DOCSLIB.ORG

Aquatic Genetic Resources and Climate Change

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Aquatic Genetic Resources and Climate Change BACKGROUND STUDY PAPER NO. 55 May 2011 COMMISSION ON GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE CLIMATE CHANGE AND AQUATIC GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE: STATE OF KNOWLEDGE, RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES by Roger Pullin and Patrick White The content of this document is entirely the responsibility of the authors, and does not necessarily represent the views of the FAO or its Members. For resaons of economy, this document is produced in a limited number of copies. Delegates and observers are kindly requested to bring their copies to meetings and to refrain from asking for additional copies, unless strictly necessary. The documents for this meeting are available on Internet at: http://www.fao.org ii BACKGROUND STUDY PAPER NO. 55 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. About this publication 1 II. Executive Summary 2 2.1 Scope: the importance of aquatic genetic resources in general and in the context of climate change 2 2.2 Climate change challenges for aquatic organisms, ecosystems, aquaculture and fisheries 2 2.3 Aquatic genetic resources and adaptation to climate change 3 2.4 Aquatic genetic resources and mitigation of climate change 3 2.5 Gaps and partnerships to address them 4 2.6 Conclusions and recommendations 4 III. Definitions 5 3.1 Fish; aquaculture; culture-based fisheries; capture fisheries; aquatic genetic resources; in situ and ex situ conservation; biotechnology and biosecurity 5 3.2 Climate change; short-term climate fluctuations; long-term climate change; adaptation; adaptive capacity; mitigation; and vulnerability 8 3.3 Regions and subregions 9 IV. Broad implications of climate change for aquaculture and fisheries 10 V. Climate change challenges for aquatic genetic resources 14 5.1 Three major climate change challenges: warming, acidification and elevated dissolved nutrients (N, P) 14 5.2 Short-term climate fluctuations 15 5.3 Long-term climate change 19 VI. Expected impacts of climate change on aquatic environments and vulnerable aquatic ecosystems 22 6.1 Changes in aquatic environments and their implications 23 6.2 Vulnerable Aquatic Ecosystems 26 VII. Climate change and aquatic genetic resources 32 VIII. Climate change and aquaculture systems 38 IX. Climate change and fisheries 40 X. Regional implications of climate change for aquatic genetic resources 48 XI. Aquatic genetic resources and adaptation to, and mitigation of, climate change 57 11.1 Aquatic genetic resources and adaptation to climate change 57 11.2 Roles of aquatic genetic resources for mitigation of climate change 64 11.3 Biotechnology for realizing the potentials of aquatic genetic resources in adaptation to and mitigation of climate change 69 XII. Gaps in information, knowledge, education and awareness 73 12.1 Information 74 12.2 Knowledge 75 12.3 Education and Awareness 75 12.4 Capacity building 75 BACKGROUND STUDY PAPER NO. 55 iii XIII. Partnerships 76 XIV. Conclusions, recommendations and priority actions 76 References 78 Annex I: Temperature and Salinity Tolerances of Farmed Aquatic Species, as Published by FAO and in Biological Databases BACKGROUND STUDY PAPER NO. 55 1 I. ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION At its Twelfth Regular Session in 2009, the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture recognized the need to address climate change in its Multi-Year Programme of Work. The Commission requested FAO to prepare scoping studies on climate change and genetic resources for food and agriculture for consideration at its next session. This Background Study Paper is the scoping study for the aquatic genetic resources that underpin and provide for the future of aquaculture, culture-based and capture fisheries. It gives overviews of available knowledge regarding present and expected climate change impacts on aquatic environments and their genetic resources, as well as assessments of the ongoing and potential roles of aquatic genetic resources for adaptation to and mitigation of climate change, with recommendations for further work, partnerships and priority actions to facilitate the Commission‟s future work. This paper covers all aquatic genetic resources for aquaculture, culture-based