagrímsson Picture of Egil in a 17th century manuscript of Egils Saga

Egill Skallagrímsson also known as Egil Skallagrimsson (ca. 910 – ca. 990) was a Viking Age poet, warrior and farmer. He is also the protagonist of the eponymously named Egil's Saga. Egil's Saga historically narrates a period from approximately 850-1000 CE, being written somewhere between 1220 and 1240. Egill was born in Iceland, the son of Skalla-Grímr Kveldúlfsson and Bera Yngvarsdóttir, and the grandson of Kveld-Úlfr ("Evening Wolf"). When Grímr arrived in Iceland, he settled at Borg, the place where his father's coffin landed. Grímr was a respected chieftain and mortal enemy of King Harald Fairhair of Norway. Egill composed his first poem at the age of three years. He exhibited berserk behaviour, and this, together with the description of his large and unattractive head, has led to the theory that he might have suffered from Paget's disease. At the age of seven, Egill was cheated in a game with local boys. Enraged, he went home and procured an axe, and returning to the boys, split the skull of the boy who cheated him, to the teeth. After Berg-Önundr refused to allow Egill to claim his wife Ásgerðr's share of her father's inheritance, he challenged Önundr to a holmgang. Egill engaging in holmgang with Berg-Önundr; painting by Johannes Flintoe. Later, after being grievously insulted, Egill killed Bárðr of Atley, a retainer of King Eirik Bloodaxe and kinsman of Queen Gunnhildr, both of whom spent the remainder of their lives trying to take vengeance. Seething with hatred, Gunnhildr ordered her two brothers to assassinate Egill and his brother Þórólfr, who had been on good terms with her previously. However, Egill slew the Queen's brothers when they attempted to confront him. That same summer, Harald Fairhair died. In order to secure his place as sole King of Norway, Eirik Bloodaxe murderered his two brothers. He then declared Egill an outlaw in Norway. Berg-Önundr gathered a company of men to capture Egill, but was killed in his attempt to do so. Before escaping from Norway, Egill also slew Rögnvaldr, the son of King Eirik and Queen Gunnhildr. He then cursed the King and Queen, setting a horse's head on a Nithing pole and saying, "Here I set up a níð-pole, and declare this níð against King Eiríkr and Queen Gunnhildr," — he turned the horse-head to face the mainland — "I declare this níð at the land-spirits there, and the land itself, so that all will fare astray, not to hold nor find their places, not until they wreak King Eiríkr and Gunnhildr from the land." He set up the pole of níð in the cliff-face and left it standing; he faced the horse's eyes on the land, and he carved runes upon the pole, and said all the formal words of the curse. (ch. 57). Gunnhildr also put a spell on Egill, which made him feel restless and depressed until they met again. Soon afterwards, Eiríkr and Gunnhildr were forced to flee to the Kingdom of Northumbria by Prince Hákon. In Saxon England, they were set up as King and Queen of Northumbria in rivalry with King Athelstan of England. Ultimately, Egill was shipwrecked in Northumbria and came to know who ruled the land. Egil sought out the house his good friend Arinbjorn where they armed themselves and marched to Eiríkr's court. Arinbjorn told Egil “now you must go and offer the king your head and embrace his foot. I will present your 20 case to him.” Arinbjorn presented Egil’s case and Egil composed a short Drapa, reciting it with Eirikr’s foot in his hand, but Eirikr was not impressed. He explained that Egil’s wrongs to him were far too great to be forgiven so easily. Gunnhild called for the immediate execution of Egil, but Arinbjorn convinced the king not to kill him until the morning. Arinbjorn told Egil that he should stay up all night and compose a mighty drapa fit for such a king. In the morning Egil went before the king and recited a great drapa. Eirik was so surprised by the quality of the poem that he had no choice but to give Egil his life. The lyrics are shown here, note the fine rhyme. Egill also fought at the Battle of Brunanburh in the service of King Athelstan. Ultimately, Egill returned to his family farm in Iceland, where he remained a power to be reckoned with in local politics. He lived into his eighties and died shortly before Iceland converted to Roman Catholicism. Before Egill died he buried his silver treasure near Mosfellsbær. In his last act of violence he murdered the servant who helped him bury his treasure. When a Roman Catholic chapel was constructed at the family homestead, Egill's body was re-exhumed by his son and re-buried near the altar. Egill had five children with Ásgerðr Björnsdóttir: Þorgerðr Egilsdóttir, Bera Egilsdóttir, Böðvar Egilsson, Gunnar Egilsson and Þorsteinn Egilsson. In later years, Iceland's Myrar clan claimed descent from him. Poems Apart from being a warrior of immense might in literary sources, Egill is also celebrated for his poetry, considered by many historians to be the finest of the ancient Scandinavian poetry and Sonatorrek, the dirge over his own son, has been called "the birth of Nordic personal lyric poetry". His poems were also the first Old Norse verses to use end rhyme. The following are some of the works are attributed to Egill: 1. Aðalsteinsdrápa. Drápa for the Anglo-Saxon King Æthelstan. 2. Höfuðlausn (The "Head-Ransom"), with which Egill bought his life from Eiríkr Bloodaxe, who had sentenced him to death in England. This is included on the following page. 3. Sonatorrek ("The Loss of a Son"). After the death of his son Böðvar who drowned during a storm. 4. Arinbjarnarkviða. Dedicated to his companion Arinbjörn Egill was also a scholar of runes. His apparent mastery of their magic powers assisted him several times during his journeys. During a feast at Atla-isle, Bard's attempt to poison Egill failed when a rune carved by Egill shattered his poisoned cup. Runes were also employed by Egill during the raising of the Nithing Pole against King Eirik Bloodaxe and Queen Gunnhildr. Egill in popular culture  Egill remains a very popular figure in Iceland, with a beer brewery, Ölgerðin Egill Skallagrímsson, named after him.

 The novelist Poul Anderson wrote Mother of Kings, a historical fantasy centered on Gunnhildr and the long feud that she, Eirikr, and their children had with Egill. The novel is based on Heimskringla and Egils Saga.

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22 Ernest Hemingway Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American author and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid- 1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Three novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction works were published posthumously. Many of these are considered classics of American literature. Hemingway was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school he reported for a few months for The Kansas City Star, before leaving for the Italian front to enlist with the World War I ambulance drivers. In 1918, he was seriously wounded and returned home. His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms. The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway's first novel, was published in 1926. 1927 Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer. They divorced after he returned from the Spanish Civil War where he had been a journalist, and after which he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls. He was present at the Normandy Landings and the liberation of Paris.

Ernest Hemingway in the cabin of his boat Pilar, off the coast of Cuba In 1950 he wrote the draft of The Old Man and the Sea in eight weeks, saying that it was "the best I can write ever for all of my life". The Old Man and the Sea became a book-of-the-month selection, made Hemingway an international celebrity, and won the Pulitzer Prize in May 1952, a month before he left for his second trip to Africa. In 1954, while in Africa, Hemingway was almost fatally injured in two successive plane crashes. He chartered a sightseeing flight over the Belgian Congo as a Christmas present to Mary. On their way to photograph Murchison Falls from the air, the plane struck an abandoned utility pole and "crash landed in heavy brush." Hemingway's injuries included a head wound, while Mary broke two ribs. The next day, attempting to reach medical care in Entebbe, they boarded a second plane that exploded at take-off, with Hemingway suffering burns and another concussion, this one serious enough to cause leaking of cerebral fluid. They eventually arrived in Entebbe to find reporters covering the story of Hemingway's death. He briefed the reporters and spent the next few weeks recuperating and reading his erroneous obituaries. When a bushfire broke out, he was again injured, sustaining second degree burns on his legs, front torso, lips, left hand and right forearm. Months later in Venice, Mary reported to friends the full extent of Hemingway's injuries: two cracked discs, a kidney and liver rupture, a dislocated shoulder and a broken skull. The accidents may have precipitated the physical deterioration that was to follow. After the plane crashes, Hemingway, who had been "a thinly controlled alcoholic throughout much of his life, drank more heavily than usual to combat the pain of his injuries." In October 1954 Hemingway received the Nobel Prize in Literature. Because he was suffering pain from the African accidents, he decided against traveling to Stockholm. Instead he sent a speech to be read, defining the writer's life: "Writing, at its best, is a lonely life. Organizations for writers palliate the writer's loneliness but I doubt if they improve his writing. He grows in public stature as he sheds his loneliness and often his work deteriorates. For he does his work alone and if he is a good enough writer he must face eternity, or the lack of it, each day."

23 Evert Taube Evert Axel Taube (12 March 1890 - 31 January 1976) was a Swedish author, artist, composer and singer. He is widely regarded as one of Sweden's most respected musicians and the foremost troubadour of the Swedish ballad tradition in the 20th century. Evert Taube was born in in 1890 in Gothenburg, and brought up on the island of Vinga, Västergötland, where his father, Carl Gunnar Taube, a ship's captain, was the lighthouse keeper. His mother was Julia Sofia Jacobsdotter. Taube belongs to an untitled branch of the Baltic German noble Taube family, introduced at the Swedish House of Nobility in 1668 as noble family No. 734. Having spent two years (1907–1909) sailing around the Red Sea, Ceylon and South Africa, Taube began his career as a singer-songwriter and collector of sailors' songs, and on Christmas Eve 1908, on board the Norwegian ship SS Bergen headed for Spain, he performed "Turalleri, piken fra Hamburg". Following a five-year stay (1910–1915) in Argentina, he developed an interest in Latin American music and introduced the Argentinian tango to Sweden in the twenties. Contrary to widespread perceptions, Taube did not work as a gaucho (cowboy) on the Pampas but as a foreman supervising workers who were digging canals designed to prevent flooding on the vast plains. He is perhaps best known as a depictor of the idyllic, with motifs from the Swedish archipelagoes and from the Mediterranean, from a perspective every Swedish four-week holiday tourist could recognize. Among Taube's most famous songs are "Calle Schewens vals", "Min älskling (du är som en ros)", "Dans på Sunnanö", "Flickan i Havanna", "Änglamark", "Sjösala vals", "Fritiof och Carmencita", "Så skimrande var aldrig havet" and "Så länge skutan kan gå". Taube has been translated into English by Helen Asbury, Paul Britten Austin, Emily Melcher and others. His songs have been recorded in English by Roger Whittaker, Sven-Bertil Taube, Martin Best, Roger Hinchliffe and Emily Melcher. Here is he singing “Calle Schewens vals” in 1932; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qANEjnOu8Y and a more recent recording at a Sing-along of “Så skimrande var aldrig havet” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQQmuvCBxtE

24 F. Scott Fitzgerald Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 – December 21, 1940) was an American author of novels and short stories, whose works are the paradigmatic writings of the Jazz Age, a term he coined himself. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century. Fitzgerald is considered a member of the "Lost Generation" of the 1920s. He finished four novels: This Side of Paradise, The Beautiful and Damned, The Great Gatsby—his most famous—and Tender Is the Night. A fifth, unfinished novel, The Love of the Last Tycoon, was published posthumously. Fitzgerald also wrote many short stories that treat themes of youth and promise along with age and despair. The Great Gatsby has been the basis for numerous films of the same name, spanning nearly 90 years; 1926, 1949, 1974, 2000, and 2013 adaptations. In 1958, his life from 1937 to 1940 was dramatized in Beloved Infidel. Born in 1896 in Saint Paul, , to an upper-middle-class family, Fitzgerald was named after his famous second cousin, three times removed, Francis Scott Key, but was referred to as "Scott." He was also named after his deceased sister, Louise Scott, one of two sisters who died shortly before his birth. "Well, three months before I was born," he wrote as an adult, "my mother lost her other two children ... I think I started then to be a writer." His parents were Mollie (McQuillan) and Edward Fitzgerald. His mother was of Irish descent, and his father had Irish and English ancestry. Fitzgerald spent the first decade of his childhood primarily in Buffalo, New York (1898–1901 and 1903– 1908, with a short interlude in Syracuse, New York between January 1901 and September 1903). His parents, both practicing Catholics, sent Fitzgerald to two Catholic schools on the West Side of Buffalo, first Holy Angels Convent (1903–1904, now disused) and then Nardin Academy (1905–1908). His formative years in Buffalo revealed him to be a boy of unusual intelligence and drive with a keen early interest in literature, his doting mother ensuring that her son had all the advantages of an upper-middle-class upbringing. In a rather unconventional style of parenting, Fitzgerald attended Holy Angels with the peculiar arrangement that he go for only half a day—and was allowed to choose which half. Paris in the 1920s proved the most influential decade of Fitzgerald's development. Fitzgerald made several excursions to Europe, mostly Paris and the French Riviera, and became friends with many members of the American expatriate community in Paris, notably Ernest Hemingway. Fitzgerald's friendship with Hemingway was quite vigorous, as many of Fitzgerald's relationships would prove to be. Hemingway did not get on well with Zelda. In addition to describing her as "insane" he claimed that she "encouraged her husband to drink so as to distract Fitzgerald from his work on his novel," the other work being the short stories he sold to magazines. As did most professional authors at the time, Fitzgerald supplemented his income by writing short stories for such magazines as The Saturday Evening Post, Collier's Weekly, and Esquire, and sold his stories and novels to Hollywood studios. This "whoring", as Fitzgerald and, subsequently, Hemingway called these sales, was a sore point in the authors' friendship. Fitzgerald claimed that he would first write his stories in an authentic manner but then put in "twists that made them into saleable magazine stories." Fitzgerald wrote frequently for The Saturday Evening Post. This issue from May 1, 1920, containing the short story "Bernice Bobs Her Hair", was the first with Fitzgerald's name on the cover. Although Fitzgerald's passion lay in writing novels, only his first novel sold well enough to support the opulent lifestyle that he and Zelda adopted as New York celebrities. (The Great Gatsby, now considered to

25 be his masterpiece, did not become popular until after Fitzgerald's death.) Because of this lifestyle, as well as the bills from Zelda's medical care when they came, Fitzgerald was constantly in financial trouble and often required loans from his literary agent, Fitzgerald had been an alcoholic since his college days, and became notorious during the 1920s for his extraordinarily heavy drinking, leaving him in poor health by the late 1930s. According to Zelda's biographer, Nancy Milford, Fitzgerald claimed that he had contracted tuberculosis, but Milford dismisses it as a pretext to cover his drinking problems. Fitzgerald suffered two heart attacks in the late 1930s. After the first, in Schwab's Drug Store, he was ordered by his doctor to avoid strenuous exertion. On the night of December 20, 1940, Fitzgerald and Sheilah Graham attended the premiere of This Thing Called Love starring Rosalind Russell and Melvyn Douglas. As the two were leaving the Pantages Theater, Fitzgerald experienced a dizzy spell and had trouble leaving the theater; upset, he said to Graham, "They think I am drunk, don't they?" The following day, as Fitzgerald ate a candy bar and made notes in his newly arrived Princeton Alumni Weekly, Graham saw him jump from his armchair, grab the mantelpiece, gasp, and fall to the floor. She ran to the manager of the building, Harry Culver, founder of Culver City. Upon entering the apartment to assist Fitzgerald, he stated, "I'm afraid he's dead." Fitzgerald had died of a heart attack. Zelda and Fitzgerald's grave in Rockville, Maryland, inscribed with the final sentence of The Great Gatsby Among the attendants at a visitation held at a funeral home was Dorothy Parker, who reportedly cried and murmured "the poor son-of-a-bitch," a line from Jay Gatsby's funeral in Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby. Zelda died in 1948, in a fire at the Highland Mental Hospital in Asheville, North Carolina. Both of the Fitzgeralds' remains were moved to the family plot in Saint Mary's Cemetery, in Rockville, Maryland, in 1975. Fitzgerald's work has inspired writers ever since he was first published. The publication of The Great Gatsby prompted T. S. Eliot to write, in a letter to Fitzgerald, "[I]t seems to me to be the first step that American fiction has taken since Henry James ...". Don Birnam, the protagonist of Charles Jackson's The Lost Weekend, says to himself, referring to The Great Gatsby, "There's no such thing ... as a flawless novel. But if there is, this is it." In letters written in the 1940s, J. D. Salinger expressed admiration of Fitzgerald's work, and his biographer Ian Hamilton wrote that Salinger even saw himself for some time as "Fitzgerald's successor." Richard Yates, a writer often compared to Fitzgerald, called The Great Gatsby "the most nourishing novel [he] read ... a miracle of talent ... a triumph of technique." The 1962 film Tender Is the Night, based on the novel, starred Jason Robards and Jennifer Jones as the Divers. The song "Tender Is the Night", was nominated for the 1962 Academy Award for Best Song. Listen to it here; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DtRFbv7x-Io

26 http://www.geni.com/people/Hon-Phillip-Key/6000000001180149584

27 Francis Scott Key Francis Scott Key (August 1, 1779 – January 11, 1843) was an American lawyer, author, and amateur poet, from Georgetown, who wrote the lyrics to the United States' national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner". Francis Scott Key was born to Ann Phoebe Penn Dagworthy and Captain John Ross Key at the family plantation Terra Rubra in what was Frederick County, Maryland (now Carroll County, Maryland). His father John Ross Key was a lawyer, a judge, and an officer in the Continental Army. His great-grandparents were Philip Key and Susanna Barton Gardiner, both of whom were born in London and immigrated to Maryland in 1726. Francis Scott Key's original manuscript copy of his "Star-Spangled Banner" poem. It is now on display at the Maryland Historical Society. On September 3, 1814, following the Burning of Washington and the Raid on Alexandria, Francis Scott Key and John Stuart Skinner set sail from Baltimore aboard the ship HMS , flying a flag of truce on a mission approved by President James Madison. Their objective was to secure the exchange of prisoners, one of whom was Dr. William Beanes, the elderly and popular town physician of Upper Marlboro and a friend of Key's who had been captured in his home. Beanes was accused of aiding the arrest of British soldiers. Key and Skinner boarded the British flagship HMS Tonnant on September 7 and spoke with Major General Robert Ross and Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane over dinner while the two officers discussed war plans. At first, Ross and Cochrane refused to release Beanes, but relented after Key and Skinner showed them letters written by wounded British prisoners praising Beanes and other Americans for their kind treatment. Because Key and Skinner had heard details of the plans for the attack on Baltimore, they were held captive until after the battle, first aboard HMS Surprise and later back on HMS Minden. After the bombardment, certain British gunboats attempted to slip past the fort and effect a landing in a cove to the west of it, but they were turned away by fire from nearby Fort Covington, the city's last line of defense. An artist's rendering of the battle at Fort McHenry During the rainy night, Key had witnessed the bombardment and observed that the fort's smaller "storm flag" continued to fly, but once the shell and Congreve rocket barrage had stopped, he would not know how the battle had turned out until dawn. By then, the storm flag had been lowered and the larger flag had been raised. During the bombardment, HMS Erebus provided the "rockets' red glare". HMS Meteor provided at least some of the "bombs bursting in air". At dawn, Key was able to see an American flag still waving and reported this to the prisoners below deck. On

28 the way back to Baltimore, he was inspired to write a poem describing his experience, "Defence of Fort McHenry", which he published in the Patriot on September 20, 1814. It has become better known as "The Star Spangled Banner". Under this name, the song was adopted as the American national anthem, first by an Executive Order from President Woodrow Wilson in 1916 (which had little effect beyond requiring military bands to play it) and then by a Congressional resolution in 1931, signed by President Herbert Hoover. Aboard the ship the next day, Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket. At twilight on September 16, he and Skinner were released in Baltimore. He completed the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel, where he was staying, and entitled it "Defence of Fort McHenry". The Star-Spangled Banner

He is buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery in Frederick. His family plot is next to Thomas Johnson, the first governor of Maryland, and friend Barbara Fritchie, who allegedly waved the American flag out of her home in defiance of Stonewall Jackson's march through the city during the Civil War.

The 1898 monument to Francis Scott Key below which he and his wife are interred. The Francis Scott Key Memorial Association commissioned the American sculptor Alexander Doyle, to create a monument suitable for the author of the national anthem of the United States. On August 9, 1898, Julia McHenry Howard unveiled the monument of her grandfather and author of the "Star Spangled Banner", Francis Scott Key. Key and his wife, Mary Taylor Key, were relocated from the Key family plot, also at Mount Olivet Cemetery, to a crypt located in the foundation of the monument. Key is represented in a 9 foot bronze statue atop a 15 foot pedestal. A statue of Columbia, the goddess of patriotism, is located on the front of the pedestal. Columbia is flanked by an adolescent boy representing war her left, and a young boy representing music on her right. This representation depicts the moment that inspired the poem "Defence of Fort McHenry" which he wrote after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by the British Royal Navy ships in Chesapeake Bay during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the . Listen to it here http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ETrr-XHBjE

29 George Orwell Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950), known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist and journalist. His work is marked by clarity, intelligence and wit, awareness of social injustice, opposition to totalitarianism, and commitment to democratic socialism. Considered perhaps the 20th century's best chronicler of English culture, Orwell wrote literary criticism, poetry, fiction and polemical journalism. He is best known for the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) and the allegorical novella Animal Farm (1945), which together have sold more copies than any two books by any other 20th-century author. His book Homage to Catalonia (1938), an account of his experiences in the Spanish Civil War, is widely acclaimed, as are his numerous essays on politics, literature, language and culture. In 2008, The Times ranked him second on a list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945". Orwell's work continues to influence popular and political culture, and the term Orwellian — descriptive of totalitarian or authoritarian social practices — has entered the language together with several of his neologisms, including Cold War, doublethink, thoughtcrime, Big Brother and thought police. Eric Arthur Blair was born on 25 June 1903, in Motihari, Bihar, in India. His great-grandfather Charles Blair was a wealthy country gentleman in Dorset who married Lady Mary Fane, daughter of Thomas Fane, 8th Earl of Westmorland, and had income as an absentee landlord of plantations in Jamaica. His grandfather, Thomas Richard Arthur Blair, was a clergyman. Although the gentility passed down the generations, the prosperity did not; Eric Blair described his family as "lower-upper-middle class". His father, Richard Walmesley Blair, worked in the Opium Department of the Indian Civil Service. At the age of five, Eric was sent as a day-boy to a convent school in Henley-on-Thames, which Marjorie also attended. It was a Roman Catholic convent run by French Ursuline nuns, who had been exiled from France after religious education was banned in 1903.[16] His mother wanted him to have a public school education, but his family could not afford the fees, and he needed to earn a scholarship. Ida Blair's brother Charles Limouzin recommended St Cyprian's School, Eastbourne, East Sussex. Limouzin, who was a proficient golfer, knew of the school and its headmaster through the Royal Eastbourne Golf Club, where he won several competitions in 1903 and 1904. The headmaster undertook to help Blair to win the scholarship, and made a private financial arrangement that allowed Blair's parents to pay only half the normal fees. In September 1911 Eric arrived at St Cyprian's. He knew nothing of the reduced fees although he "soon recognized that he was from a poorer home". Blair hated the school and many years later wrote an essay "Such, Such Were the Joys", published posthumously, based on his time there. At St. Cyprian's, Blair first met Cyril Connolly, who became a noted writer and, as the editor of Horizon, published many of Orwell's essays. As part of school work, Blair wrote two poems that were published in the Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard, He came second to Connolly in the Harrow History Prize, had his work praised by the school's external examiner, and earned scholarships to Wellington and Eton Colleges. In imitation of Jack London, whose writing he admired (particularly "The People of the Abyss"), Orwell started to explore slumming the poorer parts of London. On his first outing he set out to Limehouse Causeway, spending his first night in a common lodging house, possibly George Levy's 'kip'. For a while he "went native" in his own country, dressing like a tramp and making no concessions to middle-class mores 30 and expectations; he recorded his experiences of the low life for use in The Spike, his first published essay in English, and in the second half of his first book, Down and Out in Paris and London (1933). Modern readers are more often introduced to Orwell as a novelist, particularly through his enormously successful titles Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. The former is often thought to reflect degeneration in the Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution and the rise of Stalinism; the latter, life under totalitarian rule. Nineteen Eighty-Four is often compared to Brave New World by Aldous Huxley; both are powerful dystopian novels warning of a future world where the state machine exerts complete control over social life. In 1984, Nineteen Eighty-Four and Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 were honoured with the Prometheus Award for their contributions to dystopian literature. In 2011 he received it again for Animal Farm. Coming Up for Air, his last novel before World War II is the most "English" of his novels; alarums of war mingle with images of idyllic Thames-side Edwardian childhood of protagonist George Bowling. The novel is pessimistic; industrialism and capitalism have killed the best of Old England, and there were great, new external threats. In homely terms, Bowling posits the totalitarian hypotheses of Borkenau, Orwell, Silone and Koestler: "Old Hitler's something different. So's Joe Stalin. They aren't like these chaps in the old days who crucified people and chopped their heads off and so forth, just for the fun of it ... They're something quite new—something that's never been heard of before". In an autobiographical piece that Orwell sent to the editors of Twentieth Century Authors in 1940, he wrote: "The writers I care about most and never grow tired of are: Shakespeare, Swift, Fielding, Dickens, Charles Reade, Flaubert. But I believe the modern writer who has influenced me most is Somerset Maugham, whom I admire immensely for his power of telling a story straightforwardly and without frills." Elsewhere, Orwell strongly praised the works of Jack London, especially his book The Road. Orwell's investigation of poverty in The Road to Wigan Pier strongly resembles that of Jack London's The People of the Abyss, in which the American journalist disguises himself as an out-of-work sailor in order to investigate the lives of the poor in London. In his essay "Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels" (1946) Orwell wrote: "If I had to make a list of six books which were to be preserved when all others were destroyed, I would certainly put Gulliver's Travels among them." Orwell's health had continued to decline since the diagnosis of tuberculosis in December 1947. In the summer of 1949, he courted Sonia Brownell, and they announced their marriage in September, shortly before he was removed to University College Hospital in London. Sonia took charge of Orwell's affairs and attended diligently in the hospital, causing concern to some old friends such as Muggeridge. Orwell's wedding took place in the hospital room on 13 October 1949, with David Astor as best man. Orwell's health was in decline again by Christmas. On the evening of 20 January 1950, Potts visited Orwell and slipped away on finding him asleep. Early on the morning of 21 January, an artery burst in his lungs, killing him at age 46. Orwell had requested to be buried in accordance with the Anglican rite in the graveyard of the closest church to wherever he happened to die. The graveyards in central London had no space, and fearing that he might have to be cremated, against his wishes, his widow appealed to his friends to see whether any of them knew of a church with space in its graveyard. David Astor lived in Sutton Courtenay, Oxfordshire, and negotiated with the vicar for Orwell to be interred in All Saints' Churchyard there, although he had no connection with the village. His gravestone bears the simple epitaph: "Here lies Eric Arthur Blair, born 25 June 1903, died 21 January 1950"; no mention is made on the gravestone of his more famous pen-name.

31 Harriet Beecher Stowe Harriet Beecher Stowe (June 14, 1811 – July 1, 1896) was an American abolitionist and author. Her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) was a depiction of life for African-Americans under slavery; it reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the United States and . It energized anti- slavery forces in the American North, while provoking widespread anger in the South. She wrote more than 20 books, including novels, three travel memoirs, and collections of articles and letters. She was influential both for her writings and her public stands on social issues of the day. Harriet Elisabeth Beecher was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, on June 14, 1811. She was the seventh of 13 children, born to outspoken religious leader Lyman Beecher and Roxana (Foote), a deeply religious woman who died when Stowe was only five years old. Harriet enrolled in the seminary (girls' school) run by her sister Catharine, where she received a traditionally "male" education in the classics, including study of languages and mathematics. There, she also joined the Semi-Colon Club, a literary salon and social club. It was in that group that she met Calvin Ellis Stowe, a widower and professor at the seminary. The two married on January 6, 1836. He was an ardent critic of slavery, and the Stowes supported the Underground Railroad, temporarily housing several fugitive slaves in their home. They had seven children together, including twin daughters. Uncle Tom's Cabin and Civil War Portrait of Harriet Beecher Stowe, 1853 In 1850, Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Law, prohibiting assistance to fugitives. At the time, Harriet had moved with her family into a home near the campus of Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, where her husband was now teaching. On March 9, 1850, Stowe wrote to Gamaliel Bailey, editor of the weekly antislavery journal National Era, that she planned to write a story about the problem of slavery: "I feel now that the time is come when even a woman or a child who can speak a word for freedom and humanity is bound to speak... I hope every woman who can write will not be silent." Shortly after, In June 1851, when she was 40, the first installment of her Uncle Tom's Cabin was published in the National Era. She originally used the subtitle "The Man That Was A Thing", but it was soon changed to "Life Among the Lowly". Installments were published weekly from June 5, 1851, to April 1, 1852. Uncle Tom's Cabin was published in book form on March 20, 1852, by John P. Jewett with an initial print run of 5,000 copies. Each of its two volumes included three illustrations and a title-page designed by Hammatt Billings. In less than a year, the book sold an unprecedented three hundred thousand copies. By December, as sales began to wane, Jewett issued an inexpensive edition at 37 1/2 cents each to further inspire sales. After the start of the Civil War, Stowe traveled to Washington, D.C. and there met President Abraham Lincoln on November 25, 1862. Legend has it that, upon meeting her, he greeted her by saying, "so you are the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war." In reality, little is known about the meeting. Stowe's daughter Hattie reported, "It was a very droll time that we had at the White house. I assure you... I will only say now that it was all very funny—and we were ready to explode with laughter all the while." Stowe's own letter to her husband is equally vague: "I had a real funny interview with the President." Harriet Beecher Stowe House in Cincinnati, Ohio 32 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27, 1807 – March 24, 1882) was an American poet and educator whose works include "Paul Revere's Ride", The Song of Hiawatha, and Evangeline. He was also the first American to translate Dante Alighieri's The Divine Comedy and was one of the five Fireside Poets. Longfellow was born in Portland, Maine, then part of Massachusetts, and studied at Bowdoin College. After spending time in Europe he became a professor at Bowdoin and, later, at Harvard College. His first major poetry collections were Voices of the Night (1839) and Ballads and Other Poems (1841). Longfellow retired from teaching in 1854 to focus on his writing, living the remainder of his life in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in a former headquarters of George Washington. His first wife Mary Potter died in 1835 after a miscarriage. His second wife Frances Appleton died in 1861 after sustaining burns when her dress caught fire. After her death, Longfellow had difficulty writing poetry for a time and focused on his translation. He died in 1882. Longfellow wrote predominantly lyric poems, known for their musicality and often presenting stories of mythology and legend. He became the most popular American poet of his day and also had success overseas. Longfellow was born on February 27, 1807, to Stephen Longfellow and Zilpah (Wadsworth) Longfellow in Portland, Maine, and he grew up in what is now known as the Wadsworth-Longfellow House. His father was a lawyer, and his maternal grandfather, Peleg Wadsworth, was a general in the American Revolutionary War and a Member of Congress. He was named after his mother's brother Henry Wadsworth, a Navy lieutenant who had died three years earlier at the Battle of Tripoli. Longfellow was the most popular poet of his day and is generally regarded as the most distinguished poet the country had produced. As a friend once wrote to him, "no other poet was so fully recognized his lifetime". Many of his works helped shape the American character and its legacy, particularly with the poem "Paul Revere's Ride". He was such an admired figure in the United States during his life that his 70th birthday in 1877 took on the air of a national holiday, with parades, speeches, and the reading of his poetry. Over the years, Longfellow's personality has become part of his reputation. He has been presented as a gentle, placid, poetic soul. As James Russell Lowell said, Longfellow had an "absolute sweetness, simplicity, and modesty". At Longfellow's funeral, his friend called him "a sweet and beautiful soul". In reality, Longfellow's life was much more difficult than was assumed. He suffered from neuralgia, which caused him constant pain, and he also had poor eyesight. He wrote to friend Charles Sumner: "I do not believe anyone can be perfectly well, who has a brain and a heart". He had become one of the first American celebrities and was also popular in Europe. It was reported that 10,000 copies of The Courtship of Miles Standish sold in London in a single day. Children adored him and, when the "spreading chestnut-tree" mentioned in the poem "The Village Blacksmith" was cut down, the children of Cambridge had the tree converted into an armchair which they presented to the poet. In 1884, Longfellow became the first non-British writer for whom a commemorative sculpted bust was placed in Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey in London; he remains the only American poet represented with a bust. Neil Diamond's 1974 hit song, "Longfellow Serenade", is a reference to the poet. Listen to this at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y6fHYHrIYZg

