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ChurchChurch HistoryHistory ChurchChurch HistoryHistory

IntroductionIntroduction toto ChurchChurch HistoryHistory st rd TheThe AncientAncient ChurchChurch AD 11st-3-3rd centuriescenturies th th TheThe RiseRise ofof ChristendomChristendom AD 44th-5-5th centuriescenturies th th TheThe EarlyEarly MiddleMiddle AgesAges AD 66th-10-10th centuriescenturies th th TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AD 1111th-13-13th centuriescenturies th th TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance AD 1414th-15-15th centuriescenturies Welcome to the Renaissance Turnovers... The Black Death and a Century of War Wobbling Out of Control (part 2) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance TheThe ChurchChurch decideddecided CouncilsCouncils fixfix everythingeverything 14081408 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof OxfordOxford bannedbanned thethe BibleBible ThomasThomas Arundel,Arundel, thethe ArchbishopArchbishop ofof Canterbury,Canterbury, forbadeforbade thethe translationtranslation ofof thethe BibleBible intointo EnglishEnglish and—underand—under thethe ordersorders ofof goodgood KingKing HenryHenry IV—IV— condemnedcondemned allall LollardsLollards toto bebe burntburnt atat thethe stakestake forfor thethe crimecrime ofof heresyheresy TheThe twotwo worstworst crimescrimes theythey werewere accusedaccused of:of: 1) They denied transubstantiation 2) They encouraged people to pray and read the Bible for themselves TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance TheThe ChurchChurch decideddecided CouncilsCouncils fixfix everythingeverything 14081408 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof OxfordOxford bannedbanned thethe BibleBible ThomasThomas Arundel,Arundel, thethe ArchbishopArchbishop ofof Canterbury,Canterbury, forbadeforbade thethe translationtranslation ofof thethe BibleBible intointo EnglishEnglish and—underand—under thethe ordersorders ofof goodgood KingKing HenryHenry IV—IV— condemnedcondemned allall LollardsLollards toto bebe burntburnt atat thethe stakestake forfor thethe crimecrime ofof heresyheresy TheThe CouncilCouncil declareddeclared thatthat itit waswas dangerousdangerous toto allowallow peoplepeople toto translatetranslate thethe BibleBible “We therefore command and ordain that henceforth no one translate the text of Holy Scripture into English or any other language as a book, booklet, or tract, of this kind lately made in the time of the said John Wyclif or since, or that hereafter may be made, either in part or wholly, either publicly or privately, under pain of excommunication” (unless such translations were approved by the proper Church authorities... which they never were) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance TheThe ChurchChurch decideddecided CouncilsCouncils fixfix everythingeverything 14081408 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof OxfordOxford bannedbanned thethe BibleBible ThomasThomas Arundel,Arundel, thethe ArchbishopArchbishop ofof Canterbury,Canterbury, forbadeforbade thethe translationtranslation ofof thethe BibleBible intointo EnglishEnglish and—underand—under thethe ordersorders ofof goodgood KingKing HenryHenry IV—IV— condemnedcondemned allall LollardsLollards toto bebe burntburnt atat thethe stakestake forfor thethe crimecrime ofof heresyheresy TheThe CouncilCouncil declareddeclared thatthat itit waswas dangerousdangerous toto allowallow peoplepeople toto translatetranslate thethe BibleBible ItIt waswas alsoalso dangerousdangerous toto allowallow peoplepeople toto praypray onon theirtheir own,own, soso thethe CouncilCouncil declareddeclared itit heresyheresy (punishable(punishable byby burning)burning) toto teachteach youryour childrenchildren toto praypray onon theirtheir ownown It was now officially illegal to actively live out your Christian faith anywhere but within a church building Do we still deal with the effects of this sort of thinking, even in our church today? If so, then why? TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— 14081408 waswas alsoalso thethe yearyear thatthat ZsigmondZsigmond ofof LuxemburgLuxemburg foundedfounded thethe OrderOrder