Natural Environment Research Council BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GeologicalSurvey of England and Wales
Geologicalnotes and local details for
1 :10 000 sheets, Sheet SE 32 SE - Normanton Partof 1:50 000 sheet 78 (Wakefield) JDReA, Giles and 1.T. Williamson
Bibliographical reference
GILES, J*R,A, and WILLIAMSON, IeT. 1986 Geologicalnotes and local details for 1 :10 000 sheets: sheet Production of this report was SE 32 SE (Normanton)(Keyworth: fundedby the Department of British Geological Survey) theEnvironment.
The views expressed in this report are not necessarily those of the Department of theEnvironment,
Authors
J.R,A, Giles, BSc 1.T. Williamson, BSc, PhD British Geological Survey
Keyworth,Nottingham NGl2 ~GG
C. Crown copyright 1986, LIMITATIONS
Thisreport has been produced by collation and interpretation of, and interpolationfrom, geological, geotechnical and related data from a wide variety of sources. Details ofthese sources are containedin the report.
This report provides only a general description of thenature and extent of factors relevant to theplanning of land use and development-
The data onwhich this report is based is notcomprehensive and its quality is variable,and this report reflects the limitations of thatdata. No information made available after 1 st January 1986 hasbeen taken into account For these reasons :-
This report provides only gewral indications of ground conditions and must not be relied upon as a source of detailed informationabout specific areas, or as substitutefor site investigations or ground surveys. Users must satisfy themselves, by seekingappropriate professionaladvice and by carryingout ground surveys and site investigationsif necessary, that ground conditions are suitable for any particular land use or development. KXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report embodiesthe results of a studyfunded by the Department of the Environment in 1985/6. It aims toprovide an up-to-date geological map and accounttheofsolid and superficial geology, andidentify to the implicationsfor land-use planning. The studyderives its informationfrom two mainsources:-
a) archival material comprising mineabandonment plans,opencast miningcompletion plans, quarry plans, borehole records, tip plans anddata held by the BGS NationalGeoscience Data Centre.
b) a detailedfield geological survey by the authors at a scale of
1 :10 000.
The resurveyhas considerably improved the geological mapping ofthe solid andsuperficial deposits. Several additional minor coal seams are delimited and a denuded terrace ofthe River Calder, lying above the previoushighest terrace, is recorded. The Westphalianstratigraphy of thedistrict is describeddetail,in in modern nomenclature. The generalisedgeological sequence is shown on themargin of thegeological map and infigures 3, 7 and13 of this report.
THEMATIC GEOLOGICAL MAPS
Some geologicalthemes have particular implications for land-use planning. Special attention was paidduring the resurvey to data relating to these themes . The results are summarized inthematic geological maps covering:-
1. distributionof drift deposits 2. distributionof made ground 3. boreholelocations 4. undergroundand opencast mining.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GEOLOGY AND LAND-USE PLANNING
Of thegeological factors which have implications for land-use planning, subsidence,particularly related to shallow mining and the location and extent of mineral resources are especially important.
Subsidence
Where coal was worked at depth, it is reasonableto assume that most of the subsidenceoccurred a short time afterroof supports were withdrawn.But this is notnecessarily true of shallow mining, which is common in parts of the district, especially as cropworkings.
New Sharlston is the last activecolliery in the district, although in the past, mines was much morenumerous. Much ofthe district has been mined at depth,the principal worked seams beingthe Beeston, Middleton Eleven Yard, MiddletonMain, Flockton, Haigh Moor, WarrenHouse, Kent's Thick, Stanley Main, Abdy, HoughtonThin, Sharlston and Shaf ton (Figures 3,7 and 13) .
Inshallow workings, the earth pressures may notbe sufficient to cause immediate collapse. The rate at which oldworkings collapse depends upon theirdepth, the type of extraction pattern, the geological structure and theage ofthe mining. Inaddition, new developmentorbuilding can increasethe surface loading and lead to catastrophic collapse. Since many shallowworkings date from the earliest daysof coal mining and are not shown on extantrecords or plans, they can be difficult to predict. In many cases, theirpresence is onlyproved by detailed site investigation. Numerous abandoned shafts are recordedin the district, but many more unrecorded ones probably exist. MineralResrouces
Inplanning future developments, it is importantto know where themineral resources are, so thatthey are not built over before they can beworked. It may bepossible to extract workable minerals in advance of development.
Much ofthe district is underlainby coal at shallowdepth; amongst the mostimportant seams are theSharlston coals, which are regardedlocally as prime opencasttargets where theyoccur close to the surface. In addition, sandand gravel was formerly a significantresource in the Calder valley, although much of it hasbeen extensively dug and little potentially workablesand and gravel remains.
Other Constraints on Land-Use Planning
Some ofthe drift deposits vary In lithology and thicknessvery rapidly. Forexample, the river terrace deposits may show differentialcompaction underload, and compressible beds may occurinburied channels. Head, which is generallytoo thin to map, may bepresent insubstantial thicknesses locally and may be a hazardto foundations.
Made groundand fill may alsoconstrain development. The variedchemical contentand compaction of these materials canbe hazardous. Backfilled quarriescan give a problem, ifthey are notrecognised during site investigation. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
1 PHYSIOGRAPHY, POPULATION DISTRIBUTION,COMMUNICATIONS AND LAND USE
2COAL MEASURES (WESTPHALIAN)
2.1 GENERAL 2.2 CLASSIFICATION 2.3 COAL MEASURE LITHOLOGIES 2.4 PALAEO-GEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY 2 5 STRATIGRAPHY
3 STRUCTURE 3
4 DRIFTGEOLOGY
4.1 REGIONAL SETTING 4.2 TILL 4.3 GLACIAL SAND AND GRAVEL 4.4 RIVER TERRACE DEPOSITS 4.5 ALLUVIUM 4.6 HEAD 4.7 PEAT
5MADE GROUND
5.1 LANDSCAPED GROUND 5.2 MADE GROUND, UNDIFFERENTIATED
5 0 3 BACK-FILLED QUARRIES 5 4 BACK-FILLED OPENCAST COAL WORKINGS 5.5 COLLIERY WASTE TIPS 5.6 GENERAL REFUSE TIPS 6. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
6.1 COAL 6.2 MINESTONE 6m3 FIRECLAY
6.4 IRONSTONE 6.5 MUDSTONE AND CLAYSTONE
6m6 SANDSTONE 6.7 SAND AND GRAVEL 6.8 HYDROCARBONS
70 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEENGEOLOGY AND LAND-USE PLANNING
7 1 SUBSIDENCE
7.2 MINERALRESOURCES
7.3 OTHERCONSTRAINTS ON LAND-USEPLANNING
8. THEMATIC GEOLOGY MAPS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B FIGURES
Figure 1 Sketch map showinglocation of district.
Figure 2 Generaliseddiagram illustrating the relationships of the majorWestphalian depositional environments.
Figure 3 Generalisedsequence of the Westphalian A rocksof the Normanton District.
Figure 4 A computergenerated 2nd ordertrend surface analysis of strata thicknessbetween the Middleton Little andFlockton Thin coals
Figure 5 A computergenerated 2nd ordertrend surface analysis of strata thicknessbetween the Middleton Little and3rd Brown Metal coals.
Figure 6 A computergenerated 2nd ordertrend surface analysis of strata thicknessbetween the Flockton Thin and Flockton Thick coals
Figure 7 Generalisedsequence of theWestphalian B rocks of the Normanton District.
Figure 8 A computergenerated 2nd ordertrend surface analysis of seam thickness for the Low Haigh Moor Coal.
Figure 9 A computergenerated 2nd ordertrend surface analysis of strata thicknessbetween the Low Haigh Moor and TOP Haigh Moor coals
Figure 10 A computergenerated isometric diagram viewed from the south-eastillustrating the variation in the thickness of Warren House Coal. Figure 11 A computergenerated isometric diagram viewed from the south-east illustrating the variation in the thickness of the Stanley Main Coal.
Figure 12 A computergenerated 2nd orderlevel surface analysis of strata thicknessbetween the Abdy and Two Foot coals.
Figure 13 Generalizedsequence of theWestphalian C rocks of the Normanton District.
Figure 14 Sketch map of themajor faults. INTRODUCTION
This report and theaccompanying maps are a summary ofthe geology of 1 :10,000 sheet SE32 (Figure 1 ) . It hasbeen produced for the Departmentofthe Environment as Phase 3 of a four-year programme to provideup-to-date geological base-mapsand guidance on the main aspects andimplications ofthe geology, as theyaffect the future land-use planningand development of an area aroundthe rivers Aire andCalder, south-eastofLeeds. The geological map is available as anuncoloured dye-lineprint from BGS, Keyworth.
The districtfalls within the British Geological Survey 1 :50 000 Sheet 78 (Wakefield). It was first surveyed at thesix inches to the mile scale by
A. H. Green, T.V. Holmes, R. Russelland J.C. Ward, the maps beingpublished in 1875and 1886 as six-inchYorkshire county sheets 233,234, 248and 249.