fisheries and capture fisheries, including those for the production of aquatic plants (microalgae, macroalgae and freshwater macrophytes; for human food and for industrial purposes) and fish (finfish and aquatic invertebrates; for human food and for industrial and ornamental purposes). It emphasizes the current roles and potentials of aquatic genetic resources for adaptation to and mitigation of climate change. Aquatic ecosystems are the world‟s largest carbon sinks. This paper complements other Commission publications on aquatic genetic resources, climate change and biotechnology, especially Background Study Papers 34 and 37 (CGRFA, 2007a and b), 41, 45 and 49 (CGFRA, 2009 a,b and c) and other related FAO publications including, inter alia: Sharp (2003); FAO (2003a; 2005a; 2005b; 2007a; 2007b; 2008a; 2008b; 2008c; 2010a; 2010b; 2010c; and 2011); Ruane and Sonnino (2006); Bartley et al. (2007a and b); Bondad- Reantaso et al. (2008); and Soto et al., (2008). A major FAO review on the implications of climate change for fisheries and aquaculture (Cochrane et al., 2009) and a summary of climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture, published in the latest review of the state of world fisheries and aquaculture (FAO, 2010a), illustrate further many of the points made here. Aquaculture and fisheries currently provide about 50 percent each of the world‟s supply of about 100 million tonnes of food fish and fish products, worth about US$78.8 billion and employing over 135 million people. Aquaculture is the source of 46 percent of the world‟s supply of food fish (FAO 2010a). Food fish and fish products provide essential nutrition to 3 billion people and supply at least 50 percent of dietary animal protein and minerals to 400 million people in the least developed countries. Fish are globally important as providers of micronutrients and of the lipids that are essential for human brain development and function. Aquaculture and capture fisheries for ornamental fish provide important livelihood opportunities for the rural and urban poor, mainly in tropical developing countries. Seaweed farming produces over 15 million tonnes of aquatic products annually, worth over US$7 billion. Farmed and wild-harvested fish (finfish and aquatic invertebrates) and aquatic plants (seaweeds and freshwater macrophytes) are vital contributors to world food security, especially for provision of animal protein, micronutrients and essential lipids, as well as providing livelihoods for the producers, processors and sellers of food, ornamental, sport and bait fish. Aquaculture and fisheries depend upon goods and services from a wide range of ecosystems. The Commission is pursuing internalization of the ecosystem approach for biodiversity management in agriculture, forestry and fisheries, in order to review contributions of biodiversity to achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and prepare The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture. Aquatic genetic resources are part of biodiversity, comprising currently and potentially farmed and fished aquatic species and their supportive ecosystems. Together with the Background Study Papers prepared in parallel for plant, animal, forest, microorganism and invertebrate genetic resources, this Background Study Paper can contribute to cross-sectoral and ecosystem-based approaches for realizing the potentials of genetic resources for food and agriculture to meet the challenges of climate change. 2 BACKGROUND STUDY PAPER NO. 55 Climate change interacts with many anthropogenic factors to shift the biodiversity, physical and productivity baselines of food and agriculture ecosystems. In the present context, the most important of those factors are degradation and losses of aquatic habitats and overharvesting of aquatic organisms. From the seventeenth century to the present, there have caused massive changes to aquatic ecosystems and their biota (Jackson, 2001). Climate change will exacerbate the consequent major shifts in the locations and productivity of aquaculture and fisheries. The authors wish to thank the staff of the FAO Fisheries Library for their invaluable help in searching and obtaining material for the preparation of this publication. II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2.1 Scope: the importance of aquatic genetic resources in general and in the context of climate