ofof thethe DragonDragon EchoingEchoing thethe HolyHoly OrdersOrders foundedfounded byby thethe ChurchChurch suchsuch asas thethe KnightsKnights TemplarTemplar andand HospitallerHospitaller thethe OrderOrder ofof thethe DragonDragon waswas dedicateddedicated toto rootingrooting outout Satan'sSatan's evilevil andand destroyingdestroying itit byby militarymilitary forceforce (N(NOTE:: TheyThey derivedderived theirtheir namename fromfrom thethe legendlegend ofof SaintSaint George,George, whowho waswas famousfamous forfor havinghaving chivalrouslychivalrously slainslain aa dragondragon inin Libya)Libya) 2 (N(NOTE :: IfIf you'llyou'll remember,remember, “Saint“Saint George”George” waswas actuallyactually GeorgiusGeorgius,, thethe ChristianChristian captaincaptain ofof Diocletian'sDiocletian's imperialimperial guard,guard, whowho chosechose aa slow,slow, torturoustorturous deathdeath inin 303303 ratherrather thanthan renouncerenounce hishis Christianity)Christianity) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— 14081408 waswas alsoalso thethe yearyear thatthat ZsigmondZsigmond ofof LuxemburgLuxemburg foundedfounded thethe OrderOrder ofof thethe DragonDragon EchoingEchoing thethe HolyHoly OrdersOrders foundedfounded byby thethe ChurchChurch suchsuch asas thethe KnightsKnights TemplarTemplar andand HospitallerHospitaller thethe OrderOrder ofof thethe DragonDragon waswas dedicateddedicated toto rootingrooting outout Satan'sSatan's evilevil andand destroyingdestroying itit byby militarymilitary forceforce ButBut insteadinstead ofof beingbeing foundedfounded byby thethe Church,Church, thethe OrderOrder ofof thethe DragonDragon waswas foundedfounded byby andand fromfrom withinwithin thethe variousvarious powerfulpowerful familiesfamilies ofof EasternEastern EuropeEurope TwoTwo ofof thosethose importantimportant familiesfamilies included:included: House Drăculești of Wallachia, from whose ranks rose Vlad Țepeș (the “Impaler”)—a ruler so blood-thirsty that Bram Stoker used him as a basis for his vampire, Dracula TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— 14081408 waswas alsoalso thethe yearyear thatthat ZsigmondZsigmond ofof LuxemburgLuxemburg foundedfounded thethe OrderOrder ofof thethe DragonDragon EchoingEchoing thethe HolyHoly OrdersOrders foundedfounded byby thethe ChurchChurch suchsuch asas thethe KnightsKnights TemplarTemplar andand HospitallerHospitaller thethe OrderOrder ofof thethe DragonDragon waswas dedicateddedicated toto rootingrooting outout Satan'sSatan's evilevil andand destroyingdestroying itit byby militarymilitary forceforce ButBut insteadinstead ofof beingbeing foundedfounded byby thethe Church,Church, thethe OrderOrder ofof thethe DragonDragon waswas foundedfounded byby andand fromfrom withinwithin thethe variousvarious powerfulpowerful familiesfamilies ofof EasternEastern EuropeEurope TwoTwo ofof thosethose importantimportant familiesfamilies included:included: House Drăculești of Wallachia House Báthory of Slovakia, from whose ranks rose Erzsébet Báthory—who serial murdered upwards of 600 young women (according to legend, inin orderorder toto bathebathe inin their blood to remain eternally young and beautiful) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— 14081408 waswas alsoalso thethe yearyear thatthat ZsigmondZsigmond ofof LuxemburgLuxemburg foundedfounded thethe OrderOrder ofof thethe DragonDragon TheThe Order'sOrder's officialofficial powerpower ebbedebbed withwith Zsigmond'sZsigmond's deathdeath inin 1437,1437, butbut withwith thethe influxinflux ofof thethe OttomonOttomon TurksTurks intointo EasternEastern EuropeEurope inin thethe mid-1400s,mid-1400s, thethe symbolsymbol ofof thethe DragonDragon becamebecame aa rallyingrallying pointpoint VersionsVersions ofof itit cancan bebe seenseen depicteddepicted inin manymany ofof thethe EasternEastern crestscrests andand tapestriestapestries createdcreated duringduring thethe RenaissanceRenaissance TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance TheThe ChurchChurch decideddecided CouncilsCouncils fixfix everythingeverything 14081408 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof OxfordOxford bannedbanned thethe BibleBible 14091409 