The area was resurveyedby W Edwards, D.A. Wray and G.H. Mitchellbetween theyears 1924-1935. A large alnountof new information,especially from detailed site investigationsfor industrial andother developments, roads andmining, has since become available. The present 1 :10 000 map incorporates the new data as part of a completegeological resurvey in 1985 by J.R.A. Giles and I.T. Williamson. Details of all the known shafts and boreholes are heldin the files of the British Geological Survey. Mining records are heldBritishby Coal andthe MinesRecords Office. Descriptionsofthe district, with details ofsections that are now obscured, are providedby 'The Geology of the Yorkshire Coalfield' (Green andothers, 1878) and'The Geology of theCountry around Wakefield' (Edwardsand others, 1940), the latter describingthe 1:50 000 Sheet 78.
Accompanying thegeological map andgeneralized vertical section, are ThematicGeological Maps illustratingparticular facets of the geology relevantto the needs of planners and developers:
1. Distributionof Drift Deposits. 2. Distributionof Made Ground. 3 . Borehole Locations . 4. UndergroundMining. I I \\
\
40 5c
KEY Q
Motorway/Major Trunk Road -Principal River Urban Area
0 5 10km SCALE
Figure 1 Sketch map showing location of district. Area of this report is shown with bold outline. 1. PHYSIOGRAPHY, POPULATIONDISTRIBUTION, COMMUNICATIONS AND LAND USE
The district lies tothe east ofWakefield, within the administrative area ofthe Wakefield District Council. The principlecentres of population are Normantonand Altof ts. Otherscattered villages andhamlets are sited nearformer collieries, The valleyof the meandering River Calder trends northwardsacross- the western half of thedistrict. The remainderof the ground is moderate,rolling relief, with a fewbold escarpments formed by majorsandstones such as -the OaksRock andWarmfield Rock.The latter formsthe highest point, 81m OD, at Plump Hill [3717 2091 3. About halfthe area is rural,being devoted largely toarable farming with a little livestockrearing. Woodland is almostabsent, except for isolated copses on the steepest siopes wherethey act as windbreaks. An area of landscapedparkland remains north of Heath Hall [3565 20341.
The district is crossedby the M62 motorwayand the A655 Wakefieldto Castlefordroad. Railway lines from Leeds, WakefieldandBarnsley
converge at GoosehillJunction [ 376922151 , The canalof the Aire and CalderNavigation runs parallel tothe River Calder along its valley.
Widespread coal miningsince the late eighteenthcentury has left its mark on thelandscape in the form of extensive waste tips, reclaimed opencast sites andnumerous shafts. One mine, New SharlstonColliery, is still working,and widespread opencast operations continue.
Sand andgravel., brickclay, ironstone and fireclay have been worked, Widespreaddereliction of the Calder valley has been caused by sand and gravelextraction, followed by the tipping of domestic and colliery waste
intothe excavations. . Some disusedbrickpits have also been backfilled withdome.stic and colliery waste. 2. COAL MEASURES (WESTPHALIAN)
2. 1 GENERAL
The district is underlainby Coal Measures of Westphalian A,B and C age forming part ofthe West Yorkshirecoalfield. About 175m ofWestphalian c strata are exposed at thesurface and a considerablethickness of Westphalian A and B strata, including numerousworked coals, lies at .. I. depth. The beds are mainlygently dipping and slightly folded; dips are commonly steeper nearfaults. To a largeextent the solid rocks are obscured,by a mantleof soil, weathered and soliflucted Head, patchesof thickerdrift, urban development or waste tips. The few exposureswhich remain, are largelyconfined todisused quarries and other artificial sections. Details of thesolid geology are takenmainly from archival material.
Sectionsof the boreholes and shafts used in the project are storedin the B.G.S. archives,and are indexedon 1:lO 000 or 1:lO 560 NationalGrid Maps ofthe Ordnance Survey. These archives may beexamined on application to theNational Geosciences Data Centre,British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG.
The mine-plansexamined during the resurvey are listedin Appendix A, as are details of theiravailability. Appendix B lists the BC Opencast information used in the project.
A generalisedvertical section illustrating the sequence of solidrocks
proved in the area is given on themargin of the 1 :10 000 scale geological map and inFigures 3, 7 and 13. Details of coalsections are givenin Green,and others 1878 andEdwards and others, 1940, andhave notbeen repeatedin this report. Throughout, the term 'seam' means the combined thickness of coal and dirtpartings, whereas 'leaf'refers to coal between dirt partings. 2. 2 CLASSIFICATION
The CoalMeasures inYorkshire are subdividedinto Westphalian A, B and C, inascending order, on thebasis oftheir fossils, with the boundaries at specificmarine bands (Stubblefield and Trotter, 1957).
COAL MEASURES LITHOLOGIES
The most common lithologies are interbeddedclaystones, mudstones, silty mudstonesand siltstones. They are generallybarren of fossils except in discretebands.Sedimentary structures comprise wave-ripple and lenticularbedding; bioturbation and soft-sediment deformation are also common. Ironstonenodules may beassociated with these lithologies. The terms claystoneand mudstone have been taken to be synonymous withthe old mining terms bind, drub, blaes, metal andshale. Likewise, siltstone is synonymous withstone bind, fakey blaes and slaty stone.
The sandstones are normallyfine-grained and are grey when fresh. However, oxidationof the contained iron causes weathered sandstones to be brown. Coarsergrained lenses ofintraformational breccias composed of angularmudstone and ironstone clasts, representchannel-lag deposits and occurin the thicker sandstones, The sandstonebeds may belenticular and less than 1 cm thick or many metres thick. The latter include named sandstonessuch as theWarmfield Rock andthe Oaks Rock. The bedding varies frommassive to flaggy.Sedimentary structures included flat lamination,wave-ripple bedding, trough cross-bedding, flaserand lenticularbedding. Bioturbation andsoft-sediment deformation structures are also common. Fossilassemblages are dominatedbyplant material, particularly comminuted plantdebris on thebedding surface of the more micaceoussandstones, The mining terms cank,freestone, galliard, post, ragand stone appear to be synonymous withsandstone.
The seatearthsinclude all gradesof sediment from claystone to sandstone, butgenerally they are unbeddedand contain many rootlets. They normally lie directlybeneath coals, but some are laterally more extensivethan the associated seam. The equivalentold mining terms are clunch,earth, fireclay,ganister, spavin, stone clunch and stone spavin. Coal,formally defined, is a readilycombustible rock containing more than 50 per centby weight, and more than 70 per cent volume,of carbonaceous material. Coal are laterallyextensive, but can change their thickness or number of dirtpartings, and can die out laterally. The coalsof the district are bituminous,andgenerally increase rankin southwards (Wandless1960).
Tonsteins are densemudstones containing kaolinite aggregates and crystalsand they usually less than 6 cm thick.Although rare, they are laterallyextensive and commonly isochronous. They are generally considered to bekaolinised ash-fall tuffs or reworked volcanic detritus (Williamson,1970).
Rare limestones are present,but they are thinand discontinuous. Eager andRayner (1952) recorded a 0.15 m "shellylimestone'' (probably an impure bio-sparite) from theformer Westgate Brick Works 1314020401. Trueman
(1954, pp 27) comments that, ! slabsofmussel bands contain so much carbonateof lime, withvarying amounts of carbonate of iron (chalybite) , thatthey formlimestone-like masses'. Suchlimestone, locally called 'tank', are recordedin New Sharlston,Park Hill and St. John's No 2 collieries.
Ironstone,mainly inthe form of impuresiderite, is ubiquitous. It mostlyoccurs as nodules,bands and lenses ofclay ironstone within muds tones. At certainhorizons, such as theBlack Bed Ironstone, sufficientconcentrations ofiron exist haveto made thesideritic ironstoneworkable as an iron ore in the past.
Ooliticironstones have also been recorded from thesequence. Dean (1935) records a variableoolitic ironstone, up to 0.25 m thick (Godwin, written communication),in the Robin Hood Quarry[3240 27201 at thehorizon of the Swallow Wood coal.
2.4 PALtAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY
Duringthe Upper Carboniferous,the district formed a small part of the Penninedepositional province, which was inturn part ofthe north-west European paralic belt.Generalised Westphalian palaeogeographical maps, basedon Calver 1969and Eames 1975, are publishedby Anderton and others
(1979, Figs 11 a 18 and 11 a 23) a Palaeomagnetic data for Westphalian coals is publishedby Noltimier and Ellwood (1977) a Palaeomagneticdata for the Carboniferous is reviewedby Turner and Tarling (1975, pp 483-485)and Scoteseand others (1979, pp 222, 229 and Figs 32 and33) Thesesuggest anequatorial palaeolatitude for much ofthe Carboniferous, including the
Wes tphalian a Over a dozenplate-tectonic models have been proposed to accountforthepalaeomagnetic data, palaeogeography andphases of deformationin the Hercynides, and these are reviewedand discussed by Andertonand others. (1979, Chm 12).
The main depositional environment was a fresh-water association of deltaic, fluvial andlacustrine sedimentation with sporadic marine incursions. Withinthe sediments of the Pennine depositional province, a number of facieshave been identified (Fielding 1984 a andb; Haszeldine 1983, 1984; Haszeldineand Anderton, 1980; Scott, 1978) , whichcan be groupedinto severalfacies associations and interpreted inthe terms ofthe main environmentson the subaerial delta plain of the Mississippi (Colemanand Prior1980) , Theseenvironments are distributarychannel fill, interdistributarybays, swamps andcrevasse splays, A generaliseddiagram illustratingthe relationships of the major depositational environments is shown inFigure 2. Inaddition to these,marine incursions have resulted in the formation of marinebands.