33

Herman Melville Herman Melville (August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891) was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet. He is best known for his novel Moby-Dick. His first three books gained much contemporary attention (the first, Typee, became a bestseller), but after a fast-blooming literary success in the late 1840s, his popularity declined. When he died in 1891, he was almost completely forgotten. It was not until the "Melville Revival" in the early 20th century that his work won recognition, especially Moby-Dick, which was hailed as one of the literary masterpieces of both American and world literature. Herman Melville was born in New York City on August 1, 1819, the third of eight children of Allan and Maria Gansevoort Melvill. Herman's younger brother, Thomas Melville, eventually became a governor of Sailors Snug Harbor. Part of a well-established and colorful Boston family, Melville's father, Allan, spent a good deal of time abroad as a commission merchant and an importer of French dry goods. The author's paternal grandfather, Major Thomas Melvill, was honored as a participant in the Boston Tea Party. Thomas Melvill, who refused to change the style of his clothing or manners to fit the times, was depicted in Oliver Wendell Holmes's poem "The Last Leaf." On January 3, 1841, he sailed from Fairhaven, Massachusetts on the whaler Acushnet, which was bound for the Pacific Ocean. He was later to comment that his life began that day. The vessel sailed around Cape Horn and traveled to the South Pacific. Melville left little direct accounts of the events of this 18-month voyage, although his whaling romance, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, probably describes many aspects of life on board the Acushnet. Melville deserted the Acushnet in the Marquesas Islands in July 1842. Fayaway For three weeks he lived among the Typee natives, who were called cannibals by the two other tribal groups on the island—though they treated Melville very well. Typee, Melville's first novel, describes a brief love affair with a beautiful native girl, Fayaway, who generally "wore the garb of Eden" and came to epitomize the guileless noble savage in the popular imagination. Melville did not seem to be concerned about consequences of leaving the Acushnet. He boarded an Australian whaleship, the Lucy Ann, bound for Tahiti; took part in a mutiny and was briefly jailed in the native Calabooza Beretanee. After release, he spent several months as beachcomber and island rover (Omoo in Tahitian), eventually crossing over to Moorea. He signed articles on yet another whaler for a six-month cruise (November 1842 − April 1843), which terminated in Honolulu. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale was dedicated to Melville's friend . It was not a financial success; the book never sold its initial printing of 3,000 copies in his lifetime, and total earnings from the American edition amounted to just $556.37 from his publisher, Harper & Brothers. 34 Jack London John Griffith "Jack" London (born John Griffith Chaney January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916) was an American author, journalist, and social activist. He was a pioneer in the then-burgeoning world of commercial magazine fiction and was one of the first fiction writers to obtain worldwide celebrity and a large fortune from his fiction alone. He is best remembered as the author of The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories "To Build a Fire", "An Odyssey of the North", and "Love of Life". He also wrote of the South Pacific in such stories as "The Pearls of Parlay" and "The Heathen", and of the San Francisco Bay area in The Sea Wolf. London was a passionate advocate of unionization, socialism, and the rights of workers and wrote several powerful works dealing with these topics such as his dystopian novel The Iron Heel, his non-fiction exposé The People of the Abyss, and The War of the Classes. Jack London's mother, Flora Wellman, was the fifth and youngest child of Pennsylvania Canal builder Marshall Wellman and his first wife, Eleanor Garrett Jones. Marshall Wellman was descended from Thomas Wellman, an early Puritan settler in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Flora left Ohio and moved to the Pacific coast when her father remarried after her mother died. In San Francisco, Flora worked as a music teacher and spiritualist claiming to channel the spirit of an Indian chief. Biographer Clarice Stasz and others believe that London's father was astrologer William Chaney. Flora Wellman was living with Chaney in San Francisco when she became pregnant. Whether Wellman and Chaney were legally married is unknown. Most San Francisco civil records were destroyed by the extensive fires that followed the 1906 earthquake; it is not known with certainty what name appeared on his birth certificate. Stasz notes that in his memoirs, Chaney refers to London's mother Flora Wellman as having been his "wife" and also cites an advertisement in which Flora called herself "Florence Wellman Chaney". On July 12, 1897, London (age 21) and his sister's husband Captain Shepard sailed to join the Klondike Gold Rush. This was the setting for some of his first successful stories. London's time in the Klondike, however, was detrimental to his health. Like so many other men who were malnourished in the goldfields, London developed scurvy. His gums became swollen, leading to the loss of his four front teeth. A constant gnawing pain affected his hip and leg muscles, and his face was stricken with marks that always reminded him of the struggles he faced in the Klondike. Father William Judge, "The Saint of Dawson," had a facility in Dawson that provided shelter, food and any available medicine to London and others. His struggles there inspired London's short story, "To Build a Fire", which many critics assess as his best. London's most famous novels are The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea-Wolf, The Iron Heel, and Martin Eden. In a letter dated Dec 27, 1901, London's Macmillan publisher George Platt Brett, Sr. said "he believed Jack's fiction represented 'the very best kind of work' done in America." Critic Maxwell Geismar called The Call of the Wild "a beautiful prose poem"; editor Franklin Walker said that it "belongs on a shelf with Walden and Huckleberry Finn"; and novelist E.L. Doctorow called it "a mordant parable ... his masterpiece."

35 James Fenimore Cooper James Fenimore Cooper (September 15, 1789 – September 14, 1851) was a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century. His historical romances of frontier and Indian life in the early American days created a unique form of American literature. He lived most of his life in Cooperstown, New York, established by his father William. Cooper was a lifelong member of the Episcopal Church and in his later years contributed generously to it. He attended Yale University for three years, where he was a member of the Linonian Society, but was expelled for misbehavior. Before embarking on his career as a writer he served in the U.S. Navy as a Midshipman which greatly influenced many of his novels and other writings. He is best remembered as a novelist who wrote numerous sea-stories and the historical novels known as the Leatherstocking Tales. Among naval historians his works on early U.S. naval history have been widely received but were sometimes criticized by Cooper's contemporaries. Among his most famous works is the Romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, often regarded as his masterpiece. Portrait by John Wesley Jarvis of Cooper in naval uniform James Cooper was born in Burlington, New Jersey, to William and Elizabeth (Fenimore) Cooper, the eleventh child of twelve children, most of whom died during infancy or childhood. He was descended from James Cooper, of Stratford-upon-Avon, England, who emigrated to American colonies in 1679. James and his wife were Quakers who purchased plots of land in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Shortly after his first birthday, his family moved to Cooperstown, New York, a community founded by his father, who was a United States Congressman. Their house was in the wilderness on the shore of Otsego Lake, an area in central New York that was surrounded by the Iroquois of the Six Nations. At the age of 13, Cooper was enrolled at Yale, but, after inciting a dangerous prank that involved blowing up another student's door, Cooper was expelled in his third year without completing his degree. Disenchanted with college, Cooper obtained work in 1806 as a sailor and at the age of 17 joined the crew of a merchant vessel. By 1811, he obtained the rank of midshipman in the fledgling United States Navy, conferred to him on an officer's warrant signed by Thomas Jefferson. The Last of the Mohicans, Illustration from 1896 edition In 1820, Cooper's wife Susan wagered that he could write a book better than the one she was reading. In response to the wager, Cooper wrote the novel Precaution (1820). Its focus on morals and manners was influenced by Jane Austen's approach to fiction. He anonymously published Precaution and soon wrote several other novels. In 1823, he published The Pioneers, the first of the Leatherstocking series. The series features Natty Bumppo, a resourceful American woodsman at home with the Delaware Indians and their chief Chingachgook. Bumppo was also the main character of Cooper's most famous novel, The Last of the Mohicans (1826). Written in New York City, the book became one of the most widely read American novels of the 19th century. It is the second book of the Leatherstocking Tales pentalogy and the best known. The Pathfinder, published 14 years later in 1840, is its sequel. The story is set in 1757, during the French and Indian War (the Seven Years' War), when France and Great Britain battled for control of North America. During this war, the French depended on its Native American allies to help fight the more numerous British colonists in the Northeast frontier areas. Classic Comics #4, The Last of the Mohicans, first published 1942. 36 Jane Austen Jane Austen (16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817) was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction, set among the landed gentry, earned her a place as one of the most widely read writers in English literature. Her realism and biting social commentary have gained her historical importance among scholars and critics.

A watercolour and pencil sketch of Austen, believed to have been drawn from life by her sister Cassandra (c. 1810) Austen lived her entire life as part of a close-knit family located on the lower fringes of the English landed gentry. She was educated primarily by her father and older brothers as well as through her own reading. The steadfast support of her family was critical to her development as a professional writer. Her artistic apprenticeship lasted from her teenage years into her thirties. During this period, she experimented with various literary forms, including the epistolary novel which she then abandoned, and wrote and extensively revised three major novels and began a fourth. From 1811 until 1816, with the release of Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814) and Emma (1816), she achieved success as a published writer. Austen's parents, George Austen (1731–1805), and his wife Cassandra (1739–1827), were members of substantial gentry families. George was descended from a family of woollen manufacturers, which had risen through the professions to the lower ranks of the landed gentry. Cassandra was a member of the prominent Leigh family; they married on 26 April 1764 at Walcot Church in Bath. Steventon rectory, as depicted in A Memoir of Jane Austen, was in a valley and surrounded by meadows. Austen was born on 16 December 1775 at Steventon rectory and publicly christened on 5 April 1776. After a few months at home, her mother placed Austen with Elizabeth Littlewood, a woman living nearby, who nursed and raised Austen for a year or eighteen months. In 1783, according to family tradition, Jane and Cassandra were sent to Oxford to be educated by Mrs. Ann Cawley and they moved with her to Southampton later in the year. Both girls caught typhus and Jane nearly died. Austen was subsequently educated at home, until leaving for boarding school with her sister Cassandra early in 1785. The school curriculum probably included some French, spelling, needlework, dancing and music and, perhaps, drama. By December 1786, Jane and Cassandra had returned home because the Austens could not afford to send both of their daughters to school. Perhaps as early as 1787, Austen began to write poems, stories, and plays for her own and her family's amusement. Austen later compiled "fair copies" of 29 of these early works into three bound notebooks, now referred to as the Juvenilia, containing pieces originally written between 1787 and 1793. As Austen grew into adulthood, she continued to live at her parents' home, carrying out those activities normal for women of her age and social standing: she practised the fortepiano, assisted her sister and mother with supervising servants, and attended female relatives during childbirth and older relatives on their deathbeds. She sent short pieces of writing to her newborn nieces Fanny Catherine and Jane Anna Elizabeth. Austen was particularly proud of her accomplishments as a seamstress. She also attended church regularly, socialized frequently with friends and neighbours and read novels — often of her own composition — aloud with her family in the evenings. Austen began work on a second novel, First Impressions, in 1796. She completed the initial draft in August 1797 when she was only 21 (it later became Pride and Prejudice); as with all of her novels, Austen read the work aloud to her family as she was working on it and it became an "established favourite".

37 Johan Ludvig Runeberg Johan Ludvig Runeberg was a Finnish poet, and is the national poet of Finland. He wrote in the . Runeberg studied first in the cities of and , later on at the Imperial Academy of Turku, where he befriended Johan Vilhelm Snellman and Zacharias Topelius. His studies concentrated mainly on the classical languages of Latin and Greek. From 1837 onwards he lived in , where he served as professor of Latin literature in the Gymnasium of Porvoo (Borgå). He was married to his second cousin , née Tengström, with whom he had eight children and who wrote poems and novels, too. Many of his poems deal with life in rural Finland. The best known of these is Bonden Paavo, (Farmer Paavo, Saarijärven Paavo in Finnish), about a smallholding peasant farmer in the poor parish of Saarijärvi and his determination, "sisu" (guts) and unwavering faith in providence in the face of a harsh climate and years of bad harvests. Three times, a frosty night destroys his crops. Every time, he mixes double the amount of bark into his bread to stave off starvation and works ever harder to dry off marsh into dryer land that would not be as exposed to the night frost. After the fourth year, Paavo finally gets a rich crop. As his wife exults, thanks God and tells Paavo to enjoy full bread made entirely out of grain, Paavo instructs his wife to mix bark into grain once more, because their neighbour's crop has been lost in a frost and he gives half of his crop to the needy neighbour. Runeberg's most famous work is Fänrik Ståls Sägner (The Tales of Ensign Stål) written between 1848 and 1860. It is considered the greatest Finnish epic poem outside the native tradition and contains tales of the Swedish War of 1808-09 with Russia. In the war, Sweden ignominiously lost Finland, which became a Grand Duchy in the . The poem, which is composed episodically, emphasizes the common humanity of all sides in the conflict, while principally lauding the heroism of the Finns. The first poem in Fänrik Ståls Sägner became the Finnish national anthem Vårt Land ( laulu, Our Land). The patriotic heroism of the poems colored Finnish consciousness and attitudes toward Russia in the following decades. The relatively harmonious political situation in autonomous Finland as part of the Russian Empire started later to shake, and Runeberg's poems were adopted by promoters of the independence movement. Runeberg's work also served as a cultural weapon in the Civil War (1918) and again in the Second World War. A line from The Tales of Ensign Stål, "Let not one devil cross the bridge", became a slogan directed against the Russians. Below is a YouTube link to one version of the first verse of “Our Land” sung in Finnish and Swedish. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x31ZWU0-DV0&feature=related

38 John Steinbeck John Ernst Steinbeck, Jr. (February 27, 1902 – December 20, 1968) was an American writer. He is widely known for the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Grapes of Wrath (1939) and East of Eden (1952) and the novella Of Mice and Men (1937). As the author of twenty-seven books, including sixteen novels, six non- fiction books, and five collections of short stories, Steinbeck received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962. His father, John Ernst Steinbeck, served as Monterey County treasurer. John's mother, Olive Hamilton, a former school teacher, shared Steinbeck's passion of reading and writing. He spent his summers working on nearby ranches and later with migrant workers on Spreckels ranch. He became aware of the harsher aspects of migrant life and the darker side of human nature, which supplied him with material expressed in such works as Of Mice and Men. He also explored his surroundings, walking across local forests, fields, and farms In 1943, Steinbeck served as a World War II war correspondent. Steinbeck accompanied the commando raids of Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.'s Beach Jumpers program, which launched small-unit diversion operations against German-held islands in the Mediterranean. In 1944, wounded by a close munitions explosion in North Africa, the war-weary author resigned from his work and returned home. Steinbeck achieved his first critical success with Tortilla Flat (1935), a novel that won the California Commonwealth Club's Gold Medal. It portrays the adventures of a group of classless and usually homeless young men in Monterey after World War I, just before U.S. prohibition. They are portrayed in ironic comparison to mythic knights on a quest and reject nearly all the standard mores of American society in enjoyment of a dissolute life centered around wine, lust, camaraderie and petty theft. In presenting the 1962 Nobel Prize to Steinbeck, the Swedish Academy cited "spicy and comic tales about a gang of paisanos, asocial individuals who, in their wild revels, are almost caricatures of King Arthur's Knights of the Round Table. It has been said that in the United States this book came as a welcome antidote to the gloom of the then prevailing depression." Tortilla Flat was adapted as a 1942 film of the same name, starring Spencer Tracy, Hedy Lamarr and John Garfield, a friend of Steinbeck's.

Steinbeck followed this wave of success with The Grapes of Wrath (1939), based on newspaper articles about migrant agricultural workers that he had written in San Francisco. It is commonly considered his greatest work. According to The New York Times, it was the best-selling book of 1939 and 430,000 copies had been printed by February 1940. In that month it won the National Book Award, favorite fiction book of 1939, voted by members of the American Booksellers Association. Later that year it won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction[16] and it was adapted as a film directed by John Ford, starring Henry Fonda as Tom Joad; Fonda was nominated for the best actor Academy Award. The day after Steinbeck's death in New York City, reviewer Charles Poore wrote in the New York Times: "John Steinbeck's first great book was his last great book. But Good Lord, what a book that was and is: The Grapes of Wrath." Poore noted a "preachiness" in Steinbeck's work, "as if half his literary inheritance came from the best of Mark Twain— and the other half from the worst of Cotton Mather." But he asserted that "Steinbeck didn't need the Nobel Prize— the Nobel judges needed him." Many of Steinbeck's works are on required reading lists in American high schools. In the United Kingdom, Of Mice and Men is one of the key texts used by the examining body AQA for its English Literature GCSE. A study by the Center for the Learning and Teaching of Literature in the United States found that Of Mice and Men was one of the ten most frequently read books in public high schools.

39 Jonathan Swift Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 – 19 October 1745) was an Anglo-Irish satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for the Whigs, then for the Tories), poet and cleric who became Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. He is remembered for works such as Gulliver's Travels, A Modest Proposal, A Journal to Stella, Drapier's Letters, The Battle of the Books, An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity, and A Tale of a Tub. Swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the English language, and is less well known for his poetry. Jonathan Swift was born in Dublin, Ireland. He was the second child and only son of Jonathan Swift (1640–1667) and his wife Abigail Erick (or Herrick), of Frisby-on-the-Wreake. His father, a native of Goodrich, Herefordshire, accompanied his brothers to Ireland to seek their fortunes in law after their Royalist father's estate was brought to ruin during the English Civil War. Swift's father died at Dublin before he was born, and his mother returned to England. He was left in the care of his influential uncle, Godwin, a close friend and confidante of Sir John Temple, whose son later employed Swift as his secretary. Swift's family had several interesting literary connections: His grandmother, Elizabeth (Dryden) Swift, was the niece of Sir Erasmus Dryden, grandfather of the poet John Dryden. The same grandmother's aunt, Katherine (Throckmorton) Dryden, was a first cousin of Elizabeth, wife of Sir Walter Raleigh. His great-great grandmother, Margaret (Godwin) Swift, was the sister of Francis Godwin, author of The Man in the Moone which influenced parts of Swift's Gulliver's Travels. His uncle, Thomas Swift, married a daughter of the poet and playwright Sir William Davenant, a godson of William Shakespeare. In February 1702, Swift received his Doctor of Divinity degree from Trinity College, Dublin. During his visits to England in these years Swift published A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books (1704) and began to gain a reputation as a writer. From 1707 to 1709 and again in 1710, Swift was in London, unsuccessfully urging upon the Whig administration of Lord Godolphin the claims of the Irish clergy to the First-Fruits and Twentieths ("Queen Anne's Bounty"), which brought in about £2,500 a year, already granted to their brethren in England. The incoming Tory government conducted secret (and illegal) negotiations with France, resulting in the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) ending the War of the Spanish Succession. Also during these years, he began writing his masterpiece, Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts, by Lemuel Gulliver, first a surgeon, and then a captain of several ships, better known as Gulliver's Travels. Much of the material reflects his political experiences of the preceding decade. For instance, the episode in which the giant Gulliver puts out the Lilliputian palace fire by urinating on it can be seen as a metaphor for the Tories' illegal peace treaty; having done a good thing in an unfortunate manner. In 1726 he paid a long-deferred visit to London taking with him the manuscript of Gulliver's Travels. During his visit he stayed with his old friends Alexander Pope, John Arbuthnot and John Gay, who helped him arrange for the anonymous publication of his book. First published in November 1726, it was an immediate hit, with a total of three printings that year and another in early 1727.

40 Laura Ingalls Wilder Laura Elizabeth Ingalls Wilder (February 7, 1867 – February 10, 1957) was an American author who wrote the Little House series of books based on her childhood in a pioneer family. Laura's daughter, Rose, inspired Laura to write her books. Laura Elizabeth Ingalls was born February 7, 1867, seven miles north of the village of Pepin, in the "Big Woods" of Wisconsin, to Charles Phillip Ingalls and Caroline Lake (Quiner) Ingalls. She was the second of five children; her siblings were Mary Amelia, who went blind; Caroline Celestia, Charles Frederick, who died in infancy, and Grace Pearl. Her birth site is commemorated by a log cabin, the Little House Wayside.[4] Her life here formed the basis for the book Little House in the Big Woods. A paternal ancestor was Edmund Ingalls born on June 27, 1586, in Skirbeck, Lincolnshire, England. He died on September 16, 1648 in Lynn, Massachusetts. She is also a descendant of the Delano family and Edmund Rice, a 1638 immigrant to Massachusetts Bay Colony. In Laura's early childhood, her father settled on land not yet open for homesteading in what was then Indian Territory near what is now Independence, Kansas—an experience that formed the basis of Ingalls' novel Little House on the Prairie. In the years subsequent to this move, her father's restless spirit led them on various moves to a preemption claim in Walnut Grove, Minnesota, living with relatives near South Troy, Minnesota, and helping to run a hotel in Burr Oak, Iowa. After a move from Burr Oak back to Walnut Grove, where he served as the town butcher and Justice of the Peace, Charles Ingalls accepted a railroad job in the spring of 1879 which led him to eastern Dakota Territory, where he was joined by the family in the fall of 1879. Charles filed for a homestead over the winter of 1879–1880; De Smet, South Dakota was home for the rest of his, Caroline, and Mary's lives. After spending the mild winter of 1879–1880 in the Surveyor's House, the Ingalls family watched the town of DeSmet rise up from the prairie in 1881 . The following winter, 1880–1881, one of the most severe on record in the Dakotas, was later described by Wilder in her book, The Long Winter. Once the family was settled in DeSmet, Wilder attended school, worked several part-time jobs and made many friends, most importantly the bachelor homesteader Almanzo Wilder (1857–1949), whom she later married. This time in her life is well documented in the books Little Town on the Prairie, and These Happy Golden Years. In 1894, the hard-pressed young couple moved to Mansfield, Missouri, using their savings to make a down payment on a piece of undeveloped property just outside of town. They named the place Rocky Ridge Farm. The ramshackle log cabin was eventually replaced with an impressive 10-room farmhouse and outbuildings. The couple's climb to financial security was a slow process. Initially, the only income the farm produced was from wagonloads of firewood Almanzo sold for 50 cents in town, the result of the backbreaking work of clearing the trees and stones from land that slowly evolved into fertile fields and pastures. The apple trees did not begin to bear fruit for seven years. Barely able to eke out more than a subsistence living on the new farm, the Wilders decided to move into nearby Mansfield in the late 1890s and rent a small house. Almanzo found work as an oil salesman and general delivery man, while Laura took in boarders and served meals to local railroad workers. Wilder's parents visited around this time, and presented to the couple, as a gift, the deed to the house they had been renting in Mansfield. This was the economic jump start they needed; they added acreage to the original purchase, eventually owning nearly 200 acres. Around 1910, they sold their house in town and using the proceeds from the sale, were able to move back to the farm permanently, and to complete Rocky Ridge Farmhouse.

41 Leo Tolstoy Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy; known in the Anglosphere as Leo Tolstoy; September 9, 1828 – November 20, 1910) was a Russian writer who primarily wrote novels and short stories. Later in life, he also wrote plays and essays. Tolstoy is equally known for his complicated and paradoxical persona and for his extreme moralistic and ascetic views, which he adopted after a moral crisis and spiritual awakening in the 1870s, after which he also became noted as a moral thinker and social reformer. His literal interpretation of the ethical teachings of Jesus, centering on the Sermon on the Mount, caused him in later life to become a fervent Christian anarchist and anarcho-pacifist. His ideas on nonviolent resistance, expressed in such works as The Kingdom of God Is Within You, were to have a profound impact on such pivotal twentieth-century figures as Mohandas Gandhi and King, Jr. Tolstoy was born in Yasnaya Polyana, the family estate in the Tula region of Russia. The Tolstoys were a well-known family of old Russian nobility. He was the fourth of five children of Count Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy, a veteran of the Patriotic War of 1812, and Countess Mariya Tolstaya (Volkonskaya). Tolstoy's parents died when he was young, so he and his siblings were brought up by relatives. Tolstoy is one of the giants of Russian literature; his works include the novels War and Peace and Anna Karenina and novellas such as Hadji Murad and The Death of Ivan Ilyich. His contemporaries paid him lofty tributes. Fyodor Dostoyevsky thought him the greatest of all living novelists. Gustave Flaubert, on reading a translation of War and Peace, exclaimed, "What an artist and what a psychologist!" Anton Chekhov, who often visited Tolstoy at his country estate, wrote, "When literature possesses a Tolstoy, it is easy and pleasant to be a writer; even when you know you have achieved nothing yourself and are still achieving nothing, this is not as terrible as it might otherwise be, because Tolstoy achieves for everyone. What he does serves to justify all the hopes and aspirations invested in literature." Later critics and novelists continue to bear testament to Tolstoy's art. Virginia Woolf declared him the greatest of all novelists. James Joyce noted that, "He is never dull, never stupid, never tired, never pedantic, never theatrical!". Thomas Mann wrote of Tolstoy's seemingly guileless artistry: "Seldom did art work so much like nature". Such sentiments were shared by the likes of Proust, Faulkner and Nabokov. The latter heaped superlatives upon The Death of Ivan Ilyich and Anna Karenina; he questioned, however, the reputation of War and Peace, and sharply criticized Resurrection and The Kreutzer Sonata.

Anna Karenina is the tragedy of married aristocrat and socialite Anna Karenina and her affair with the affluent Count Vronsky. The story starts when she arrives in the midst of a family broken up by her brother's unbridled womanizing—something that prefigures her own later situation, though with less tolerance for her by others. A bachelor, Vronsky is willing to marry her if she would agree to leave her husband Karenin, a government official, but she is vulnerable to the pressures of Russian social norms, her own insecurities and Karenin's indecision. Although Vronsky and Anna go to Italy where they can be together, they have trouble making friends. Back in Russia, she is shunned, becoming further isolated and anxious, while Vronsky pursues his social life. Despite Vronsky's reassurances she grows increasingly possessive and paranoid about his imagined infidelity, fearing loss of control.

42 Lewis Carroll Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by the pen name Lewis Carroll, was an English writer, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon and photographer. His most famous writings are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass, as well as the poems "The Hunting of the Snark" and "Jabberwocky", all examples of the genre of literary nonsense. He is noted for his facility at word play, logic, and fantasy, and there are societies in many parts of the dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works and the investigation of his life. Dodgson's family was predominantly northern English, with Irish connections. Conservative and High Church Anglican, most of Dodgson's ancestors were army officers or Church of England clergy. The elder of these sons – yet another Charles Dodgson – was Carroll's father. He reverted to the other family tradition and took holy orders. He went to Westminster School, and then to Christ Church, Oxford. He was mathematically gifted and won a double first degree, which could have been the prelude to a brilliant academic career. Instead he married his first cousin in 1827 and became a country parson. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (commonly shortened to Alice in Wonderland) is an 1865 novel written by English author Charles Lutwidge Dodgson under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll. It tells of a girl named Alice who falls down a rabbit hole into a fantasy world (Wonderland) populated by peculiar, anthropomorphic creatures. The tale plays with logic, giving the story lasting popularity with adults as well as children. It is considered to be one of the best examples of the literary nonsense genre, and its narrative course and structure, characters and imagery have been enormously influential in both popular culture and literature, especially in the fantasy genre. Alice was published in 1865, three years after the Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson and the Reverend Robinson Duckworth rowed in a boat, on 4 July 1862, up the Isis with the three young daughters of Henry Liddell (the Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University and Dean of Christ Church. The journey began at Folly Bridge near Oxford and ended five miles away in the village of Godstow. During the trip the Reverend Dodgson told the girls a story that featured a bored little girl named Alice who goes looking for an adventure. The girls loved it, and Alice Liddell asked Dodgson to write it down for her. He began writing the manuscript of the story the next day, although that earliest version no longer exists. The girls and Dodgson took another boat trip a month later when he elaborated the plot to the story of Alice, and in November he began working on the manuscript in earnest. Page from the original manuscript copy of Alice's Adventures Under Ground, 1864

43 Louisa May Alcott Louisa May Alcott (November 29, 1832 – March 6, 1888) was an American novelist best known as author of the novel and its sequels and Jo's Boys. Raised by her transcendentalist parents, Abigail May and Amos Bronson Alcott in New England, she grew up among many of the well-known intellectuals of the day such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and . Nevertheless, her family suffered severe financial difficulties and Alcott worked to help support the family from an early age. She began to receive critical success for her writing in the 1860s. Early in her career, she sometimes used the pen name A. M. Barnard. Published in 1868, Little Women is set in the Alcott family home, , in Concord, Massachusetts and is loosely based on Alcott's childhood experiences with her three sisters. The novel was very well received and is still a popular children's novel today. Alcott was an abolitionist and a feminist. Never married, she died in Boston. Alcott was born on November 29, 1832, in Germantown, which is now part of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on her father's 33rd birthday. She was the daughter of transcendentalist and educator Amos Bronson Alcott and social worker and the second of four daughters: Anna Bronson Alcott was the eldest; Elizabeth Sewall Alcott and Abigail May Alcott were the two youngest. The family moved to Boston in 1838, where Alcott's father established an experimental school and joined the Transcendental Club with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Bronson Alcott's opinions on education and tough views on child- rearing shaped young Alcott's mind with a desire to achieve perfection, a goal of the transcendentalists. His attitudes towards Alcott's sometimes wild and independent behavior, and his inability to provide for his family, sometimes created conflict between Bronson Alcott and his wife and daughters. Poverty made it necessary for Alcott to go to work at an early age as an occasional teacher, seamstress, governess, domestic helper, and writer. Her sisters also supported the family, working as seamstresses and governesses, while their mother took on social work among the Irish immigrants. As an adult, Alcott was an abolitionist and a feminist. In 1847, she and her family served as station masters on the Underground Railroad, when they housed a fugitive slave for one week and in 1848 Alcott read and admired the "Declaration of Sentiments", published by the Seneca Falls Convention on women's rights, advocating for women's suffrage and became the first woman to register to vote in Concord, Massachusetts in a school board election. In 1860, Alcott began writing for the Atlantic Monthly. When the American Civil War broke out, she served as a nurse in the Union Hospital at Georgetown, D.C., for six weeks in 1862–1863. Her letters home – revised and published in the Commonwealth and collected as (1863, republished with additions in 1869) – brought her first critical recognition for her observations and humor. It was originally written for the Boston anti-slavery paper The Commonwealth. She speaks out about the mismanagement of hospitals and the indifference and callousness of some of the surgeons she encountered. Alcott became successful with the publication by the Roberts Brothers of the first part of Little Women: or Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy (1868), a semi-autobiographical account of her childhood with her sisters in Concord, Massachusetts. Part two, or Part Second, also known as Good Wives (1869), followed the March sisters into adulthood and their respective marriages. Little Women was well received, with critics and audiences finding it suitable for many age groups. A reviewer of Eclectic Magazine called it "the very best of books to reach the hearts of the young of any age from six to sixty," It was also said] to be a fresh, natural representation of daily life

44 Margaret Mitchell Margaret Munnerlyn Mitchell (November 8, 1900 – August 16, 1949) was an American author and journalist. One novel by Mitchell was published during her lifetime, the American Civil War-era novel, Gone with the Wind. For it she won the National Book Award for Most Distinguished Novel of 1936 and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1937. In more recent years, a collection of Mitchell's girlhood writings and a novella she wrote as a teenager, Lost Laysen, have been published. Margaret Mitchell was a Southerner and a lifelong resident and native of Atlanta, Georgia. She was born in 1900 into a wealthy and politically prominent family. Her father, Eugene Muse Mitchell, was an attorney, and her mother, Mary Isabel "May Belle" (or "Maybelle") Stephens, was a suffragist. Mitchell's family on her father's side were descendants of Thomas Mitchell, originally of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, who settled in Wilkes County, Georgia in 1777, and served in the American Revolutionary War. Her grandfather, Russell Crawford Mitchell, of Atlanta, enlisted in the Confederate States Army in July 1861, and was later severely wounded at the Battle of Sharpsburg. Mitchell's maternal great-grandfather, Philip Fitzgerald, emigrated from Ireland, and eventually settled on a slaveholding plantation near Jonesboro, Georgia, where he had one son and seven daughters with his wife, Elenor. Mitchell's grandparents, married in 1863, were Annie Fitzgerald and John Stephens, who had also emigrated from Ireland and was a Captain in the Confederate States Army. Margaret Mitchell was born in her grandmother Annie Stephens's house on Cain Street in Atlanta, just around the corner from the Mitchells' home on Jackson Street. During her early childhood, the Mitchell family lived in a two-story Victorian house on Jackson Hill, east of downtown Atlanta. Jackson Hill was an old, affluent part of the city. At the bottom of Jackson Hill was an area of African American homes and businesses called "Darktown". The mayhem of the Atlanta Race Riot occurred in September 1906 when she was five years old. The sounds of gunshots could be heard throughout the night. At Margaret's suggestion, her father, who did not own a gun, stood guard with a sword. One of Mitchell's most vivid memories of her mother was a women's suffrage rally. Margaret sat on a platform wearing a Votes-for-Women banner blowing kisses to the gentlemen while her mother gave an impassioned speech. Mitchell was nineteen years old when the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified, which gave women the right to vote. Mitchell wrote a romance novella, Lost Laysen, when she was fifteen years old (1916). The novella was published in 1996, eighty years after it was written, and became a New York Times Best Seller In May 1926, after Mitchell had left her job at the Atlanta Journal and was recovering at home from her ankle injury, she wrote a society column for the Sunday Magazine, "Elizabeth Bennet's Gossip. Meanwhile, Marsh was growing weary of lugging armloads of books home from the library to keep his wife's mind occupied while she hobbled around the house; he emphatically suggested she write her own book instead: For God's sake, Peggy, can't you write a book instead of reading thousands of them? To aid her in her literary endeavors, John Marsh brought home a Remington Portable No. 3 typewriter (c. 1928). For the next three years Mitchell worked exclusively on writing a Civil War-era novel whose heroine was named Pansy O'Hara (prior to publication Pansy was changed to Scarlett). She used parts of the manuscript to prop up a wobbly couch.