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof PisaPisa dealtdealt withwith thethe SchismSchism TheThe WesternWestern SchismSchism (since(since 1378,1378, withwith twotwo competingcompeting PapaciesPapacies goinggoing atat thethe samesame time—onetime—one inin AvignonAvignon andand thethe otherother inin Rome—andRome—and thethe EuropeanEuropean kingdomskingdoms splitsplit overover whichwhich oneone toto support)support) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance TheThe ChurchChurch decideddecided CouncilsCouncils fixfix everythingeverything 14081408 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof OxfordOxford bannedbanned thethe BibleBible 14091409 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof PisaPisa dealtdealt withwith thethe SchismSchism TheThe WesternWestern SchismSchism wasn'twasn't gettinggetting anyany better,better, soso thethe toptop theologianstheologians andand cardinalscardinals fromfrom RomeRome (including Baldassare Cossa, an up-and-coming cardinal from Naples and a good friend to the wealthy Giovanni di Medici) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance TheThe ChurchChurch decideddecided CouncilsCouncils fixfix everythingeverything 14081408 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof OxfordOxford bannedbanned thethe BibleBible 14091409 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof PisaPisa dealtdealt withwith thethe SchismSchism TheThe WesternWestern SchismSchism wasn'twasn't gettinggetting anyany better,better, soso thethe toptop theologianstheologians andand cardinalscardinals fromfrom RomeRome andand thethe toptop onesones fromfrom AvignonAvignon gotgot togethertogether inin neutralneutral PisaPisa toto hashhash thingsthings outout TheyThey decideddecided thatthat thethe onlyonly wayway toto reunitereunite thethe ChurchChurch waswas toto askask bothboth PopesPopes toto stepstep down,down, andand mutuallymutually agreeagree onon aa newnew oneone toto succeedsucceed themthem bothboth So the Spanish Pope Benedict XIII in Avignon and the Venetian Pope Gregory XII in Rome were asked to resign from their positions, and Cretan Pope Alexander V was installed But neither of the Popes would step down TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance TheThe ChurchChurch decideddecided CouncilsCouncils fixfix everythingeverything 14081408 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof OxfordOxford bannedbanned thethe BibleBible 14091409 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof PisaPisa dealtdealt withwith thethe SchismSchism TheThe WesternWestern SchismSchism wasn'twasn't gettinggetting anyany better,better, soso thethe toptop theologianstheologians andand cardinalscardinals fromfrom RomeRome andand thethe toptop onesones fromfrom AvignonAvignon gotgot togethertogether inin neutralneutral PisaPisa toto hashhash thingsthings outout TheyThey decideddecided thatthat thethe onlyonly wayway toto reunitereunite thethe ChurchChurch waswas toto askask bothboth PopesPopes toto stepstep down,down, andand mutuallymutually agreeagree onon aa newnew oneone toto succeedsucceed themthem bothboth So the Spanish Pope Benedict XIII in Avignon and the Venetian Pope Gregory XII in Rome were asked to resign from their positions, and Cretan Pope Alexander V was installed But neither of the Popes would step down so now there were three duly-elected Popes—one in Rome, one in Avignon, and now one in Pisa (each believing that he was God's one and only vicar on the planet, since that was the prevailing ecclesiology of the day)—and the Schism got worse TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance TheThe ChurchChurch decideddecided CouncilsCouncils fixfix everythingeverything 14081408 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof OxfordOxford bannedbanned thethe BibleBible 14091409 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof PisaPisa dealtdealt withwith thethe SchismSchism TheThe WesternWestern SchismSchism wasn'twasn't gettinggetting anyany betterbetter ToTo establishestablish himselfhimself asas anan honest-to-goodnesshonest-to-goodness Pope,Pope, AlexanderAlexander mademade severalseveral proclamationsproclamations HeHe declareddeclared DukeDuke