Distributarv Channel Fill
Thick,cross bedded sandstones with sharp bases, deposited inelongate belts, 2 km or more wide, are interpreted as majordistributary channels. The sandstonesrepresents sand bars laid down at times ofhigh or low water discharge.Thinly interbedded sandstones, siltstones and claystones, in elongatebelts parallel todistributary channel deposits, are overbank flood deposits,
Interdistributarv Bavs
Interdistributarybays are dominatedby fine-grained sediments. The main faciescomprises sheet like deposits, normally less thanone metre thick, ofblack, thinly laminated, carbonaceous claystones; the thin sporadic
limestones are also closelyassociated with this facies. The fossils are non-marine bivalves,crustaceans, plant debris and fish debris. This faciesassociation originated on theanoxic floors of the lakes isolated from the main sedimentsources by swamps anddistributary channel levees.
The anoxiclake floor deposits may pass laterally into massive or laminated claystones, commonly withrootlets, containing non-marine bivalvesand plantdebris, laid down inelongate, narrow belts parallel tocoal seam splits. Thisfacies represents a passivelake margin where the lake shallowsinto a swamp.
The preceding two facies are frequentlyoverlain by sheet-like spreads of massivelaminatedor claystones containing non-marine bivalves, crustaceansand plant debris, commonly with numerous trace fossils. The faciesrepresents and inputof fine sediment into the lake, either as themost distal depositsof a crevasse splay or as overbankclaystones from a distributary channel.
Swamps
There are twomain faciesto this association. Seatearths, which may vary ingrain size from claystonetosandstone, generally tends to become finerupwards.Rootlets are diagnostic,plant debris and trace fossils are common andthe facies has a sheet-likegeometry. Seatearths are commonly foundbeneath coal, butnot always. Buringh (1970) suggestedthat seatearthsrepresent subaqueous azonal soils.
The secondfacies of this association is thecoal itself. This forms a sheet-like bodywhich may pass laterally into rooted claystones at the lake margin. It consistsalmost entirely of plant debris and is interpreted as representing a swamp. Crevasse Splavs
Thisfacies association comprises coarsening-upward sequences from claystones and siltstonesthrough tothin, channelled sandstones with erosivebases. As thecoarseness increases upwards, the diversity of the fossilsdecreases from thevaried assemblage of an anoxic lake floor to non-marinebivalves plus plant debris, and finally to just plant debris in thechannel sandstones. The association is thoughttorepresent the progressivefilling of an interdistributary lake by one or more crevasse splays.During a flood,the levee or bank of a majordistributory channel is breachedallowing a minorchannel and a distributorydelta to form. The progressiveencroachment of these small deltas andthe succeeding delta-topchannel sandstones, produces the coarsening-up sequences and changesinfossil assemblages. Fielding (1984a) identifies three main faciesin this association whichhe interprets as proximalmajor crevasse splaychannels, medial crevassesplays/minor deltas and distal crevasse splays/minordeltas.
MarineBands
Dark greytoblack, fissile, laminated claystones inextensive sheets dominatethis facies. The marinefaunas include bivalves, brachipods, crinoids,bryozoa, fish, goniatites and plant debris. Calver (1968 a and b) hasdescribed the faunal 'phases' of the marine bands, the possible spatial relationships ofthe marine communities, and how they relate to the other facies belts.
Rates of Sedimentation
Rates sedimentationof theinCoal Measures have been discussed by Broadhurstand others (1970, 1980), Stach (1982) and Haszeldine (1984), who concludethat the rates varyconsiderably from faciesto facies. The slowest rates probablyoccur inthe anoxic lake bottoms ofthe black mudstonefacies. Haszeldine (1984, pp 81 2) comments "blackmudstone layers representrock accumulation rates of about 0.5 m/lO6 yearsover time spans of at least 5000 years".Stach (1982, pp 17-1 81, indiscussing the accumulation rates forcoals concludes that "1 metre ofbituminous coal probablyrepresents accumulation over approximately 6000 - 9000years". Sedimentation rates forthe other main facies are probably much more rapid. The depositional rates of distributarychannel fills can be envisaged,from Haszeldine s ( 1983)description of the palaeo-riverwhich depositedthe Seaton Sluice Sandstone; "Medial bars migrated westwards parallel to the river-channel axis andthen accreted onto the northern bank as part of a large lateral bar. The whole 10-m thicksandstone at Seaton Sluice was deposited as partof one bar within a 1.9-km-wide low-sinuousity river" Kirk(1983) likewise describes former channel bars producing sandstonesup to 7 m thick.In terms ofgeological time, suchsandstones are deposited very quickly.
Broadhurstandothers (1970) describe thesedimentation overbankof deposits,noting that upright tree trunks are preservedin the sediment. Thisindicates that many metres ofsediment were depositedin a single, rapidevent An exampleofsuch a fossil tree was notedduring the
resurveyin the St AidensExtension Opencast site [3858 28481 abovethe Warren House Coal.
Similarly,the rates sedimentationof crevasseby splays into interdistributarylakes are high. Modern Mississippiansedimentation rates of10 to 50 yearsfor 1 m ofsediment have been recorded. Even allowingfor compaction, this is geologicallyrapid.
Broadhurstand others (1980) have put forward a convincing case for seasonalsedimentation in some parts of theWestphalian sequence of the penninedepositional province.
Cyclothems
The terms rhythms,cycles and cyclothems are frequentlyused in connection withCoal Measures deposits. The case for andagainst cycles has been discussedby Duffand Walton (1962), Duff andothers (1967) and Westoll (1968).Repeated small-scale coarsening-upwardcycles are certainly presentin parts of theWestphalian, and are thoughtto represent crevasse splaysprograding intointerdistributary lakes during phases of nett subsidence. 2 .5 STRATIGRAPHY
LOWER COAL MEASURES ( Westphalian A)
Measuresbetween the Subcrenatum Marine Band andthe Better Bed.
Little is known aboutthis part ofthe sequence in the district. At crop tothe north, the measures consist of the Ganister Coals and the Elland Flags,together about 180 to 200 m thick. To thesouth in South Kirby NO 1 Borehole [454610921, theequivalent beds are about 300 m thick.
Better Bed Coal
The lowestbeds recorded in the district are the Better Bed Coaland its associatedmudstone-seatearth; they were proved in Fox Pit, West Riding
Collieries, as 0.90 m ofmudstone-seatearth, overlain by 0.27 m of coal at 472.85 m depth. An extensiveinddstry grew up to thesouth-east of Leeds extractingthe Better Bed seatearth as a refractoryclay. However, the proving at Fox Pit seems to havebeen uneconomic, as'no records exist of it havingbeen worked.
Measuresbetween the Better Bed andBlack Bed
The shaft at Fox Pit, which is theonly record of these strata inthe district, shows the Better andBlack Bed coalsto be 35m apart. The lowest beds are mudstone,with a fewbands ofsiltstone, passing upinto sandstones up to 4 m thick,interbedded with mudstone. The sequence probablycorrelates with the Thick Stone around Leeds.
Black Bed Coal
This is 0.55 m thickin the Fox Pit shaft and in St John'sColliery No. 10 UndergroundBorehole [363321671, it is 0.43 m thick. The coal was worked from Fox Pit [374824451 andfrom AltoftsColliery E389424191 by across-measure drift fromthe Beeston Seam. Unfortunately,no record of thisdrift is preserved. The seam section,recorded onabandonment plans 9850 and NE 109, shows a singleleaf of coal 0.53 m to 0.61 m thick. VANDERBECKEI MARINE BAND THORNHILL ROCK THIN COAL uu MUSSEL BAND EMLEYROCK FLOCKTON THICK
vu THIN COAL MUSSEL BAND FLOCKTON THIN
1st BROWN METAL
2nd BROWN METAL TONSTEIN 3rd BROWN METAL MUSSEL BAND
MIDDLETON LITTLE
uuu MUSSEL BAND uuu MUSSEL BAND THIN COAL MIDDLETON MAIN WHEATLEY LIME COAL SLACK BANK g... ROCK MIDDLETON ELEVEN-YARD COAL THIN COAL
BLOCKING RIDER COAL - BLOCKING COAL
- E-E- LOW "ESTHERIA"BAND THIN COAL THIN COAL
u uu MUSSELBAND THIN COAL
TOPBEESTON COAL
LOW BEESTON COAL
CROW COAL
BLACK BED COAL
BETTER BED COAL
Figure3 Generalised sequence of the Westphalian A rocks of the Normanton district Measuresbetween the Black Bed and Crow
The sequence is 12.92 m thick at Fox Pit, and11.5 .m thickin adjacent undergroundboreholes, St John'sColliery No 9 and10 [3633 21671 . It consistsmainly of mudstonewith subordinate sandstone, and two thincoals are recordedin Fox Pit at 4.27 m and8.35 m respectivelyabove the Black Bed. Mudstone withironstone, 1 .06 m thick, is recordedabout 0.50 m above theBlack Bed in Fox Pit, and is probablythe Black Bed Ironstonewhich containsup to 30% iron.Formerly, it was widelyexploited at crop,but no records of its extraction have been found in this district.