45 Mark Twain Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. He wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), the latter often called "the Great American Novel". Twain grew up in Hannibal, Missouri, which provided the setting for Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer. After an apprenticeship with a printer, he worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to the newspaper of his older brother, Orion Clemens. He later became a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion in Nevada. He referred humorously to his singular lack of success at mining, turning to journalism for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise. In 1865, his humorous story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County", was published, based on a story he heard at Angels Hotel in Angels Camp, California, where he had spent some time as a miner. The short story brought international attention, and was even translated into classic Greek. His wit and satire, in prose and in speech, earned praise from critics and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty. Though Twain earned a great deal of money from his writings and lectures, he invested in ventures that lost a great deal of money, notably the Paige Compositor, a mechanical typesetter, which failed because of its complexity and imprecision. In the wake of these financial setbacks, he filed for bankruptcy, overcame his financial troubles. Twain chose to pay all his pre-bankruptcy creditors in full, though he had no legal responsibility to do so. Twain was born shortly after a visit by Halley's Comet, and he predicted that he would "go out with it", too. He died the day following the comet's subsequent return. He was lauded as the "greatest American humorist of his age", and William Faulkner called Twain "the father of American literature". When he was four, Twain's family moved to Hannibal, Missouri a port town on the Mississippi River that inspired the fictional town of St. Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Missouri was a slave state and young Twain became familiar with the institution of slavery, a theme he would later explore in his writing. Twain's father was an attorney and judge. The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad was organized in his office in 1846. The railroad connected the second and third largest cities in the state and was the westernmost United States railroad until the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad. It delivered mail to and from the Pony Express. Twain describes in Life on the Mississippi how, when he was a boy, "there was but one permanent ambition" among his comrades: to be a steamboatman. "Pilot was the grandest position of all. The pilot, even in those days of trivial wages, had a princely salary - from a hundred and fifty to two hundred and fifty dollars a month, and no board to pay." As Twain described it, the pilot's prestige exceeded that of the captain. The pilot had to "get up a warm personal acquaintanceship with every old snag and one- limbed cottonwood and every obscure wood pile that ornaments the banks of this river for twelve hundred miles; and more than that, must ... actually know where these things are in the dark..." Steamboat pilot Horace E. Bixby took on Twain as a "cub" pilot to teach him the river between New Orleans and St. Louis for $500, payable out of Twain's first wages after graduating. Twain studied the Mississippi, learning its landmarks, how to navigate its currents effectively, and how to "read the river" and its constantly shifting 46 channels, reefs, submerged snags and rocks that would "tear the life out of the strongest vessel that ever floated". It was more than two years before he received his steamboat pilot license, in 1859. This occupation gave him his pen name, Mark Twain, from "mark twain", the leadsman's cry for a measured river depth of two fathoms, which was safe water for a steamboat. Library of Twain House, with hand-stenciled paneling, fireplaces from India, embossed wallpapers, and hand-carved mantel purchased in Scotland Twain joined Orion, who in 1861 became secretary to James W. Nye, the governor of Nevada Territory, and headed west. Twain and his brother traveled more than two weeks on a stagecoach across the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains, visiting the Mormon community in Salt Lake City. Twain's journey ended in the silver-mining town of Virginia City, Nevada, where he became a miner on the Comstock Lode. Twain failed as a miner and worked at a Virginia City newspaper, the Territorial Enterprise. Working under writer and friend Dan DeQuille, here he first used his pen name. On February 3, 1863, he signed a humorous travel account "Letter From Carson – re: Joe Goodman; party at Gov. Johnson's; music" with "Mark Twain". His experiences in the American West inspired Roughing It and his experiences in Angels Camp, California, in Calaveras County, provided material for "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County". Twain moved to San Francisco, California, in 1864, still as a journalist. He met writers such as Bret Harte and Artemus Ward. The young poet Ina Coolbrith may have romanced him. His first success as a writer came when his humorous tall tale, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County", was published in a New York weekly, The Saturday Press, on November 18, 1865. It brought him national attention. A year later, he traveled to the Sandwich Islands (present-day Hawaii) as a reporter for the Sacramento Union. His travelogues were popular and became the basis for his first lectures. In 1867, a local newspaper funded a trip to the Mediterranean. During his tour of Europe and the Middle East, he wrote a popular collection of travel letters, which were later compiled as The Innocents Abroad in 1869. It was on this trip that he met his future brother-in-law, Charles Langdon. Both were passengers aboard the Quaker City on their way to the Holy Land. Langdon showed a picture of his sister Olivia to Twain; Twain claimed to have fallen in love at first sight. Throughout 1868, Twain and Olivia Langdon corresponded, but she rejected his first marriage proposal. Two months later, they were engaged. In February 1870, Twain and Langdon were married in Elmira, New York, where he had courted her and had overcome her father's initial reluctance. She came from a "wealthy but liberal family", and through her, he met abolitionists, "socialists, principled atheists and activists for women's rights and social equality", including Harriet Beecher Stowe (his next-door neighbor in Hartford, Connecticut), Frederick Douglass, and the writer and utopian socialist William Dean Howells, who became a long-time friend. The couple lived in Buffalo, New York, from 1869 to 1871. Twain owned a stake in the Buffalo Express newspaper and worked as an editor and writer. While they were living in Buffalo, their son Langdon died of diphtheria at age 19 months. They had three daughters: Susy (1872–1896), Clara (1874– 1962) and Jean (1880–1909). The couple's marriage lasted 34 years, until Olivia's death in 1904. All of the Clemens family are buried in Elmira's Woodlawn Cemetery.

47 Robert Louis Stevenson Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson (13 November 1850 – 3 December 1894) was a Scottish novelist, poet, essayist, and travel writer. His most famous works are Treasure Island, Kidnapped, and Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. A literary celebrity during his lifetime, Stevenson now ranks among the 26 most translated authors in the world Stevenson's parents were both devout and serious Presbyterians, but the household was not strict in its adherence to Calvinist principles. His nurse, Alison Cunningham (known as Cummy), was more fervently religious. Her Calvinism and folk beliefs were an early source of nightmares for the child, and he showed a precocious concern for religion. But she also cared for him tenderly in illness, reading to him from Bunyan and the Bible as he lay sick in bed and telling tales of the Covenanters. Stevenson recalled this time of sickness in "The Land of Counterpane" in A Child's Garden of Verses (1885), and dedicated the book to his nurse.

Robert Louis Stevenson at the age of seven An only child, strange-looking and eccentric, Stevenson found it hard to fit in when he was sent to a nearby school at age six, a problem repeated at age eleven when he went on to the Academy; but he mixed well in lively games with his cousins in summer holidays at . In any case, his frequent illnesses often kept him away from his first school, and he was taught for long stretches by private tutors. He was a late reader, first learning at age seven or eight, but even before this he dictated stories to his mother and nurse. He compulsively wrote stories throughout his childhood. His father was proud of this interest; he had also written stories in his spare time until his own father found them and told him to "give up such nonsense and mind your business." He paid for the printing of Robert's first publication at sixteen, an account of the covenanters' rebellion which was published on its two hundredth anniversary, The Pentland Rising: A Page of History, 1666 (1866). Treasure Island is an adventure novel narrating a tale of "buccaneers and buried gold". Treasure Island is an adventure tale known for its atmosphere, characters and action, and also as a wry commentary on the ambiguity of morality — as seen in Long John Silver — unusual for children's literature now and then. It is one of the most frequently dramatized of all novels. The influence of Treasure Island on popular perceptions of pirates is enormous, including treasure maps marked with an "X", schooners, the Black Spot, tropical islands, and one-legged seamen carrying parrots on their shoulders. Poster from the 1880s. The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde was initially sold as a paperback for one shilling in the UK and one dollar in the U.S. The American publisher issued the book on 5 January 1886, four days before the first appearance of the UK edition issued by Longmans; Scribner's published 3000 copies, only 1250 of them bound in cloth. Initially stores would not stock it until a review appeared in The Times, on 25 January 1886, giving it a favourable reception. Within the next six months, close to forty thousand copies were sold.

48 Sinclair Lewis Harry Sinclair Lewis (February 7, 1885 – January 10, 1951) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. In 1930, he became the first writer from the United States to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters." His works are known for their insightful[1] and critical views of American society and capitalist values, as well as for their strong characterizations of modern working women. Upon moving to Washington, D.C., Lewis devoted himself to writing. As early as 1916, he began taking notes for a realistic novel about small-town life. Work on that novel continued through mid-1920, when he completed Main Street, which was published on October 23, 1920. As his biographer Mark Schorer wrote, the phenomenal success of Main Street "was the most sensational event in twentieth-century American publishing history." Lewis's agent had the most optimistic projection of sales at 25,000 copies. In its first six months, Main Street sold 180,000 copies and within a few years, sales were estimated at two million. According to Richard Lingeman, "Main Street earned Sinclair Lewis about three million current [2002] dollars" Lewis followed up this first great success with Babbitt (1922), a novel that satirized the American commercial culture and boosterism. The story was set in the fictional Midwestern town of Zenith, Winnemac, a setting to which Lewis would return in future novels, including Gideon Planish and Dodsworth. Lewis continued his success in the 1920s with Arrowsmith (1925), a novel about the challenges faced by an idealistic doctor. It was awarded the Pulitzer Prize (which Lewis refused). Adapted as a 1931 Hollywood film directed by John Ford and starring Ronald Colman, it was nominated for four Academy Awards. Next Lewis published Elmer Gantry (1927), which depicted an evangelical minister as deeply hypocritical. The novel was denounced by many religious leaders and banned in some U.S. cities. Adapted for the screen more than a generation later, the novel was the basis of the 1960 movie starring Burt Lancaster, who earned a Best Actor Oscar for his performance. In 1930, Lewis won the Nobel Prize in Literature, the first writer from the United States to receive the award. In the Swedish Academy's presentation speech, special attention was paid to Babbitt. After winning the Nobel Prize, Lewis wrote eleven more novels, ten of which appeared in his lifetime. The best remembered is It Can't Happen Here, a novel about the election of a fascist to the American presidency.

It Can't Happen Here is a semi-satirical 1935 political novel by American author Sinclair Lewis. Published during the rise of fascism in Europe, the novel describes the rise of Buzz Windrip, a populist United States senator who is elected to the presidency after promising drastic economic and social reforms while promoting a return to patriotism and traditional values. After his election, Windrip takes complete control over the government and imposes totalitarian in the manner of Adolf Hitler and the Schutzstaffel. The novel's plot centers around newspaperman Doremus Jessup's opposition to the new regime and his subsequent struggle against it.

49 Snorri Sturluson Print edition of Snorri's Edda of 1666 Snorri Sturluson (1179 – 23 September 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet, and politician. He was twice elected lawspeaker at the Icelandic parliament, the Althing. He was the author of the Prose Edda or Younger Edda, which consists of Gylfaginning ("the fooling of Gylfi"), a narrative of Norse mythology, the Skáldskaparmál, a book of poetic language, and the Háttatal, a list of verse forms. He was also the author of the Heimskringla, a history of the Norwegian kings that begins with legendary material in Ynglinga saga and moves through to early medieval Scandinavian history. For stylistic and methodological reasons, Snorri is often taken to be the author of Egil's saga. As an historian and mythographer, Snorri is remarkable for proposing the hypothesis (in the Prose Edda) that mythological gods begin as human war leaders and kings whose funeral sites develop cults (see euhemerism). As people call upon the dead war leader as they go to battle, or the dead king as they face tribal hardship, they begin to venerate the figure. Eventually, the king or warrior is remembered only as a god. He also proposed that as tribes defeat others, they explain their victory by proposing that their own gods were in battle with the gods of the others. Snorri Sturluson was born at Hvammr into the wealthy and powerful Sturlungar family of the Icelandic Commonwealth, in 1179. His parents were Sturla Þórðarson of Hvamm and Guðný Böðvarsdóttir. He had two older brothers, Þórðr Sturluson (the oldest) and Sighvatr Sturluson. “Snorri Sturluson” by Christian Krohg (1890s)

By a quirk of circumstance he was raised from the age of three (or four) by Jón Loftsson, a relative of the Norwegian royal family, in Oddi, Iceland. As Sturla was trying to settle a lawsuit with Father Páll Sölvason, the latter's wife lunged suddenly at him with a knife, intending, she said, to make him like his hero Odin (who was one-eyed), but bystanders deflected the blow to the cheek. The resulting settlement would have beggared Páll. Jón Loftsson intervened in the Althing to mitigate the judgement and to compensate Sturla, offered to raise and educate Snorri. Snorri therefore received an education and made connections that he might not otherwise have made. He attended the school of Sæmundr fróði, grandfather of Jón Loftsson, at Oddi, and never returned to his parents' home. His father died in 1183 and his mother as guardian soon wasted Snorri's share of the inheritance. Jón Loftsson died in 1197. The two families then arranged a marriage in 1199 between Snorri and Herdís, the first daughter of Bersi. From her father, Snorri inherited an estate at Borg and a chieftainship. He soon acquired more property and chieftainships. Snorri quickly became known as a poet, but was also a successful lawyer. In 1215, he became lawspeaker of the Althing, the only public office of the Icelandic commonwealth and a position of high respect. In the summer of 1218, he left the lawspeaker position and sailed to Norway, by royal invitation. There he became

50 well acquainted with the teen-aged King Hákon Hákonarson and his co-regent, Jarl Skúli. He spent the winter as house-guest of the jarl. They showered gifts upon him, including the ship in which he sailed, and he in return wrote poetry about them. In the summer of 1219 he met his Swedish colleague, the lawspeaker Eskil Magnusson, and his wife, Kristina Nilsdotter Blake, in Skara. They were both related to royalty and probably gave Snorri an insight into the history of Sweden. The reign of Haakon IV (Hákon Hákonarson), King of Norway, was troubled by civil war relating to questions of succession and was at various times divided into quasi-independent regions under contenders. There were always plots against the king and questions of loyalty; nevertheless, he managed to build up the Norwegian state from what it had been. Snorri must have had his own ideas about the king's position and the validity of his orders, but at any rate he chose to disobey them, returning to Iceland in 1239. The king was distracted by the necessity to confront Skúli, who declared himself king in 1239. He was defeated militarily and killed in 1240. Meanwhile Snorri resumed his chieftainship and made a bid to crush Gissur by prosecuting him in court for the deaths of Sigvat and Sturla. A meeting of the Althing was arranged for the summer of 1241 but Gissur and Kolbein arrived with several hundred men. Snorri and 120 men formed around a church. Gissur chose to pay fines rather than to attack. Meanwhile, in 1240, after the jarl's defeat, but before his removal from the scene, Haakon sent two agents to Gissur bearing a secret letter with orders to kill or capture Snorri. Gissur led seventy men on a daring raid to his house, achieving complete surprise. Snorri Sturluson was assassinated in his house at Reykholt in autumn of 1241. It is not clear that he was ever given a chance to avail himself of the "capture" option. He fled to the cellar. There, Símon knútur asked Arni the Bitter to strike him. Then Snorri said: Eigi skal höggva!—"Do not strike!" Símon answered: "Högg þú!" — "You strike now!" Snorri replied: Eigi skal höggva!—"Do not strike!" and these were his last words. In a way, Snorri made a comeback into politics long after his death. His writings could be used in support of the claims of later kings concerning the venerability and extent of their rule. Later, “Heimskringla” became important for Norwegian national independence and identity.

A page of the Eggertson copy of Heimskringla Heimskringla is the best known of the Old Norse kings' sagas. It was written in Old Norse in Iceland by the poet and historian Snorri Sturluson (1178/79–1241) ca. 1230. The name Heimskringla was first used in the 17th century, derived from the first two words of one of the manuscripts (kringla heimsins - the circle of the world). Heimskringla is a collection of sagas about the Norwegian kings, beginning with the saga of the legendary Swedish dynasty of the Ynglings, followed by accounts of historical Norwegian rulers from Harald Fairhair of the 9th century up to the death of the pretender Eystein Meyla in 1177. The exact sources of his work are disputed, but included earlier kings' sagas, such as Morkinskinna, Fagrskinna and the twelfth century Norwegian synoptic histories and oral traditions, notably many skaldic poems. Snorri had himself visited Norway and Sweden. For events of mid-12th century, Snorri explicitly names the now lost work Hryggjarstykki as his source. The composition of the sagas is Snorri's.

The Heimskringla is referenced in the Jules Verne novel Journey to the Centre of the Earth. 51 Stephen Foster Stephen Collins Foster (July 4, 1826 – January 13, 1864), known as the "father of American music", was an American songwriter primarily known for his parlour and minstrel music. Foster wrote over 200 songs; among his best known are "Oh! Susanna", "Camptown Races", "Old Folks at Home", "My Old Kentucky Home", "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair", "Old Black Joe", "Massa's in the Cold Ground", "Nelly Bly", "Old Uncle Ned" and "Beautiful Dreamer". Many of his compositions remain popular more than 150 years after he wrote them. Foster attended private academies in Allegheny, Athens and Towanda, Pennsylvania. He received an education in English grammar, diction, the classics, penmanship, Latin and Greek, and mathematics. In 1839, his elder brother William was serving his apprenticeship as an engineer at nearby Towanda and thought Stephen would benefit from being under his supervision. The site of the Camptown Races is 30 miles from Athens, and 15 miles from Towanda. Stephen attended Athens Academy from 1839 to 1841. He wrote his first composition, Tioga Waltz, while attending Athens Academy, and performed it during the 1841 commencement exercises; he was 14. In 1846, Foster moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, and became a bookkeeper with his brother's steamship company. While in Cincinnati, Foster penned his first successful songs—among them "Oh! Susanna," which became an anthem of the California Gold Rush—in 1848–1849. In 1849, he published Foster's Ethiopian Melodies, which included the successful song Nelly Was a Lady, made famous by the Christy Minstrels. A plaque marks the site of Foster's residence in Cincinnati, where the Guilford School building is now located. Then he returned to Pennsylvania and signed a contract with the Christy Minstrels. It was during this period that Foster would write most of his best-known songs: "Camptown Races" (1850), "Nelly Bly" (1850), "Old Folks at Home" (known also as Swanee River, 1851), My Old Kentucky Home (1853), Old Dog Tray (1853), and Jeanie With the Light Brown Hair (1854), written for his wife Jane Denny McDowell. Many of Foster's songs were of the blackface minstrel show tradition popular at the time. Foster sought, in his own words, to, "...build up taste ... among refined people by making words suitable to their taste, instead of the trashy and really offensive words which belong to some songs of that order." Foster is acknowledged as "father of American music." He was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970, and he was also inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2010. "My Old Kentucky Home" is the official state song of Kentucky, adopted by the General Assembly on March 19, 1928. "Old Folks at Home" is the official state song of Florida, designated in 1935, but has been replaced as state anthem by Florida (Where the Sawgrass Meets the Sky) American baritone Nelson Eddy recorded 35 Foster songs over three recording sessions in July, August and September 1947 on Columbia Records, in 78 format, 2 songs per record. Listen to Jussi Björling singing “Jeanie with the light brown hair” at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09oT6cehVLY

52 Viktor Rydberg Abraham Viktor Rydberg (December 18, 1828 – September 21, 1895) was a Swedish writer and a member of the Swedish Academy, 1877-1895. "Primarily a classical idealist", Viktor Rydberg has been described as "Sweden's last Romantic" and by 1859 was "generally regarded in the first rank of Swedish novelists." Rydberg in 1876 Viktor Rydberg was of humble parentage. One biographer notes that: "He had a hard struggle to satisfy the thirst for learning which was a leading passion of his life, but he finally attained distinction in several fields of scholarship." The son of a soldier turned prison guard, Johann Rydberg, and a midwife, Hedvig Düker. Viktor Rydberg had two brothers and three sisters. In 1834 his mother died during a cholera epidemic. Her death broke the spirit of his father, who yielded to hypochondria and alcoholism, contributing towards his loss of employment and the family's apartment, forcing authorities to board young Viktor out to a series of foster homes, one of which burnt down, further traumatizing the youth.

Despite his economic status, Rydberg was recognized for his talents. From 1838 to 1847, Rydberg attended grammar school, and studied law at the University in Lund from 1851 to 1852. Due to financial reasons his university studies ended after one year, without a degree. Afterward, he took a job as a private tutor. In 1855, he was offered work at the Göteborgs Handels- och Sjöfartstidning, a newspaper in Göteborg, where he would remain employed for more than 20 years. It was during this time that his first novels saw print. He soon became a central figure of late Romanticism in Sweden, and Sweden's most famous living author. Throughout his adult life, Rydberg was active in politics. In 1859, he wrote a pamphlet on national defense, which inspired the "Sharpshooter's movement", a voluntary militia of some political importance during the 1860s. In 1870, he took a controversial pro-German stance during the Franco-Prussian War. Representing the traditional economic system of Sweden, from 1870 to 1872, Rydberg was a member of the Swedish Parliament as a supporter of the Peasant's Party. Rydberg grave in Gothenburg In 1857, Rydberg's first novel, Fribytaren på Östersjön (The Freebooter of the Baltic; 1857), a historical romance set in the 17th century, incorporating themes of piracy, witchcraft and nautical excursions, was published. This was soon followed by his first major success, and one of his most popular novels, Singoalla (1858), a "romantic story out of the Middle Ages, permeated with a poetic nature-mysticism, about the tragic love between a knight and a gypsy girl." Rydberg died at the age of 66 on September 21, 1895 due to complications from diabetes and arteriosclerosis. Rydberg's passing was reported as far away as the United States of America, where the New York Times published an obituary titled: "Death of Prof. A.V. Rydberg, Career and Remarkable works of one of Sweden's Leading Men." A national day of mourning would ensue all over Sweden. Today, his grave is a national monument. Many of his works have been translated and remain in print. His works are widely read in schools throughout Sweden, and his poem "Tomten" ("Santa" or "The Gnome") is a Christmas favorite. See and listen to this on our homepage at Viktor Rydberg’s “Tomten”. 53 Walt Disney Walter Elias "Walt" Disney (December 5, 1901 – December 15, 1966) was an American film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, animator, entrepreneur, entertainer, international icon, and philanthropist, well known for his influence in the field of entertainment during the 20th century. Disney is particularly noted as a film producer and a popular showman, as well as an innovator in animation and theme park design. He and his staff created some of the world's most well- known fictional characters including Mickey Mouse, for whom Disney himself provided the original voice. During his lifetime he received four honorary Academy Awards and won 22 Academy Awards from a total of 59 nominations, including a record four in one year, giving him more awards and nominations than any other individual in history. Disney also won seven Emmy Awards and gave his name to the Disneyland and Walt Disney World Resort theme parks in the U.S., as well as the international resorts Tokyo Disney Resort, Disneyland Paris, and Disneyland. Disney was born on December 5, 1901, at 2156 N. Tripp Avenue in Chicago's Hermosa community area to Irish-Canadian father Elias Disney and Flora Call Disney, who was of German and English descent. In 1917, Elias acquired shares in the O-Zell jelly factory in Chicago and moved his family back to the city, where in the fall Disney began his freshman year at McKinley High School and took night courses at the Chicago Art Institute. He became the cartoonist for the school newspaper, drawing patriotic topics and focusing on World War I. Despite dropping out of high school at the age of sixteen to join the army, Disney was rejected for being underage. Hoping to find work outside the Chicago O-Zell factory in 1919, Walt moved to Kansas City to begin his artistic career. After considering whether to become an actor or a newspaper artist, he decided on a career as a newspaper artist, drawing political caricatures or comic strips. But when nobody wanted to hire him as either an artist or even as an ambulance driver, his brother Roy, then working in a local bank, got Walt a temporary job through a bank colleague at the Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio where he created advertisements for newspapers, magazines, and movie theaters. "Disney's Folly": Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Walt Disney introduces each of the Seven Dwarfs in a scene from the original 1937 Snow White theatrical trailer. Following the creation of two cartoon series, in 1934 Disney began planning a full-length feature. The following year, opinion polls showed that another cartoon series, Popeye the Sailor, produced by Max Fleischer, was more popular than Mickey Mouse. Nevertheless, Disney was able to put Mickey back on top as well as increase his popularity by colorizing and partially redesigning the character to become what was considered his most appealing design to date. When the film industry learned of Disney's plans to produce an animated feature-length version of Snow White, they were certain that the endeavor would destroy the Disney Studio and dubbed the project "Disney's Folly". The film premiered at the Carthay Circle Theater on December 21, 1937 and at its conclusion the audience gave Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs a standing ovation. Snow White, the first animated feature in America made in Technicolor, was released in February 1938.

54 Zachris Topelius

Zachris Topelius (14 January 1818 – 12 March 1898) was a Swedish-speaking Finnish author, journalist, historian, and rector of the University of who wrote novels related to Finnish history in Swedish. Zacharias is his baptismal name, and this is used on the covers of his printed works. However, "he himself most often used the abbreviation Z. or the form Zachris, even in official contexts", as explained in the National Biography of Finland. Zachris is therefore the preferred form used in recent academic literature about him. He came to Helsinki in 1831 and became a member of the circle of young nationalist men surrounding Johan Ludvig Runeberg, in whose home he stayed for some time. Topelius became a student at the Imperial Alexander University of Finland in 1833, received his master's degree (cand. philol.) in 1840, the Licentiate degree in history in 1844 and his Ph.D. in 1847. Quite early in his career he began to distinguish himself as a lyric poet, with the three successive volumes of his Heather Blossoms (1845-1854). The earliest of his historical romances was The Duchess of Finland, published in 1850. He was also editor-in-chief of the Helsingfors Gazette from 1841 to 1860. In 1878, Topelius was allowed to withdraw from his professional duties, but this did not sever his connection with the university; it gave him, however, more leisure for his abundant and various literary enterprises.

Of all the multifarious writings of Topelius, in prose and verse, that which has enjoyed the greatest popularity is his Tales of a Barber-Surgeon, (Fältskärns Berättelser) episodes of historical fiction from the days of Gustavus II. Adolphus to those of Gustavus III., treated in the manner of Sir Walter Scott; the five volumes of this work appeared at intervals between 1853 and 1867. Topelius attempted the drama also, with most success in his tragedy of Regina van Emmeritz (1854). Topelius aimed at the cultivation of a strong Finnish patriotism. Together with the composer Friedrich Pacius he wrote the libretto to the first Finnish opera: Kung Karls jakt. Topelius is considered to be the first author of Swedish-language literature specifically intended for children. From the 1840s till his death he wrote some 230 poems, songs, stories and fairy tales. He was also the first in Scandinavia to write plays for children. He appeared widely, including in Trollsländan, with columns under the heading Vinterlek ("Winter play"). He intended the pieces he wrote to become a part of children's play, not to be used as theatrical performances. Sov du lilla vide ung (English: "Sleep, you little willow young"), otherwise known as Videvisan ("Willow song") is a poem by the author Zachris Topelius which was first published in the ninth issue of the children's magazine Trollsländan ("Dragonfly") on February 27, 1869.