LouisLouis IIII ofof AnjouAnjou toto bebe thethe newnew kingking ofof Naples,Naples, gaininggaining aa politicalpolitical allyally HeHe alsoalso declareddeclared thatthat allall writingswritings byby JohnJohn WycliffeWycliffe shouldshould bebe burnedburned And in the same Papal decision, he also excommunicated Jan Hus, a follower of the teachings of John Wycliffe TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance TheThe ChurchChurch decideddecided CouncilsCouncils fixfix everythingeverything 14081408 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof OxfordOxford bannedbanned thethe BibleBible 14091409 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof PisaPisa dealtdealt withwith thethe SchismSchism TheThe WesternWestern SchismSchism wasn'twasn't gettinggetting anyany betterbetter ToTo establishestablish himselfhimself asas anan honest-to-goodnesshonest-to-goodness Pope,Pope, AlexanderAlexander mademade severalseveral proclamationsproclamations AlexanderAlexander reignedreigned forfor 1010 months,months, andand thenthen dieddied HeHe waswas succeededsucceeded byby thethe NeopolitanNeopolitan noble,noble, CardinalCardinal BaldassareBaldassare Cossa—PopeCossa—Pope JohnJohn XXIII—XXIII— whowho hadhad becomebecome powerfulpowerful throughthrough hishis personalpersonal connectionsconnections withwith thethe locallocal highwayhighway robberrobber gangsgangs asas wellwell asas thethe MediciMedici familyfamily JohnJohn reignedreigned asas PopePope inin PisaPisa forfor fivefive yearsyears andand thethe MediciMedici becamebecame thethe officialofficial bankbank forfor thethe Papacy—growingPapacy—growing theirtheir alreadyalready considerableconsiderable fortunesfortunes HeHe waswas alsoalso anan avowedavowed atheistatheist He made no secret of the fact that the only reason that he'd gotten into the priesthood was because he saw it as another racket At the later Council of Constance, he was convicted on charges of heresy, simony, sodomy, tyranny, incest, piracy, schism, and immorality TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance TheThe ChurchChurch decideddecided CouncilsCouncils fixfix everythingeverything 14081408 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof OxfordOxford bannedbanned thethe BibleBible 14091409 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof PisaPisa dealtdealt withwith thethe SchismSchism 14141414 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof ConstanceConstance dealtdealt withwith thethe SchismSchism KingKing ZsigmondZsigmond waswas sicksick ofof allall ofof thisthis politicking,politicking, whenwhen therethere waswas soso muchmuch evilevil abroad,abroad, andand hehe calledcalled forfor aa newnew CouncilCouncil toto fixfix everythingeverything TakingTaking aa cuecue fromfrom thethe CouncilCouncil ofof Pisa,Pisa, anan ecumenicalecumenical councilcouncil askedasked PopePope BenedictBenedict XIII,XIII, PopePope GregoryGregory XII,XII, andand PopePope JohnJohn XXIIIXXIII toto resignresign theirtheir PapaciesPapacies TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance TheThe ChurchChurch decideddecided CouncilsCouncils fixfix everythingeverything 14081408 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof OxfordOxford bannedbanned thethe BibleBible 14091409 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof PisaPisa dealtdealt withwith thethe SchismSchism 14141414 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof ConstanceConstance dealtdealt withwith thethe SchismSchism KingKing ZsigmondZsigmond waswas sicksick ofof allall ofof thisthis politicking,politicking, whenwhen therethere waswas soso muchmuch evilevil abroad,abroad, andand hehe calledcalled forfor aa newnew CouncilCouncil toto fixfix everythingeverything TakingTaking aa cuecue fromfrom thethe CouncilCouncil ofof Pisa,Pisa, anan ecumenicalecumenical councilcouncil askedasked PopePope BenedictBenedict XIII,XIII, PopePope GregoryGregory XII,XII, andand PopePope JohnJohn XXIIIXXIII toto resignresign theirtheir PapaciesPapacies With Zsigmond's power backing the decision, both Gregory and John resigned (actually, John escaped punishment by the Council by dressing up like a mailman and getting smuggled out by the