Crow Coal
The coal is a single seam, 0.33 m thickin Fox Pit, and0.4 m thick in St John'sColliery No 9 UndergroundBorehole. It hasnotbeen worked hereabouts.
Measuresbetween the Crow andthe Low Beeston
The succession is onlyrecorded inthe Fox Pit where it is 43.03 m thick.Mudstoneand siltstone are thedominant lithologies with lesser amountsof sandstone.
Low Beeston Coal
The seam is provedin a number ofshafts and underground boreholes and generallythins to the south-east. It hasan average thickness of 1.86 m andranges between 1.63 m and 2.14 m. It normallycomprises 3 leaves, 0.14 to 0.16 thick separated by dirt partings up to 0.58 m thick.
Measuresbetween the Low Beestonand Top Beeston
Mudstoneand siltstone are thedominant lithologies in this sequence except at MethleyJunction Colliery [ 39632565) where 9.45 m ofsandstone is recorded. The strata varyin thickness from6.68 m in Fox Pit to 12.95 m in St John'sColliery No 5 UndergroundBorehole E3570 20703. Top BeestonCoal
The Top Beeston is normallyrepresented by a singleleaf of coal 0.69 m to 1.14 m thick,with a mean of 0.93 m. However,two dirt partings are recordedwithin the seam around [36 21 1, andthey reach a maximum recorded thickness of 0.68 m in St John'sColliery No 8 UndergroundBorehole [ 3647 20981. St John'sColliery No. 2 UndergroundBorehole E366619441 records a thincoal and 6.62 m ofmudstone-seatearth and carbonaceous mudstone, at thehorizon of the Top Beeston. The coal is extensively worked. Inthe north,large areas ofthe seam havebeen completely removed leavingonly isolated pillars of coal,beneath rivers, canals, villages and shafts, althoughin the south, extraction has been less complete.
Measuresbetween the Top Beestonand Blocking.
The mean thicknessof the measures is 43.50 m, with a rangeof 33.77 m at SnydaleColliery to 49.07 m at AltoftsColliery. The strata thinto the south-east The majorlithology is mudstonewith siltstone and a few sandstones,the last reaching 6.63 m as a maximum. Threethin coals are commonly recorded,but they are laterallydiscontinuous; a persistent musselband is recorded.
A markeracross much of thecoalfield, the Low Estheria Band, is recorded in St John's No 2 UndergroundBorehole, 7.50 m belowthe Blocking. It is probablypresent in other sections but has not been positively identified elsewhere.
BlockingCoal
The Blockingnormally comprises one leaf of coalabout 0.54 m thickand a range of between 0.46 m at MethleyJunction Colliery and 0.74 m on Abandonment Plan NE 736 However, the seam splits in places into two leavesseparated by up to 1 a49 m ofmudstone-seatearth. The composite seam reaches a maximum of 2.11 m at Whitwood Colliery.There does not appear to be a consistantpattern of splitting. A small panelof the seam hasbeen worked tothe south of St John'sColliery NO. 2 shaft [370621711. Measuresbetween the Blocking and Middleton Eleven Yard
The measures are mainlymudstone with siltstone and a fewsandstone beds.The mean thickness is 13.45 m, butthe beds generally thin to the north-north-east. A thincoal, the Blocking Rider, is frequentlyrecorded.
It is about 0. 15 m thickand lies about 2.50 m abovethe Blocking; another thin coal lies 11.60 m abovethe Blocking in Whitwood Colliery.
MiddletonEleven Yard Coal
This seam hasbeen widely exploited, particularly in the west. It is about 0.87 m thick,with a rangefrom 0.46 m at Whitwood Colliery to 1.50 m at AltoftsColliery. It seems tothin to the south-east and is locally split by a parting up to 0.84 m thick.
Measuresbetween the Middleton Eleven Yard andthe Middleton Main
Giles andWilliamson ( 1985, Fig 3) show anisopach map for theSlack Bank Rock for thedistrict to the north. Around Normanton,however, there is no signof a similar majordistributory channel facies sandstone. The dominantsediments are siltstone andsandstone with subordinate mudstone, which are interpreted as overbankflood deposits associated with proximal andmedial crevasse splay.
The strata is on average 11 a46 m thickwith a range of 7.41 m at Whitwood Collieryto 19.09 m at St John'sColliery. There is a generalthining eastward
About 2.0 m belowthe Middleton Main is theWheatley Lime Coal.This is an inferior seam between 0.61 m thick at New Sharlston Colliery E38382021 ] and Om97 m thick at Fox Pit. It comprises two or threeleaves of thin coalwhich may beup to 0.30 m thick, separated by dirt partings up to 0.36 m thick.
The bedsbetween the Wheatley Lime andMiddleton Main are mainlymudstone andmudstone-seatearth. Middleton Main Coal
This seam, also known as the West YorkshireSilkstone, is about1.84 m thick. It is normally two leaves separated by a thindirt parting up to 0.15 m thick.In places, theparting is absentorrepresented by an inferiorcoal. Mine plans show thatthe seam is split inplaces by a second dirtparting up to 0.79 m thick, which in Don PedroColliery [4036 22761 comprisesmudstone-seatearth resting onsiltstone. The Middleton Main is widelyexploited and only isolated pillars remain.
Measuresbetween Middleton Main andMiddleton Little
These strata are largelymudstone and siltstone with discontinuous beds of
sandstone. At least onethin coal is commonly recordedin sections, about 6 to 7 m abovethe Middleton Main andmussel bands or "shell beds" lie 12.98 m and 17.09 m abovethe Middleton Main at Altof ts Colliery. The averagethickness of thesequence is 30.18 m.
Middleton Little Coal
The Middleton Little uniteswith the 2nd and3rd Brown Metal coalsto form the Oxbow Coal (Godwin andCalver, 1974) in the district to thenorth, butthese coals are several metres apart inthe north of the present district. In the west, theMiddleton Little is representedby a single coal between 0.38 m thick in St John'sColliery No. 2 shaft and 0.58 m thickin New MarketColliery. To the east of St John'sColliery, the seam splits into two leavesseparated by up to 0.84 m ofmudstone-seatearth. At New SharlstonColliery, the Middleton Little hasdeteriorated to 0.84 m of carbonaceousmudstone and a thin coal. Further east at theSnydale and Don Pedrocollieries, theMiddleton Little is absent,thehorizon consistingonly of mudstone. The sequenceof lateral changes may be interpretedin terms of differentdepositional facies. The singleleaf of coal represents a swamp faciespassing eastwards into a passivelake-margin faciesrepresented by the split seam andcarbonaceous mudstone. At Snydaleand Don Pedro,interdistributory lake conditions, depositing mudstone,have replaced the swamp. Measuresbetween the Middleton Little andFlockton Thin
Thissuccession is about 42.20 m thickand thins to bo-th the north and west (Figure4) , The strata are mainlymudstone and mudstone-seatearth with at least 3 thincoals, the Brown Metals, Inthe district tothe north, the lower two of thesecoals, the 2nd and3rd Brown Metals, unitswith the Middleton Little to form the Oxbow Coal, but in this district the coals are quite separate. The 3rd Brown Metal is -3.75 m abovethe Middleton Little at MethleyJunction Colliery and 17.95 m above it at SnydaleColliery, Thisdivergence is illustrated in Figure 5.
BottomBoat Borehole [3652 24791 records a musselband with ostracods
5.89 m abovethe Middleton Little. A tonstein was recordedby Salter
(1964)in the Oxbow opencast site [ 361030001 at thelevel of the combined Secondand Third Brown Metal coals, Mr R. Goossens (pers. comm, ) also records a tonstein at thelevel of the Second Brown Metal in No. 1 Drift at Allerton Bywater Colliery [4500 23201 ,
The three Brown Metals are normallythin and often of inferior quality, Splits developlocally and maybe complex;up to 7 thin seams havebeen recordedfrom these measures. The coalshave not been worked.
FlocktonThin Coal
In the west, this is a singleleaf of coalwith a mean thickness of 0-63 me Inthe east, the seam has two or more leavesseparated by dirt partingsup to 1 .O m thick, The seam thinsto the south-west and splits inthe east, so onlyin a small area inthe north-west around Newmarket Colliery has it beenworked,
Measuresbetween Flockton Thin and Flockton Thick
Thesebeds show a coarsening-upwardssequence from mudstone to siltstone or sandstone. Themudstone directly abovetheFlockton Thin commonly contains a musselband as inthe Bottom BoatBorehole, A thincoal is also commonly recorded at aboutthis horizon; for example, 0.11 m of coal lies 3.10 m above the Flockton Thin in Altofts No 1 Borehole [ 3696 2361 3 , 26 .O- I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I
25.0-
24 .O-
/
23 .a-
+ e.38 22 .O-
+w.w
21 .O-
20 .O- I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I 3 .OO 36.50 37.00 37.50 38 .OO 38.50 39.00 39.50 40.00 40.54 75 x AXIS ~103 Y AXIS ~03 Figure4 A computer generated 2nd order trend surface analysis of strata thickness between the Midddleton Little and Flockton Thin coals. (Correlation Coefficent = 0.97) 26.0 I 1 I ! I I I I I I I I I I
25.0
24.0
23.0
+1s.21
22 .e
21 *fi
47.P
20 .c IIIIIIIIII'III .OO 36.5037.00 37.5839.0039.56 50 38.00 38 75 x AXIS ~83 Y AXIS x183 Figure 5 A computer generated 2nd order trend surface analysis of strata thickness between the Midddleton Little and 3rd Brown Metal coals. (Correlation Coefficent = 0.99) A sandstonebetween 2.30 m and 4.00 m thick comes onabove in mostsections in the east of the district andcorrelates with the Emley Rock ofthe areas tothe north andnorth-west. The sandstonerepresents a distributory channelfacies whilst the siltstone into which it passes westwards represents either overbank flood facies or medial to distal crevasses splay facies.