See the lyrics at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sov_du_lilla_vide_ung and listen to it at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bk2c4WCdb10

55

Agatha Christie is the Half 29th Cousin of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Boleslaw III The Wrymouth Duke Of Poland Another Boleslaw III The Wrymouth Duke Of Poland (1085-1138) Marriage (1085-1138) Salome Of Berg-Schelklingen Zbyslava Princess Of Kiev (1097-1144) (1085/1090-1112)

Volodar Glebovitj Of Minsk Prince Of Russia Wladyslaw II The Exile Duke of Cracow (Abt 1123-After 1139) (1105-1159) Richia Sventoslava Princess Of Poland Agnes Of Babenberg (1116-1155) (1111-1157)

Valdemar I The Great King Of Denmark Alfonso VII Emperor of Spain (1131-1182) (1105-1157) Sofiya Vladimirovna Princess Of Russia Richeza Princess Of Poland (1140-1198) (1140-1185)

Erik X Knutsson King Of Sweden Alfonso II King Of Aragon (1180-1216) (1157-1196) Richiza Valdemarsdotter Princess Of Denmark Sancha Princess Of Castile (Abt 1178-1220) (1154-1208)

Nils Sixtensson Sparre Av Tofta Alfonso II Count Of Provence (Abt 1188- ) (1174-1209) Märtha Eriksdotter Princess Of Sweden Garsenda of Sabran Countess of Forcalquier (Abt 1213- )

Sixten Nilsson Sparre Av Tofta Ramon Berenguer IV Count Of Provence ( -1310) (1195-1245) Ingrid Abjörnsdotter af Våxtorp Beatrice Countess of Savoy (Abt 1220- )

Abjörn Sixtensson Sparre Av Tofta Henry III King Of England (Abt 1240-1310) (1207-1272) Ingeborg Ulfsdotter Ulf Eleanor Berenger Queen Of England (Abt 1258-After 1307) (1223-1291)

Gissle Elinasson Sparre Of Vik Edmund "Crouchback" Plantagenet Earl (1276-After 1343) (1st) of Lancaster Margarete Abjörnsdotter Sparre Of Tofta (1243-1296) (1293- ) Queen of Navarre (1248-1302)

Henry Earl (3rd) of Plantagenet Rörik Tordsson Bonde (1281-1345) Märta Gislesdotter Sparre Of Vik Maud De Chaworth (1282-1322)

Tord Röriksson Bonde John de Mowbray Baron of Mowbray (Abt 1350-1417) Joan of Lancaster Baroness de Mowbray Ramborg Cecilia Nilsdotter Vasa (1312-1345) (Abt 1352-1439)

Knut Tordsson Bonde Robert Bertram Baron of Bothal (Abt 1377-1413) Blanche de Mowbray Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre Av Tofta (1341-1409) (1381-1429)

Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of Sweden Sir Robert de Ogle III Baron of Bothal (1409-1470) (1331-1410) Unknown in Åbo Helen Bertram (1337-1403)

Erengisle Björnsson Djäkn Robert Ogle IV Karin Karlsdotter Bonde (1351-1409) (1441- ) Joan

Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby Robert Ogle V, Sheriff of Northumberland (1465-1517) (1380-1436) Märta Erengisledotter Djäkn Matilda Gray (1465-1500) (1382-1451)

Olof Pedersson (Wildeman) Lille John Mitford (1489-1535) (1433-1451) Anna Johansdotter Fleming Constance de Ogle ( -1545) (1418-1460)

Ludolf Boose John Weston, Sr. (1465-1535) (1420-1483) Karin Olofsdotter Wildeman Margaret Mitford (1465-1535) (1425-1475)

Johan Ludolfsson Boose John Weston, Jr. (Cir 1500-1596) (1448-1490) Ingeborg Henriksdotter Cecilia Irmingland ( -1596) (1457- )

Bertil Von Nieroht John Leonard, Jr. (1582-1651) (1479-1554) Kerstin Johansdotter Boose Catherine Elizabeth Weston (1576-1652) (1484-1508)

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf John Leonard (1605-1668) (1508-1590) Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht Catherine Harmon (1612-1682) (1518-1585)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf Samson Lennard, Esq. (1635-1704) (1544-1615) N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz Lady Margaret Baroness Dacre

Ericus Christierni Orenius Thomas Leonard (Abt 1658-1740) (1577-1638) Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf Lydia White (1670-1747)

Johan Urnovius John Thomas Leonard (1706-1783) (1615-1676) Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius (Orenius) Sarah Heath (1710-1804)

Johan Flinck John Keep ( -1820) Sarah Leonard Christina Margareta Urnovia (1645-1676) (1744-1829)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius Ebenezer Miller (1787-1823) (1667-1754) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon Hannah Keep (1784- ) (1673-1744)

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius Jacob Miller (1810- ) (1704-1748) Johanna Carolina Röring Susannah (1802-Abt 1839)

Erik Eriksson Kåll John Miller (1829-1905) (1736-1811) Charlotta Constantia Renlund Hannah (1830-1905)

Karl-Johan Granholm Jacob Miller (1866-1920) (1762-1834) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll Mercy (1863-1934)

Erik Anton Granholm (1906-1959) Alvah Miller Karin Hildegard Kasén Martha (1914-2004)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Nathaniel Frary Miller Leena Elisabeth Kentala Martha Messenry (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate Frederick Alvah Miller (1954- ) (1846-1901) Pia Carita Granholm Clarissa Boehmer (1955- ) (1854-1926)

Anna Kristiina Applegate Agatha Christie (1987- ) (1890-1976) Page 1

Anna Kristiina Applegate is the Half 22nd Cousin 6 times removed * of Alexandre Dumas

Boleslaw III The Wrymouth Duke Of Another Boleslaw III The Wrymouth Duke Of Poland Marriage Poland (1085-1138) (1085-1138) Zbyslava Princess Of Kiev Salome Of Berg-Schelklingen (1085/1090-1112) (1097-1144)

Wladyslaw II The Exile Duke of Cracow Volodar Glebovitj Of Minsk Prince Of (1105-1159) Russia Agnes Of Babenberg (Abt 1123-After 1139) (1111-1157) Richia Sventoslava Princess Of Poland (1116-1155)

Alfonso VII Emperor of Spain Valdemar I The Great King Of Denmark (1105-1157) (1131-1182) Richeza Princess Of Poland Sofiya Vladimirovna Princess Of Russia (1140-1185) (1140-1198)

Alfonso II King Of Aragon Erik X Knutsson King Of Sweden (1157-1196) (1180-1216) Sancha Princess Of Castile Richiza Valdemarsdotter Princess Of (1154-1208) Denmark (Abt 1178-1220)

Alfonso II Count Of Provence Nils Sixtensson Sparre Av Tofta (1174-1209) (Abt 1188- ) Garsenda of Sabran Countess of Märtha Eriksdotter Princess Of Sweden Forcalquier (Abt 1213- )

Ramon Berenguer IV Count Of Sixten Nilsson Sparre Av Tofta Provence ( -1310) (1195-1245) Ingrid Abjörnsdotter af Våxtorp Beatrice Countess of Savoy (Abt 1220- )

Henry III King Of England Abjörn Sixtensson Sparre Av Tofta (1207-1272) (Abt 1240-1310) Eleanor Princess of Castile Ingeborg Ulfsdotter Ulf (1252-1282) (Abt 1258-After 1307)

Jean II de Dreux Count of Bretagne Ulf Abjörnsson Sparre (1239-1305) ( -1359) Beatrice Princess Of England Kristina Sigmundsdotter Tre Klöverblad (1242-1275) (1295-1328)

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Philippe Count Of Artois Karl Ulfsson Sparre Av Tofta (1269-1298) ( -1407) Blanche Countess of Bretagne Helena Israelsdotter (1270-1327) (1340-1410)

Jean Count Of Namur Knut Tordsson Bonde (1267-1330) (Abt 1377-1413) Maria Countess of Artois Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre Av Tofta (1291-1365) (1381-1429)

Guillame (Guy) I Count of Namur Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of (1324-1391) Sweden Catherine de Savoie (1409-1470) Unknown in Åbo

Pierre de Breban Seigneur de Landreville Erengisle Björnsson Djäkn Marie of Namur (1439-1476) (1358-1412) Karin Karlsdotter Bonde (1441- )

Ferri I de Mailly Seigneur de Talmas Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby Marie van Brabant (1465-1517) ( -1467) Märta Erengisledotter Djäkn (1465-1500)

Adrien de Mailly Olof Pedersson (Wildeman) Lille ( -1518) (1489-1535) Johanna de Glymes Anna Johansdotter Fleming ( -1545)

Ludolf Boose Georges IV Baron de Clere (1465-1535) Isabeau de Mailly Karin Olofsdotter Wildeman (1465-1535)

Johan Ludolfsson Boose Christophe de Pardieu (Cir 1500-1596) Anne de Clere Ingeborg Henriksdotter ( -1596)

Bertil Von Nieroht Pierre Davy de la Pailleterie (1582-1651) Anne de Pardieu Kerstin Johansdotter Boose (1576-1652)

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Charles Davy de la Pailleterie Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf (1576- ) (1605-1668) Marthe Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht (1612-1682)

Charles Davy de la Pailleterie Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf (1608-1691) (1635-1704) Catherine N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz

Francios Davy de la Pailleterie Ericus Christierni Orenius (1634- ) (Abt 1658-1740) Marie Restout Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf (1670-1747)

Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie Johan Urnovius (1674-1758) (1706-1783) Jeanne Fracose Pautre de Dominion Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius (Orenius) (1710-1804)

Antoine-Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie Johan Flinck (1714-1786) ( -1820) Marie-Céssette Dumas (Slave from Haiti) Christina Margareta Urnovia ( -1772) (1744-1829)

General Thoma-Alexandre Dumas Johan (Flinck) Årenius (1762-1806) (1787-1823) Marie-Louise Labouret Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon (1769-1838) (1784- )

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius Alexandre Dumas (1810- ) (1802-1870) Johanna Carolina Röring (1802-Abt 1839)

Erik Eriksson Kåll (1829-1905) Charlotta Constantia Renlund (1830-1905)

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Karl-Johan Granholm (1866-1920) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll (1863-1934)

Erik Anton Granholm (1906-1959) Karin Hildegard Kasén (1914-2004)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Leena Elisabeth Kentala

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

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Alfred Lord Tennyson is the 26th cousin 4 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Baldwin V Count Of Flanders (Abt 1012-1067) Adele Alix Princess Of France (1009-1079)

Robert I Le Frison Count Of Flanders Baldwin VI Count Of Flanders (Abt 1038-1093) (1030-1070) Gertrude Countess Of Saxony Richilde Countess Of Mons And (Abt 1030-1113) Hainaut

Saint Canute IV The Holy King Of Baldwin II Count Of Hainaut Denmark (1056-1098) (1043-1086) Ida Of Leuven Adele Of Flandern Queen Of Denmark (Abt 1058-Abt 1115)

Folke Den Tjocke Folkunga Baldwin III (VII) Count Of Hainaut (1070-1130) (1088-1120) Ingegärd Knutsdotter Princess Of Yolande De Wassenberg Denmark (1081-1146)

Bengt (Snivil) Folkesson Minnisköld Sir Roger de Toeni III Lord of (Abt 1098- ) Flamstead Ulfhild (Sigrid) Björnsdotter Princess Of Ida (Gertrude) of Hainault Sweden (1110- ) (1102- )

Walkelin de Ferrers Karl "Döve" Bengtsson Folkunga Goda de Toeni (Abt 1139-1220) (1140-1186)

Roger de Lord of Wigmore Karl Karlsson Ulf (1158-1214) (Abt 1198-After 1251) Isabel de Ferrers (1172-1252)

Ulf Karlsson Ulv William II de Beauchamp (Abt 1230-1281) (1166- ) Karlsdotter Lejonbalk Joan De Mortimer (1179-1225)

Abjörn Sixtensson Sparre Av Tofta William III de Beauchamp (Abt 1240-1310) (1197-1268) Ingeborg Ulfsdotter Ulf Isabel Mauduit (Abt 1258-After 1307) (1220-1268)

Ulf Abjörnsson Sparre William IV de Beauchamp Earl of ( -1359) Warwick Kristina Sigmundsdotter Tre Klöverblad (1238-1298) (1295-1328) Lady Maud FitzGeoffrey (1245-1301)

Karl Ulfsson Sparre Av Tofta William de Bruley ( -1407) (1270-1359) Helena Israelsdotter Beatrice of Warwickshire (1340-1410) (1274-1326)

Knut Tordsson Bonde William de la Spine Lord IV of Cocton (Abt 1377-1413) (1324-1415) Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre Av Alice de Bruley Tofta (1326-1390) (1381-1429)

Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of Guy de la Spine Baron of Coughton Sweden (1350-1427) (1409-1470) Katherine Holt Unknown in Åbo (1354-1438)

Erengisle Björnsson Djäkn Sir John Throckmorton Karin Karlsdotter Bonde (1382-1445) (1441- ) Eleanor Throckmorton Heiress of Coughton (1381-1466)

Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby Thomas Throckmorton (1465-1517) (1412-1472) Märta Erengisledotter Djäkn Margaret Olney (1465-1500) (1426-1460)

Olof Pedersson (Wildeman) Lille Robert Throckmorton, II (1489-1535) (1451-1518) Anna Johansdotter Fleming Katherine Marrow ( -1545) (1459-1503)

Ludolf Boose George Throckmorton of Coughton, (1465-1535) Sir Karin Olofsdotter Wildeman (1490- ) (1465-1535) Catherine Vaux

Johan Ludolfsson Boose Robert Throckmorton of Coughton, (Cir 1500-1596) Sir Ingeborg Henriksdotter (1512- ) ( -1596) Elizabeth Hussey (1512- )

Bertil Von Nieroht Thomas Tresham of Rushton (1582-1651) (1543- ) Kerstin Johansdotter Boose Muriel Throckmorton (1576-1652) (1540-1615)

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf William Parker, Lord Morley (1605-1668) (1575- ) Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht Elizabeth Tresham (1612-1682) (1580-1648)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf John Savage Earl Rivers (1635-1704) (1603- ) N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz Catherine Parker (1605-1646)

Ericus Christierni Orenius George Pitt (Abt 1658-1740) Lady Jane Savage Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf ( -1676) (1670-1747)

Johan Urnovius Christopher Hildyard of Kelstern (1706-1783) (1665- ) Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius Jane Pitt (Orenius) (1710-1804)

Johan Flinck George Clayton ( -1820) (1694- ) Christina Margareta Urnovia Dorothty Hidlyard (1744-1829) (1700-1781)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius (1787-1823) Michael Tennyson Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon Elizabeth Clayton (1784- )

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius George Tennyson (1810- ) (1750-1835) Johanna Carolina Röring Mary Turner (1802-Abt 1839) ( -1825)

Erik Eriksson Kåll George Clayton, Rev. Tennyson (1829-1905) (1781-1832) Charlotta Constantia Renlund Elizabeth Fytche (1830-1905)

Karl-Johan Granholm (1866-1920) Alfred Lord Tennyson Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll (1809-1892) (1863-1934)

Erik Anton Granholm (1906-1959) Karin Hildegard Kasén (1914-2004)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Leena Elisabeth Kentala (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

Edgar Allan Poe is the 28th cousin 3 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Torkel (Thorgil) Styrbjörnsson (0959-1000) Sigrid Haraldsdotter Sprakling Princess of Danmark (0950-0997)

Ulf Jarl Thorgilsson Fulbert De Falaise (0993-1026) (0985- ) Estrid Svensdotter Princess Of Denmark Duxia (0997-1074)

Svend II Estridsen King Of Denmark Herluin (Harlevin) Vicomte de Conteville (1020-1074) (1001-1072) Gunhild Svensdotter Queen Of Norway Herleva Arlette of Falaise (1010-1060) (1003-1050)

Erik I Ejegod King Of Denmark Eudes 'au Chapel' de La Haye Vicomte du Cotentin (1060-1103) (1040-1098) Bothild Thorgatsdotter Queen Of Denmark Muriel de Bergo De Copello de Conteville (Abt 1061-1103) (1041-1076)

Knud Eriksson Lavard King Of Denmark Roger de Busli of Teckhill (1091-1131) Muriel Chappell Ingeborg Princess Of Russia ( -1123) (Abt 1099-1140)

Valdemar I The Great King Of Denmark (1131-1182) Warin "The Bald" de Bussel of Panwortham Sofiya Vladimirovna Princess Of Russia (1058-1091) (1140-1198)

Erik X Knutsson King Of Sweden Hamo Pincerna (1180-1216) (1099-1156) Richiza Valdemarsdotter Princess Of Denmark Maud de Bussel (Abt 1178-1220) (1105- )

Nils Sixtensson Sparre Av Tofta Wilus Hocton (Abt 1188- ) (1125-1201) Märtha Eriksdotter Princess Of Sweden Widaw Favarre (Abt 1213- ) (1114- )

Sixten Nilsson Sparre Av Tofta ( -1310) Adam de Hocton, I Ingrid Abjörnsdotter af Våxtorp (1141-1189) (Abt 1220- )

Abjörn Sixtensson Sparre Av Tofta Sir Adam de Hocton, II (Abt 1240-1310) (1192-1283) Ingeborg Ulfsdotter Ulf Agnes (Abt 1258-After 1307) (1233-1265)

Ulf Abjörnsson Sparre Adam de Houghton, III ( -1359) (1254-1280) Kristina Sigmundsdotter Tre Klöverblad Avicia de Howick (1295-1328) (1233-1265)

Karl Ulfsson Sparre Av Tofta Richard de Houghton ( -1407) (1279-1341) Helena Israelsdotter Sybil de Lea Lady of Mollington (1340-1410)

Knut Tordsson Bonde Hugh de Venables Baron de Kinderton (Abt 1377-1413) (1298-1368) Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre Av Tofta Katherine de Houghton (1381-1429) (1318-1368)

Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of Sweden Sir Hugo de Veables Baron de Kinderton (1409-1470) (1330-1382) Unknown in Åbo Margery Cotton

Erengisle Björnsson Djäkn Sir Randle Lord Peever Karin Karlsdotter Bonde (1367-1456) (1441- ) Margery de Venables Lady Kinderton (1369-1459)

Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby John de Ives Sheriff of Stafford (1465-1517) (1375-1429) Märta Erengisledotter Djäkn Philippe De Harcourt (1465-1500) (1384-1420)

Olof Pedersson (Wildeman) Lille John Delves (1489-1535) (1422-1471) Anna Johansdotter Fleming Ellen Egerton ( -1545)

Ludolf Boose John de Ashton (1465-1535) (1444-1484) Karin Olofsdotter Wildeman Elizabeth Delves (1465-1535) (1448-1490)

Johan Ludolfsson Boose (Cir 1500-1596) Thomas Aston Ingeborg Henriksdotter (1480-1508) ( -1596)

Bertil Von Nieroht Robert Lothrope (1582-1651) (1513-1558) Kerstin Johansdotter Boose Ellen Aston (1576-1652) (1515-1570)

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf (1605-1668) Thomas Lothropp Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht (1536-1606) (1612-1682)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf Rev. John Lathrop (1635-1704) (1584-1653) N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz Hannah House (1594-1633)

Ericus Christierni Orenius Samuel Lothropp (Abt 1658-1740) (1622-1700) Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf Elizabeth Scudder (1670-1747) (1622-1682)

Johan Urnovius Samuel Lathrop, Jr. (1706-1783) (1649-1732) Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius (Orenius) Hannah Adgate (1710-1804)

Johan Flinck John Waterman ( -1820) (1671-1744) Christina Margareta Urnovia Elizabeth Lathrop (1744-1829) (1679-1708)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius Benedict Arnold, III (1787-1823) (1683-1761) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon Hanna Lathrop King Waterman (1784- ) (1708-1759)

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius Benedict Arnold V "The Traitor" General (1810- ) (1741-1801) Johanna Carolina Röring Margaret (1802-Abt 1839)

Erik Eriksson Kåll Henry Arnold (1829-1905) (1772-1826) Charlotta Constantia Renlund Elizabeth (1830-1905)

Karl-Johan Granholm David Poe, Jr. (1866-1920) (1784-1811) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll Elizabeth Hopkins Arnold (1863-1934) (1787-1811)

Erik Anton Granholm (1906-1959) Edgar Allan Poe Karin Hildegard Kasén (1809-1849) (1914-2004)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Leena Elisabeth Kentala (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

Edgar Rice Burroughs is the 29th cousin once removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Baldwin V Count Of Flanders (Abt 1012-1067) Adele Alix Princess Of France (1009-1079)

Robert I Le Frison Count Of Flanders Baldwin VI Count Of Flanders (Abt 1038-1093) (1030-1070) Gertrude Countess Of Saxony Richilde Countess Of Mons And (Abt 1030-1113) Hainaut

Saint Canute IV The Holy King Of Baldwin II Count Of Hainaut Denmark (1056-1098) (1043-1086) Ida Of Leuven Adele Of Flandern Queen Of Denmark (Abt 1058-Abt 1115)

Folke Den Tjocke Folkunga Baldwin III (VII) Count Of Hainaut (1070-1130) (1088-1120) Ingegärd Knutsdotter Princess Of Yolande De Wassenberg Denmark (1081-1146)

Bengt (Snivil) Folkesson Minnisköld Sir Roger de Toeni III Lord of (Abt 1098- ) Flamstead Ulfhild (Sigrid) Björnsdotter Princess Of Ida (Gertrude) of Hainault Sweden (1110- ) (1102- )

Birger "Brosa" Bengtsson Folkunga Walkelin de Ferrers (Abt 1134-1202) Goda de Toeni Brigida Haraldsdotter Queen Of Norway (1140-1186) (Abt 1130- )

Roger de Mortimer Lord of Wigmore Birger Birgersson Skänkare (1158-1214) Isabel de Ferrers (1172-1252)

Peter Israelsson Finsta William II de Beauchamp (1240-1280) (1166- ) NN Birgersdotter Sjenkare Joan De Mortimer (1245-1269) (1179-1225)

Birger Persson till Finsta William III de Beauchamp (1270-1327) (1197-1268) Ingeborg Bengtsdotter Lejon (Folkunga) Isabel Mauduit (1274-1314) (1220-1268)

Israel Birgersson Brahe William IV de Beauchamp Earl of (1314-1351) Warwick Bengta Färla Karlsdotter (1238-1298) Lady Maud FitzGeoffrey (1245-1301)

Karl Ulfsson Sparre Av Tofta William de Bruley ( -1407) (1270-1359) Helena Israelsdotter Beatrice of Warwickshire (1340-1410) (1274-1326)

Knut Tordsson Bonde William de la Spine Lord IV of Cocton (Abt 1377-1413) (1324-1415) Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre Av Alice de Bruley Tofta (1326-1390) (1381-1429)

Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of Guy de la Spine Baron of Coughton Sweden (1350-1427) (1409-1470) Katherine Holt Unknown in Åbo (1354-1438)

Erengisle Björnsson Djäkn Sir John Throckmorton Karin Karlsdotter Bonde (1382-1445) (1441- ) Eleanor Throckmorton Heiress of Coughton (1381-1466)

Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby Thomas William Wynslow (1465-1517) (1410-1463) Märta Erengisledotter Djäkn Agnes Throckmorton (1465-1500) (1420- )

Olof Pedersson (Wildeman) Lille John Giffard (1489-1535) (1431-1506) Anna Johansdotter Fleming Agnes Wynslow ( -1545) (1439- )

Ludolf Boose Thomas Giffard (1465-1535) (1460-1511) Karin Olofsdotter Wildeman Joan/Jane Langston (1465-1535)

Johan Ludolfsson Boose Richard Samuel Samwell (Cir 1500-1596) Amy Anna Giffard Ingeborg Henriksdotter (1485- ) ( -1596)

Bertil Von Nieroht Peter Edwards (1582-1651) (1490-1552) Kerstin Johansdotter Boose Susanna Samwell (1576-1652) (1515- )

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf Edward Edwards (1605-1668) (1537-1591) Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht Ursula Coles (1612-1682) (1544-1605)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf Henry Freeman (1635-1704) (1560-1594) N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz Margaret Edwards (1564-1600)

Ericus Christierni Orenius John Thompson, IV (Abt 1658-1740) (1577-1627) Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf Alice Freeman (1670-1747) (1586-1665)

Johan Urnovius Thomas Parke, I (1706-1783) (1615-1709) Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius Dorothy Thompson (Orenius) (1624-1709) (1710-1804)

Johan Flinck Robert Parke ( -1820) (1651-1707) Christina Margareta Urnovia Mary Rose (1744-1829)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius Benjamin Rockwell (1787-1823) Margaret Parke Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon (1702-1773) (1784- )

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius (1810- ) Margaret Rockwell Johanna Carolina Röring (1802-Abt 1839)

Erik Eriksson Kåll (1829-1905) Hannah Blodgett Charlotta Constantia Renlund (1830-1905)

Karl-Johan Granholm (1866-1920) Tyler Burroughs Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll (1863-1934)

Erik Anton Granholm Abner Tyler Burroughs (1906-1959) (1805-1897) Karin Hildegard Kasén Mary Rice (1914-2004) (1802-1870)

Lars Erik Granholm George Tyler Burroughs (1934- ) (1833-1913) Leena Elisabeth Kentala Mary Evaline Zieger (1936- ) (1840-1920)

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Edgar Rice Burroughs Pia Carita Granholm (1875-1950) (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

Egill Skallagrimsson Galge is the 32nd Great-Grandfather of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Egill Skallagrimsson Galge (0910-0990) Asgjerd Björnsdatter (0915-0974)

Thorstein Egillsson (Herse) Gallows (0955-1055)

Arne Arnmodsson Giske (0975- ) Tora Torsteinsdotter Galge (0972-1015)

Torberg Arnesson Giske (0990-1050) Ragnhild Erlingsdotter (0992-1060)

Harald III "Hårdråde" King Of Norway (1015-1066) Tora Torbergssdotter Giske (1025-1067)

Olaf III Kyrre King Of Norway (Abt 1050-1093) Thora Ragnvaldsdotter Queen Of Norway (1030- )

Magnus III Barfot King Of Norway (Abt 1073-1103) Bethoc

Harald IV "Gille" King Of Norway (Abt 1094-1136) Biadok Gilledomnansdotter

Birger "Brosa" Bengtsson Folkunga (Abt 1134-1202) Brigida Haraldsdotter Queen Of Norway (Abt 1130- )

Birger Birgersson Skänkare

Peter Israelsson Finsta (1240-1280) NN Birgersdotter Sjenkare (1245-1269)

Birger Persson till Finsta (1270-1327) Ingeborg Bengtsdotter Lejon (Folkunga) (1274-1314)

Israel Birgersson Brahe (1314-1351) Bengta Färla Karlsdotter

Karl Ulfsson Sparre Av Tofta ( -1407) Helena Israelsdotter (1340-1410)

Knut Tordsson Bonde (Abt 1377-1413) Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre Av Tofta (1381-1429)

Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of Sweden (1409-1470) Unknown in Åbo

Erengisle Björnsson Djäkn (1439-1476) Karin Karlsdotter Bonde (1441- )

Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby (1465-1517) Märta Erengisledotter Djäkn (1465-1500)

Olof Pedersson (Wildeman) Lille (1489-1535) Anna Johansdotter Fleming ( -1545)

Ludolf Boose (1465-1535) Karin Olofsdotter Wildeman (1465-1535)

Johan Ludolfsson Boose (Cir 1500-1596) Ingeborg Henriksdotter ( -1596)

Bertil Von Nieroht (1582-1651) Kerstin Johansdotter Boose (1576-1652)

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf (1605-1668) Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht (1612-1682)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf (1635-1704) N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz

Ericus Christierni Orenius (Abt 1658-1740) Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf (1670-1747)

Johan Urnovius (1706-1783) Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius (Orenius) (1710-1804)

Johan Flinck ( -1820) Christina Margareta Urnovia (1744-1829)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius (1787-1823) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon (1784- )

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius (1810- ) Johanna Carolina Röring (1802-Abt 1839)

Erik Eriksson Kåll (1829-1905) Charlotta Constantia Renlund (1830-1905)

Karl-Johan Granholm (1866-1920) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll (1863-1934)

Erik Anton Granholm (1906-1959) Karin Hildegard Kasén (1914-2004)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Leena Elisabeth Kentala (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- ) Page 1

Eirik Hornborg is the 9th cousin 5 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Östen Ericsson Sursill (1533-After 1598) Magdalena (Malin) Eriksdotter (1535-1580)

Johannes Henricsson Lithovius Hans Östensson Sursill (1563-1634) (1560-After 1633) Christina Östensdotter Sursill (1567-1632)

Hans Hansson Wasaeus Hans Persson Houru (Abt 1580-1654) (1590-Abt 1644) Beata Ingevaldsdotter Magdalena Johansdotter Lithovius (Abt 1595- ) (Abt 1590-After 1644)

Daniel Pettersson Sparf Henrik Hansson Hourenius (Abt 1620-After 1665) (1629-Abt 1710) Margaretha Hansdotter Sursill Wasaeus Elisabet Henriksdotter Carlander (Abt 1621-1697) (Abt 1630-1710)

Gregorius (Grels) Jacobsson Culhovius Jakob Henrici Hoffreen/Hourenius (Abt 1650-1695) (1666-1733) Elisabet Danielsdotter Sparf Agneta Sculptoria (1660-1736)

Henrik Henriksson Sevonius Johan Jakobi Hoffrén (1675-1740) ( -1753) Margareta Gregoriusdotter Kulhovius Helena Poppius (1683-1748) (1716-1794)

Abraham Henriksson Sevonius Lars Abraham Hoffrén (1712-1788) (1748-1822) Helena Jonasdotter Wrigstadius Maria Södermarck (1718-1773) (1756-1799)

Abraham Abrahamsson Sevonius Anders Johan Lagus (1751-1825) (1772-1831) Juliana Ulrika Hallonblad Sigrid Hoffrén (1753-1827) (1782-1857)

Produced by Legacy Page 2

Johan (Flinck) Årenius Alexander Hornborg (1787-1823) (1813-1856) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon Wendla Lagus (1784- ) (1817-1901)

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius Albrect Hornborg (1810- ) (1846-1926) Johanna Carolina Röring Alma Hornborg (1802-Abt 1839) (1853- )

Erik Eriksson Kåll (1829-1905) Eirik Hornborg Charlotta Constantia Renlund (1879-1965) (1830-1905)

Karl-Johan Granholm (1866-1920) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll (1863-1934)

Erik Anton Granholm (1906-1959) Karin Hildegard Kasén (1914-2004)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Leena Elisabeth Kentala (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

Produced by Legacy

Ernest Miller Hemingway is the 31st cousin once removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Richard The Fearless Duke (3rd) Of Normandy (0933-0996) Gunnora Duchess Of Normandy (0936-1031)

Richard II The Good Duke Of Normandy (0963-1027) Godfrey de Crispin Count Brionne Judith Countess Of Brittany (0967-1015) (0982-1017)

Richard III Duke Of Normandy Gilbert de Crispin (1004- ) (1000-1040) Unknown Gunnora d'Anjou (0984-1035)

Ragnvald II Bruesson Earl Of Orkney Richard Fitz Earl (1st) of Clare (1011-1048) (1024-1090) Felicia Princess Of Normandy Rohese Gifford (1017- ) (1045- )

Olaf III Kyrre King Of Norway Gilbert FitzRichard De Clare Earl (1st) of (Abt 1050-1093) Hertford Thora Ragnvaldsdotter Queen Of Norway (1065-1114) (1030- ) Adelaide de Clermont (1058- )

Magnus III Barfot King Of Norway Baderon de Monmoth (Abt 1073-1103) Rohesia de Clare Bethoc (1090-1149)

Harald IV "Gille" King Of Norway Hugh de Lacy Lord of Meath (Abt 1094-1136) (1125-1186) Bladak Rohesia de Monmoth (1130-1181)

Birger "Brosa" Bengtsson Folkunga Walter de Lacy Lord of Meath (Abt 1134-1202) (1172-1241) Brigida Haraldsdotter Queen Of Norway Margery de Brose (Abt 1130- )

Richard 'The Great' de Burgh Lord of Connaught Birger Birgersson Skänkare (1193-1242) Julian de Ros (1164-1208)

Peter Israelsson Finsta Walter de Burgh Earl 1st of Ulster 2nd Lord of (1240-1280) Connaught NN Birgersdotter Sjenkare (1230-1271) (1245-1269) Isabelle de Burgh

Birger Persson till Finsta Richard Og The Red Earl Earl (2nd) of Ulster (1270-1327) (1259-1326) Ingeborg Bengtsdotter Lejon (Folkunga) Margaret de Burgh (1274-1314) ( -1304)

Israel Birgersson Brahe Thomas V de Multon Baron (1st) of Gillesland (1314-1351) (1275-1321) Bengta Färla Karlsdotter Eleanor de Burgh (1282-1324)

Karl Ulfsson Sparre Av Tofta Walter de Birmingham ( -1407) (1302- ) Helena Israelsdotter Elizabeth de Multon (1340-1410) (1306-1344)

Knut Tordsson Bonde John Baron Haverington (Abt 1377-1413) (1328-1363) Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre Av Tofta Joan de Birmingham (1381-1429) (1335-1359)

Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of Sweden Robert Baron Haverington (1409-1470) (1356-1406) Unknown in Åbo Isabel Cogan of Hornby

Erengisle Björnsson Djäkn Sir John II Stanley King (Titular) of Mann Karin Karlsdotter Bonde Isabel Stanley Harrington (1441- ) (1387-1445)

Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby John III De Warren (1465-1517) Isabel Stanley Märta Erengisledotter Djäkn (1415- ) (1465-1500)

Olof Pedersson (Wildeman) Lille Lawrence De Warren III (1489-1535) (1430-1474) Anna Johansdotter Fleming Isabel Holford ( -1545) (1449-1475)

Ludolf Boose Anthony Warren (1465-1535) (1467-1557) Karin Olofsdotter Wildeman Margaret Leigh (1465-1535) (1470- )

Johan Ludolfsson Boose Richard Warren (Cir 1500-1596) (1501-1557) Ingeborg Henriksdotter Alice Jenswaye ( -1596)

Bertil Von Nieroht John Foote of Royston (1582-1651) (1523-1558) Kerstin Johansdotter Boose Helen Warren (1576-1652) (1529-1558)

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf Robert Foote of Shalford (1605-1668) (1553-1608) Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht Joane Brooke (1612-1682)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf John Hewes of Royston (1635-1704) (1583-1621) N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz Mary Foote (1584-1621)

Ericus Christierni Orenius Ralph Hemingway (Hemenway) (Abt 1658-1740) (1609-1678) Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf Elizabet Hewes Hemmingway (1670-1747) (1603-1686)

Johan Urnovius Samuel Hemingway (1706-1783) (1636-1711) Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius (Orenius) Sarah Cooper (1710-1804) (1645-1711)

Johan Flinck Abraham Hemingway, Sr. ( -1820) (1677-1752) Christina Margareta Urnovia Sarah Tallmadge (1744-1829) (1684-1714)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius Abraham Hemingway, Jr. (1787-1823) (1727-1795) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon Mercy Tuttle (1784- ) (1730-1812)

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius Jakob Hemingway (1810- ) (1764-1792) Johanna Carolina Röring Abigail Linsley (1802-Abt 1839) (1764-1792)

Erik Eriksson Kåll Jacob Street Hemingway (1829-1905) (1791-1850) Charlotta Constantia Renlund Lucerita Smith (1830-1905)

Karl-Johan Granholm Allen Hemingway (1866-1920) (1808-1886) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll Harriet Louise Tyler (1863-1934) (1819-1836)

Erik Anton Granholm Anson Tyler Hemingway (1906-1959) (1844-1879) Karin Hildegard Kasén Adelaide Edmonds (1914-2004)

Lars Erik Granholm Clarence Edmonds Hemingway (1934- ) (1871-1928) Leena Elisabeth Kentala Grace Hall (1936- ) (1872-1895)