Medicis) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance TheThe ChurchChurch decideddecided CouncilsCouncils fixfix everythingeverything 14081408 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof OxfordOxford bannedbanned thethe BibleBible 14091409 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof PisaPisa dealtdealt withwith thethe SchismSchism 14141414 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof ConstanceConstance dealtdealt withwith thethe SchismSchism KingKing ZsigmondZsigmond waswas sicksick ofof allall ofof thisthis politicking,politicking, whenwhen therethere waswas soso muchmuch evilevil abroad,abroad, andand hehe calledcalled forfor aa newnew CouncilCouncil toto fixfix everythingeverything TakingTaking aa cuecue fromfrom thethe CouncilCouncil ofof Pisa,Pisa, anan ecumenicalecumenical councilcouncil askedasked PopePope BenedictBenedict XIII,XIII, PopePope GregoryGregory XII,XII, andand PopePope JohnJohn XXIIIXXIII toto resignresign theirtheir PapaciesPapacies With Zsigmond's power backing the decision, both Gregory and John resigned, but Benedict refused to let go of the power He demanded his right to rule, based on the argument that he was the only remaining Pope who'd been elected before the official Schism But only Aragón supported him, so that's where he fled to, living out the rest of his lifelife inin exileexile He was given asylum there by King Alfonso V—who was a knight of the Order of the Dragon TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance TheThe ChurchChurch decideddecided CouncilsCouncils fixfix everythingeverything 14081408 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof OxfordOxford bannedbanned thethe BibleBible 14091409 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof PisaPisa dealtdealt withwith thethe SchismSchism 14141414 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof ConstanceConstance dealtdealt withwith thethe SchismSchism KingKing ZsigmondZsigmond waswas sicksick ofof allall ofof thisthis politicking,politicking, whenwhen therethere waswas soso muchmuch evilevil abroad,abroad, andand hehe calledcalled forfor aa newnew CouncilCouncil toto fixfix everythingeverything TakingTaking aa cuecue fromfrom thethe CouncilCouncil ofof Pisa,Pisa, anan ecumenicalecumenical councilcouncil askedasked PopePope BenedictBenedict XIII,XIII, PopePope GregoryGregory XII,XII, andand PopePope JohnJohn XXIIIXXIII toto resignresign theirtheir PapaciesPapacies With Zsigmond's power backing the decision, both Gregory and John resigned, but Benedict refused to let go of the power He demanded his right to rule, based on the argument that he was the only remaining Pope who'd been elected before the official Schism But only Aragón supported him, so that's where he fled to, living out the rest of his lifelife inin exile—everyoneexile—everyone elseelse supportedsupported installinginstalling aa new new Pope TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance TheThe ChurchChurch decideddecided CouncilsCouncils fixfix everythingeverything 14081408 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof OxfordOxford bannedbanned thethe BibleBible 14091409 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof PisaPisa dealtdealt withwith thethe SchismSchism 14141414 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof ConstanceConstance dealtdealt withwith thethe SchismSchism KingKing ZsigmondZsigmond waswas sicksick ofof allall ofof thisthis politicking,politicking, whenwhen therethere waswas soso muchmuch evilevil abroad,abroad, andand hehe calledcalled forfor aa newnew CouncilCouncil toto fixfix everythingeverything TheThe CouncilCouncil arguedargued thatthat thethe collegecollege ofof cardinalscardinals was—technically—abovewas—technically—above eveneven thethe Pope,Pope, sincesince theythey werewere thethe onesones whowho installedinstalled thethe Popes,Popes, andand asas aa demonstrationdemonstration ofof this,this, theythey installedinstalled thethe newnew PopePope MartinMartin V—aV—a powerfulpowerful RomanRoman noble,noble, whowho hadhad onceonce beenbeen excommunicatedexcommunicated byby GregoryGregory XIIXII becausebecause he'dhe'd supportedsupported JohnJohn XXIIIXXIII One of