The sequence thins markedly in the centre of the district to only 8.90 m at AltoftsColliery. The 2nd-ordertrend surface of this inter-seam. interval (Figure 6 ) demonstratesthe pronouced thinning.
FlocktonThick Coal
The seam is normallyrepresented by two leavesseparated by a dirt parting up to 0.67 m thick. The FlocktonThick at BirkwoodLock Borehole [ 3633 23841 is split by a partingof 3.40 m ofmudstone and mustone-seatearth, intothe Upper FlocktonThick, 0.36 m thick,and the Lower FlocktonThick, which is 1.38 m thick. The mean thickness of thefull seam acrossthe district is 1.38 m, and it hasbeen worked inthe north from the Newmarket and Whitwood collieries.
Measuresbetween the Flockton Thick Coal and the Vanderbeckei (Clay Cross) Marine Band .
Thesemeasures are generallymudstone,and commonly include a musselband in the roof of theFlockton Thick, and one or two thincoals. In the Birkwood Lock Borehole,geophysical logs indicate that about 34 m of Thornhill Rock rests almostdirectly on Flocktonthe Thick, and similar thick sandstonesarerecorded inSt John's No 2 Shaftand inseveral other boreholesand shafts inthe west. The base of theThornhill Rock is erosiveand, in places, cuts down intothe beds beneath the Vanderbeckei Marine Band.
At Fox Pit,the Joan Coal lies about19 m abovethe Flockton Thick, and is represented by 3 thin leaves separated by dirt partings. 26.0- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
25.0- ......
24.0-
23.0-
22 .O-
21 .O-
20 .O- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I c Y .00 36.5037 .OO 37.5838.00 38.50 39.00 39.50 48.08 481,s 75
Figure 6 A computer generated 2nd order trend surface analysis of strata thickness between the Flockton Thin and Flockton Thick coals. (Correlation Coefficent = 0.96) MIDDLE COAL MEASURES (Westphalian B) vanderbeckei(Clay Cross) Marine Band
The Marine Band hasnot been postively identified in the district, but is probablythe 1 .1 7 m ofdark mudstone above the Joan Coal at Fox pit. Similar bedsof dark mudstone above inferior, thin Joan coals are also recorded in the Altofts and New Sharlston collieries.
Measuresbetween theVanderbeckei (Clay Cross) Marine Band andthe Lidge t Coal
The estimated thicknessof this succession is about 40m, The Thornhill Rock is recordedin about half the provings. It is a massivesandstone up to 22 m thick and closelyassociated with thick siltstones. The deposits are interpreted as a majordistributory channel facies associated with a siltstone-dominatedoverbank flood facies. Sandstones of theThornhill Rock occurfrom stratigraphically just below the Lidgett to just abovethe FlocktonThick, a mean stratigraphicalthickness 63.44of me The individualsandstones, normally not more than 22.00 m thick,represent stratigraphically superimposed distributory channels.
Mudstonesand siltstones are recorded inthe other sections penetrating thissuccession, with a few thin coals,for example at New Sharlston Colliery, where a thin coal lies 13.19 m belowthe Lidget.
Lidge t Coal
This is generally a single seam 0.61 m to 0.93 m thick, which thinstowards the centre of the district andthickens markedly southwards where it splits into 2 orrarely 3 leaves,separated byup to 0.20m ofcarbonaceous mudstone. The seam, includingdirt partings, reaches its maximum inpark Hill Colliery No 55 UndergroundBorehole E3709 21401 where it is 1.29 m thick. A small area of theLidget has been workedfrom New Sharlston Colliery (Mine plan NE 682). AEGIRANUM MARINE BAND
WHEATWORTH COAL THIN COAL b{...... THIN COAL
THIN COAL HAUGHTON SWINTON POTTERY COAL MARINE BAND
NEWHILL COAL
WOOLLEY EDGE ROCK
MELTONFIELD COAL MALTBY M-M-M TWO FOOT COAL MARINE BAND THIN COAL
ABDY COAL ...... FlSTANLEY MAIN COAL
KENT'S THIN COAL
KENT'S THICK COAL
BARNSLEY RIDER COAL
MUSSEL BAND
THIN COAL MUSSEL BAND WARREN HOUSE COAL LOW BARNSLEY COAL THIN COAL HORBURY THIN COAL ROCK THIN COAL THIN COAL
BECK BOTTOM STONE COAL 27 YARD COAL
HSWALLOW WOOD COAL HAIGH MOOR ROCK TOP HAIGH MOOR COAL LITTLE HAIGH MOOR COAL LOW HAIGH MOOR COAL I ITHIN COAL THIN COAL LIDGETT COAL
THORNHILL ROCK VANDERBECKEI MARINE BAND
Figure 7 Generalised sequence of the Westphalian B rocks of the Norrnanton district Measuresbetween the Lidget and Haigh Moor.
Thissequence contains mudstones and siltstones with. discontinuous, thin coals.For example, at AltoftsColliery, thin coals lie 4.29 m and12.10 m belowthe Low Haigh Moor, Locally,thicker sandstones may develop, as at
Fox Pit where 11 a27 m ofsandstone directly overlie the Lidget, The mean thickness of thesequence is 18.01 m with a rangeof 14.68 m at St John's Collieryto 22.23 m at MethleyJunction Colliery; the sequence is thinest in the centre of the district.
The Haigh Moor Coals
Inthe south, at New SharlstonColliery, this group of coals is represented by a seam 3.02 m thick,comprising 3 leavesof coal up to 1 a29 m thick, separatedby dirt parting up to 0.84 m thick.Northwards, the lower two leaves separate fromthe upper to form a distinct seam.
The lower two leavesconstitute the Low or BottomHaigh Moor. Although it is commonly representedby 2 leaves, it may haveup to 4 leaves. The seam, includingpartings, is generallyabout 1.19 m thick. A 2nd-order trendsurface (Figure 8) suggests that the Low Haigh Moor thickensto the west.
Inthe south of thedistrict, the Low and Top Haigh Moor seams are separatedby as little as 0.30 m carbonaceousof mudstone or mudstone-seatearth.Northwards across the district, the parting thickens intomudstonewith siltstone. Where theparting thickens to more than 7 m sandstone,up to 3.30m thick, is persistentlyrecorded. A 2nd-ordertrend surfaceanalysis (Figure 9) illustrates the development of theparting.
TheTop Haigh Moor consistsof a single leaf of coal, upto 1 29 m thick, where it is combinedwith the Low Haigh Moor As the split betweenthe Low andTop Haigh Moor develops,another leaf, the Little Haigh Moor, develops beneaththe Top Haigh Moor . The Little Haigh Moor reaches a maximum thickness of 0. 43 m in BottomBoat Pit [ 358924881 and lies Om46 m below the Top Haigh Moor. 26 .O- I I I I I I I I I I I
25.0-
24.0-
23 .O-
22.0-
.. 21 .O-
20.0-
. 19.0.
1 8-..5. I I I I I 1 I I I I I .0 36.0 37.036.0 i .0 38 .0 40.039 00 x AXIS ~03 Y AXIS ~03
Figure 8 A computer generated 2nd order trend surface analysis of seam thickness for the Low Haigh Moor Coal. (Correlation Coefficent = 0.96) 26 .O- I I I I I I I I I I I
25 .O-
24 -0-
23 .O-
22.0-
21 .O-
20 .O-
19.0-
18.5-
Figure 9 A computer generated 2nd order trend surface analysis of strata thickness between the Low Haigh Moor and Top Haigh Moor coals. (Correlation Coefficent = 0.91 1 The Top and Little Haigh Moor seams havebeen extensively worked across the district. A compilationof Haigh Moor mine planssuggest that they were not worked beneath Normanton, althoughthere may beold workings, predating the Mining Acts, which are not recorded on anyplans.
Measuresbetween the Haigh Moor coals and the WarrenHouse.
There are several named, thinordiscontinuous coals and two major sandstonesin this interval, which is about 72.22 m thickbut varies from 56.90 m in Don Pedro Colliery to 106.35 m in Park Hill Colliery.