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Ernest Miller Hemingway Pia Carita Granholm (1899-1961) (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

Evert Axel Taube is the 13th cousin 5 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Claus (Klas) Pedersson Fleming (1360-1427) Cecilia Klausdotter Djekn (1370- )

Magnus Klasson Fleming Henrik Klausson Fleming (1410-After 1450) ( -1490) Elin Nilsdotter Kurck Valborg Jönsdotter Tawast (1410-1486) (1427-1497)

Herman Magnusson Fleming Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby (1440-Bef 1490) (1465-1517) Elin Filipusdotter Valborg Asken (1450-1495) (1467- )

Peder Hermansson Fleming Magnus Nilsson Stjernkors (1480-1532) (1490-1570) Elin Hansdotter Lydeke Valborg Johansdotter Fleming (1490-1543) (1490- )

Henrik Simonsson Till Karuna Nils Persson Ållongren ( -1570) ( -1573) Kerstin Pedersdotter Fleming Hebla Månsdotter Stiernkors ( -1573) (1520-1590)

Johan Ludolfsson Boose (Cir 1500-1596) Måns Nilsson Ållongren Ingeborg Henriksdotter Ingeborg Gustafsdotter Fincke ( -1596)

Bertil Von Nieroht (1582-1651) Johan Månsson Ållongren Kerstin Johansdotter Boose Hebla Hieronymusdotter Birckholtz (1576-1652)

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf Gustaf Ållongren (1605-1668) ( -1692) Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht Margareta de la Motte (1612-1682) ( -1676)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf Gustav Fredrik Ållongren (1635-1704) (1660-1710) N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz Barbara Heidenman

Ericus Christierni Orenius Jakob Fredrik Ållongren (Abt 1658-1740) (1706-1764) Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf Juliana Charlotta von Essen af Zellie (1670-1747) (1706-1754)

Johan Urnovius Christoffer Reinhold Taube (1706-1783) (1715-1795) Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius (Orenius) Anna Sofia Jakobsdotter Ållongren (1710-1804) (1741-1825)

Johan Flinck Arvid Joakim Taube ( -1820) (1777-1829) Christina Margareta Urnovia Johanna Fredrika Mesterton (1744-1829) (1777- )

Johan (Flinck) Årenius Otto Reinhold Taube (1787-1823) (1816-1892) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon Fredrika Kjellerstedt (1784- ) (1817-1895)

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius Karl Gunnar Taube (1810- ) (1853-1945) Johanna Carolina Röring Julia Sofia Jakobsdotter (1802-Abt 1839) (1862-1947)

Erik Eriksson Kåll (1829-1905) Evert Axel Taube Charlotta Constantia Renlund (1890-1976) (1830-1905)

Karl-Johan Granholm (1866-1920) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll (1863-1934)

Erik Anton Granholm (1906-1959) Karin Hildegard Kasén (1914-2004)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Leena Elisabeth Kentala (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

Francis Scott Fitzgerald is the 28th cousin twice removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Baldwin V Count Of Flanders (Abt 1012-1067) Adele Alix Princess Of France (1009-1079)

Robert I Le Frison Count Of Flanders William I The Conqueror King Of (Abt 1033-1093) England Gertrude Countess Of Saxony (1027-1087) (Abt 1030-1113) Matilda Of Flanders Queen Of England (1031-1083)

Saint Canute IV The Holy King Of Henry I "Beauclerc" King Of Denmark England (1043-1086) (1068-1135) Adele Of Flandern Queen Of Matilda Of Scotland (Edith), Queen Of Denmark England (Abt 1058-Abt 1115) (1080-1118)

Folke Den Tjocke Folkunga Geoffrey Plantagenet Count Of Anjou (1070-1130) (1113-1151) Ingegärd Knutsdotter Princess Of Matilda (Maud) Empress Of The Holy Denmark Roman Empire (1081-1146) (1102-1167)

Bengt (Snivil) Folkesson Minnisköld Henry II Curtmantle King Of (Abt 1098- ) England Ulfhild (Sigrid) Björnsdotter Princess Of (1133-1189) Sweden Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine (1102- ) (1122-1204)

John "Lackland"Plantagenet King Of Karl "Döve" Bengtsson Folkunga England (Abt 1139-1220) (1166-1216) Isabella Of Angouleme Queen Of England (1188-1246)

Richard Plantagenet Earl (1st) of Karl Karlsson Ulf Cornwall (Abt 1198-After 1251) (1209-1272) Sanchia Countess of Provence

Ulf Karlsson Ulv Richard Plantagenet Earl (2nd) of (Abt 1230-1281) Cornwall Karlsdotter Lejonbalk (1252-1296) Joan Saint Owen (1260-1316)

Abjörn Sixtensson Sparre Av Tofta Sir John Howard Sheriff of Norfolk (Abt 1240-1310) (1310-1347) Ingeborg Ulfsdotter Ulf Joan Howard de Cornwall (Abt 1258-After 1307) (1285-1342)

Ulf Abjörnsson Sparre Sir John Howard II Admiral ( -1359) (1310-1347) Kristina Sigmundsdotter Tre Klöverblad Alice de Boys (1295-1328) (1354-1372)

Karl Ulfsson Sparre Av Tofta Sir Robert Howard ( -1407) (1336-1388) Helena Israelsdotter Margaret De Scales (1340-1410) (1339-1416)

Knut Tordsson Bonde Sir John Howard Sheriff of Essex (Abt 1377-1413) (1365-1436) Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre Av Alice Rendring Tofta (1365-1426) (1381-1429)

Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of John Howard II Sweden (1380-1410) (1409-1470) Joan Walton Unknown in Åbo (1393-1424)

Erengisle Björnsson Djäkn John de Vere Earl (12th) of Oxford (1439-1476) Elizabeth Howard Karin Karlsdotter Bonde (1410-1475) (1441- )

Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby John de Vere Earl (13th) of Oxford (1465-1517) (1442-1513) Märta Erengisledotter Djäkn NN Mistress (1465-1500)

Olof Pedersson (Wildeman) Lille Robert Broughton (1489-1535) (1456-1506) Anna Johansdotter Fleming Katherine De Vere ( -1545) (1465-1504)

Ludolf Boose Sir John Broughton (1465-1535) (1484-1518) Karin Olofsdotter Wildeman Anne Sapcote Countess of Bedford (1465-1535)

Johan Ludolfsson Boose Richard Osborne, II (Cir 1500-1596) (1513-1581) Ingeborg Henriksdotter Jane Broughton ( -1596) (1510-1570)

Bertil Von Nieroht Sir Edward Osborne, Lord Major of (1582-1651) London Kerstin Johansdotter Boose (1530-1592) (1576-1652) Anna Hewett (1543-1585)

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf Robert Offey (1605-1668) (1561-1625) Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht Ann Osborne (1612-1682) (1570-1654)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf Adam Thorowgood (1635-1704) (1604-1642) N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz Sarah Offey (1609-1657)

Ericus Christierni Orenius Gerard Fowke (Abt 1658-1740) (1606-1662) Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf Ann Thorowgood (1670-1747) (1608-1683)

Johan Urnovius Gerard Fowke, II (1706-1783) (1662-1734) Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius Sarah Burdett (Orenius) (1665-1747) (1710-1804)

Johan Flinck Gustavus Brown, M. D. ( -1820) (1699-1762) Christina Margareta Urnovia Frances Fowke (1744-1829) (1691-1744)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius John Key, M.D. (1787-1823) (1720-1765) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon Cecilia Bond Brown (1784- ) (1730-1792)

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius Phillip Key (1810- ) (1750-1820) Johanna Carolina Röring Rebecca Rowles (1802-Abt 1839) (1755-1810)

Erik Eriksson Kåll John Scott (1829-1905) (1790-1850) Charlotta Constantia Renlund Eliza Meynadler Key (1830-1905) (1792-1866)

Karl-Johan Granholm Michael Fitzgerald (1866-1920) (1825-1855) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll Cecilia Scott (1863-1934) (1832-1942)

Erik Anton Granholm Edward Fitzgerald (1906-1959) (1853-1931) Karin Hildegard Kasén Mary MacQuillian (1914-2004) (1859-1936)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Francis Scott Fitzgerald Leena Elisabeth Kentala (1896-1940) (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

Francis Scott Key is the 24th cousin 5 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Géza II King Of Hungary (1130-1162) Euphrosyne Of Kiev Queen Of Hungary (1130-1193)

Leopold V The Virtuous Duke Of Béla III King Of Hungary Austria (1148-1196) (1157-1194) Agnes Of Antioch Queen Of Hungary Helena Princess Of Hungary (1154-1184) ( -1199)

Leopold VI The Glorious Duke Of Andrew II The Jerosolimitan King of Austria Hungary (1176-1230) (1177-1235) Theodora Angelina Yolanda de Courtenay Princess of The Latin Empire (1200-1233)

Albert I Duke Of Saxony James I The Conqueror King Of Aragon (1175-1260) (1208-1276) Agnes Princess Of Austria Violant (Yolande) Queen Of Hungary (1215-1253)

Burchard VIII von Rosenburg Philip III The Bold King Of France Jutta Albrechtsdatter Of Saxony (1245-1285) (1223-1267) Isabella Of Aragon Queen Of France (1247-1271)

Erik Knudsen Gyldenstjerne Philip IV The Fair King Of France (1240-1310) (1268-1314) Sophie von Rosenburg Joan I Quenn of Navarre (1312- ) (1273-1305)

Niels "höge" Eriksson Gyldenstierna Edward II King Of England till Ågård (1284-1327) (1275- ) Isabella Of France Queen Of England Edel Pedersdotter Saltensee (1295-1358) (1280-1350)

Otto Henriksson Limbek Edward III King Of England (1279-1313) (1312-1377) Nilsdotter Gyldenstierne Queen Of England (1285- ) (1311-1369)

Claus (Nicolaus) Ottosen Limbek I Duke Of Lancaster (1312-1372) (1340-1399) Ide Hartvigsdotter Krummedige Catherine Swynford Roet (1310-1375) (1350-1403)

Benedict III, Lord of Hagenskov von John Beaufort 1st Earl of Somerset Ahlefeldt (1373-1409) (1330-1398) Margaret De Holland Catharine Clausdotter Limbek (1385-1439) (1335-1400)

Nicolas (Claus) Benedictsen von Edmund Beaufort Duke (2nd) of Ahlefeldt Somerset (1359-1404) (1406-1455) Anna Pogwisch Eleanor Beauchamp (1369-1424)

Benedict Clausen von Ahlefeldt Humphrey Earl of Stafford (1395-1440) Margaret Beaufort Countess of Catharina Dosenrode Stafford (1389- ) (1427-1474)

Claus von Ahlefeldt, til Sögård Henry Stafford Duke (2nd) of (1359-1404) Buckingham Ida Harburgi Breide (1455-1483) (1409-1465) Catherine Woodville

Benedict Clausen von Ahlefeldt Edward Stafford Duke (3rd) of (1458-1513) Buckingham Eibe Pedersdotter Rantzau (1478-1521) ( -1522) Eleanor Percy

Frantz Benediktsen von Ahlefeldt Thomas Howard Duke (3rd) of Norfolk (1492-1559) Elizabeth Howard Duchess of Norfolk Catharina Otttosdotter Pogwisch (1479-1558) ( -1599)

Daniel Hennekesson Rantzau Henry Howard Earl of Surrey Dorothea Frantsdotter von Ahlefeldt (1517-1547) (1530-1599) Frances De Vere

Bertram Bertramsson Pogwisch Henry the Harmless Baron 7th of (1572-1615) Berkeley Magdalene Danielsdatter von Rantzau (1534-1613) (1575-1634) Lady Catherine Howard (1542-1596)

Volf Bertramsson Pogwisch (1605-1635) Mary Berkeley Dorothea Volfsdotter Pogwisch (1610-1687)

Frederik Ahlefeldt (1618-1664) NN Zouche Anne Catharine Volfsdotter Pogwisch (1633-1694)

Mathias Frederiksson Von Ahlefelt Of Devereux Wolseley Holstein (1617-1648) (1664-1730) Elizabeth Zouche Elisabeth Maria Schlöpke (1621-1663) ( -1695)

Cornelius Corneliusson Von Loos Thomas Knipe (1686-1738) (1639-1711) Margaretha Elisabeth Von Ahlefelt Anne Wolseley (1693-1739) (1643-1685)

Julius Hallonblad Michael Arnold (1727-1806) (1675-1735) Hedwig Christina Von Loos Anne Knipe (1732-1777) (1676- )

Abraham Abrahamsson Sevonius John Ross (1751-1825) (1696-1766) Juliana Ulrika Hallonblad Alicia Arnold (1753-1827) (1713-1746)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius Francis S. Key (1787-1823) (1731- ) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon Anne Arnold Ross (1784- ) (1727-1811)

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius John Ross Key (1810- ) (1754-1821) Johanna Carolina Röring Ann Phoebe Penn Charlton (1802-Abt 1839) (1756- )

Erik Eriksson Kåll (1829-1905) Francis Scott Key Charlotta Constantia Renlund (1779-1843) (1830-1905)

Karl-Johan Granholm (1866-1920) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll (1863-1934)

Erik Anton Granholm (1906-1959) Karin Hildegard Kasén (1914-2004)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Leena Elisabeth Kentala (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

George Orwell is the Half 24th cousin 3 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Mstislav I (Harald) Grand Duke Of Another Mstislav I (Harald) Grand Duke Of Kiev Marriage Kiev (1076-1132) (1076-1132) Christina Ingesdotter Princess Of Liubava Dmitrievna Sweden (Abt 1078-1122)

Knud Eriksson Lavard King Of Géza II King Of Hungary Denmark (1130-1162) (1091-1131) Euphrosyne Of Kiev Queen Of Ingeborg Princess Of Russia Hungary (Abt 1099-1140) (1130-1193)

Stig Tokesen Hvide Béla III King Of Hungary (1110-1151) (1148-1196) Margrethe Knudsdotter Princess Of Agnes Of Antioch Queen Of Hungary Denmark (1154-1184) (1129- )

Andrew II The Jerosolimitan King of Anders Offesen Hvide Hungary NN Stigsdotter Hvide (1177-1235) Yolanda de Courtenay Princess of The Latin Empire (1200-1233)

Peder Saltensee James I The Conqueror King Of Aragon (1261- ) (1208-1276) NN Andersdotter Violant (Yolande) Queen Of Hungary (1260- ) (1215-1253)

Peder Skram til Maastrup Philip III The Bold King Of France (1285-1320) (1245-1285) Edel Pedersdotter Saltensee Isabella Of Aragon Queen Of France (1280-1350) (1247-1271)

Philip IV The Fair King Of France Erik Pedersen Skram (1268-1314) (1314-1371) Joan I Quenn of Navarre (1273-1305)

Christiern Eriksen Skram, til Mattrup Edward II King Of England (1350-1411) (1284-1327) Kirsten Jespersdatter Raasted Isabella Of France Queen Of England (1295-1358)

Niels Christiernsen Skram Edward III King Of England (1385-1468) (1312-1377) Cecille Scram Philippa Of Hainault Queen Of England (1311-1369)

Erik Styggesen Rosenkrantz, til Mattrup John Of Gaunt I Duke Of Lancaster (1465-1535) (1340-1399) Kirsten Nielsdatter Skram Blanche Duchess Of Lancaster ( -1477) (1345-1369)

Hans Lindenov, til Fovslet John Holland Duke (1st) of Exeter (1450-1536) (1358-1400) Berete Eriksdatter Rosenkrantz Elizabeth Planagenet Duchess of (1465-1537) Exeter (1363-1426)

Johan Reventlow Sir Roger Fiennes ( -1563) (1384-1449) Brigitte Hansdatter Lindenov Lady Elizabeth De Holland ( -1563) (1389-1449)

Henrik Rantzau Sir Hugh Fenne ( -1560) (1418-1476) Magdalene Reventlow Eleanor Fiennes (1526-1600) (1420-1476)

Otto von Rantzau George Neville Baron Bergavenny ( -1616) (1469-1535) Dorothea Detlevsdaughter von Mary Stafford Baroness Abergavenny Buchwald ( -1638)

Cai Asmussen Rumohr Henry Neville Baron Abergavenny (1566-1625) (1530-1587) Elizabeth Ottosdaughter von Rantzau Frances Manners (1584-1607) (1532-1576)

Cai von Ahlefeldt Thomas Fane Knight of Badsell (1593-1652) (1539-1589) Dorothea Rumohr Mary Neville (1595-1656) (1554-1626)

Frederik Ahlefeldt Francis Fane Earl (1st) Of (1618-1664) Westmorland Anne Catharine Volfsdotter Pogwisch (1579-1628) (1633-1694) Mary Fane Countess of Westmoreland

Mathias Frederiksson Von Ahlefelt Of Sir Francis Fane Holstein (1612-1680) (1664-1730) Elizabeth West Elisabeth Maria Schlöpke (1581-1669) ( -1695)

Cornelius Corneliusson Von Loos Sir Francis Fane (1686-1738) (1640-1691) Margaretha Elisabeth Von Ahlefelt Hannah Rushworth (1693-1739) (1645-1706)

Julius Reinold Hallonblad Henry Fane of Brympton (1727-1806) (1669-1726) Hedwig Christina Von Loos Anne Scrope (1732-1777) (1676-1721)

Abraham Abrahamsson Sevonius Thomas Fane Earl (8th) of (1751-1825) Westmorland Juliana Ulrika Hallonblad (1701-1771) (1753-1827) Elizabeth Swymmer Countess of Westmoreland (1728-1782)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius Charles Blair (1787-1823) (1735- ) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon Lady Mary Fane (1784- ) (1739-1809)

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius Charles Blair (1810- ) (1763- ) Johanna Carolina Röring Jane (1802-Abt 1839)

Erik Eriksson Kåll Thomas Richard Blair (1829-1905) (1802-1857) Charlotta Constantia Renlund Frances Hare (1830-1905) (1820-1867)

Karl-Johan Granholm Richard Walmesley Blair (1866-1920) (1857- ) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll Ida Limouzin (1863-1934) (1875- )

Erik Anton Granholm (1906-1959) George Orwell Karin Hildegard Kasén (1903-1950) (1914-2004)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Leena Elisabeth Kentala (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

Harriet Beecher Stowe is the 28th cousin 4 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Richard The Fearless Duke (3rd) Of Normandy (0933-0996) Gunnora Duchess Of Normandy (0936-1031)

Richard II The Good Duke Of Normandy (0963-1027) Godfrey de Crispin Count Brionne Judith Countess Of Brittany (0967-1015) (0982-1017)

Richard III Duke Of Normandy Gilbert de Crispin (1004- ) (1000-1040) Unknown Gunnora d'Anjou (0984-1035)

Ragnvald II Bruesson Earl Of Orkney Richard Fitz Earl (1st) of Clare (1011-1048) (1024-1090) Felicia Princess Of Normandy Rohese Gifford (1017- ) (1045- )

Olaf III Kyrre King Of Norway Gilbert FitzRichard De Clare Earl (1st) of (Abt 1050-1093) Hertford Thora Ragnvaldsdotter Queen Of Norway (1065-1114) (1030- ) Adelaide de Clermont (1058- )

Magnus III Barfot King Of Norway Baderon de Monmoth (Abt 1073-1103) Rohesia de Clare Bethoc (1090-1149)

Harald IV "Gille" King Of Norway Hugh de Lacy Lord of Meath (Abt 1094-1136) (1125-1186) Bladak Rohesia de Monmoth (1130-1181)

Birger "Brosa" Bengtsson Folkunga Walter de Lacy Lord of Meath (Abt 1134-1202) (1172-1241) Brigida Haraldsdotter Queen Of Norway Margery de Brose (Abt 1130- )

Richard 'The Great' de Burgh Lord of Connaught Birger Birgersson Skänkare (1193-1242) Julian de Ros (1164-1208)

Peter Israelsson Finsta Walter de Burgh Earl 1st of Ulster 2nd Lord of (1240-1280) Connaught NN Birgersdotter Sjenkare (1230-1271) (1245-1269) Isabelle de Burgh

Birger Persson till Finsta Richard Og The Red Earl Earl (2nd) of Ulster (1270-1327) (1259-1326) Ingeborg Bengtsdotter Lejon (Folkunga) Margaret de Burgh (1274-1314) ( -1304)

Israel Birgersson Brahe Thomas V de Multon Baron (1st) of Gillesland (1314-1351) (1275-1321) Bengta Färla Karlsdotter Eleanor de Burgh (1282-1324)

Karl Ulfsson Sparre Av Tofta Walter de Birmingham ( -1407) (1302- ) Helena Israelsdotter Elizabeth de Multon (1340-1410) (1306-1344)

Knut Tordsson Bonde John Baron Haverington (Abt 1377-1413) (1328-1363) Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre Av Tofta Joan de Birmingham (1381-1429) (1335-1359)

Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of Sweden Robert Baron Haverington (1409-1470) (1356-1406) Unknown in Åbo Isabel Cogan of Hornby

Erengisle Björnsson Djäkn Sir John II Stanley King (Titular) of Mann Karin Karlsdotter Bonde Isabel Stanley Harrington (1441- ) (1387-1445)

Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby John III De Warren (1465-1517) Isabel Stanley Märta Erengisledotter Djäkn (1415- ) (1465-1500)

Olof Pedersson (Wildeman) Lille Lawrence De Warren III (1489-1535) (1430-1474) Anna Johansdotter Fleming Isabel Holford ( -1545) (1449-1475)

Ludolf Boose Anthony Warren (1465-1535) (1467-1557) Karin Olofsdotter Wildeman Margaret Leigh (1465-1535) (1470- )

Johan Ludolfsson Boose Richard Warren (Cir 1500-1596) (1501-1557) Ingeborg Henriksdotter Alice Jenswaye ( -1596)

Bertil Von Nieroht John Foote of Royston (1582-1651) (1523-1558) Kerstin Johansdotter Boose Helen Warren (1576-1652) (1529-1558)

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf Robert Foote of Shalford (1605-1668) (1553-1608) Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht Joane Brooke (1612-1682)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf Nathaniel "the Settler" Foote (1635-1704) (1592-1644) N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz Elizabeth Welles

Ericus Christierni Orenius Nathaniel Foote, II (Abt 1658-1740) (1619-1655) Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf Elizabeth Gull (1670-1747)

Johan Urnovius Nathaniel Foote, III (1706-1783) (1647-1703) Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius (Orenius) Margaret Bliss (1710-1804) (1649-1745)

Johan Flinck Nathaniel Foote, IV ( -1820) (1682-1774) Christina Margareta Urnovia Ann Clark (1744-1829) (1687-1726)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius Daniel Foote (1787-1823) (1724-1801) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon Margaret Parsons (1784- ) (1720-1765)

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius Eli Foote (1810- ) (1747-1792) Johanna Carolina Röring Roxanna Ward (1802-Abt 1839) (1751-1840)

Erik Eriksson Kåll Rev. Lyman Beecher (1829-1905) (1775-1863) Charlotta Constantia Renlund Roxanna Foote (1830-1905) (1775-1816)

Karl-Johan Granholm (1866-1920) Harriet Beecher Stowe Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll (1811-1896) (1863-1934)

Erik Anton Granholm (1906-1959) Karin Hildegard Kasén (1914-2004)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Leena Elisabeth Kentala (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is the 32nd cousin 3 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Eystein (Grumla) Ivarsson Earl Of Oplande (0800-0872) Åsa (Ascrida) Rognvaldsdotter Countess Of Oppland (Abt 0804-Abt 0890)

Rognvald Eysteinsson "The Wise" Earl Of Malahulk Haldrick Eysteinsson Jarl Of Norway Orkney (0845-0912) (Abt 0830-0892) Maud de Boulogne Ragnhild (Hilde) Hrolfsdotter Countess of More (0895-0967) (Abt 0840-0892)

Tore "Den Tause" Earl Of More Hugues I de Toeni de Cavalcamp (Abt 0862-0938) (0890-0980) Ålov Årbot Haraldsdotter Princess Of Norway Haldruc de Theuruanna (0875-0932) (0895-0964)

Sigurd Haakonsson, Earl Of Lade (0895-0962) Raoul/Rodulf I de Toeni Bergljot Toresdatter (0935-0975) (0915-0936)

Haakon II Sigurdsson King Of Norway Raoul II de Toeni Trondheim (0955-1015) (0935-0995) Judith Alice de Bayeux Tora Skagesdotter Queen in Tröndeagen, Norway (0970-1015) (0930-0974)

Sveinn Håkonarson Ladejarl King Of Norway Roger I the Spaniard de Toeni (0957-1016) (0990-1040) Holmfridr Eriksdotter Princess Of Sweden Godeheut (0972-1016)

Svend II Estridsen King Of Denmark (1020-1074) Robert de Tosny Baron of Staffordshire Gunhild Svensdotter Queen Of Norway (1031-1088) (1010-1060)

Erik I Ejegod King Of Denmark (1060-1103) NN de Toeni Bothild Thorgatsdotter Queen Of Denmark NN de Stafford (Abt 1061-1103)

Knud Eriksson Lavard King Of Denmark William fitzNigel de Stafford de Gresley (1091-1131) (1090-1166) Ingeborg Princess Of Russia Elena Stafford (Abt 1099-1140)

Valdemar I The Great King Of Denmark Robert FitzWilliam de Gresley (1131-1182) (1127-1183) Sofiya Vladimirovna Princess Of Russia Basilia Gresey (1140-1198) (1130- )

Erik X Knutsson King Of Sweden John de la Warre Lord of Bristolton (1180-1216) (1150-1213) Richiza Valdemarsdotter Princess Of Denmark Joan de Gresley (Abt 1178-1220) (1155- )

Nils Sixtensson Sparre Av Tofta (Abt 1188- ) Jordan Lord 2nd de la Warre Märtha Eriksdotter Princess Of Sweden (1187-1231) (Abt 1213- )

Sixten Nilsson Sparre Av Tofta ( -1310) John Matthew de la Warre Ingrid Abjörnsdotter af Våxtorp (1216-1277) (Abt 1220- )

Abjörn Sixtensson Sparre Av Tofta Matthew de la Mare (Abt 1240-1310) (1210-1270) Ingeborg Ulfsdotter Ulf Olympia de la Mare (Folkington) (Abt 1258-After 1307) ( -1265)

Ulf Abjörnsson Sparre Sir Peter de Montfort Lord of Beaudesert ( -1359) (1245-1287) Kristina Sigmundsdotter Tre Klöverblad Maud Matilda de la Marr (1295-1328) (1246-1275)

Karl Ulfsson Sparre Av Tofta Warin DeLisle ( -1407) (1277-1322) Helena Israelsdotter Alice DeLisle de Montfort (1340-1410) (1268-1317)

Knut Tordsson Bonde Robert De Lisle Lord Lisle de Rougemont (Abt 1377-1413) (1288-1343) Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre Av Tofta Margaret Elizabeth Rougemont (1381-1429) (1295-1339)

Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of Sweden John Harpur (1409-1470) Elizabeth Lisle Unknown in Åbo (1307-1348)

Erengisle Björnsson Djäkn Richard Harpur Karin Karlsdotter Bonde (1348- ) (1441- ) Alice

Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby John Harpur (1465-1517) (1389-1429) Märta Erengisledotter Djäkn Isabel Appleby (1465-1500) (1383-1425)

Olof Pedersson (Wildeman) Lille John Harper (1489-1535) (1425-1454) Anna Johansdotter Fleming Eleanor Grobbere ( -1545) (1429-1454)

Ludolf Boose (1465-1535) Henry Harpur Karin Olofsdotter Wildeman (1450-1499) (1465-1535)

Johan Ludolfsson Boose (Cir 1500-1596) William Harper Ingeborg Henriksdotter (1470- ) ( -1596)

Bertil Von Nieroht (1582-1651) Sir William Harper/Harpur, Sr. Kerstin Johansdotter Boose (1500-1574) (1576-1652)

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf Thomas Harper, Sr. (1605-1668) (1534-1608) Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht Cecilia (1612-1682)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf Thomas Harper, Jr. (1635-1704) (1560-1600) N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz Christine Bilmore (1500-1540)

Ericus Christierni Orenius John Pabodie (Abt 1658-1740) (1590-1667) Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf Isabel Harper (1670-1747) (1590-1667)

Johan Urnovius William Pabodie (1706-1783) (1620-1707) Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius (Orenius) Elizabeth Alden (1710-1804) (1624-1717)

Johan Flinck Benjamin Bartlett, Jr. ( -1820) (1658-1724) Christina Margareta Urnovia Ruth Pabodie (1744-1829) (1658-1725)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius John Samson (1787-1823) (1688-1779) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon Priscilla Bartlett (1784- ) (1697-1758)

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius Peleg Wadsworth (1810- ) (1715-1799) Johanna Carolina Röring Lusanna Sampson (1802-Abt 1839) (1720-1788)

Erik Eriksson Kåll Peleg Wadsworth, General (1829-1905) (1748-1829) Charlotta Constantia Renlund Elizabeth Bartlett (1830-1905)

Karl-Johan Granholm Stephen Longfellow (1866-1920) (1776-1849) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll Zilpah Wadsworth (1863-1934) (1778-1851)

Erik Anton Granholm (1906-1959) Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Karin Hildegard Kasén (1807-1882) (1914-2004)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Leena Elisabeth Kentala (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

Herman Melville is the Half 24th cousin 7 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Sigurd II The Stout Hlodvesson Earl Of Orkney Another Sigurd II The Stout Hlodvesson Earl Of Orkney (0960-1014) Marriage (0960-1014) NN Mistress Donalda Mac Cinaea (Alpin) of Moray (0965-1000) (0968-1034)

Brusi Sigurdsson Earl of Orkney Thorfinn Sigurdsson II The Black Earl Of (0987-1031) Orkney Ostrida Regenwaldsdotter Countess of Orkney (0989-1064) (0990-1010) Ingibiorg Finnsdottir (1021-1066)

Ragnvald II Bruesson Earl Of Orkney Pål Thorfinnson Earl Of Orkney (1011-1048) (1049-1099) Felicia Princess Of Normandy Ragnhild Hakonsdotter Countess of Orkney (1017- ) (1060-1105)

Olaf III Kyrre King Of Norway Haakon Paulsson Earl Of Orkney (Abt 1050-1093) (1105-1123) Thora Ragnvaldsdotter Queen Of Norway Helga Maddansdatter (1030- ) (1080-1103)

Magnus III Barfot King Of Norway Matad Mormaer of Caithness (Abt 1073-1103) (1085-1152) Bethoc Margaret Haakonsdottir Duchess Of Orkney (1108- )

Harald IV "Gille" King Of Norway Harald Maddadsson Earl of Orkney and (Abt 1094-1136) Mormaer of Caithness Bladak (1130-1206) Hvarflod Gornflaeth Dunkeld Earl of Rose (1135-1215)

Birger "Brosa" Bengtsson Folkunga Magnus II Madadsson Earl II of Orkney (Abt 1134-1202) (1180-1239) Brigida Haraldsdotter Queen Of Norway Gormlaith Angus de Dunkeld (Abt 1130- )

Gilbert II Magnusson Earl II of Orkney and Birger Birgersson Skänkare Angus (1205-1256) Maud Ogilvie (1173- )

Peter Israelsson Finsta (1240-1280) Magnus III of Orkney NN Birgersdotter Sjenkare ( -1273) (1245-1269)

Birger Persson till Finsta Sir William Sinclair Lord (6th) of Rosslyn (1270-1327) (1230-1297) Ingeborg Bengtsdotter Lejon (Folkunga) Matilda of Orkney (1274-1314) (1240-1297)

Israel Birgersson Brahe David Weymyss of Kincaldrum (1314-1351) ( -1372) Bengta Färla Karlsdotter Annabel Sinclair (1260-1304)

Karl Ulfsson Sparre Av Tofta Sir John Weumyss of Kincaldrum ( -1407) (1368-1429) Helena Israelsdotter Isabel Erskine (1340-1410) (1375-1427)

Knut Tordsson Bonde David Wemyss of Kincaldrum (Abt 1377-1413) (1394-1430) Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre Av Tofta Christian Douglas (1381-1429) (1395-1465)

Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of Sweden Henry Melville (1409-1470) (1408- ) Unknown in Åbo Elizabeth Wemyss (1410- )