change This Background Study Paper follows the climate change terminology and definitions of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, but considers mitigation from the broader perspective of improving aquatic ecosystems, such as watersheds and coastal zones, and reappraising some cross-sectoral, integrated production systems, on the assumption that these interventions will definitely, or possibly, reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Aquatic genetic resources underpin all current world production of aquatic plants (micro- and macroalgae and freshwater macrophytes) and aquatic animals (finfish and aquatic invertebrates; termed collectively as fish) and provide for their future production in the face of ecological change, including climate change (short-term climate fluctuations and long-term trends such as sea level rise, warming, ocean acidification and reduced or increased availability of freshwater). The world‟s supply of aquatic produce and its related benefits (food security, nutrition and livelihoods) derive in approximately equal measure from the farming of progressively
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fish, Crustaceans, Molluscs, Etc Capture Production by Species
    440 Fish, crustaceans, molluscs, etc Capture production by species items Asia - Inland waters C-04 Poissons, crustacés, mollusques, etc Captures par catégories d'espèces Asie - Eaux continentales (a) Peces, crustáceos, moluscos, etc Capturas por categorías de especies Asia - Aguas continentales English name Scientific name Species group Nom anglais Nom scientifique Groupe d'espèces 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Nombre inglés Nombre científico Grupo de especies t t t t t t t Freshwater bream Abramis brama 11 16 375 22 345 21 073 17 834 19 313 22 083 17 612 Freshwater breams nei Abramis spp 11 33 27 92 13 11 9 1 Common carp Cyprinus carpio 11 36 617 39 126 39 104 32 466 34 723 46 360 42 166 Tench Tinca tinca 11 935 2 082 1 792 1 953 1 884 1 632 1 482 Crucian carp Carassius carassius 11 4 330 3 538 4 621 3 429 3 865 4 921 3 656 Goldfish Carassius auratus 11 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 Roach Rutilus rutilus 11 149 287 358 420 521 577 535 Kutum Rutilus frisii 11 9 015 7 052 9 649 16 138 17 242 14 885 12 536 Roaches nei Rutilus spp 11 1 450 1 700 1 537 2 088 2 383 4 848 4 211 Common dace Leuciscus leuciscus 11 82 93 87 85 82 71 63 Mud carp Cirrhinus molitorella 11 11 10 8 - - - - Grass carp(=White amur) Ctenopharyngodon idellus 11 1 959 2 458 3 066 3 312 4 417 4 215 4 567 Beardless barb Cyclocheilichthys apogon 11 ..
    [Show full text]
  • L the UNDERWATER ANTHROPOCENE Scientific
    L THE UNDERWATER ANTHROPOCENE DOUGLAS J. MC CAULEY cientific dialogues on the Anthropocene rarely extend below the high- Stide line. This terrestrial bias is perhaps justifiable, as we have been altering terrestrial ecosystems since the African diaspora gained momentum about fifty thousand years ago. Today, croplands and pastures take up about 40 percent of the earth’s land surface, while the forty million miles of road (a distance equivalent to 165 trips to the moon) that we have laid out across the world have left less than 10 percent of the planet’s land surface remote. The terrestrial portion of the world has been brought unambiguously under the dominion of our species. By almost all measures, however, the mark of the Anthropocene has been lighter in the oceans. California, my home, provides an illustrative example. Humans assisted with the extirpation of terrestrial megafauna (e.g., eleven- ton mammoths, ground sloths more than ten feet tall) from the region about fourteen thousand years ago. We then proceeded to drive California’s wolves and grizzly bears extinct (the latter our state animal and flag symbol). But today, just offshore and within eyesight of metropolitan skylines, thirty- three- ton gray whales undertake one of the longest mammal migrations on the planet, 550-pound giant sea bass vocalize at divers, and white sharks investigate the palatability of about one and a half California beachgoers annually. While deeply altered, the oceans retain a wildness that has become rare in much of the terrestrial world. What delayed and muted the arrival of the Anthropocene in the oceans? The simple answer is that it is harder to change the oceans— at least for us terrestrial apes.