The TopHaigh Moor is generallyoverlain by mudstone, commonly withbands of ironstone,and thin sandstones and siltstones. At NelsonColliery,the thin Haigh Moor Ridercoal, lies 0.91 m abovethe Top Haigh Moor. The Haigh Moor Rock, a variableand discontinuous sandstone, is recordedin the Altofts,Park Hill, Don Pedroand Snydale collierie; it rangesin thickness from7.44 m to 24.38 m. Overlying it is the Swallow Wood, which is a thin butpersistent seam recordedin all butone of thelocal sections. Generally, it is up to 0.25 m thickbut 2 or 3 leavesseparated by dirt parting up to 0.64 m thick can also occur.
About8.48 m separate the Swallow Wood and 27 Yard coals. The latter seam is alsothin andpersistent occuring in all thelocal sections. It varies from a singleleaf of coal 0.05 m thick to 3 leavestotalling 0.79 m.
Above the 27 Yard,mostthe common lithology is mudstonewith smalleramountsof siltstone and a fewimpersistent sandstones less than 2.0 m thick. The bedsrange from 3.99 m inAltofts Colliery to 11.54 m inSt John'sColliery, and are overlainby the BeckBottom StoneCoal. This is againpersistent and is usually a singleleaf of coalup to 0.25 m thick. At Park Hill and in St John's No 2 shaft, the Beck Bottom is representedby 2 leaves separated by a dirt parting up to 0. 15 m thick.
The strata betweenthe Beck Bottomand the Warren House are veryvariable. Inthe north and west there is a thicksandstone, the Horbury Rock, in this
interval.Williamson and Giles ( 1384)and Giles andWilliamson (1985) notedthat its distribution was controlledbymajor syn-depositional faults,but these are notapparent in this district. The Horbury Rock is 24.3 m thickin Park Hill Colliery. At Altofts, Don Pedro, Oakenshaw and Whitwood collieries, a thicksequence ofsiltstone with thin bands of sandstones is present,probably representing overbank flood and crevass splay deposits associated with the Horbury Rock distributory channel.
Elsewhere,the sequence is dominatedby mudstone with up to 5 impersistent coals. The mostextensive of these is the Low Barnsleywhich is recorded at St John's 1 and2, New Sharlstonand Snydale collieries and inPark Hill Colliery No 55 UndergroundBorehole. It hasalso been workedfrom Park Hill Collieryin an area justsouth of Warmfield 1376220801. It normally comprises a two-leaf seam with a mean thickness of1.26 m including a dirt partingup to 0.15 m thick.Boreholes and shaft sections suggest - thatthe Low Barnsley lies between 3.51 m (St Jonh'sColliery) and 9.56 m (New SharlstonColliery) below the Warren House, although mine plansin the Warmfield area show thatthe Low Barnsley is separated from the Warren House by about 20 m of strata.
There is a generaleastwards thinning of the measures between the Beck Bottom Stoneand the Warren House. Thicknessvaries from 15.09 m in Don Pedro Colliery to 67.46 m in Park Hill Colliery.
WarrenHouse Coal
The seam has a mean thicknessof 1.76 m and a rangefrom 0.94 m in Parkhill Colliery No 1 UndergroundBorehole [3668 20923 to 2.22 m in WelbeckLane Borehole[3585 21591. An isometric diagram,Figure 10, illustrates the variationin the overall seam thickness. The seam is split into 3 to 8 leavesby a number of dirt partings, individually up to 1.02 m thick.
The upperleaves of the Warren House Coal locally combine to form a single leaf,up to 1.22 m thickwith 2 or 3 thinnerleaves beneath. In this
form,the combined upper leaves have been worked from Altoft Colliery. TWO small panelshave also been workedfrom Park Hill Colliery, where the seam comprises 4 to 6 leaves.
The seam hasbeen prospected to evaluate its opencastpotential in the north-west,where the boreholes show thatthe Warren House contains many thin, dirt partings. .3m 2.3 .lm 2.1 .Bm 1 .a .7m 1.7 .5m 1.5 .3m 1.3 .lm 1.1 r
36.0’
x AXIS we3 ‘19.8 Y AXIS wa3
viewed from the south-east, illustrating Figure 10 A computer generated isometric diagram, the variation in the thickness of the Warren House Coal. Vertical scale in metres. Measuresbetween the Warren House andKent's Thick
These strata are dominatedby mudstone, with siltstone, sporadic ironstones andsandstones upto 3.00 m thick.Several mussel bands have been identifiedin the Kirthorpe Lane[3544 22781 and Ward Land boreholes[3561 20451 A thin coal, theBarnsley Rider, is loggedin a majorityof local sections.For example 0.20 m of inferiorcoal lies 26.27 m abovethe WarrenHouse Coal inthe Ward LaneBorehole . On theother hand, a thin, impersistentcoal, lying only about 6 m abovethe Warren House Coal, at the opencastprospect east ofBottom Boat is probablynot the Barnsley Rider At Whitwood Colliery,13003 m ofsandstone washes out the Kent's Thick Coal and some underlyingmeasures.
The mean thicknessof the succession is 41.02 m, with a rangeof 34.66 m in theKirkthorpe LaneBorehole to 51 70 m in St John'sColliery, and a generalthinning to thenorth-north-east.
Kent'sThick Coal
Inthe north the Kent's Thick is eitherabsent or represented only by a sequenceof thin coals and mudstone-seatearths as at AltoftsColliery, or bysandstone, as at Whitwood Colliery where it is 13 m thick.In the south the seam is normally a singleleaf of coal, although 2 or 3 leaves may be present in places.
Where it is not split, theKent's Thick has been mined, for example, in thePark Hill and New Sharlstoncollieries; here, mine plans show thatthe seam reached a maximum thicknessof 1.47 m, Measuresbetween Kent's Thick and Kent's Thin
The mean thicknessof these beds is 16.15 m with a rangeof 12.42 m atAltofts Colliery to 18.71 m inPark Hill Colliery.
Mudstone is thedominant lithology with subordinate siltstone and a few bandsofironstone. Sandstones are locallypresent, as at park Hill Collierywhere there is 10.27 m ofsandstone. Kent'sThin Coal
This is normally a singleleaf of coal, between 0. 33 m thick at Altofts Collieryand 0.66 m thick at Park Hill Colliery.Locally a split develops which separates the seam into two leaveswith 0.08 m of carbonaceous mudstone , The Kent'sThin crops out on the south side of the Calder valley north of Altofts[3719 2371 3 , althoughthere are no sectionsand its exact outcrop is not known with certainty.
. -. ..-- . .
Measuresbetween Kent's Thin and Stanley Main
The sequence is dominatedby mudstone with lesser amountsof siltstone,and a thinsandstone 1.32 m thick is recorded at Park Hill Colliery. A similar sandstoneforms a feature on the side of the Calder valley north of Altofts
andnear Birkwood Farm [3608 23681 A thincoal is recorded 2.07 m below the Stanley Main in the Ward Lane Borehole
The mean thickness of these strata is 13.38 m with a rangefrom 9.91 m at
Altof ts Collieryto 18.40 m inthe Wakefield Power StationBorehole [ 3445 20201,which suggests a progressivesouth-westwards thickening.
Stanley Main Coal
The seam is thickestaround Normanton. It is normally 3 leaves of coal, At St John's Colliery lowest the "Main Coal" (1a09 m) is overlainby 0.19 m of Alum Shale,whilst the middle leaf is the "Lime Coal" (0.56 m) overlain by 0.22 m ofdirt. The upper most "Black Band Coal" is 0.61 m thick. The seam deteriorates awayfrom Normanton. Northwards it thins,and to thesouth it splits intothe Bottomand Top Beamshaw Coals. TO the east and west it splits intoseveral thin leaves. The seam has a mean thicknessfor the district of 2.57 m. It thickenssouthwest-wards (Figure
11 ) as thedirt parting betweenthe "Main" and "Lime" coalsdevelops, andthe seam reaches a maximum of 5.02 m at Oakenshaw Colliery; 54% of this is dirt partings. 5.00 5.00m 4.50 4.50m 4.00 4.00m 3.50 3.50m 3.00 3.00m 2.50 2.50m 2.00 c 2.00m
35.0
36.C
X AXIS W03 ‘19.0 Y AXIS Nl0 3
Figure 11 A computer generated isometric diagram, viewed from the south-east, illustrating the variation in thickness of the Stanley Main Coal. Vertical scale in metres. Around Normanton, the seam hasbeen extensively worked sincebefore proper miningrecords began. South of the Methley Junction Fault, the seam has been almost completely mined exceptfrom pillars protecting buildings and mine shafts.North of the Fault, the Stanley Main crops outjust north of Altofts, Numerous boreholesfor opencast and site investigations show that the seam hasbeen worked from adits and bell pits. Two small opencast sites, Birkwood Clump andBirkwood Common, extractedthe Stanley Main duringthe 1940's and 195O's, but further extraction was inhibitedby extensiveold workings, Red soils abovethe Stanley Main cropsuggest that anunderground fireoccurred in the disused workings at some time inthe past.
The Alum Shalerecorded at St John'sand at Park Hill Colliery was formerly mined separately;once processed, it is a valuablemordant for use in the dyeingindustry.