Erengisle Björnsson Djäkn Karin Karlsdotter Bonde John Melville (1441- ) (1434-1513)

Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby John Melville (1465-1517) (1460-1513) Märta Erengisledotter Djäkn Janet Inglis (1465-1500) (1462- )

Olof Pedersson (Wildeman) Lille John Melville (1489-1535) (1486- ) Anna Johansdotter Fleming Margaret Learmonth ( -1545) (1488- )

Ludolf Boose John Melville (1465-1535) (1507-1570) Karin Olofsdotter Wildeman Agnes Strang (1465-1535) (1516- )

Johan Ludolfsson Boose John Melville (Cir 1500-1596) (1542- ) Ingeborg Henriksdotter Matilda Bethune ( -1596) (1547-1590)

Bertil Von Nieroht (1582-1651) Sir John Melville Kerstin Johansdotter Boose (1568- ) (1576-1652)

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf (1605-1668) Thomas Melville Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht (1612-1682)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf (1635-1704) Thomas Melville N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz

Ericus Christierni Orenius Allan Melville (Abt 1658-1740) ( -1761) Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf Jean Cargill (1670-1747)

Johan Urnovius Thomas Melville (1706-1783) (1751-1832) Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius (Orenius) Priscilla Scollay (1710-1804)

Johan Flinck Allan Melville ( -1820) (1782-1832) Christina Margareta Urnovia Maria Peterse Gansevoort (1744-1829) (1791-1872)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius (1787-1823) Herman Melville Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon (1819-1891) (1784- )

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius (1810- ) Johanna Carolina Röring (1802-Abt 1839)

Erik Eriksson Kåll (1829-1905) Charlotta Constantia Renlund (1830-1905)

Karl-Johan Granholm (1866-1920) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll (1863-1934)

Erik Anton Granholm (1906-1959) Karin Hildegard Kasén (1914-2004)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Leena Elisabeth Kentala (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

Jack London is the Half 26th cousin twice removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Boleslaw III The Wrymouth Duke Of Poland Another Boleslaw III The Wrymouth Duke Of Poland (1085-1138) Marriage (1085-1138) Salome Of Berg-Schelklingen Zbyslava Princess Of Kiev (1097-1144) (1085/1090-1112)

Volodar Glebovitj Of Minsk Prince Of Russia Wladyslaw II The Exile Duke of Cracow (Abt 1123-After 1139) (1105-1159) Richia Sventoslava Princess Of Poland Agnes Of Babenberg (1116-1155) (1111-1157)

Valdemar I The Great King Of Denmark Alfonso VII Emperor of Spain (1131-1182) (1105-1157) Sofiya Vladimirovna Princess Of Russia Richeza Princess Of Poland (1140-1198) (1140-1185)

Erik X Knutsson King Of Sweden Alfonso II King Of Aragon (1180-1216) (1157-1196) Richiza Valdemarsdotter Princess Of Denmark Sancha Princess Of Castile (Abt 1178-1220) (1154-1208)

Nils Sixtensson Sparre Av Tofta Alfonso II Count Of Provence (Abt 1188- ) (1174-1209) Märtha Eriksdotter Princess Of Sweden Garsenda of Sabran Countess of Forcalquier (Abt 1213- )

Sixten Nilsson Sparre Av Tofta Ramon Berenguer IV Count Of Provence ( -1310) (1195-1245) Ingrid Abjörnsdotter af Våxtorp Beatrice Countess of Savoy (Abt 1220- )

Abjörn Sixtensson Sparre Av Tofta Henry III King Of England (Abt 1240-1310) (1207-1272) Ingeborg Ulfsdotter Ulf Eleanor Berenger Queen Of England (Abt 1258-After 1307) (1223-1291)

Ulf Abjörnsson Sparre Edmund "Crouchback" Plantagenet Earl ( -1359) (1st) of Lancaster Kristina Sigmundsdotter Tre Klöverblad (1243-1296) (1295-1328) Blanche of Artois Queen of Navarre (1248-1302)

Karl Ulfsson Sparre Av Tofta Henry Earl (3rd) of Plantagenet ( -1407) (1281-1345) Helena Israelsdotter Maud De Chaworth (1340-1410) (1282-1322)

Knut Tordsson Bonde Richard Fitzalan Earl of Arundel (Abt 1377-1413) (1313-1375) Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre Av Tofta (1381-1429) (1311-1372)

Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of Sweden Richard Earl (11th) of Arundel (1409-1470) (1346-1397) Unknown in Åbo Elizabeth De Bohun Countess of Arundel (1350-1385)

Erengisle Björnsson Djäkn William de Beauchamp Baron (1st) of Karin Karlsdotter Bonde Abergavenny (1441- ) (1358-1411) Joan FitzAlan Baroness Bergavenny (1375-1435)

Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby (1465-1517) Reybourne Baron (1st) of Abergavenny Märta Erengisledotter Djäkn (1403- ) (1465-1500)

Olof Pedersson (Wildeman) Lille (1489-1535) Eleanor Beauchamp Anna Johansdotter Fleming (1437- ) ( -1545)

Ludolf Boose (1465-1535) Emme Foster Karin Olofsdotter Wildeman (1467- ) (1465-1535)

Johan Ludolfsson Boose Thomas Foster (Cir 1500-1596) (1490- ) Ingeborg Henriksdotter Fitzgefrey ( -1596)

Bertil Von Nieroht Guy Foster (1582-1651) (1520- ) Kerstin Johansdotter Boose Joan Church (1576-1652)

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf Peter Foster (1605-1668) (1558- ) Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht Ellen (1612-1682)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf Thomas Foster (1635-1704) (1580-1617) N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz Elizabeth Seamer (1580-1676)

Ericus Christierni Orenius Nicholas White (Abt 1658-1740) Susanna Humhrey Foster Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf (1616-1652) (1670-1747)

Johan Urnovius Samuel Hall, Sr. (1706-1783) (1644-1707) Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius (Orenius) Elizabeth White (1710-1804) (1643-1707)

Johan Flinck John Hall ( -1820) (1666-1737) Christina Margareta Urnovia Esther Bell (1744-1829) (1672-1773)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius Samuel Wellman (1787-1823) (1699-1730) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon Charity Hall (1784- ) (1704-1773)

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius Adam Wellman (1810- ) (1745-1802) Johanna Carolina Röring Esther Mann (1802-Abt 1839) (1749-1782)

Erik Eriksson Kåll Joel Wellman (1829-1905) (1771- ) Charlotta Constantia Renlund Betsy Baker (1830-1905) (1776-1813)

Karl-Johan Granholm Marshall Wellman (1866-1920) (1800- ) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll Elinor Jones (1863-1934) (1801- )

Erik Anton Granholm William Chaney (1906-1959) (1821-1903) Karin Hildegard Kasén Flora Chaney-London Wellman (1914-2004) (1843-1922)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Jack London Leena Elisabeth Kentala (1876-1916) (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

James Fenimore Cooper is the 24th cousin 6 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Baldwin V Count Of Flanders (Abt 1012-1067) Adele Alix Princess Of France (1009-1079)

Robert I Le Frison Count Of Flanders William I The Conqueror King Of (Abt 1038-1093) England Gertrude Countess Of Saxony (1027-1087) (Abt 1030-1113) Matilda Of Flanders Queen Of England (1031-1083)

Saint Canute IV The Holy King Of Henry I "Beauclerc" King Of Denmark England (1043-1086) (1068-1135) Adele Of Flandern Queen Of Sybil (Adeliza) Lady of Alcester Denmark (1075-1157) (Abt 1058-Abt 1115)

Folke Den Tjocke Folkunga Reginald de Dunstanville Earl (1st) of (1070-1130) Cornwall Ingegärd Knutsdotter Princess Of (1100-1175) Denmark Beatrice (Mabilia) fitzWilliaim (1081-1146) (1114-1162)

Bengt (Snivil) Folkesson Minnisköld Ralph de Valletort of Trematon (Abt 1098- ) Joan FitzRoy de Dunstanville of Ulfhild (Sigrid) Björnsdotter Princess Of Cornwall Sweden (1150- ) (1102- )

Birger "Brosa" Bengtsson Folkunga Joel de Valletort of North Tawton (Abt 1134-1202) (1170-1188) Brigida Haraldsdotter Queen Of Norway Emma de Valletort (Abt 1130- )

Philip de Valletort of North Tawton Birger Birgersson Skänkare (1210-1259) Joan de Cornwall (1212- )

Peter Israelsson Finsta John de Valletort of North Tawton (1240-1280) (1240-1294) NN Birgersdotter Sjenkare NN de Columbers (1245-1269) (1245- )

Birger Persson till Finsta Ralph Edmond Valletort (1270-1327) (1262-1310) Ingeborg Bengtsdotter Lejon (Folkunga) Lucia le Bret (1274-1314) (1275-1310)

Israel Birgersson Brahe Sir Richard de Champernowne of (1314-1351) Modbury Bengta Färla Karlsdotter (1284-1338) Elizabeth Joan le Bret de Valletort (1288-1316)

Karl Ulfsson Sparre Av Tofta Oliver de Champernon ( -1407) (1300-1346) Helena Israelsdotter Egelin Valletort (1340-1410)

Knut Tordsson Bonde William Gilbert, Sir (Abt 1377-1413) (1327-1380) Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre Av Elizabeth Champernowne Tofta (1335-1380) (1381-1429)

Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of Otto Gilbert Sweden (1396-1430) (1409-1470) Isabella Hill Unknown in Åbo (1392- )

Erengisle Björnsson Djäkn Sir Otho Gilbert of Compton Karin Karlsdotter Bonde (1418-1493) (1441- ) Elizabeth Hill (1434-1456)

Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby John Gilbert, II (1465-1517) (1425-1494) Märta Erengisledotter Djäkn Elizabeth Crocker (1465-1500) (1487- )

Olof Pedersson (Wildeman) Lille John Gilbert, III (1489-1535) (1475-1546) Anna Johansdotter Fleming Joan Hackett ( -1545) (1478- )

Ludolf Boose Henry Ashley (1465-1535) (1515-1549) Karin Olofsdotter Wildeman Radigan Gilbert (1465-1535) (1500-1538)

Johan Ludolfsson Boose Anthony Ashley (Cir 1500-1596) (1541-1651) Ingeborg Henriksdotter Dorothy Lyte ( -1596) (1545-1601)

Bertil Von Nieroht Anthony Ashley, 1st Baronet (1582-1651) ( -1628) Kerstin Johansdotter Boose Jane Okeover (1576-1652)

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf John Cooper of Bockburne (1605-1668) Ann Elizabeth Ashley Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht (1602-1628) (1612-1682)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf George Cooper (1635-1704) (1621-1682) N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz Elizabeth Oldfield (1625-1683)

Ericus Christierni Orenius James Cooper (Abt 1658-1740) (1661-1732) Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf Hester (1670-1747) (1663-1706)

Johan Urnovius William Cooper (1706-1783) (1701-1736) Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius Mary Groom (Orenius) (1705-1772) (1710-1804)

Johan Flinck James Cooper ( -1820) (1729-1795) Christina Margareta Urnovia Hannah Hibbs (1744-1829) ( -1777)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius William Cooper (1787-1823) (1754-1809) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon Elizabeth Fenimore (1784- ) (1752-1817)

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius (1810- ) James Fenimore Cooper Johanna Carolina Röring (1789-1851) (1802-Abt 1839)

Erik Eriksson Kåll (1829-1905) Charlotta Constantia Renlund (1830-1905)

Karl-Johan Granholm (1866-1920) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll (1863-1934)

Erik Anton Granholm (1906-1959) Karin Hildegard Kasén (1914-2004)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Leena Elisabeth Kentala (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

Jane Austen is the 26th cousin 5 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Baldwin V Count Of Flanders (Abt 1012-1067) Adele Alix Princess Of France (1019-1079)

Robert I Le Frison Count Of Flanders Baldwin VI Count Of Flanders (Abt 1038-1093) (1030-1070) Gertrude Countess Of Saxony Richilde Countess Of Mons And Hainaut (Abt 1030-1113)

Saint Canute IV The Holy King Of Denmark Baldwin II Count Of Hainaut (1043-1086) (1056-1098) Adele Of Flandern Queen Of Denmark Ida Of Leuven (Abt 1058-Abt 1115)

Folke Den Tjocke Folkunga Baldwin III (VII) Count Of Hainaut (1070-1130) (1088-1120) Ingegärd Knutsdotter Princess Of Denmark Yolande De Wassenberg (1081-1146)

Bengt (Snivil) Folkesson Minnisköld Sir Roger de Toeni III Lord of Flamstead (Abt 1098- ) Ida (Gertrude) of Hainault Ulfhild (Sigrid) Björnsdotter Princess Of Sweden (1110- ) (1102- )

Walkelin de Ferrers Magnus Folkunga Earl Of Minniskiöld Goda de Toeni N. N. (1140-1186)

Sigtrygg Bengtsson Boberg Roger de Mortimer Lord of Wigmore (1197-1260) (1155-1214) Hafrid Magnusdotter Minneskiöld Isabel de Ferrers (1178- ) (1172-1252)

Karl Ingeborgasson Lejonbalk Walter II de Beauchamp Baron of Elmley (1226-1273) Joane Isabel De Mortimer Ulfhild Sigtryggsdotter Boberg (1194-1268) (1225-1263)

Ulf Karlsson Ulv William de Beauchamp Baron of Elmley (Abt 1230-1281) (1215-1268) Karlsdotter Lejonbalk Isabel Maudult (1214-1268)

Abjörn Sixtensson Sparre Av Tofta Sir Richard Talbot IV Baron of Eccleswell (Abt 1240-1310) (1250-1306) Ingeborg Ulfsdotter Ulf Sarah de Beauchamp (Abt 1258-After 1307) (1255-1318)

Ulf Abjörnsson Sparre Sir Paine III Baron Tuberville of Coyty ( -1359) GwenIlian De Tuberville de Talbot Kristina Sigmundsdotter Tre Klöverblad (1280-1346) (1295-1328)

Karl Ulfsson Sparre Av Tofta William Gamage ( -1407) (1306-1325) Helena Israelsdotter Sarah de Tuberville (1340-1410) (1300-1359)

Knut Tordsson Bonde Gilbert de Gamage of Rogald (Abt 1377-1413) (1328-1382) Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre Av Tofta Lettice Seymour (1381-1429) (1338-1372)

Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of Sweden Sir William Gamage (1409-1470) (1358-1419) Unknown in Åbo Mary Rodburgh (1386- )

Erengisle Björnsson Djäkn Sir Thomas Gamage Lord of Coytey Karin Karlsdotter Bonde Matilda Dennis (1441- ) (1388-1444)

Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby Roger "of Llanthony" Arnold (1465-1517) Joan Gamage Märta Erengisledotter Djäkn (1444-1470) (1465-1500)

Olof Pedersson (Wildeman) Lille Richard Rowdon (1489-1535) Cicely Arnold Anna Johansdotter Fleming (1472-1558) ( -1545)

Ludolf Boose William Reade (1465-1535) (1485-1534) Karin Olofsdotter Wildeman Catherine Rowdon (1465-1535) (1495-1512)

Johan Ludolfsson Boose Sir Richard Berkley (Cir 1500-1596) (1538-1600) Ingeborg Henriksdotter Elizabeth Ann Reade ( -1596) (1524-1580)

Bertil Von Nieroht Sir Thomas Throckmorton II (1582-1651) (1538-1606) Kerstin Johansdotter Boose Lady Elizabeth Berkley (1576-1652) (1544-1581)

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf James Scudamore High Sheriff of Hereforeshire (1605-1668) Mary Throckmorton Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht (1571-1622) (1612-1682)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf Giles Brydges (1635-1704) (1565-1637) N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz Mary Scudamore (1600-1629)

Ericus Christierni Orenius John Brydges (Abt 1658-1740) (1623-1651) Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf Mary Pearle (1670-1747) (1618-1682)

Johan Urnovius Sir James Brydges (1706-1783) (1642-1714) Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius (Orenius) Elizabeth Bernard (1710-1804) (1642-1719)

Johan Flinck Theophilus Leigh ( -1820) (1648-1725) Christina Margareta Urnovia Mary Brydges (1744-1829) (1666-1703)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius Thomas Leigh, Rev. (1787-1823) (1703-1764) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon Jane Walker (1784- ) (1704-1768)

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius George Austen, Rev. (1810- ) (1731-1805) Johanna Carolina Röring Cassandra Leigh (1802-Abt 1839) (1739-1827)

Erik Eriksson Kåll (1829-1905) Jane Austen Charlotta Constantia Renlund (1775-1817) (1830-1905)

Karl-Johan Granholm (1866-1920) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll (1863-1934)

Erik Anton Granholm (1906-1959) Karin Hildegard Kasén (1914-2004)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Leena Elisabeth Kentala (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

Johan Ludvig Runeberg is the 4th cousin 5 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Matts Johansson Torp Svartsjö (1673-1759) Maria Henriksdotter Norrena Hyytinen (1663-1754)

Anders Mattson Svartsjö Hästbacka Matts Mattsson Svartsjö Nyman (1707-1749) (1698-1778) Brita Jakobsdotter Hästbacka Beata Persdotter Berg (1715-1744) (1701-1773)

Johan Andersson Skullbacka Niclas Mattsson Malm (1731-1799) (1724-1785) Magdalena Andersdotter Hästbacka Maria Mattsdotter Nyman (1735-1808) (1726-1803)

Anders Andersson Granbacka Johan Malm (1774-1832) (1751-1804) Anna Johansdotter Skullbacka Anna Maria Sten (1772-1830) (1760-1791)

Johan Andersson Granbacka Granholm Lorens Ulrik Runeberg (1812-1877) (1772-1834) Brita Cajsa Fredriksdotter Bexar Anna Maria Malm (1817-1881) (1782-1834)

Anders Gustaf Johansson Granholm (1841-1901) Johan Ludvig Runeberg Brita Andersdotter Djupsjö (1804-1879) (1840-1903)

Karl-Johan Granholm (1866-1920) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll (1863-1934)

Erik Anton Granholm (1906-1959) Karin Hildegard Kasén (1914-2004)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Leena Elisabeth Kentala (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

John Steinbeck is the 29th Cousin of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Géza II King Of Hungary (1130-1162) Euphrosyne Of Kiev Queen Of Hungary (1130-1193)

Leopold V The Virtuous Duke Of Austria Béla III King Of Hungary (1157-1194) (1148-1196) Helena Princess Of Hungary Agnes Of Antioch Queen Of Hungary ( -1199) (1154-1184)

Leopold VI The Glorious Duke Of Austria Andrew II The Jerosolimitan King of Hungary (1176-1230) (1177-1235) Theodora Angelina Yolanda de Courtenay Princess of The Latin Empire (1200-1233)

Albert I Duke Of Saxony James I The Conqueror King Of Aragon (1175-1260) (1208-1276) Agnes Princess Of Austria Violant Queen Of Hungary

Burchard VIII von Rosenburg Philip III The Bold King Of France Jutta Albrechtsdatter Of Saxony (1245-1285) (1223-1267) Isabella Of Aragon Queen Of France (1247-1271)

Erik Knudsen Gyldenstjerne Philip IV The Fair King Of France (1240-1310) (1268-1314) Sophie von Rosenburg Joan I Quenn of Navarre (1312- ) (1273-1305)

Niels "höge" Eriksson Gyldenstierna till Ågård Edward II King Of England (1275- ) (1284-1327) Edel Pedersdotter Saltensee Isabella Of France Queen Of England (1280-1350) (1295-1358)

Otto Henriksson Limbek Edward III King Of England (1279-1313) (1312-1377) Nilsdotter Gyldenstierne Philippa Of Hainault Queen Of England (1285- ) (1311-1369)

Claus (Nicolaus) Ottosen Limbek Lionel Of Antwerp, (1312-1372) Elizabeth De Burgh, Countess 4th Of Ulster Ide Hartvigsdotter Krummedige (1332-1363) (1310-1375)

Benedict III, Lord of Hagenskov von Ahlefeldt Edmund Mortimer Earl (3rd) Of March (1330-1398) (1351-1381) Catharine Clausdotter Limbek Philippa, Countess Of March And Ulster (1335-1400) (1355-1382)

Nicolas (Claus) Benedictsen von Ahlefeldt Sir John King (1359-1404) (1415-1475) Anna Pogwisch Agnes Mortimer (1369-1424) (1372-1417)

Benedict Clausen von Ahlefeldt Sir Ralph King (1395-1440) (1390-1440) Catharina Dosenrode Phoebe Berkamstead (1389- )

Claus von Ahlefeldt, til Sögård Sir John King (1359-1404) (1415-1475) Ida Harburgi Breide Lady Margaret Ferrers (1409-1465) (1405-1452)

Benedict Clausen von Ahlefeldt Sir William King (1458-1513) (1440-1500) Eibe Pedersdotter Rantzau Agnes Fields ( -1522) (1445-1468)

Frantz Benediktsen von Ahlefeldt Sir Ralph Kinge (1492-1559) (1465-1530) Catharina Otttosdotter Pogwisch Lady Joanna Ugborough ( -1599)

Johan 'Hans' Fredriksen von Ahlefeldt Sir John Kinge (1526-1559) (1485-1540) Dorothea Frantsdotter von Ahlefeldt Lady Alice Slyny (1530-1599) (1493-1545)

Fredrerik von Ahlefeldt Sir Thomas King (1551-1607) (1506- ) Dorothea Didriksdatter Blome Lady Isabella Johns (1575-1643) (1509-1540)

Cai von Ahlefeldt Sir Thomas King (1593-1652) (1533-1602) Dorothea Rumohr Lady Rebecca Chalk (1595-1656) (1536-1605)

Frederik Ahlefeldt Thomas Morse, Jr. (1618-1664) (1538-1597) Anne Catharine Volfsdotter Pogwisch Margaret King (1633-1694) (1551-1585)

Mathias Frederiksson Von Ahlefelt Of Holstein Samuel Morse (1664-1730) (1576-1654) Elisabeth Maria Schlöpke Elizabeth Jasper ( -1695) (1578-1655)

Cornelius Corneliusson Von Loos Thomas Barnard, Jr. (1686-1738) (1608-1677) Margaretha Elisabeth Von Ahlefelt Eleanor Morse (1693-1739) (1612-1694)

Julius Hallonblad Joseph Peaslee, II (1727-1806) (1645-1734) Hedwig Christina Von Loos Ruth Barnard (1732-1777) (1651-1723)

Abraham Abrahamsson Sevonius Nathanien Peasley (1751-1825) (1682-1775) Juliana Ulrika Hallonblad Judith Kimball (1753-1827) (1682-1741)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius Christpher Sargent (1787-1823) (1704-1790) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon Susannah Peasley (1784- ) (1712-1785)

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius Ezekiel Hale (1810- ) (1725-1769) Johanna Carolina Röring Mary Sargent (1802-Abt 1839) ( -1818)

Erik Eriksson Kåll Tilly Butrick (1829-1905) (1754- ) Charlotta Constantia Renlund Abigail Hale (1830-1905) (1756- )

Karl-Johan Granholm Micah Eldredge (1866-1920) (1776-1849) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll Sarah Butrick (1863-1934) (1779-1866)

Erik Anton Granholm Walter Dickson, III (1906-1959) (1799- ) Karin Hildegard Kasén Sarah Eldredge (1914-2004) (1800- )

Lars Erik Granholm Johan Ernst Grossteinbeck (1934- ) (1832-1880) Leena Elisabeth Kentala Almira Ann Dickson (1936- ) (1828-1880)

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate John Steinbeck (1954- ) (1874-1934) Pia Carita Granholm Olive Hamilton (1955- ) (1877-1920)

Anna Kristiina Applegate John Steinbeck (1987- ) (1902-1968)

Jonathan Swift is the 27th cousin 7 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Eystein (Grumla) Ivarsson Earl Of Oplande (0800-0872) Åsa (Ascrida) Rognvaldsdotter Countess Of Oppland (Abt 0804-Abt 0890)

Harald I (Hårfager) King Of Norway Malahulk Haldrick Eysteinsson Jarl Of Norway (0850-0933) (0845-0912) Svanhild Eysteinsdotter Maud de Boulogne ( -0892) (0895-0967)

Olaf II Haraldsson Geirstadalf King Of Richard I Viscount of Contentin Vingulmark (0895-0933) (0877-0934) Niece de Normanidi

Ragnvald Olafsson Count Of Polatsk Asperling de Vadreuil, I (0925-0978) (0925-0975) Ingeborg Tryggvesdotter Princess Of Norway Sprota (Adela) de Senlis (0930- ) (0915-0940)

Brusi Sigurdsson Earl of Orkney Raoul d'Ivry Count d'Ivry et Bayeux (0987-1031) (0945-1015) Ostrida Regenwaldsdotter Countess of Orkney Aubree de Caux (0990-1010) (0960-1010)

Ragnvald II Bruesson Earl Of Orkney Osborn de Crapon Steward of Normandy (1011-1048) Emma Countess d'Ivry et Bayeux Felicia Princess Of Normandy (0995-1034) (1017- )

Olaf III Kyrre King Of Norway William Fitzosbern Earl (1st) of Hereford (Abt 1050-1093) (1038-1071) Thora Ragnvaldsdotter Queen Of Norway Adeliza de Tosny Countess of Hereford (1030- ) (1035-1070)

Magnus III Barfot King Of Norway Ralph I de Gael Earl (1st) of Norfolk (Abt 1073-1103) (1039-1096) Bethoc Emma Amice Vermandois de Gael (1054-1095)

Harald IV "Gille" King Of Norway Sir Robert de Beaumont (Abt 1094-1136) Amice de Gael Bladak (1094-1168)

Birger "Brosa" Bengtsson Folkunga Ralph de Toeni V Lord of Flamstead (Abt 1134-1202) (1132-1162) Brigida Haraldsdotter Queen Of Norway Margaret De Beaumont (Abt 1130- ) (1125-1185)

Sir Roger le Bigod Earl (2nd) of Norfolk Birger Birgersson Skänkare (1150-1221) Ida de Tosny Countess (1154-1199)

Peter Israelsson Finsta Hugh Bigod Earl (3rd) of Norfolk (1240-1280) (1186-1225) NN Birgersdotter Sjenkare Maud Marchal Countess of Norfolk (1245-1269)

Birger Persson till Finsta John Fitx-Geoffrey Lord of Shere (1270-1327) Isabel de Bigod Ingeborg Bengtsdotter Lejon (Folkunga) (1212-1250) (1274-1314)

Israel Birgersson Brahe William de Beauchamp Earl of Warwick (1314-1351) Matilda FitzJohn Countess of Warwick Bengta Färla Karlsdotter (1237-1301)

Karl Ulfsson Sparre Av Tofta Hugh Despenser Earl of Winchester ( -1407) Countess of Winchester Helena Israelsdotter (1262-1306) (1340-1410)

Knut Tordsson Bonde Hugh IV Lord (1st) Despenser (Abt 1377-1413) (1286-1326) Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre Av Tofta Eleanor de Clare Baroness Despenser (1381-1429)

Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of Sweden Sir Edward le Despenser (1409-1470) (1310-1342) Unknown in Åbo Anne de Ferres (1315-1367)

Erengisle Björnsson Djäkn Edward Baron le Despenser Karin Karlsdotter Bonde (1336-1375) (1441- ) Elizabeth Baroness Burghersh

Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby Robert Baron Ferrers of Chartley (1465-1517) Margaret Despenser Märta Erengisledotter Djäkn (1365-1415) (1465-1500)

Olof Pedersson (Wildeman) Lille Sir Thomas Green High Sheriff of (1489-1535) Northamptonshire Anna Johansdotter Fleming (1400-1462) ( -1545) Philippa Ferrers (1400-1427)

Ludolf Boose William Raleigh (1465-1535) (1415-1461) Karin Olofsdotter Wildeman Elizabeth de Greene (1465-1535) (1421-1460)

Johan Ludolfsson Boose Sir Edward Raleigh (Cir 1500-1596) (1441-1509) Ingeborg Henriksdotter Margaret de Verney ( -1596)

Bertil Von Nieroht (1582-1651) Sir Edward Raleigh, II Kerstin Johansdotter Boose (1470-1517) (1576-1652)

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf John Cope (1605-1668) (1504-1558) Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht Bridget Raleigh (1612-1682) (1506-1558)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf John Dryden (1635-1704) (1524-1584) N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz Elizabeth Cope (1529-1584)

Ericus Christierni Orenius Nicholas Dryden (Abt 1658-1740) (1571-1609) Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf Mary Emyley (1670-1747)

Johan Urnovius Rev. Thomas Swift (1706-1783) (1595-1658) Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius (Orenius) Elizabeth Swift Dryden (1710-1804) (1597-1658)

Johan Flinck Jonathan Swift, Sr. ( -1820) (1640-1667) Christina Margareta Urnovia Abigail Erick (1744-1829) (1642-1700)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius (1787-1823) Jonathan Swift Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon (1667-1745) (1784- )

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius (1810- ) Johanna Carolina Röring (1802-Abt 1839)

Erik Eriksson Kåll (1829-1905) Charlotta Constantia Renlund (1830-1905)

Karl-Johan Granholm (1866-1920) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll (1863-1934)

Erik Anton Granholm (1906-1959) Karin Hildegard Kasén (1914-2004)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Leena Elisabeth Kentala (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

Laura Elizabeth Ingalls Eilder is the 29th cousin 6 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Theobald I Count Of Blois ( -0978) Luitgarde Of Vermandois (0914-0978)

William IV Iron Arm Duke Of Aquitaine Bouchard I de Bray (0937-0994) Hildegarde of Blois Emma Of Blois (0940-1008)

William V The Great Duke Of Aquitaine (0969-1030) Thibaut de Bray Agnes Duchess Of Burgundy (0983-1031)

Henry III The Black Holy Roman Emperor King Of Guy de Bray Seigneur de Monthéry Germany (1009-1095) Agnes Of Poitou Holy Roman Empress Hodierne de Gometz (1025-1077) (1014-1074)

Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor King Of Josselin Seigneur de Courtenay Germany Elisabeth de Monthéry (1050-1106) (1040- ) Bertha Of Savoy

Saint Leopold III Margrave Of Austria Miles Seigneur de Courtenay (1073-1136) (1068-1127) Agnes Princess Of Germany Ermengarde de Nevers (1072-1143) (1073-1100)

Henry II Jasomirgott Duke Of Austria Renaud Seigneur de Courtenay (1107-1177) (1105-1160) Theodora Komnene Duchess Of Austria Helen de Corbell ( -1184) (1095- )

Leopold V The Virtuous Duke Of Austria Renaud II de Courtenay (1157-1194) (1125-1194) Helena Princess Of Hungary Hawise Courcy ( -1199)

Leopold VI The Glorious Duke Of Austria Robert de Courtenay Baron of Okehampton (1176-1230) (1170-1242) Theodora Angelina Mary de Vernon De Courtenay

Albert I Duke Of Saxony John Courtenay Baron of Okehampton (1175-1260) (1224-1274) Agnes Princess Of Austria Isabel De Vere (1222-1300)

Burchard VIII von Rosenburg Hugh de Courtenay Baron of Okehampton Jutta Albrechtsdatter Of Saxony (1249-1291) (1223-1267) Eleanor le Despencer (1262-1328)

Erik Knudsen Gyldenstjerne Hugh Courtenay Earl of Devon (1240-1310) (1275-1340) Sophie von Rosenburg Agnes St John Countess of Devon (1312- )

Niels "höge" Eriksson Gyldenstierna till Ågård Thomas De Courtenay (1275- ) (1311-1356) Edel Pedersdotter Saltensee Muriel de Moels (1280-1350) (1322-1359)

Otto Henriksson Limbek Sir John de Dimham (1279-1313) (1318-1383) Nilsdotter Gyldenstierne Muriel de Moels (1285- ) (1340-1369)

Claus (Nicolaus) Ottosen Limbek Sir John 5th Lord Dimham (1312-1372) (1359-1428) Ide Hartvigsdotter Krummedige Philippa Lovel (1310-1375) (1392-1465)

Benedict III, Lord of Hagenskov von Ahlefeldt Sir John 6th Lord Dimham (1330-1398) (1406-1457) Catharine Clausdotter Limbek Joan Arches Baroness Dinham (1335-1400) (1410-1497)