    [Show full text]
  • Composition and Abundance of Drifting Fish Eggs on the Upper Reaches of Xijiang
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.13.904110; this version posted January 13, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Composition and Abundance of Drifting Fish Eggs on the Upper Reaches of Xijiang 2 River, China, after the Formation of the Cascade Reservoirs 3 4 Short title: Composition and Abundance of Drifting Fish Eggs in the Upper Reaches of a 5 River after Dam Formation 6 Gao Minghui1, Wu Zhiqiang2, 3, Tan Xichang4, Huang Liangliang3, Huang Haibo3 and Liu Hao3 7 8 1 College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 350000, Guangxi, 9 China 10 2 School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 350000, Guangxi, China 11 3 College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 12 541000, Guangxi, China. 13 4 ZhuJiang Water Conservancy Bureau, Ministry of Water Resources, Guangzhou 510000, 14 Guangdong, China 15 16 Corresponding Author: 17 Wu Zhiqiang 18 Yanshan Town, Guilin, Guangxi 54100, China 19 Email address: [email protected] 20 21 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.13.904110; this version posted January 13, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproduction and Nursing of Cirrhinus Molitorella in a Small Fish Farm In
    Reproduction and nursing of Cirrhinus molitorella in a small fi sh farm in Luang Prabang Province, Lao PDR Tick NUANTHAVONG1* and La VILAYPHONE2 1Aquaculture of Indigenous Mekong Fish Species Component, MRC Fisheries Programme, 2Ban Xepeing Village, Luang Prabang Disctrict, Luang Prabang Province ABSTRACT The propagation of C. molitorella has started in 1991 and this species is now considered domesticated. The Lao Sub-component of AIMS has supported several farmers in Luang Prabang in Northern Laos in producing C. molitorella through technical assistance and materials support. The present study describes the current technique for conditioning the fi sh breeders in ponds and for the reproduction, as practised in a small family fi sh farm in the Luang Prabang province. The study was carried out in 2005. The broodstock of C. molitorella consisted in 35 fi shes weighing 300-350. Fish were stocked in ponds (800 m2) together with four other species of fi sh breeders. Fish breeders were fed with rice brand and local vegetables as main feeds and additional compound feed (30 % proteins) during the breeding season from May to August. The natural reproduction of C. microlepis was induced with a single injection of LHRH associated with domperidone. Spawning occurred six hours after the injection; the fecundity per female was about 31,000 eggs. Incubation of the fl oating eggs lasted 16-17 hours at 26-28°C; the hatching rate was 90 %. Trials of nursing were carried out successively in tanks (5-7 days) and in two kinds of hapas held in the pond for fi ve weeks. The survival rate after nursing was about 20 %.
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of Sand and Dust Storms on Oceans
    Impacts of Sand and Dust Storms on Oceans A Scientific Environmental Assessment for Policy Makers United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development © 2020 United Nations Environment Programme ISBN No: 978-92-807-3784-4 Job No: DEW/2282/NA This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Communications Division, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), P. O. Box 30552, Nairobi 00100, Kenya. Disclaimers The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. For general guidance on matters relating to the use of maps in publications please go to http://www.un.org/Depts/ Cartographic/english/htmain.htm Mention of a commercial company or product in this document does not imply endorsement by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) or the authors.
    [Show full text]
  • Hands-On STEM (Even in the Virtual Space): Bioluminescent Jellyfish
    Hands-on STEM: Bioluminescent Jellyfish Model Christine Moskalik, B.S., M.S. Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy in Aurora, IL Curriculum and Professional Development Specialist Center for Teaching and Learning [email protected] // (630) 907-5961 Introductions… For your intro, please tell us 1) Your name and district/school. 2) What grade/s & subjects (or in what capacity) do you teach? 3) What is your favorite aquatic animal? Agenda • Intros • Facilitator's Guide & 5e Model • Engage – “What is (is not) a jellyfish?” • Explore – Basic Jellyfish info & anatomy • Explain – apply concepts while creating/improving model • Elaborate – “How anatomically correct is my model?” & other content extensions (such as chemistry of bioluminescence, etc.) • Evaluate – formative/informal assessments • (think of ways you can assess your own students) • Various pedagogy examples (emphasis on virtual) • Build together & strategize for your own students • Wrap-up & Q&A IMSA & Activity Background • IMSA’s Center for Teaching and Learning • Student STEM enrichment & outreach • One-hour Activity: Oceanography Summer Program (7-8) • Adapted to offer as a 90-minute virtual program • May need more time, depending on • your content focus/depth • the ages/grades of your students • what assessments you may choose to incorporate Supplies REUSABLE CONSUMABLE MATERIALS MATERIALS (likely to be used-up during activity) (will not be damaged or used- up during activity) •1 pair of scissors •Clear plastic bottle, 16-20oz (with lid, label •1 hot glue gun removed, clean)
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Aquaculture 2 International Center for Aquaculture and Aquatic Environments Auburn University
    WATER HARVESTING AND AQUACULTURE FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION TO AQUACULTURE 2 INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR AQUACULTURE AND AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS AUBURN UNIVERSITY 3 INTRODUCTION More than one-fourth of all animal protein consumed by man is aquatic in origin. Regional differences range from Asia where more than one-fourth of dietary animal protein is fish to North and South America where less than 10% of animal protein consumed by man is from aquatic sources. Aquaculture has been been practiced in many Asian countries for centuries, but is a new form of agriculture in many African and Latin American countries. It is defined as the cultivation of animals and plants in aquatic environments. Aquaculturists manipulate certain components of the environment to achieve greater control over production of aquatic organisms than is normally possible in nature. Figure 1: Increased production of aquatic animals and plants is achieved through 4 aquaculture. 5 BENEFITS OF AQUACULTURE 1) Productive use of poor agricultural lands Ponds built on the best agricultural land have the highest natural productivity. High production from aquaculture is also possible in ponds built on land which is unsuitable for other forms of agriculture. Hilly land which is difficult to farm or is easily eroded can be utilized for fish ponds. Swampy areas or soils with high salt or heavy clay content can also be utilized for aquaculture. 6 7 Figure : Small valleys often have excellent potential for pond construction. 2) Natural resource conservation Aquaculture and water harvesting can contribute substantially to the conservation of natural resources, especially water and soil. In many developing countries, surface water is often allowed to drain away instead of being harvested and stored for beneficial use.