Martin's first official acts was to issue a Papal bull condemning Jan Hus and all those who followed him and the teachings of the Lollards TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— JanJan HusHus waswas bornborn inin Bohemia,Bohemia, andand excelledexcelled inin bothboth theologicaltheological studystudy andand preachingpreaching HeHe becamebecame enamouredenamoured ofof thethe teachingsteachings ofof JohnJohn Wycliffe,Wycliffe, andand beganbegan preachingpreaching aa versionversion ofof themthem fromfrom hishis pulpitpulpit atat thethe UniversityUniversity ofof PraguePrague SoSo GregoryGregory XIIXII stronglystrongly censuredcensured hishis teachingsteachings andand putput pressurepressure onon WenceslausWenceslaus IVIV (the(the kingking ofof Bohemia)Bohemia) toto getget himhim toto stopstop ButBut WenceslausWenceslaus notnot onlyonly likedliked Hus—heHus—he didn'tdidn't likelike hishis ambitiousambitious brother,brother, ZsigmondZsigmond Thus,Thus, hehe activelyactively supportedsupported HusHus TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— JanJan HusHus waswas bornborn inin Bohemia,Bohemia, andand excelledexcelled inin bothboth theologicaltheological studystudy andand preachingpreaching InIn 1409,1409, newnew PopePope AlexanderAlexander VV condemnedcondemned Wycliffe'sWycliffe's teachings—andteachings—and excommunicatedexcommunicated HusHus (not(not onlyonly becausebecause ofof Hus'Hus' stancestance onon thingsthings likelike ChurchChurch corruption,corruption, transubstantiation,transubstantiation, andand thethe translationtranslation ofof ScriptureScripture intointo nativenative tongues,tongues, butbut alsoalso becausebecause itit jabbedjabbed hishis politicalpolitical rival,rival, Wenceslaus)Wenceslaus) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— JanJan HusHus waswas bornborn inin Bohemia,Bohemia, andand excelledexcelled inin bothboth theologicaltheological studystudy andand preachingpreaching InIn 1409,1409, newnew PopePope AlexanderAlexander VV condemnedcondemned Wycliffe'sWycliffe's teachings—andteachings—and excommunicatedexcommunicated HusHus BecauseBecause NaplesNaples hadhad supportedsupported bothboth GregoryGregory XIIXII andand MartinMartin V,V, JohnJohn XXIIXXII calledcalled forfor aa crusadecrusade againstagainst thethe region,region, forfor backingbacking “the“the wrongwrong Popes”Popes” InIn orderorder toto paypay forfor thisthis crusade,crusade, JohnJohn soldsold indulgences...indulgences... inin BohemiaBohemia...... ThisThis torquedtorqued offoff Hus,Hus, Wenceslaus,Wenceslaus, andand prettypretty muchmuch everyevery BohemianBohemian (who(who werewere gettinggetting tiredtired ofof beingbeing PapalPapal punchingpunching bags)bags) HusHus spokespoke outout againstagainst thethe excessesexcesses ofof allall ofof thethe currentcurrent PopesPopes TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— JanJan HusHus waswas bornborn inin Bohemia,Bohemia, andand excelledexcelled inin bothboth theologicaltheological studystudy andand preachingpreaching InIn 1409,1409, newnew PopePope AlexanderAlexander VV condemnedcondemned Wycliffe'sWycliffe's teachings—andteachings—and excommunicatedexcommunicated HusHus InIn 1415,1415, HusHus waswas calledcalled toto appearappear atat thethe CouncilCouncil ofof ConstanceConstance onon chargescharges ofof heresyheresy InIn orderorder toto getget himhim there,there, ZsigmondZsigmond promisedpromised himhim safesafe conduct—nothingconduct—nothing wouldwould happenhappen toto him,him, eveneven ifif hehe werewere foundfound guiltyguilty SoSo HusHus dutifullydutifully camecame toto pleadplead hishis ownown casecase andand hehe waswas summarilysummarily foundfound guiltyguilty ofof heresyheresy soso hehe waswas burnedburned atat thethe stakestake ZsigmondZsigmond waswas furiousfurious thatthat hishis promisepromise hadhad beenbeen utterlyutterly ignoredignored ButBut MartinMartin VV arguedargued thatthat aa promisepromise toto aa hereticheretic waswas notnot morallymorally oror legallylegally bindingbinding TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— JanJan HusHus waswas bornborn inin Bohemia,Bohemia, andand excelledexcelled inin bothboth theologicaltheological studystudy