Nicolas (Claus) Benedictsen von Ahlefeldt Sir Thomas Arundel (1359-1404) (1454-1485) Anna Pogwisch Catherine Dimham (1369-1424) (1453-1501)

Benedict Clausen von Ahlefeldt Sir Edward Stradling (1395-1440) (1474-1535) Catharina Dosenrode Elizabeth Arundel (1389- ) (1484-1513)

Claus von Ahlefeldt, til Sögård Sir Thomas Palmer, III (1359-1404) (1498-1586) Ida Harburgi Breide Catherine Stradling (1409-1465) (1512-1585)

Benedict Clausen von Ahlefeldt Sir John William Palmer, Sr. (1458-1513) (1544-1661) Eibe Pedersdotter Rantzau Elizabeth Verney ( -1522) (1557-1592)

Frantz Benediktsen von Ahlefeldt John Rowley (1492-1559) (1574-1599) Catharina Otttosdotter Pogwisch Sarah Palmer ( -1599) (1587-1633)

Johan 'Hans' Fredriksen von Ahlefeldt Henry Rowley (1526-1559) (1598-1673) Dorothea Frantsdotter von Ahlefeldt Ann Helsdon (1530-1599) (1584-1691)

Fredrerik von Ahlefeldt Capt. Jonathan Hatch (1551-1607) Sarah Rowley Dorothea Didriksdatter Blome (1625-1710) (1575-1643)

Cai von Ahlefeldt Capt. Joseph Hatch (1593-1652) (1654-1738) Dorothea Rumohr Dorcas Sprague (1595-1656) (1672- )

Frederik Ahlefeldt Capt. Jonathan Delano, II (1618-1664) (1680-1752) Anne Catharine Volfsdotter Pogwisch Amy Allen Hatch (1633-1694) (1687-1752)

Mathias Frederiksson Von Ahlefelt Of Holstein Jabez Delano (1664-1730) (1708-1752) Elisabeth Maria Schlöpke Prudence Morgan Hibbard ( -1695)

Cornelius Corneliusson Von Loos Jonathan Delano (1686-1738) (1735-1811) Margaretha Elisabeth Von Ahlefelt Anne Parker Ladd (1693-1739) (1734-1816)

Julius Hallonblad Samuel Ingalls, Sr. (1727-1806) (1771-1841) Hedwig Christina Von Loos Margaret Delano (1732-1777) (1773-1837)

Abraham Abrahamsson Sevonius Lansford W. Ingalls (1751-1825) (1812-1896) Juliana Ulrika Hallonblad Laura Colby (1753-1827) (1810-1883)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius Charles Phillip Ingalls (1787-1823) (1836-1902) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon Caroline L. Quiner (1784- ) (1839-1926)

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius (1810- ) Laura Elizabeth Ingalls Eilder Johanna Carolina Röring (1867-1957) (1802-Abt 1839)

Erik Eriksson Kåll (1829-1905) Charlotta Constantia Renlund (1830-1905)

Karl-Johan Granholm (1866-1920) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll (1863-1934)

Erik Anton Granholm (1906-1959) Karin Hildegard Kasén (1914-2004)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Leena Elisabeth Kentala (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- ) Relationship Chart 1

Thomas Edward "Lawrence of Arabia" is the 29th cousin of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Baldwin V Count Of Flanders (Abt 1012-1067) Adele Alix Princess Of France (1009-1079)

Robert I Le Frison Count Of Flanders William I The Conqueror King Of England (Abt 1033-1093) (1027-1087) Gertrude Countess Of Saxony Matilda Of Flanders Queen Of England (Abt 1030-1113) (1031-1083)

Saint Canute IV The Holy King Of Denmark William I De Warenne Earl (1St) Of Surrey (1043-1086) (1055-1088) Adele Of Flandern Queen Of Denmark Gundred Countess Of Surrey (Abt 1085-Abt 1115) (1063-1085)

Folke Den Tjocke Folkunga William De Warenne Earl (2Nd) Of Surrey (1078-1140) (1065-1138) Ingegärd Knutsdotter Princess Of Denmark Isabel Elizabeth Of Vermandois Countess Of (1086-1150) Leicester (1085-1131)

Bengt (Snivil) Folkesson Minnisköld Henry Earl Of Huntingdon Prince Of The Scots (0111- ) (1114-1152) Ulfhild (Sigrid) Björnsdotter Lakman, Adele (Ada) De Warenne Princess Of Sweden (1120-1178) (1102- )

Magnus Folkunga Earl Of Minneskiöld William I The Lion King Of The Scots (1150-1210) (1143-1214) Ingrid Ylva Sunesdotter Of Bjelbo Unknown (1190-1251)

Birger Magnusson Jarl Of Bielbo Patrick I Earl Of Dunbar (1200-1266) (1152-1232) Unknown Ada ( -1200)

Patrick II Earl Of Dunbar Gregers Birgersson Oäkta Folkungaätten (1185-1249) (1230-1276) Euphemia

Magnus Gregersson Oäkta Folkungaätten Patrick III Earl (7Th) Of Dunbar (1285-1326) (1213-1289) Ingegerd Marjory Carnyn

Karl Magnusson Oäkta Folkungaätten (1321-1347) James Stewart Cecilia Birgersdotter Cecilia De Dunbar (1309-1347)

Filip Karlsson Folkunge (Bef 1359-1407) Walter Stewart Ingeborg Kethvasdotter Marjorie Bruce

Nils Hermansson Kurke Till Villnäs Robert II The Steward King Of Scots (1400-1428) (1316-1390) Cecilia Filipsdotter Oäkta Folkungaätten Elizabeth Mure of Rowallan (1375-1435) (1320-1354)

Magnus Klausson Fleming Sir James Sandilands of Calder (1410-After 1450) Lady Jean Steward Princess Of Scotland Elin Nilsdotter Kurki (1350-1404) (1410-1486)

Produced by Legacy on 5 Oct 2014 Relationship Chart 2

Herman Magnusson Fleming Sir Gilbert Kennedy Of Dunure (1440-Bef 1490) (1348-1408) Elin Filipusdotter Marilyn Sandilands of Calder (1450-1495) (1340-1380)

Peder Hermansson Fleming (1480-1532) Gilbert Kennedy Of Dunure Elin Hansdotter Lydeke ( -1440) (1490-1543)

Henrik Simonsson Till Karuna ( -1570) Hew Kennedy 1st of Bargany Kerstin Pedersdotter Fleming ( -1573)

Johan Ludolfsson Boose Gilbert Kennedy 2nd of Bargany (Abt 1500-1596) (1441- ) Ingeborg Henriksdotter Katherine ( -1596)

Bertil Von Nieroht (1582-1651) Thomas Kennedy 3rd of Bargany Kerstin Johansdotter Boose (1461- ) (1576-1652)

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf Alexander Kennedy 4th of Bargany (1605-1668) (1491- ) Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht Mariot Dunbar of Michrum (1612-1682)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf Thomas Kennedy 5th of Bargany (1635-1704) (1500- ) N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz Margaret Campbell of Loudon

Ericus Christierni Orenius James Dalrymple of Stair (Abt 1658-1740) (1530-1586) Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf Isabel Kennedy of Bargany (1670-1747) (1540- )

Johan Urnovius James Dalrymple of Drummurchie (1706-1783) (1589-1625) Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius (Orenius) Janet (1710-1804)

Johan Flinck Sir James Dalrymple Viscount Stair ( -1820) (1619-1695) Christina Margareta Urnovia Margaret Ross Viscountess Stair (1744-1829) (1623-1692)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius Hon. Sir David Dalrymple of Haikes (1787-1823) (1655-1721) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon Janet Rocheid (1784- ) (1662-1726)

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius Hugh Dalrymple-Murray (1810- ) ( -1741) Johanna Carolina Röring Isobell Sommervill (1802-Abt 1839)

Erik Eriksson Kåll Sir Gilber tElliot Baronet (1829-1905) (1722-1777) Charlotta Constantia Renlund Agnes Dalrymple Kynynmound (1830-1905) (1734-1778)

Karl-Johan Granholm William Eden Baron Auckland (1866-1920) (1745-1814) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll Eleanor Eden (1863-1934) (1758-1818)

Produced by Legacy on 5 Oct 2014 Relationship Chart 3

Erik Anton Granholm Arthur Vansittart (1906-1959) (1775-1828) Karin Hildegard Kasén Caroline Eden (1914-2004) (1780-1851)

Sir William Chapman, 6th Baronet Lars Erik Granholm (1811-1889) Leena Elisabeth Kentala Louisa Vansittart

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Sir Thomas Chapman, 7th Baronet Pia Carita Granholm Sarah Lawrence (Junner) (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate Thomas Edward "Lawrence of Arabia" (1987- ) (1888-1935)

Produced by Legacy on 5 Oct 2014

Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy Count is the 24th cousin 4 times removed of Anna and Erik Applegate

Common Ancestor

Boleslaw III The Wrymouth Duke Of Poland (1085-1138) Salome Of Berg-Schelklingen (1097-1144)

Volodar Glebovitj Of Minsk Prince Of Casimir II The Just High Duke Of Russia Poland (Abt 1123-After 1139) (1138-1194) Richia Sventoslava Princess Of Helena Duchess Of Znojmo Poland (1116-1155)

Valdemar I The Great King Of Denmark Vsevolod "Cherminiy" III Prince of (1131-1182) Chernigov Sofiya Vladimirovna Princess Of ( -1215) Russia Anastasia Duchess of Poland (1140-1198) (1164-1197)

Erik X Knutsson King Of Sweden Michail "the Saint" Prince of (1180-1216) Chernigov Richiza Valdemarsdotter Princess Of Marija Romanowna of Halicz Denmark (Abt 1178-1220)

Nils Sixtensson Sparre Av Tofta Vasilko Prince of Rostov (Abt 1188- ) (1208- ) Märtha Eriksdotter Princess Of Marija Michailovna of Tschernigow Sweden (Abt 1213- )

Sixten Nilsson Sparre Av Tofta Boris Vasilkovich Grand Duke of ( -1310) Rostow Grand Duke of Rostow Ingrid Abjörnsdotter af Våxtorp (1231-1277) (Abt 1220- ) Marija Jaroslavna of Murom

Abjörn Sixtensson Sparre Av Tofta Konstantin II Borissowitsch Grand (Abt 1240-1310) Duke of Rostow Ingeborg Ulfsdotter Ulf (1255-1307) (Abt 1258-After 1307)

Ulf Abjörnsson Sparre Wassilij Konstantinowitsch Grand ( -1359) Duke of Rostow Kristina Sigmundsdotter Tre Klöverblad (1291-1320) (1295-1328)

Karl Ulfsson Sparre Av Tofta Konstantin III Wasiljewitsch Duke of ( -1407) Rostow Helena Israelsdotter (1312-1365) (1340-1410) Maria Iwanowna of Moscow

Knut Tordsson Bonde Dmitry IV Konstantinovitsch (Abt 1377-1413) (1323-1383) Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre Av Vasilia Anna Duchess of Rostow Tofta (1381-1429)

Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of Dimitrij IV of Moscow Donskoi Sweden (1350-1389) (1409-1470) Jewdokija Dimitrijewna Dmitrievna Unknown in Åbo (1352-1407)

Erengisle Björnsson Djäkn Jurij Patrikijevitch Karin Karlsdotter Bonde Anna Dimitrievna of Moscow (1441- ) (1387- )

Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby (1465-1517) Wassilij Jurjevitch Prince Patrikijew Märta Erengisledotter Djäkn (1465-1500)

Olof Pedersson (Wildeman) Lille Ivan Bulgak Wasiljevich Prince (1489-1535) Patrikijew Anna Johansdotter Fleming ( -1498) ( -1545)

Ludolf Boose (1465-1535) Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Bulgakow Karin Olofsdotter Wildeman 'Golitza' (1465-1535)

Johan Ludolfsson Boose (Cir 1500-1596) Prince Yuri Mikhailovich Bulgakow- Ingeborg Henriksdotter Golitzyn ( -1596)

Bertil Von Nieroht (1582-1651) Prince Ivan Yurievich Bulgakow- Kerstin Johansdotter Boose Golitzyn (1576-1652)

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf (1605-1668) Prince Andrey Ivanovich 'Skourika' Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht Galitzin (1612-1682)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf (1635-1704) Prince Andrey Andreevich Galitzin N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz

Ericus Christierni Orenius (Abt 1658-1740) Prince Vasily Andreevich Galitzin Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf Tatiana Ivanovna Romodanovsky (1670-1747)

Johan Urnovius Yury Petrovich Trubetskoy (1706-1783) Princess Irina Vasilievna Galitzina Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius ( -1679) (Orenius) (1710-1804)

Johan Flinck Prince Youri Yourievich Trubetskoy ( -1820) (1668-1739) Christina Margareta Urnovia Elena Gregorievna Tcherkassky (1744-1829)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius Prince Dmitri Iurievich Trubetskoy (1787-1823) ( -1792) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon Varvara Ivanovna Odoyevsky (1784- ) ( -1788)

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius Princess Catherine Dmitrievna (1810- ) Trubetskoy Johanna Carolina Röring (1753-1792) (1802-Abt 1839)

Erik Eriksson Kåll Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy Count (1829-1905) (1797-1837) Charlotta Constantia Renlund Maria Volkonskaya Countess, Heiress (1830-1905) of Jasnaja Poljana (1790-1830)

Karl-Johan Granholm (1866-1920) Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy Count Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll (1828-1920) (1863-1934)

Erik Anton Granholm (1906-1959) Karin Hildegard Kasén (1914-2004)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Leena Elisabeth Kentala (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna and Erik Applegate

Lewis Carroll is the 21st cousin 9 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Sancho I King Of Portugal (1154-1212) Dulce Berenguer Queen Of Portugal (1160-1198)

Valdemar II The Victorious King Of Afonso II King Of Portugal Denmark (1185-1223) (1170-1241) Urraca Of Castile Queen Of Portugal Berengaria Princess Of Portugal (1186-1220) (1194-1221)

Christoffer I King Of Denmark Afonso III King Of Portugal (1219-1259) (1210-1279) Margarethe Sambiria Of Pomerania Beatrice Of Castile Queen Of Portugal (1242-1303)

Erik V Klipping King Of Danmark Denis The Farmer King Of Portugal (1249-1282) (1261-1325) Agnes Von Brandenburg Saint Elizabeth Queen Of Portugal (1257- ) (1271-1336)

Christopher II King Of Denmark Afonso IV The Brave King Of (1276-1332) Portugal Eufemia Von Pommern (1291-1357) Beatrice Of Castile Queen Of Portugal (1293-1359)

Alfonso XI the Just King Of Castile Erik Christoffersen Lovenbalk (1311-1350) (1310- ) Maria Princess Of Portugal (1313-1357)

Niels Eriksen Lovenbalk Peter The Cruel King Of Castile (1330-After 1377) (1334-1369) Sophie Johansdatter Ranzau Maria de Padilla ( -1361)

Edmund of Langley 1st Jens Nielsen Lovenbalk Isabella of Castile Duchesss of York Ellen Pedersdatter (1355-1392)

Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl Of Erik Jensen Lovenbalk Cambridge Karen Pedersdotter Gyldenstierne (1385-1415) Anne De Mortimer (1390-1411)

Erik Erikssen Lovenbalk Richard Plantagenet Duke (3rd) of (1332- ) York Thore Eriksdotter Hvas af Ormstrup (1411-1460) Cecily Neville, Duchess Of York (1415-1495)

Lydeke Olofsson Djäkn Sir Richard Pole Sophie Eriksdotter Lövenbalk (1487-1504) (1356-1412) Margaret Pole the Blessed Countess of Salisbury (1473-1541)

Claes Lydekesson Djäkn Henry Pole 1st Baron Montagu (1379-1437) (1492-1539) Christina Jönsdotter Garp Jane Neville (1380-1435)

Claus (Klas) Pedersson Fleming Francis Hastings 2nd Earl of (1360-1427) Huntingdon Cecilia Klausdotter Djekn Catherine Pole (1370- ) (1511-1576)

Magnus Klasson Fleming George Hastings 4th Earl of (1410-After 1450) Huntingdon Elin Nilsdotter Kurck (1540-1604) (1410-1486) Dorothy Port

Herman Magnusson Fleming Francis Baron Hastings (1440-Bef 1490) (1560-1595) Elin Filipusdotter Sarah Harington (1450-1495)

Peder Hermansson Fleming (1480-1532) Philip Stanhope 1st Earl of Chesterfield Elin Hansdotter Lydeke Cathrine Hastings (1490-1543)

Henrik Simonsson Till Karuna Sir Richard Hoghton 3rd Baronet ( -1570) (1616-1678) Kerstin Pedersdotter Fleming Sarah Stanhope ( -1573) ( -1698)

Johan Ludolfsson Boose Sir Charles Houghton 4th Baronet (Cir 1500-1596) (1651-1710) Ingeborg Henriksdotter Mary Skeffington ( -1596)

Bertil Von Nieroht Thomas Lutwidge (1582-1651) (1693-1747) Kerstin Johansdotter Boose Lucy Hoghton (1576-1652) ( -1780)

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf Henry Lutwidge (1605-1668) (1724-1798) Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht Jane Molyneux (1612-1682)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf Charles Lutwidge (1635-1704) (1768-1848) N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz Elizabeth Anne Dodgson ( -1836)

Ericus Christierni Orenius Charles Dodgson (Abt 1658-1740) ( -1868) Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf Frances Jane Lutwidge (1670-1747) ( -1851)

Johan Urnovius (1706-1783) Lewis Carroll Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius (1832-1898) (Orenius) (1710-1804)

Johan Flinck ( -1820) Christina Margareta Urnovia (1744-1829)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius (1787-1823) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon (1784- )

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius (1810- ) Johanna Carolina Röring (1802-Abt 1839)

Erik Eriksson Kåll (1829-1905) Charlotta Constantia Renlund (1830-1905)

Karl-Johan Granholm (1866-1920) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll (1863-1934)

Erik Anton Granholm (1906-1959) Karin Hildegard Kasén (1914-2004)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Leena Elisabeth Kentala (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

Louisa May Alcott is the 28th cousin twice removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Baldwin V Count Of Flanders (Abt 1012-1067) Adele Alix Princess Of France (1009-1079)

Robert I Le Frison Count Of Flanders Baldwin VI Count Of Flanders (Abt 1038-1093) (1030-1070) Gertrude Countess Of Saxony Richilde Countess Of Mons And (Abt 1030-1113) Hainaut

Saint Canute IV The Holy King Of Baldwin II Count Of Hainaut Denmark (1056-1098) (1043-1086) Ida Of Leuven Adele Of Flandern Queen Of Denmark (Abt 1058-Abt 1115)

Folke Den Tjocke Folkunga Baldwin III (VII) Count Of Hainaut (1070-1130) (1088-1120) Ingegärd Knutsdotter Princess Of Yolande De Wassenberg Denmark (1081-1146)

Bengt (Snivil) Folkesson Minnisköld Sir Roger de Toeni III Lord of (Abt 1098- ) Flamstead Ulfhild (Sigrid) Björnsdotter Princess Of Ida (Gertrude) of Hainault Sweden (1110- ) (1102- )

Birger "Brosa" Bengtsson Folkunga Walkelin de Ferrers (Abt 1134-1202) Goda de Toeni Brigida Haraldsdotter Queen Of Norway (1140-1186) (Abt 1130- )

Roger de Mortimer Lord of Wigmore Birger Birgersson Skänkare (1158-1214) Isabel de Ferrers (1172-1252)

Peter Israelsson Finsta William II de Beauchamp (1240-1280) (1166- ) NN Birgersdotter Sjenkare Joan De Mortimer (1245-1269) (1179-1225)

Birger Persson till Finsta William III de Beauchamp (1270-1327) (1197-1268) Ingeborg Bengtsdotter Lejon (Folkunga) Isabel Mauduit (1274-1314) (1220-1268)

Israel Birgersson Brahe William IV de Beauchamp Earl of (1314-1351) Warwick Bengta Färla Karlsdotter (1238-1298) Lady Maud FitzGeoffrey (1245-1301)

Karl Ulfsson Sparre Av Tofta William de Bruley ( -1407) (1270-1359) Helena Israelsdotter Beatrice of Warwickshire (1340-1410) (1274-1326)

Knut Tordsson Bonde William de la Spine Lord IV of Cocton (Abt 1377-1413) (1324-1415) Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre Av Alice de Bruley Tofta (1326-1390) (1381-1429)

Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of Guy de la Spine Baron of Coughton Sweden (1350-1427) (1409-1470) Katherine Holt Unknown in Åbo (1354-1438)

Erengisle Björnsson Djäkn Sir John Throckmorton Karin Karlsdotter Bonde (1382-1445) (1441- ) Eleanor Throckmorton Heiress of Coughton (1381-1466)

Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby Thomas William Wynslow (1465-1517) (1410-1463) Märta Erengisledotter Djäkn Agnes Throckmorton (1465-1500) (1420- )

Olof Pedersson (Wildeman) Lille John Giffard (1489-1535) (1431-1506) Anna Johansdotter Fleming Agnes Wynslow ( -1545) (1439- )

Ludolf Boose Thomas Giffard (1465-1535) (1460-1511) Karin Olofsdotter Wildeman Joan/Jane Langston (1465-1535)

Johan Ludolfsson Boose Richard Samuel Samwell (Cir 1500-1596) Amy Anna Giffard Ingeborg Henriksdotter (1485- ) ( -1596)

Bertil Von Nieroht Peter Edwards (1582-1651) (1490-1552) Kerstin Johansdotter Boose Susanna Samwell (1576-1652) (1515- )

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf Edward Edwards (1605-1668) (1537-1591) Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht Ursula Coles (1612-1682) (1544-1605)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf Henry Freeman (1635-1704) (1560-1594) N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz Margaret Edwards (1564-1600)

Ericus Christierni Orenius John Thompson, IV (Abt 1658-1740) (1577-1627) Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf Alice Freeman (1670-1747) (1586-1665)

Johan Urnovius Joseph Wise (1706-1783) (1610-1684) Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius Mary Elinor Thompson (Orenius) (1619-1693) (1710-1804)

Johan Flinck Stephen Williams, Captain ( -1820) (1640-1720) Christina Margareta Urnovia Sarah Wise (1744-1829) (1647-1728)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius Joseph Williams (1787-1823) (1682-1720) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon Abigail Davis (1784- ) (1687-1771)

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius Joseph Williams, Jr (1810- ) (1708-1798) Johanna Carolina Röring Martha Howell (1802-Abt 1839) (1712-1766)

Erik Eriksson Kåll Samuel May (1829-1905) (1722-1794) Charlotta Constantia Renlund Abigail Williams (1830-1905) (1740-1811)

Karl-Johan Granholm Joseph May (1866-1920) (1760-1841) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll Dorothy Sewall (1863-1934) (1758-1825)

Erik Anton Granholm Amos Bronson Alcott (1906-1959) (1799-1888) Karin Hildegard Kasén Abigail Abba May (1914-2004) (1800-1877)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Louisa May Alcott Leena Elisabeth Kentala (1832-1888) (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

Margaret Mitchell is the 35th Cousin of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Eystein (Grumla) Ivarsson Earl Of Oplande (0800-0872) Åsa (Ascrida) Rognvaldsdotter Countess Of Oppland (Abt 0804-Abt 0890)

Rognvald Eysteinsson "The Wise" Earl Of Malahulk Haldrick Eysteinsson Jarl Of Norway Orkney (0845-0912) (Abt 0830-0892) Maud de Boulogne Ragnhild (Hilde) Hrolfsdotter Countess of More (0895-0967) (Abt 0840-0892)

Tore "Den Tause" Earl Of More Hugues I de Toeni de Cavalcamp (Abt 0862-0938) (0890-0980) Ålov Årbot Haraldsdotter Princess Of Norway Haldruc de Theuruanna (0875-0932) (0895-0964)

Sigurd Haakonsson, Earl Of Lade (0895-0962) Raoul/Rodulf I de Toeni Bergljot Toresdatter (0935-0975) (0915-0936)

Haakon II Sigurdsson King Of Norway Raoul II de Toeni Trondheim (0955-1015) (0935-0995) Judith Alice de Bayeux Tora Skagesdotter Queen in Tröndeagen, Norway (0970-1015) (0930-0974)

Sveinn Håkonarson Ladejarl King Of Norway Roger I the Spaniard de Toeni (0957-1016) (0990-1040) Holmfridr Eriksdotter Princess Of Sweden Godeheut (0972-1016)

Svend II Estridsen King Of Denmark (1020-1074) Robert de Tosny Baron of Staffordshire Gunhild Svensdotter Queen Of Norway (1031-1088) (1010-1060)

Erik I Ejegod King Of Denmark (1060-1103) NN de Toeni Bothild Thorgatsdotter Queen Of Denmark NN de Stafford (Abt 1061-1103)

Knud Eriksson Lavard King Of Denmark William fitzNigel de Stafford de Gresley (1091-1131) (1090-1166) Ingeborg Princess Of Russia Elena Stafford (Abt 1099-1140)

Valdemar I The Great King Of Denmark Robert FitzWilliam de Gresley (1131-1182) (1127-1183) Sofiya Vladimirovna Princess Of Russia Basilia Gresey (1140-1198) (1130- )

Erik X Knutsson King Of Sweden John de la Warre Lord of Bristolton (1180-1216) (1150-1213) Richiza Valdemarsdotter Princess Of Denmark Joan de Gresley (Abt 1178-1220) (1155- )

Nils Sixtensson Sparre Av Tofta (Abt 1188- ) Jordan Lord 2nd de la Warre Märtha Eriksdotter Princess Of Sweden (1187-1231) (Abt 1213- )

Sixten Nilsson Sparre Av Tofta ( -1310) John Matthew de la Warre Ingrid Abjörnsdotter af Våxtorp (1216-1277) (Abt 1220- )

Abjörn Sixtensson Sparre Av Tofta Matthew de la Mare (Abt 1240-1310) (1210-1270) Ingeborg Ulfsdotter Ulf Olympia de la Mare (Folkington) (Abt 1258-After 1307) ( -1265)

Ulf Abjörnsson Sparre Sir Peter de Montfort Lord of Beaudesert ( -1359) (1245-1287) Kristina Sigmundsdotter Tre Klöverblad Maud Matilda de la Marr (1295-1328) (1246-1275)

Karl Ulfsson Sparre Av Tofta Warin DeLisle ( -1407) (1277-1322) Helena Israelsdotter Alice DeLisle de Montfort (1340-1410) (1268-1317)

Knut Tordsson Bonde Herbert de St. Quentin, VII (Abt 1377-1413) (1303-1347) Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre Av Tofta Margery Saint Quintin L'Isle (1381-1429) (1320- )

Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of Sweden Sir Robert Marmion Gray (1409-1470) (1333-1367) Unknown in Åbo Lora de Gray Quentin (1342-1369)

Erengisle Björnsson Djäkn Henry Fitz Hugh Lord of Ravensworth Karin Karlsdotter Bonde (1359-1425) (1441- ) Elizabeth de Gray (1365-1427)

Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby Henry Bromflete of Vescy (1465-1517) (1412-1469) Märta Erengisledotter Djäkn Eleanor FitzHugh (1465-1500) (1397-1457)

Olof Pedersson (Wildeman) Lille Lancelot II de Threkeld Esquire of Torsworth (1489-1535) (1435-1493) Anna Johansdotter Fleming Margaret Bromflete Baroness Clifford ( -1545) (1436-1493)

Ludolf Boose Thomas Sutton, Esq. (1465-1535) (1487-1549) Karin Olofsdotter Wildeman Gracy Thredkeld (1465-1535) (1494-1551)

Johan Ludolfsson Boose Richard Sutton Dudley (Cir 1500-1596) (1490-1593) Ingeborg Henriksdotter Dorothy ( -1596)

Bertil Von Nieroht John Dudley Earl of Newcastle (1582-1651) (1520-1555) Kerstin Johansdotter Boose Bridget Carre (1576-1652) (1524-1540)

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf Robert Dudley, Sr. Earl of Newcastle (1605-1668) (1555-1613) Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht Anna Wood (1612-1682)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf Robert Dudley, Jr. (1635-1704) ( -1584) N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz Bridget Green (1509-1574)

Ericus Christierni Orenius Edward Dudley (Abt 1658-1740) (1598-1655) Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf Elizabeth Prichard (1670-1747) (1600-1691)

Johan Urnovius Richard Robert Dudley, I (1706-1783) (1623-1695) Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius (Orenius) Mary Seawell (1710-1804) (1622-1645)

Johan Flinck Ambrose Dudley, Sr. ( -1820) (1649-1715) Christina Margareta Urnovia Anne Foster (1744-1829) (1653-1701)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius Ambrose Dudley, Jr. (1787-1823) (1677-1755) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon Judith Scott (1784- ) (1681-1734)

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius Ambrose Dudley, III (1810- ) (1706- ) Johanna Carolina Röring Hannah (1802-Abt 1839)

Erik Eriksson Kåll William Dudley (1829-1905) (1753- ) Charlotta Constantia Renlund Frances (1830-1905)

Karl-Johan Granholm John Dudley (1866-1920) (1775-1850) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll Elizabeth Rains (1863-1934)

Erik Anton Granholm Isaak Mitchell (1906-1959) (1810-1881) Karin Hildegard Kasén Mary Dudley (1914-2004) (1808-1856)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Russell Craeford Mitchell Leena Elisabeth Kentala Deborah Sweet (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate Eugene Mitchell (1954- ) (1866-1919) Pia Carita Granholm Mary Stephens (1955- ) (1872-1919)

Anna Kristiina Applegate Margaret Mitchell (1987- ) (1900-1949) Relationship Chart 1

Mark Twain is the 26th cousin 3 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Baldwin V Count Of Flanders (Abt 1012-1067) Adele Alix Princess Of France (1009-1079)

Robert I Le Frison Count Of Flanders William I The Conqueror King Of England (Abt 1033-1093) (1027-1087) Gertrude Countess Of Saxony Matilda Of Flanders Queen Of England (Abt 1030-1113) (1031-1083)

Saint Canute IV The Holy King Of Denmark William I De Warenne Earl (1St) Of Surrey (1043-1086) (1055-1088) Adele Of Flandern Queen Of Denmark Gundred Countess Of Surrey (Abt 1085-Abt 1115) (1063-1085)

Folke Den Tjocke Folkunga William De Warenne Earl (2Nd) Of Surrey (1078-1140) (1065-1138) Ingegärd Knutsdotter Princess Of Denmark Isabel Elizabeth Of Vermandois Countess Of (1086-1150) Leicester (1085-1131)

Bengt (Snivil) Folkesson Minnisköld Henry Earl Of Huntingdon Prince Of The Scots (0111- ) (1114-1152) Ulfhild (Sigrid) Björnsdotter Lakman, Adele (Ada) De Warenne Princess Of Sweden (1120-1178) (1102- )

Magnus Folkunga Earl Of Minneskiöld Gille Crist Earl Of Angus (1150-1210) (1154-1207) Ingrid Ylva Sunesdotter Of Bjelbo Marjorie De Huntigdon Princess Of The (1190-1251) Scots (1152-1213)

Birger Magnusson Jarl Of Bielbo Walter "Ballioch" High Stewart Of Scotland (1200-1266) (1170-1246) Unknown Betoc Countess Of Angus (1184-1270)

Walter Stewart Earl Of Menteith Gregers Birgersson Oäkta Folkungaätten (1218-1296) (1230-1276) Mary Countess Of Menteith

Magnus Gregersson Oäkta Folkungaätten Sir Alexander Earl Of Menteith (1285-1326) (1247-1300) Ingegerd Maud De Arnot

Karl Magnusson Oäkta Folkungaätten Sir Alexander Lord Of Abernathy (1321-1347) Margaret De Menteith Cecilia Birgersdotter (1285- ) (1309-1347)

Filip Karlsson Folkunge Sir Andrew Leslie (Bef 1359-1407) (1291-1324) Ingeborg Kethvasdotter Mary Abernathy (1298-1355)

Nils Hermansson Kurke Till Villnäs George De Leslie Baron Of Balquhain (1400-1428) (1319-1351) Cecilia Filipsdotter Oäkta Folkungaätten Elizabeth Keith (1375-1435)