    [Show full text]
  • Making a Big Splash with Louisiana Fishes
    Making a Big Splash with Louisiana Fishes Written and Designed by Prosanta Chakrabarty, Ph.D., Sophie Warny, Ph.D., and Valerie Derouen LSU Museum of Natural Science To those young people still discovering their love of nature... Note to parents, teachers, instructors, activity coordinators and to all the fishermen in us: This book is a companion piece to Making a Big Splash with Louisiana Fishes, an exhibit at Louisiana State Universi- ty’s Museum of Natural Science (MNS). Located in Foster Hall on the main campus of LSU, this exhibit created in 2012 contains many of the elements discussed in this book. The MNS exhibit hall is open weekdays, from 8 am to 4 pm, when the LSU campus is open. The MNS visits are free of charge, but call our main office at 225-578-2855 to schedule a visit if your group includes 10 or more students. Of course the book can also be enjoyed on its own and we hope that you will enjoy it on your own or with your children or students. The book and exhibit was funded by the Louisiana Board Of Regents, Traditional Enhancement Grant - Education: Mak- ing a Big Splash with Louisiana Fishes: A Three-tiered Education Program and Museum Exhibit. Funding was obtained by LSUMNS Curators’ Sophie Warny and Prosanta Chakrabarty who designed the exhibit with Southwest Museum Services who built it in 2012. The oarfish in the exhibit was created by Carolyn Thome of the Smithsonian, and images exhibited here are from Curator Chakrabarty unless noted elsewhere (see Appendix II).
    [Show full text]
  • The Society for Marine Mammalogy STRATEGIES for PURSUING a CAREER in MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE
    The Society for Marine Mammalogy STRATEGIES FOR PURSUING A CAREER IN MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE What is marine mammal science? There are about 100 species of aquatic or marine mammals that depend on fresh water or the ocean for part or all of their life. These species include pinnipeds, which are seals, sea lions, fur seals and walrus; cetaceans, which are baleen and toothed whales, ocean and river dolphins, and porpoises; sirenians, which are manatees and dugongs; and some carnivores, such as sea otters and polar bears. Marine mammal scientists try to understand these animals' genetic, systematic, and evolutionary relationships; population structure; community dynamics; anatomy and physiology; behavior and sensory abilities; parasites and diseases; geographic and microhabitat distributions; ecology; management; and conservation. How difficult is it to pursue a career in marine mammal science? Working with marine mammals is appealing because of strong public interest in these animals and because the work is personally rewarding. However, competition for positions is keen. There are no specific statistics available on employment of students trained as marine mammal scientists. However, in 1990 the National Science Board reported some general statistics for employment of scientists within the US: 75% of scientists with B.S. degrees were employed (43% of them held positions in science or engineering), 20% were in graduate school, and 5% were unemployed. Marine mammal scientists are hired because of their skills as scientists, not because they like or want to work with marine mammals. A strong academic background in basic sciences, such as biology, chemistry, and physics, coupled with good training in mathematics and computers, is the best way to prepare for a career in marine mammal science.