andand preachingpreaching InIn 1409,1409, newnew PopePope AlexanderAlexander VV condemnedcondemned Wycliffe'sWycliffe's teachings—andteachings—and excommunicatedexcommunicated HusHus InIn 1415,1415, HusHus waswas calledcalled toto appearappear atat thethe CouncilCouncil ofof ConstanceConstance onon chargescharges ofof heresyheresy TheThe HussitesHussites allall retreatedretreated toto Bohemia,Bohemia, wherewhere WenceslausWenceslaus gavegave themthem sanctuarysanctuary ButBut whenwhen hehe dieddied inin 1419,1419, allall betsbets werewere offoff ZsigmondZsigmond becamebecame thethe newnew KingKing ofof BohemiaBohemia soso whenwhen MartinMartin VV calledcalled forfor aa crusadecrusade againstagainst thethe Hussites,Hussites, againstagainst hishis ownown conscience,conscience, ZsigmondZsigmond waswas forcedforced toto hunthunt themthem downdown andand killkill themthem allall TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching momentmoment2—— TwoTwo detailsdetails mademade Zsigmond'sZsigmond's CrusadeCrusade difficultdifficult 1)1) TheThe OttomanOttoman TurksTurks invadedinvaded HungaryHungary fromfrom thethe East,East, forcingforcing ZsigmondZsigmond toto focusfocus manymany ofof hishis forcesforces therethere 2)2) TheThe HussitesHussites werewere really,really, reallyreally goodgood fightersfighters ByBy thisthis time,time, therethere werewere reallyreally twotwo differentdifferent branchesbranches ofof thethe HussitesHussites One was the Utraquists, who defined themselves theologically (their name derived from the Latin “sub utraque specie,” meaning “in both kinds,” since they argued that Christians should partake of both the bread and the wine in Communion) (NOTE: At that time, the Church said that only priests were holy enough to partake of the “blood of Christ”) 2 (NOTE2: Up until Vatican II, that was still the practice in the Catholic Church... and many dioceses still practice the Eucharist that way) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching momentmoment2—— TwoTwo detailsdetails mademade Zsigmond'sZsigmond's CrusadeCrusade difficultdifficult 1)1) TheThe OttomanOttoman TurksTurks invadedinvaded HungaryHungary fromfrom thethe East,East, forcingforcing ZsigmondZsigmond toto focusfocus manymany ofof hishis forcesforces therethere 2)2) TheThe HussitesHussites werewere really,really, reallyreally goodgood fightersfighters ByBy thisthis time,time, therethere werewere reallyreally twotwo differentdifferent branchesbranches ofof thethe HussitesHussites One was the Utraquists, who defined themselves theologically The other branch was the Taborites, who defined themselves by their militancy Using the wealth of Tábor's gold mines, they conquered much of Bohemia and Moravia, much to Zsigmond's dismay In all, the Church brought three crusades against the Hussites... and lost them all TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching momentmoment2—— TwoTwo detailsdetails mademade Zsigmond'sZsigmond's CrusadeCrusade difficultdifficult 1)1) TheThe OttomanOttoman TurksTurks invadedinvaded HungaryHungary fromfrom thethe East,East, forcingforcing ZsigmondZsigmond toto focusfocus manymany ofof hishis forcesforces therethere 2)2) TheThe HussitesHussites werewere really,really, reallyreally goodgood fightersfighters ByBy thisthis time,time, therethere werewere reallyreally twotwo differentdifferent branchesbranches ofof thethe HussitesHussites ByBy 1457,1457, thethe HussitesHussites hadhad reformedreformed themselves,themselves, turningturning towardtoward pacifismpacifism They called themselves simply, The Unity of the Brethren (AKA “Moravian Christians”) The later emphasis of the Moravians on Pietism formed part of the foundation for what is now called the Evangelical Covenant Church... TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching momentmoment2—— TwoTwo detailsdetails mademade Zsigmond'sZsigmond's CrusadeCrusade difficultdifficult 1)1) TheThe OttomanOttoman TurksTurks invadedinvaded HungaryHungary fromfrom thethe East,East, forcingforcing ZsigmondZsigmond toto focusfocus manymany ofof hishis forcesforces therethere 2)2) TheThe HussitesHussites werewere really,really, reallyreally goodgood fightersfighters ByBy thisthis