Magnus Klausson Fleming Hamelin Leslie Baron Of Balquhain (1410-After 1450) (1346-1378) Elin Nilsdotter Kurki Ann Maxwell (1410-1486) (1366- )

Herman Magnusson Fleming Sir Andrew Leslie Baron Of Balquhain (1440-Bef 1490) (1380-1419) Elin Filipusdotter Isabel Mortimer (1450-1495) (1382- )

Peder Hermansson Fleming Sir William Leslie Baron Of Balquhain (1480-1532) (1400-1467) Elin Hansdotter Lydeke Elizabeth Frazier (1490-1543)

Henrik Simonsson Till Karuna William Barclay Lord Of Gartby ( -1570) (1435-1459) Kerstin Pedersdotter Fleming Guilda Leslie ( -1573) (1435-1460)

Johan Ludolfsson Boose Patrick Barclay (Abt 1500-1596) (1459-1516) Ingeborg Henriksdotter Elizabeth Arbuthnot ( -1596) (1460-1506)

Produced by Legacy on 15 Nov 2014 Relationship Chart 2

Bertil Von Nieroht James Johnston (1582-1651) (1481-1548) Kerstin Johansdotter Boose Clara Barclay (1576-1652) (1483-1521)

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf William Johnston (1605-1668) (1522-1547) Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht Margaret Haye (1612-1682) (1520-1569)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf George Johnston (1635-1704) (1544-1593) N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz Christian Forbes (1547-1622)

Ericus Christierni Orenius Dr. Arthur Johnston (Abt 1658-1740) (1587-1641) Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf Barbara Gordon (1670-1747) (1600-1660)

Johan Urnovius John Johnston (1706-1783) (1649-1704) Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius (Orenius) Elizabeth Walker (1710-1804) (1658-1725)

Johan Flinck Christopher Clark, Captain ( -1820) (1681-1754) Christina Margareta Urnovia Penelope Johnston (1744-1829) (1684-1760)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius Thomas Moorman, Sr. (1787-1823) (1705-1767) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon Rachel Clark (1784- ) (1714-1792)

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius Stephen Goggin (1810- ) (1752-1802) Johanna Carolina Röring Rachel Moorman (1802-Abt 1839) (1753-1835)

Erik Eriksson Kåll Samuel B Clemens (1829-1905) (1773-1805) Charlotta Constantia Renlund Pamela Goggin (1830-1905) (1775-1845)

Karl-Johan Granholm John Marchal Clemens (1866-1920) (1798-1847) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll Jane Lampton (1863-1934) (1803-1890)

Erik Anton Granholm (1906-1959) Mark Twain Karin Hildegard Kasén (1835-1910) (1914-2004)

Lars Erik Granholm Leena Elisabeth Kentala

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

Produced by Legacy on 15 Nov 2014

Robert Louis Stevenson is the 30th Cousin of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Baldwin V Count Of Flanders (Abt 1012-1067) Adele Alix Princess Of France (1009-1079)

Robert I Le Frison Count Of Flanders William I The Conqueror King Of (Abt 1038-1093) England Gertrude Countess Of Saxony (1027-1087) (Abt 1030-1113) Matilda Of Flanders Queen Of England (1031-1083)

Saint Canute IV The Holy King Of William I De Warenne Earl (1st) of Denmark Surrey (1043-1086) (1055-1088) Adele Of Flandern Queen Of Gundred Countess of Surrey Denmark (1063-1085) (Abt 1058-Abt 1115)

Folke Den Tjocke Folkunga William De Warenne Earl (2nd) of (1070-1130) Surrey Ingegärd Knutsdotter Princess Of (1065-1138) Denmark Isabel Elizabeth of Vermandois (1081-1146) Countess of Leicester (1085-1131)

Bengt (Snivil) Folkesson Minnisköld Henry Earl of Huntingdon Prince of the (Abt 1098- ) Scots Ulfhild (Sigrid) Björnsdotter Princess Of (1114-1152) Sweden Adele De Warenne (1102- ) (1120-1178)

Birger "Brosa" Bengtsson Folkunga William I the Lion King of the Scots (Abt 1134-1202) (1143-1214) Brigida Haraldsdotter Queen Of Norway Unknown (Abt 1130- )

Patrick I Earl of Dunbar Birger Birgersson Skänkare (1152-1232) Ada ( -1200)

Peter Israelsson Finsta Patrick II Earl of Dunbar (1240-1280) (1185-1249) NN Birgersdotter Sjenkare Euphemia (1245-1269)

Birger Persson till Finsta Patrick III Earl (7th) of Dunbar (1270-1327) (1213-1289) Ingeborg Bengtsdotter Lejon (Folkunga) Marjory Carnyn (1274-1314)

Israel Birgersson Brahe (1314-1351) James Stewart Bengta Färla Karlsdotter Cecilia de Dunbar

Karl Ulfsson Sparre Av Tofta ( -1407) Walter Stewart Helena Israelsdotter Marjorie Bruce (1340-1410)

Knut Tordsson Bonde Robert II The Steward King of Scots (Abt 1377-1413) (1316-1390) Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre Av Elizabeth Mure Tofta (1320-1354) (1381-1429)

Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of Robert III King of Scots Sweden (1337-1406) (1409-1470) Anabella Drummond Queen Of Scotland Unknown in Åbo (1350-1401)

Erengisle Björnsson Djäkn James Kennedy of Dunure Karin Karlsdotter Bonde (1376-1408) (1441- ) Lady Mary Stewart (1380-1458)

Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby Gilbert Kennedy of Dunure (1465-1517) (1406-1478) Märta Erengisledotter Djäkn Catherine Maxwell of Glamis (1465-1500)

Olof Pedersson (Wildeman) Lille Alexander Montgomery, Baron (1489-1535) (1445-1486) Anna Johansdotter Fleming Catherine Kennedy ( -1545) (1445- )

Ludolf Boose Hugh Montgomery Earl of Eglinton (1465-1535) (1460-1545) Karin Olofsdotter Wildeman Helen Isabel Montgomerie of Argyll (1465-1535) (1465-1528)

Johan Ludolfsson Boose William Lord Sempill (Cir 1500-1596) Margaret Campbell Ingeborg Henriksdotter (1487-1523) ( -1596)

Bertil Von Nieroht Alan Lord (3rd) of Cathcart (1582-1651) ( -1547) Kerstin Johansdotter Boose Helen Sempill (1576-1652) ( -1547)

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf (1605-1668) NN Robertson Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht Margaret Cathcart (1612-1682)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf (1635-1704) John Robertson N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz

Ericus Christierni Orenius (Abt 1658-1740) James Robertson of Earnock Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf (1670-1747)

Johan Urnovius Gavin Hamilton of Airdrie (1706-1783) ( -1591) Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius Isabella Robertson (Orenius) (1710-1804)

Johan Flinck John Hamilton of Airdrie ( -1820) (1569- ) Christina Margareta Urnovia Janet (1744-1829)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius Gavin Hamilton of Airdrie (1787-1823) ( -1687) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon Jane Montgomery (1784- )

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius Robert Hamilton Baronet of Airdrie (1810- ) (1645-1705) Johanna Carolina Röring Louisa Cochrane (1802-Abt 1839)

Erik Eriksson Kåll (1829-1905) (1681-1737) Charlotta Constantia Renlund Louisa Hamilton (1830-1905) (1686-1750)

Karl-Johan Granholm James Balfour (1866-1920) (1705-1795) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll Cecilia Helen Elphinstone (1863-1934) (1705-1780)

Erik Anton Granholm John Balfour (1906-1959) (1740-1814) Karin Hildegard Kasén Jean Whytt (1914-2004) (1750-1833)

Lars Erik Granholm Lewis Balfour (1934- ) (1777-1860) Leena Elisabeth Kentala Henrietta Scott Smith (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate Thomas Stevenson (1954- ) (1818-1887) Pia Carita Granholm Margaret Isabella Balfour (1955- ) (1829-1897)

Anna Kristiina Applegate Robert Louis Stevenson (1987- ) (1850-1894)

Sinclair Lewis is the Half 26th cousin twice removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Boleslaw III The Wrymouth Duke Of Poland Another Boleslaw III The Wrymouth Duke Of Poland (1085-1138) Marriage (1085-1138) Salome Of Berg-Schelklingen Zbyslava Princess Of Kiev (1097-1144) (1085/1090-1112)

Volodar Glebovitj Of Minsk Prince Of Russia Wladyslaw II The Exile Duke of Cracow (Abt 1123-After 1139) (1105-1159) Richia Sventoslava Princess Of Poland Agnes Of Babenberg (1116-1155) (1111-1157)

Valdemar I The Great King Of Denmark Alfonso VII Emperor of Spain (1131-1182) (1105-1157) Sofiya Vladimirovna Princess Of Russia Richeza Princess Of Poland (1140-1198) (1140-1185)

Erik X Knutsson King Of Sweden Alfonso II King Of Aragon (1180-1216) (1157-1196) Richiza Valdemarsdotter Princess Of Denmark Sancha Princess Of Castile (Abt 1178-1220) (1154-1208)

Nils Sixtensson Sparre Av Tofta Alfonso II Count Of Provence (Abt 1188- ) (1174-1209) Märtha Eriksdotter Princess Of Sweden Garsenda of Sabran Countess of Forcalquier (Abt 1213- )

Sixten Nilsson Sparre Av Tofta Ramon Berenguer IV Count Of Provence ( -1310) (1195-1245) Ingrid Abjörnsdotter af Våxtorp Beatrice Countess of Savoy (Abt 1220- )

Abjörn Sixtensson Sparre Av Tofta Henry III King Of England (Abt 1240-1310) (1207-1272) Ingeborg Ulfsdotter Ulf Eleanor Berenger Queen Of England (Abt 1258-After 1307) (1223-1291)

Ulf Abjörnsson Sparre Edmund "Crouchback" Plantagenet Earl ( -1359) (1st) of Lancaster Kristina Sigmundsdotter Tre Klöverblad (1243-1296) (1295-1328) Blanche of Artois Queen of Navarre (1248-1302)

Karl Ulfsson Sparre Av Tofta Henry Earl (3rd) of Plantagenet ( -1407) (1281-1345) Helena Israelsdotter Maud De Chaworth (1340-1410) (1282-1322)

Knut Tordsson Bonde Richard Fitzalan Earl of Arundel (Abt 1377-1413) (1313-1375) Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre Av Tofta Eleanor of Lancaster (1381-1429) (1311-1372)

Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of Sweden John FitzAlan Baron (1st) of Arundel (1409-1470) (1348-1379) Unknown in Åbo Eleanor Cobham Meltravers (1346-1405)

Erengisle Björnsson Djäkn Ranulph Fitzalan Karin Karlsdotter Bonde (1367-1408) (1441- ) Juliana (1361- )

Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby Bartholomew Collinridge (1465-1517) (1383-1470) Märta Erengisledotter Djäkn Alice Fitzalan (1465-1500) (1400-1447)

Olof Pedersson (Wildeman) Lille Geoffrey Dormer, III (1489-1535) (1408-1501) Anna Johansdotter Fleming Ursula Collinridge ( -1545) (1407-1454)

Ludolf Boose William Dormer (1465-1535) (1438-1506) Karin Olofsdotter Wildeman Jane Agnes Launcelyn (1465-1535) (1460-1506)

Johan Ludolfsson Boose Robert Baldwin, Sr. (Cir 1500-1596) (1475-1535) Ingeborg Henriksdotter Agnes - Alice Dormer ( -1596) (1481-1565)

Bertil Von Nieroht Thomas Baldock (1582-1651) (1530-1571) Kerstin Johansdotter Boose Agnes Starr Baldwin (1576-1652) (1534-1598)

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf Clement Foreman (1605-1668) (1548-1599) Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht Margery Baldock (1612-1682) (1552-1612)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf George Foster Lewes, II (1635-1704) (1571-1631) N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz Denice Baldock Foreman (1579-1626)

Ericus Christierni Orenius George Foreman Lewes, III (Abt 1658-1740) (1600-1664) Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf Sarah Deawood Jenkins (1670-1747) (1603-1676)

Johan Urnovius George Lewis, Jr. (1706-1783) (1627-1710) Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius (Orenius) Mary Lombard (1710-1804) (1637-1710)

Johan Flinck Jonathan Lewis ( -1820) (1647-1743) Christina Margareta Urnovia Patience Look (1744-1829) (1681-1767)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius Lemuel Lewis (1787-1823) (1725- ) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon Temperance Bearse (1784- ) (1725- )

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius (1810- ) Lemuel Lewis Johanna Carolina Röring (1761-1825) (1802-Abt 1839)

Erik Eriksson Kåll (1829-1905) Lemuel Lewis Charlotta Constantia Renlund (1788- ) (1830-1905)

Karl-Johan Granholm John Lewis (1866-1920) (1815- ) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll Emeline Johnson (1863-1934) (1817-1886)

Erik Anton Granholm Edwin Lewis (1906-1959) (1848-1926) Karin Hildegard Kasén Emma Kermott (1914-2004) (1849-1891)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Sinclair Lewis Leena Elisabeth Kentala (1885-1951) (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

Snorri Sturluson is the 6th cousin 26 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Thorstein Egillsson (Herse) Gallows (0955-1055)

Arne Arnmodsson Giske Hrifla Torsteinsson (0965-1024) Maefa Thordvardottir Tora Torsteinsdotter Galge (0960- ) (0972-1015)

Torberg Arnesson Giske Egill Hrifluson (0990-1050) (1002- ) Ragnhild Erlingsdotter Ekki (0992-1060)

Harald III "Hårdråde" King Of Norway Skuli Egilson (1015-1066) (1039-1118) Tora Torbergssdotter Giske Sigridur Thorarinsdottir (1025-1067) (1050- )

Olaf III Kyrre King Of Norway Thordur Skulason (Abt 1050-1093) (1076-1143) Thora Ragnvaldsdotter Queen Of Valgerdur Markusdottir Norway (1076- ) (1030- )

Magnus III Barfot King Of Norway Bödvar Thordarson (Abt 1073-1103) (1116-1187) Bethoc Helga Thordardottir

Harald IV "Gille" King Of Norway Sturla "Hvamms-Sturla" Thordarson (Abt 1094-1136) Kvam Biadok Gilledomnansdotter (1115-1183) Gudny Bödvarsdottir (1147-1221)

Birger "Brosa" Bengtsson Folkunga (Abt 1134-1202) Snorri Sturluson Brigida Haraldsdotter Queen Of (1179-1241) Norway (Abt 1130- )

Birger Birgersson Skänkare

Peter Israelsson Finsta (1240-1280) NN Birgersdotter Sjenkare (1245-1269)

Birger Persson till Finsta (1270-1327) Ingeborg Bengtsdotter Lejon (Folkunga) (1274-1314)

Israel Birgersson Brahe (1314-1351) Bengta Färla Karlsdotter

Karl Ulfsson Sparre Av Tofta ( -1407) Helena Israelsdotter (1340-1410)

Knut Tordsson Bonde (Abt 1377-1413) Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre Av Tofta (1381-1429)

Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of Sweden (1409-1470) Unknown in Åbo

Erengisle Björnsson Djäkn (1439-1476) Karin Karlsdotter Bonde (1441- )

Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby (1465-1517) Märta Erengisledotter Djäkn (1465-1500)

Olof Pedersson (Wildeman) Lille (1489-1535) Anna Johansdotter Fleming ( -1545)

Ludolf Boose (1465-1535) Karin Olofsdotter Wildeman (1465-1535)

Johan Ludolfsson Boose (Cir 1500-1596) Ingeborg Henriksdotter ( -1596)

Bertil Von Nieroht (1582-1651) Kerstin Johansdotter Boose (1576-1652)

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf (1605-1668) Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht (1612-1682)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf (1635-1704) N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz

Ericus Christierni Orenius (Abt 1658-1740) Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf (1670-1747)

Johan Urnovius (1706-1783) Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius (Orenius) (1710-1804)

Johan Flinck ( -1820) Christina Margareta Urnovia (1744-1829)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius (1787-1823) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon (1784- )

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius (1810- ) Johanna Carolina Röring (1802-Abt 1839)

Erik Eriksson Kåll (1829-1905) Charlotta Constantia Renlund (1830-1905)

Karl-Johan Granholm (1866-1920) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll (1863-1934)

Erik Anton Granholm (1906-1959) Karin Hildegard Kasén (1914-2004)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Leena Elisabeth Kentala (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

Stephen Foster is the Half 27th cousin once removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Boleslaw III The Wrymouth Duke Of Poland Another Boleslaw III The Wrymouth Duke Of Poland (1085-1138) Marriage (1085-1138) Salome Of Berg-Schelklingen Zbyslava Princess Of Kiev (1097-1144) (1085/1090-1112)

Volodar Glebovitj Of Minsk Prince Of Russia Wladyslaw II The Exile Duke of Cracow (Abt 1123-After 1139) (1105-1159) Richia Sventoslava Princess Of Poland Agnes Of Babenberg (1116-1155) (1111-1157)

Valdemar I The Great King Of Denmark Alfonso VII Emperor of Spain (1131-1182) (1105-1157) Sofiya Vladimirovna Princess Of Russia Richeza Princess Of Poland (1140-1198) (1140-1185)

Erik X Knutsson King Of Sweden Alfonso II King Of Aragon (1180-1216) (1157-1196) Richiza Valdemarsdotter Princess Of Denmark Sancha Princess Of Castile (Abt 1178-1220) (1154-1208)

Nils Sixtensson Sparre Av Tofta Alfonso II Count Of Provence (Abt 1188- ) (1174-1209) Märtha Eriksdotter Princess Of Sweden Garsenda of Sabran Countess of Forcalquier (Abt 1213- )

Sixten Nilsson Sparre Av Tofta Ramon Berenguer IV Count Of Provence ( -1310) (1195-1245) Ingrid Abjörnsdotter af Våxtorp Beatrice Countess of Savoy (Abt 1220- )

Abjörn Sixtensson Sparre Av Tofta Henry III King Of England (Abt 1240-1310) (1207-1272) Ingeborg Ulfsdotter Ulf Eleanor Berenger Queen Of England (Abt 1258-After 1307) (1223-1291)

Ulf Abjörnsson Sparre Edmund "Crouchback" Plantagenet Earl ( -1359) (1st) of Lancaster Kristina Sigmundsdotter Tre Klöverblad (1243-1296) (1295-1328) Blanche of Artois Queen of Navarre (1248-1302)

Karl Ulfsson Sparre Av Tofta Henry Earl (3rd) of Plantagenet ( -1407) (1281-1345) Helena Israelsdotter Maud De Chaworth (1340-1410) (1282-1322)

Knut Tordsson Bonde John de Mowbray Baron of Mowbray (Abt 1377-1413) Joan of Lancaster Baroness de Mowbray Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre Av Tofta (1312-1345) (1381-1429)

Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of Sweden Robert Bertram Baron of Bothal (1409-1470) Blanche de Mowbray Unknown in Åbo (1341-1409)

Erengisle Björnsson Djäkn Sir Robert de Ogle III Baron of Bothal Karin Karlsdotter Bonde (1331-1410) (1441- ) Helen Bertram (1337-1403)

Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby Robert Ogle IV (1465-1517) (1351-1409) Märta Erengisledotter Djäkn Joan (1465-1500)

Olof Pedersson (Wildeman) Lille Robert Ogle V, Sheriff of Northumberland (1489-1535) (1380-1436) Anna Johansdotter Fleming Matilda Gray ( -1545) (1382-1451)

Ludolf Boose (1465-1535) Sir William Heron Karin Olofsdotter Wildeman Elizabeth Ann Middleton (1465-1535)

Johan Ludolfsson Boose Sir John Heron (Cir 1500-1596) Elizabeth Heron Ingeborg Henriksdotter (1422-1438) ( -1596)

Bertil Von Nieroht Thomas Heron (1582-1651) (1449- ) Kerstin Johansdotter Boose Cecily Ledell (1576-1652)

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf Robert Collingwood (1605-1668) Margaret Heron Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht (1488- ) (1612-1682)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf John Carr (1635-1704) (1500-1551) N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz Margaret Collingwood (1504-1538)

Ericus Christierni Orenius Thomas Carr (Abt 1658-1740) (1521-1558) Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf Elizabeth Heron (1670-1747) (1533-1554)

Johan Urnovius William Carr, I (1706-1783) (1551-1589) Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius (Orenius) Ursula (1710-1804)

Johan Flinck Thomas Foster ( -1820) Elizabeth Carr Christina Margareta Urnovia (1570-1594) (1744-1829)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius (1787-1823) John Foster Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon (1593-1674) (1784- )

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius (1810- ) NN son Foster Johanna Carolina Röring (1802-Abt 1839)

Erik Eriksson Kåll (1829-1905) John Forster Charlotta Constantia Renlund (1662-1727) (1830-1905)

Karl-Johan Granholm Alexander Foster (1866-1920) (1710-1767) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll Mary Conners (1863-1934) (1730-1767)

Erik Anton Granholm James Foster (1906-1959) (1738-1814) Karin Hildegard Kasén Ann Barclay (1914-2004) (1743- )

Lars Erik Granholm William Barclay Foster (1934- ) (1779-1855) Leena Elisabeth Kentala Eliza Clayland Tomlinson (1936- ) (1801- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Stephen Foster Pia Carita Granholm (1826-1864) (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

Viktor Rydberg is the Half 11th cousin 7 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of Sweden Another Karl VIII Knutsson Bonde King Of Sweden (1409-1470) Marriage (1409-1470) Unknown in Åbo Birgitta Turesdotter Bielke (1409-1437)

Erengisle Björnsson Djäkn Erik Eriksson Gyllenstierna d.ä. till Fågelvik Karin Karlsdotter Bonde (1418-1477) (1441- ) Kristina Karlsdotter Bonde

Johan Henriksson Fleming till Tjusterby Erik Eriksson Gyllenstierna d.y. (1465-1517) ( -1502) Märta Erengisledotter Djäkn Anna "Pintorpafrun" Karlsdotter Vinstorpa (1465-1500) ( -1552)

Olof Pedersson (Wildeman) Lille Ture Arvidsson Trolle af Bergkvara (1489-1535) (1490-1555) Anna Johansdotter Fleming Magdalena Eriksdotter Gyllenstierna af ( -1545) Lundholm (1494-1580)

Ludolf Boose Åke Johansson Bååt (1465-1535) (1545-1588) Karin Olofsdotter Wildeman Christina Turesdotter Trolle (1465-1535) ( -1609)

Johan Ludolfsson Boose Bengt Jöransson Sparre af Rossvik (Cir 1500-1596) (1570-1632) Ingeborg Henriksdotter Kerstin Åkesdotter Bååt ( -1596)

Bertil Von Nieroht Johan Bengtsson Sparre af Rossvik (1582-1651) (1616-1655) Kerstin Johansdotter Boose Emerintia Stake (1576-1652)

Carl Henriksson Von Lindelöf Carl Gustaf Roos (1605-1668) (1655-1722) Maria Bertilsdotter Von Nieroht Christina Maria Sparre af Rossvik (1612-1682) (1655-1695)

Carl Carlsson Von Lindelöf Carl Johansson Prinzensköld (1635-1704) (1693-1737) N.N. Laurisdotter Laurentz Eva Eleonora Roos (1695-1761)

Ericus Christierni Orenius (Abt 1658-1740) Carl Robert Hedenberg Anna Maria Carlsdotter Von Lindelöf Hedvig Eleonora Prinzensköld (1670-1747)

Johan Urnovius (1706-1783) Daniel Duker Margareta Eriksdotter Urnovius (Orenius) Hedvig Helena Hedenberg (1710-1804)

Johan Flinck Johan Jönsson Rydberg ( -1820) (1787-1854) Christina Margareta Urnovia Carolina Elisabet Duker (1744-1829)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius (1787-1823) Viktor Rydberg Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon (1828-1895) (1784- )

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius (1810- ) Johanna Carolina Röring (1802-Abt 1839)

Erik Eriksson Kåll (1829-1905) Charlotta Constantia Renlund (1830-1905)

Karl-Johan Granholm (1866-1920) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll (1863-1934)

Erik Anton Granholm (1906-1959) Karin Hildegard Kasén (1914-2004)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Leena Elisabeth Kentala (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

Walt Disney is the 28th cousin once removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Géza II King Of Hungary (1130-1162) Euphrosyne Of Kiev Queen Of Hungary (1130-1193)

Leopold V The Virtuous Duke Of Austria Béla III King Of Hungary (1157-1194) (1148-1196) Helena Princess Of Hungary Agnes Of Antioch Queen Of Hungary ( -1199) (1154-1184)

Leopold VI The Glorious Duke Of Austria Andrew II The Jerosolimitan King of Hungary (1176-1230) (1177-1235) Theodora Angelina Yolanda de Courtenay Princess of The Latin Empire (1200-1233)

Albert I Duke Of Saxony James I The Conqueror King Of Aragon (1175-1260) (1208-1276) Agnes Princess Of Austria Violant Queen Of Hungary

Burchard VIII von Rosenburg Philip III The Bold King Of France Jutta Albrechtsdatter Of Saxony (1245-1285) (1223-1267) Isabella Of Aragon Queen Of France (1247-1271)

Erik Knudsen Gyldenstjerne Philip IV The Fair King Of France (1240-1310) (1268-1314) Sophie von Rosenburg Joan I Quenn of Navarre (1312- ) (1273-1305)

Niels "höge" Eriksson Gyldenstierna till Ågård Edward II King Of England (1275- ) (1284-1327) Edel Pedersdotter Saltensee Isabella Of France Queen Of England (1280-1350) (1295-1358)

Otto Henriksson Limbek Edward III King Of England (1279-1313) (1312-1377) Nilsdotter Gyldenstierne Philippa Of Hainault Queen Of England (1285- ) (1311-1369)

Claus (Nicolaus) Ottosen Limbek Lionel Of Antwerp, Duke Of Clarence (1312-1372) Elizabeth De Burgh, Countess 4th Of Ulster Ide Hartvigsdotter Krummedige (1332-1363) (1310-1375)

Benedict III, Lord of Hagenskov von Ahlefeldt Edmund Mortimer Earl (3rd) Of March (1330-1398) (1351-1381) Catharine Clausdotter Limbek Philippa, Countess Of March And Ulster (1335-1400) (1355-1382)

Nicolas (Claus) Benedictsen von Ahlefeldt Sir John King (1359-1404) (1415-1475) Anna Pogwisch Agnes Mortimer (1369-1424) (1372-1417)

Benedict Clausen von Ahlefeldt Sir Ralph King (1395-1440) (1390-1440) Catharina Dosenrode Phoebe Berkamstead (1389- )

Claus von Ahlefeldt, til Sögård Sir John King (1359-1404) (1415-1475) Ida Harburgi Breide Lady Margaret Ferrers (1409-1465) (1405-1452)

Benedict Clausen von Ahlefeldt Sir William King (1458-1513) (1440-1500) Eibe Pedersdotter Rantzau Agnes Fields ( -1522) (1445-1468)

Frantz Benediktsen von Ahlefeldt Sir Ralph Kinge (1492-1559) (1465-1530) Catharina Otttosdotter Pogwisch Lady Joanna Ugborough ( -1599)

Johan 'Hans' Fredriksen von Ahlefeldt Sir John Kinge (1526-1559) (1485-1540) Dorothea Frantsdotter von Ahlefeldt Lady Alice Slyny (1530-1599) (1493-1545)

Fredrerik von Ahlefeldt Sir Thomas King (1551-1607) (1506- ) Dorothea Didriksdatter Blome Lady Isabella Johns (1575-1643) (1509-1540)

Cai von Ahlefeldt Sir Thomas King (1593-1652) (1533-1602) Dorothea Rumohr Lady Rebecca Chalk (1595-1656) (1536-1605)

Frederik Ahlefeldt Thomas Morse, Jr. (1618-1664) (1538-1597) Anne Catharine Volfsdotter Pogwisch Margaret King (1633-1694) (1551-1585)

Mathias Frederiksson Von Ahlefelt Of Holstein Samuel Morse (1664-1730) (1576-1654) Elisabeth Maria Schlöpke Elizabeth Jasper ( -1695) (1578-1655)

Cornelius Corneliusson Von Loos Joseph Jasper Morse (1686-1738) (1615-1654) Margaretha Elisabeth Von Ahlefelt Hannah Phillips (1693-1739) (1616-1676)

Julius Hallonblad Peleg Lawrence (1727-1806) (1647-1692) Hedwig Christina Von Loos Elizabeth Morse (1732-1777) (1689-1715)

Abraham Abrahamsson Sevonius Daniel Lawrence (1751-1825) (1690-1747) Juliana Ulrika Hallonblad Elizabeth Welch (1753-1827) (1688-1730)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius Thomas Fox (1787-1823) (1706-1793) Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon Mercy Lawrence (1784- ) (1706-1794)

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius Moses Johnson (1810- ) (1737-1815) Johanna Carolina Röring Mercy Fox (1802-Abt 1839) (1740- )

Erik Eriksson Kåll John Call, Jr. (1829-1905) (1761-1813) Charlotta Constantia Renlund Fanny Johnson (1830-1905) (1764-1801)

Karl-Johan Granholm Eber Call (1866-1920) (1791-1864) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll Violette Lawrence (1863-1934) (1792-1870)

Erik Anton Granholm Charles Call (1906-1959) (1822-1890) Karin Hildegard Kasén Henrietta Gross (1914-2004) (1837-1910)

Lars Erik Granholm Elias Disney (1934- ) (1859-1941) Leena Elisabeth Kentala Flora Call (1936- ) (1868-1938)

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Walt Disney Pia Carita Granholm (1901-1966) (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )

Zachris Zachrissoon Topelius is the 7th cousin 7 times removed of Anna Kristiina Applegate

Common Ancestor

Östen Ericsson Sursill (1533-After 1598) Magdalena (Malin) Eriksdotter (1535-1580)

Johannes Henricsson Lithovius Hans Östensson Sursill (1563-1634) (1560-After 1633) Christina Östensdotter Sursill (1567-1632)

Hans Hansson Wasaeus Caspar Hansson Forbus (Abt 1580-1654) (1592-1682) Beata Ingevaldsdotter Brita Johansdotter Limingus (Abt 1595- ) (1600-1696)

Daniel Pettersson Sparf Gabriel Knutsson Päkkilä (Abt 1620-After 1665) (1651-1696) Margaretha Hansdotter Sursill Wasaeus Maria Casparsdotter Forbus (Abt 1621-1697) (1649-1696)

Gregorius (Grels) Jacobsson Culhovius Johan Gabrielsson Bäck (Abt 1660-1695) (1690-1764) Elisabet Danielsdotter Sparf Liisa Pertintytär Ohukainen (1660-1736) (1679-1764)

Henrik Henriksson Sevonius Carl Johansson Oklavitz (1675-1740) (1710-1786) Margareta Gregoriusdotter Kulhovius Margaretha Johandotter Bäck (1683-1748) (1720-1753)

Abraham Henriksson Sevonius Michael Christoffersson Toppelius (1712-1788) (1734-1821) Helena Jonasdotter Wrigstadius Maria Magdalena Carlsdotter Oklavitz (1718-1773) (1743-1807)

Abraham Abrahamsson Sevonius Zachris Michaelsson Topelius (1751-1825) (1781-1831) Juliana Ulrika Hallonblad Catharina Sofia Samuelsdotter Calamnius (1753-1827) (1791-1868)

Johan (Flinck) Årenius (1787-1823) Zachris Zachrissoon Topelius Ulrika Abrahamsdotter Sevon (1818-1898) (1784- )

Johan Gustaf Johansson Årenius (1810- ) Johanna Carolina Röring (1802-Abt 1839)

Erik Eriksson Kåll (1829-1905) Charlotta Constantia Renlund (1830-1905)

Karl-Johan Granholm (1866-1920) Johanna Karolina Eriksdotter Kåll (1863-1934)

Erik Anton Granholm (1906-1959) Karin Hildegard Kasén (1914-2004)

Lars Erik Granholm (1934- ) Leena Elisabeth Kentala (1936- )

Bruce Kevin Patrick Applegate (1954- ) Pia Carita Granholm (1955- )

Anna Kristiina Applegate (1987- )