    [Show full text]
  • Toward a National Animal Telemetry Network for Aquatic Observations in the United States Barbara A
    Block et al. Anim Biotelemetry (2016) 4:6 DOI 10.1186/s40317-015-0092-1 COMMENTARY Open Access Toward a national animal telemetry network for aquatic observations in the United States Barbara A. Block1, Christopher M. Holbrook2, Samantha E. Simmons3*, Kim N. Holland4, Jerald S. Ault5, Daniel P. Costa6, Bruce R. Mate7, Andrew C. Seitz8, Michael D. Arendt9, John C. Payne10, Behzad Mahmoudi11, Peter Moore12, James M. Price13, J. Jacob Levenson13, Doug Wilson14 and Randall E. Kochevar15 Abstract: Animal telemetry is the science of elucidating the movements and behavior of animals in relation to their environment or habitat. Here, we focus on telemetry of aquatic species (marine mammals, sharks, fish, sea birds and turtles) and so are concerned with animal movements and behavior as they move through and above the world’s oceans, coastal rivers, estuaries and great lakes. Animal telemetry devices (“tags”) yield detailed data regarding animal responses to the coupled ocean–atmosphere and physical environment through which they are moving. Animal telemetry has matured and we describe a developing US Animal Telemetry Network (ATN) observing system that monitors aquatic life on a range of temporal and spatial scales that will yield both short- and long-term benefits, fill oceanographic observing and knowledge gaps and advance many of the U.S. National Ocean Policy Priority Objec- tives. ATN has the potential to create a huge impact for the ocean observing activities undertaken by the U.S. Inte- grated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) and become a model for establishing additional national-level telemetry networks worldwide. Background: Telemetry can provide environmental, behavioral and physiological data in near-real time, or by use of archival tags in which the data are stored or later transmitted to satellites.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquatic Animals
    Fact sheets Aquatic animals About 50% of global production of aquatic animals for human consumption in sea water or in fresh water (fish, molluscs, amphibians and crustaceans) comes from aquaculture, close to 90% of which is produced by countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Aquaculture will continue to grow strongly and provide an increasing proportion of the world’s aquatic animal products. To support this growth, the health of aquatic animals must be managed carefully to overcome sanitary challenges met by the numerous species concerned, high trade volumes, and unique challenges posed by the open environment in which these populations often live. Welfare of aquatic animals KEY FACTS The use of aquatic animals by humans for food or any other purpose carries the • The human consumption of aquatic animals is constantly rising. ethical responsibility to avoid unnecessary suffering of these animals. The OIE has • The intensified production and trade of aquatic animals generate new developed welfare standards for farmed fish that cover transport, stunning and sanitary challenges. killing for human consumption and killing for disease control purposes. • The OIE elaborates international standards for aquatic animal health and Use of antimicrobial agents welfare, as well as for safe international trade in aquatic animals and derived products. Appropriate use of antimicrobial agents in aquaculture is important to manage issues relating to public health and food safety, animal health and production, and health of the environment. IMPROVING AQUATIC ANIMAL The OIE has developed standards in the Aquatic Animal Health Code on the HEALTH WORLDWIDE responsible and prudent use of antimicrobial agents in aquatic animals, and on With the increase in farming and global trade of aquatic animals and their products, monitoring programs for antimicrobial resistance.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquatic Animal Life of the St. Joseph River (Maumee Drainage, Hillsdale County, MI)
    Aquatic Animal Life of the St. Joseph River (Maumee Drainage, Hillsdale County, MI) Prepared by: Peter J. Badra Michigan Natural Features Inventory P.O. Box 30444 Lansing, MI 48909-7944 www.msue.msu.edu/mnfi/ For: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service East Lansing, MI June 2004 Report Number 2004-16 Left photo: A pearly mussel called the fatmucket (Lampsilis siliquoidea). Photo by Peter Badra. Middle photo: Blackside darter (Percina maculata), a member of the Perch Family. Photo by Konrad Schmidt. Right photo: A large stonefly from Bean Creek, Lenawee County (Acroneuria arenosa, 2 inch length). Photo courtesy Bean/Tiffin Watershed Coalition. Background photo: The St. Joseph River, Hillsdale County. Photo by Reuben Goforth. Citation: Badra, P.J. 2004. Aquatic Animal Life of the St. Joseph River (Maumee drainage, Hillsdale County, MI). Report number MNFI 2004-16. Report to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 26pp. Copyright 2004 MSU Board of Trustees Table of Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................................ ii Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 Freshwater Mussel Biology and Ecology ......................................................................................................... 1 Freshwater Mussels of the St. Joseph River ....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]