Measuresbetween the Stanley Main and Abdy
A pronouncedfeature is formedby a sandstoneabove the Stanley Main at Altofts.Boreholes in this area show that it is up to 7.20 m thickand that it either rests directly on theStanley Main orjust above it. Deep boreholesand shafts across the district show thatthe sandstone persists, andhas a maximum recordedthickness of 12.80 m, at St John'sColliery. Southwards,the sandstone is replacedby siltstone with sandstone bands. The mean overallthickness of the measures is 13.24 m.
Abdy Coal
The Abdy is onaverage 0.86 m thickranging from 0.60 m inthe Wakefield Power StationBorehole to 1.41 m Park Hill Colliery. The seam is normally in oneleaf but a dirtparting, up to 0.36 m thick is very common. The coalhas been workedfrom Park Hill and New Sharlston collieries.
Measuresbetween the Abdy and Two Foot
Mudstone is the main lithologyof these measureswith local beds of sandstoneup to 6.53 m thick. The mean thickness of the strata is 16.85 m, with a rangefrom 9.22 m at SnydaleColliery to 23.77 m at StanleyFerry Pit, The northwardthickening of themeasures is illustratedin Figure 12. A thincoal, known locally as the Crow Coal, is presentin the west, as a single bed0.29 m thick. It is onaverage 6.43 m belowthe TWO Foot Coaland possibly unites with the Two FootCoal inthe east ofthe district.
Two Foot Coal
This seam is representedby a singleleaf of coal with an average thickness of 0.64 m. At Park Hill Colliery, a thinparting develops within the seam splitting it into two leaves.This seam hasnot been worked, as far as is known worked within the district.
Measuresbetween the Two Footand Xeltonfield
The MaltbyMarine Band has been identified in the roof of the Two Foot Coal inthe WelbeckLane Borehole. It comprises 0.58 m ofblack, slightly silty, mudstonewith Lingula. Although not recorded in other sections, it is probablypresent throughout thedistrict. Mudstone withsporadic siltstoneand thin sandstone overlies the Maltby Marine Band. The average thicknessof these measures is 9.56 m with a rangeof 7.19 m (StanleyFerry
Pit) to 14.30 m (St John'sColliery).
MeltonfieldCoal
This seam is normallyrepresented by a singleleaf of coal, but it may be split by a usuallythin dirt parting. At Don PedroColliery this dirt parting is exceptionallythick, comprising 3.35 m ofmudstone. The seam, excludingthe Don PedroColliery record, has a mean thicknessof 0.66 m and is notrecorded as havingbeen being worked inthis district. The Meltonfield is washed outby the Woolley Edge Rock inthe shafts of St John's No. 2 Collieryand Altofts Colliery. 2 .O- I I I I I I I I I I I I I
/+m.sl / 24 .O-
23 .O-
22 .O- + 17 .W / /
21 .O-
20 .O-
/ / 19.0-
18.5- I I I I I I I I I I I I I 35.0 36.0 37.0 38.0 39.0 40.0 39.0 38.0 37.0. .0 36.0 35.0 1 0 x AXIS x103 Y AXIS x103
Figure 12 A computer generated 2nd order trend surface analysis of strata thickness between the Abdy and Two Foot coa!s. (Correlation Coefficent = 0.87) Measuresbetween the Meltonfield and Newhill
The Woolley Edge Rock is generallythe thickest sandstone in the sequence but is laterallydiscontinuous in places. It is exposedto the east of Normanton,where it forms a relativelylow-lying area now occupiedby the Normanton Industrial Estate. Numerous site investigationboreholes confirm its presence.
At GoosehillJunction [ 3760 22161, a railwaycutting records an excellent section of the Woolley EdgeRock, showing a sandstonechannel cut into sandymustones. Four facies can be identified. The first, at thebase of thesection, is anintraformational breccia composed ofgenerally flattened clasts ofmudstone, siltstone and ironstone in a fine-grained sandstonematrix. Within the breccia are large,angular, rotated blocks of silty,sandy mudstone, often showing trace fossilssuch as bivalve escape tubes.These blocks are upto about a cubic metre insize. The facies is interpreted as a bank-slump depasit, formed when the sides of a major distributorychannel become over-steepenedby rapid incision or by channel migration. Examplesof thishave been described from the Brahmaputra River by Coleman (1969:p163)
Above this, a secondfacies consists thicklyof bedded, slabby, fine-grained,trough cross-bedded sandstone with sporadic lenses of small intraformational clasts. Its base is sharplyerosive and cuts down into theunderlying facies. The maximum thickness of thefacies is 1.4 m and it containsup to 5 troughcross-bedded units vertically above each other. It yielded a few palaeocurrentmeasurements ranging between 290" and 358". The facies is interpreted as representingpreserved dunes that were migratingalong the base of thechannel.
The thirdfacies consists of about 8m oflenticular beds of sandstone,each between 2 and 3m thickand several tens of metres long.Internally, the sandstones are cross-laminatedand flaser-bedded with sporadic, isolated, intraformational clasts. The sandstonesresemble the ''type A sandunits" of Kirkof (1983) and are interpreted as representinglarge sand bars migrating along the palaeoriver. The fourthfacies, at thetop of the cutting, consists of thinly-bedded, flaggy,fine-grained, micaceous, laminated sandstones which are interbedded and interdigitatedwith thinly-bedded, laminated, sandy mudstones, They are thoughtto represent the final stages ofabandoned channel-fill. The wholesequence depositsof at theGoosehill Junction represents the progressive infilling of a major distributary channel.
Inboreholes, the Woolley Edge Rock reachsubstantial thicknesses; for example,up to 29.60 m ofsandstone is recordedin the Wakefield Power StationBorehole. Sandstones of the Woolley Edge Rock are recordedover a verticaldistance of some 45 m; from theMeltonfield Coal, which is washed outin places, tojust below the Newhill coal. A similar process as described for the Thornhill Rock is also thoughtto be operating here.
Newhill Coal
This seam is absentover much of thedistrict. It is onlyrecorded in theSnydale, Don Pedro,Heath Common andOakenshaw collieriesin the south and east, The seam is normally composed of a singleleaf of coal with a mean thicknessof 0.84 m, At Heath Common Colliery the seam is split by a single dirt parting, Om64 m thick.
Measuresbetween the Newhill and Swinton Pottery
These strata havean average thickness of about 20 m, Sectionsrecorded in BGS archives fromNormanton Quarries [ 3910 22161 andNormanton BrickQuarries [3800 22151show thatthe sequence is dominatelymudstones and siltstoneswith thin sandstones. Shaft sections fromSnydale, Don Pedroand Oakenshaw collieries confirmthis, A localdevelopment of sandstoneforms the bold feature onwhich theoriginal settlement of Normanton was built.This sandstone, which is probablynever more than 3m thick, is faultedto the south of the old townand thinsrapidly in this direction; it cannotbe traced as far as the Normanton BrickQuarries, The ClowneMarine Band shouldoccur in theroof of the Newhill Coal buthas not so far been identified in West Yorkshire.
SwintonPottery Coal
The SwintonPottery Coal is commonly representedby 2 leaves separated by a dirtparting up to 0.18m thick,although it canalso occur as 1 or 3 leaves,the latter havingdirt partings up to 0.30m thick. The seam is absent at New SharlstonColliery. The coal cropsout in the railway cuttingjust south of Normanton Station [ 3800 2261 ] and inbrick pits E3793 2265and 3737 22571, where it is a singleleaf between 0.20m and 0.30m thick. It hasbeen removed at thebrick pits and was "mined" inthe railwaycutting during the 1984 Miner's strike. The mudstone-seatearth beneaththe coal has a good reputation as a potteryclay andformerly was widely worked for this purpose in West Yorkshire.
The HoughtonMarine Band lies immediatelyabove the Swinton Pottery Coal. Dr N Riley (Pers Comm) examinedthe railway cutting immediately south of Normanton Stationand noted that the fauna in the strata abovethe Swinton PotteryCoal had a marine aspect. Dark greyand black mudstones are recordedabove the Swinton Pottery Coal thein brick pits east of Normanton, but no fossilshave been found in this section.
The sandstoneoverlying the HoughtonMarine Band is between 0.90 m and 2.00 m thickin the brick pits east ofNormanton, where it is fine-grained, cross-bedded,micacous and carbonacous. Even though it is so thin,the sandstoneforms a pronouncedfeature between the brick pits and to the southof Normanton. In thebrick pit at [379322651, thissandstone is overlain by 1 20 m ofgrey mudstone which is in turn succeeded by 1.20 m of massive,fine-grained, flaggy sandstone which thins rapidly westwards and cannotbe traced as far as Ruddings Wood [3725 22721. mrth ofRuddings Wood, thelowest beds ofthe OaksRock form a boldhill which is fault-boundedto the north. At Heath[3557 20041, the OaksRock is in two leavesseparated by 7m to 8 m ofmudstone. The lower leaf is some 15 m thickand forms a steep bluff onwhich Heath Villagestands, abovethe River Calder. The lowerleaf thins rapidly northwards and cannot be tracednorth of Kirkthorpe [3630 21081. At Low Wood Quarry[3554 20431, the Oaks Rock is a fine-grained,planar cross-bedded sandstone. Palaeocurrent directions are consistently to thenorth-west.