time,time, therethere werewere reallyreally twotwo differentdifferent branchesbranches ofof thethe HussitesHussites ByBy 1457,1457, thethe HussitesHussites hadhad reformedreformed themselves,themselves, turningturning towardtoward pacifismpacifism ByBy thethe turnturn ofof thethe century,century, therethere werewere 100,000100,000 MoraviansMoravians worshippingworshipping inin 400400 churcheschurches They made up 90% of the population in Czech countries Nonetheless, the Catholic Church continued to persecute them for centuries TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance TheThe ChurchChurch decideddecided CouncilsCouncils fixfix everythingeverything 14081408 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof OxfordOxford bannedbanned thethe BibleBible 14091409 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof PisaPisa dealtdealt withwith thethe SchismSchism 14141414 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof ConstanceConstance dealtdealt withwith thethe SchismSchism KingKing ZsigmondZsigmond waswas sicksick ofof allall ofof thisthis politicking,politicking, whenwhen therethere waswas soso muchmuch evilevil abroad,abroad, andand hehe calledcalled forfor aa newnew CouncilCouncil toto fixfix everythingeverything TheThe CouncilCouncil arguedargued thatthat thethe collegecollege ofof cardinalscardinals was—technically—abovewas—technically—above eveneven thethe Pope,Pope, sincesince theythey werewere thethe onesones whowho installedinstalled thethe Popes,Popes, andand asas aa demonstrationdemonstration ofof this,this, theythey installedinstalled thethe newnew PopePope MartinMartin V—aV—a powerfulpowerful RomanRoman noble,noble, whowho hadhad onceonce beenbeen excommunicatedexcommunicated byby GregoryGregory XIIXII becausebecause he'dhe'd supportedsupported JohnJohn XXIIIXXIII One of Martin's first official acts was to issue a Papal bull condemning Jan Hus and all those who followed him and the teachings of the Lollards In 1428, Martin even exhumed the body of John Wycliffe and had it burned at the stake as well In 1431, Martin convened a new Council where the cardinals were forced to concede that the Pope was indeed supreme over all the world, the unquestioned sovereign of the Church TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance TheThe ChurchChurch decideddecided CouncilsCouncils fixfix everythingeverything 14081408 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof OxfordOxford bannedbanned thethe BibleBible 14091409 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof PisaPisa dealtdealt withwith thethe SchismSchism 14141414 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof ConstanceConstance dealtdealt withwith thethe SchismSchism 14151415 TwoTwo rulersrulers foughtfought crucialcrucial battlesbattles abroadabroad PortuguesePortuguese DukeDuke HenriqueHenrique dede AvisAvis seizedseized thethe coastalcoastal citycity ofof CeutaCeuta inin NorthNorth Africa,Africa, beginningbeginning 500500 yearsyears ofof PortuguesePortuguese imperialimperial expansionexpansion andand institutinginstituting 500500 yearsyears ofof race-basedrace-based slaveryslavery TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance TheThe ChurchChurch decideddecided CouncilsCouncils fixfix everythingeverything 14081408 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof OxfordOxford bannedbanned thethe BibleBible 14091409 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof PisaPisa dealtdealt withwith thethe SchismSchism 14141414 TheThe CouncilCouncil ofof ConstanceConstance dealtdealt withwith thethe SchismSchism 14151415 TwoTwo rulersrulers foughtfought crucialcrucial battlesbattles abroadabroad PortuguesePortuguese DukeDuke HenriqueHenrique dede AvisAvis seizedseized thethe coastalcoastal citycity ofof CeutaCeuta inin NorthNorth Africa,Africa, beginningbeginning 500500 yearsyears ofof PortuguesePortuguese imperialimperial expansionexpansion andand institutinginstituting 500500 yearsyears ofof race-basedrace-based slaveryslavery EnglishEnglish KingKing HenryHenry VV foughtfought aa significantsignificant battlebattle inin aa muddymuddy fieldfield outsideoutside ofof Agincourt,Agincourt, inin France...France...