The lowerleaf of the Oaks Rock hasthin coals above and below it. Near theboathouse [ 3583 20781 , several small exposures of a thincoal, 0.10 m thickresting on a mudstoneseatearth, are recordedbeneath the Oaks Rock. BGS archivesrecord the former exposure of a thin coal inKirkthorpe Lane, [362420981, between the two leavesof the OaksRock. In a railwaycutting [ 368720331 the same coal 0.15 m thickand contains a 0.03 m dirt parting; it is overlain by 2.40 m ofmudstone which in turn is overlainby the upper leafof the OaksRock.
The last is thinnerbut more persistentthan the lower leaf of the Oaks Rock. It forms a pronouncedbluff above the River Calder at Kirkthorpe. The featurecontinues southwards to the limit ofthe map andnorthwards until it is lost beneath the colliery waste from St John'sColliery and the driftdeposits of the Calder valley. In a railwaycutting east ofChurch Field [3660 20931 theupper leaf of the OaksRock variesin thickness up to a maximum of 2.90 m. There are two distinctfacies present; the lower has anerosive base and is shapedlike a channel, some 50 m wideand 1.40 m deep at its maximum. Internally, it is a fine-grained,massive, cross-laminated,flaser-bedded sandstone. The upperfacies is a more extensivesheet offine-grained, medium-bedded andtrough cross-bedded sandstone.
The Oaks Rock is recordedin all theborehole penetrating these measures.
A geophysicallog ofthe WelbeckLane Borehole records 31.20 m of sandstone,the maximum recordedthickness in the district. Many ofthe sections also record 3 persistent thin coals.
Opencastprospecting around Gled Hill [3633 20501 consistentlyrecorded oneand, sporadically, two thincoals above the upper leaf of the Oaks Rock. Inthe railway cutting east of ChurchField, a 0.3 m coal is recorded 2.40 m abovethe OaksRock. East of the district, theSnydale and Don Pedrocollieries record the WheatworthCoal. It is worked near Glass Houghton but is worthless at the above collieries anddisappears completely a short distance westwards.
The successionbetween the top ofthe Oaks Rock andthe AegiranumMarine Band is dominantlymudstone with thin sandstones. One ofthese sandstone caps thethree prominent hills north-east of Heathand must lie closeto the horizonof the Sutton Marine Band butthe latter hasnot been recorded in the district.
UPPER COAL MEASURES (Westphalian C)
Aegiranum (Mansfield)Marine Band
Inthe railway cutting beneath Kirkthorpe LaneBridge E3695 2101 3, a sectionthrough the AegiranumMarine Band reads:
Mudstone,dark grey, fisside, fossiliferous to 1.10 m+
Silstoneankeritic, fossiliferous, lenticular to 0.41 m
Mudstone,dark grey, fossiliferous to 0.36 m
Coal,inferior to 0.08 m
Mudstone, seatearth to 0.80 m
The the AegiranumMarine Band hasalso beenidentified in theshafts at StanleyFerry, New Sharlstonand Snydale collieries.
Measuresbetween the Aegirnaum Marine Band andthe Houghton Thin Coal
Thesemeasures are recordedin the shafts of New Sharlstonand Stanley Ferrycollieries wherethey are 31.85 m and 24.4 m thick,respectively. In bothsections the strata comprisesmudstone passing upwards into siltstone.These beds form a steep featurelessscarp-slope beneath the Warmfield Rock west ofWarmfield. SHAFTON MARINE BAND -I SHAFTON COAL E-E - MAIN “ESTHERIA” BAND
THIN COAL - THIN COAL - THIN COAL - THIN COAL SHARLSTON TOP COAL SHARLSTON MUCK COAL INCLUDING A TONSTEIN SHARLSTON LOW COAL
WARMFIELD ROCK
SHARLSTON YARD COAL HOUGHTON THIN COAL
AEGIRANUM MARINE BAND
Figure 13 Generalised sequence of the Westphalian C rocks of the Normanton district HoughtonThin Coal
At New SharlstonColliery the seam is 0.41 m thick. At StanleyFerry Colliery, it comprises two leavesseparated by 0.38 m mudstone-of seatearth. The HoughtonThin crops inthe steep scarp-slopeformed by the Warmfield Rock, west of Warmfield. It was worked opencasthere in the Gap Lane Site, the seam comprising a singleleaf of coal 0.38 m thick. At the SnydaleOpencast Site the seam was between Om 23 m and 0.89 m thickwith a thincannel coal forming an upper leaf. Old unrecordedworkings in the coal were uncoveredduring excavations at the site.
Measuresbetween the Houghton Thin Coal and the Sharlstongroup of coals
The strata betweenthe HoughtonThin and theSharlston Yard, thelowest seam inthe Sharlston group of Coals,varies from 3.05 m to 8.53 m. At New SharlstonColliery and in Gap LaneOpencast Site, thesebeds were mudstones andsiltstones, whilst at SnydakOpencast Site severalsandstones were alsorecorded from thesemeasures.
The Sharlstongroup of coals
There are 4 main seams, theSharlston Top, Sharlston Muck, Sharlston Low andSharlston Yard.
At New SharlstonColliery these seams occurwithin 43.30 m of strata. The measurescrop out largely along the Morley-Campsall Fault Belt and in thesouth-east of thedistrict, where theCoals represent a majorreserve of coal recoverable by opencast mining.
The Sharlston Yard is normallyrepresented by a single leaf of coal 0.50m to 1.00 m thick.Locally a thin,inferior, lower leaf may developwhich is separated from theupper leaf by between 0.05 m and 0.23 m ofmudstone, NO abandonment plans exist of the seam havingbeen wanted but disused workings were discovered in both Gap Laneand Snydale opencast sites. A mean thickness of27.93 of strata separatesthe Sharlston Yard and Sharlston Low coals.These measures are dominatedby the Warmfield Rock, a fine-grained, medium bedded,flaggy sandstone up to 30.30 m thick. The most common sedimentarystructure inthe sandstone is throughcross- bedding. The rock is thickestnear Warmfield and thins markedly westwards until it diesout west ofGoosehill Bridge [ 3772521621. It alsothins eastwards, but still forms some pronounceddip-and-scarp slope north of New SharlstonColliery, although it is absentin the colliery shaft, where it is replacedby 25.96 m of mudstone. The Warmfield Rock probablyrepresents a major distributary channel sandstone.
The Sharlston Low is between 0.81 m and1.13 m thick,and normally consists of a single leaf of coalbut at SnydaleOpencast site aninferior, pyritic coalupto 0.18 m thick is recordedin the roof measures. The seam is exposed in a railwaycutting near Goosehill Bridge, the detailed section beingrecorded in Greenand others (1886) . The Sharlston Low was worked locally prior to the statutary lodgement of mineabandonment plans, so many disusedworkings are unrecorded,especially along theoutcrop. Such workings were encounteredinthe Gap Lane I1 Opencast Site and in Sharlston No 3 Borehole E3880 20041.
The Sharlston Low and Muck coalsalmost join within the present district. West of GoosehillBridge, a mudstone parting of as little as 0.15m separates the two seams. At the Gap Lane I1 Opencast Site nearWarmfield, theparting between the two seams is less than 1 m thick,whilst at Syndale Opencast Site the seams are separated byup to 3.40 m ofmudstone.
The Sharlston Muck is a variable seam, up to 1 -68 m thick, in the Sharlston No 5 Borehole [ 385319921 A more typicalsequence is representedby the secton at Gap Lane I1 Opencast Site:-
Coal 0.05m Irons tone 0 .03m Coal 0.30m Muds tone 0.08m Coal 0.37m Inthe Pineapple Prospect, west ofWarmfield, borehole record a well developedtonstein with the coal, which is alsovisible in the section at GoosehillBridge. The seam hasalso been mined extensivelyalong its outcropbut, like the Sharlston Low no planssurvive; disused workings were recordedfrom Gap Lane I1 OpencastSite and Sharlston No 4 Borehole[3833 19641.
The measuresbetween the Sharlston Muck andSharlston Top rangefrom 4.57 m
.... to 16.76 m mudstonesand siltstones are thedominant lithologies but subordinatesandstones may bepresent, for example, at Goosehillcutting, 3.40 m ofsandstone is recordedabove the Sharlston Muck. Sharlston CollieryDrift Proving Borehole No 1 [3827 20031 also records two thin coalsabove the Sharlston Muck.
The Sharlston Top is veryvariable. At New SharlstonColliery it is a singleleaf 1 -02 m thick,whilst at Gap Lane I1 Opencast Site it is split into 3 leavesup to 0.46 m thickand separated by mudstone partings
upto 0.17 m thick. The seam varies from Om46 m thickin Sharlston NO 4 Boreholeto 1 10 m thick at SharlstonColliery Drift Proving Borehole NO 1 Disusedworkings are provedin many boreholesthat penetrate this seam and were exposedduring operations at Snydaleand Gap Lane 11 opencast sites.
Measuresbetween the Sharlston group of coals and theShafton
Thesemeasures have an average thickness of68.80 m and are dominantly mudstone. A series ofthin, discontinuous coals are recordedimmediately abovethe Sharlston Top andabout 30 m higherin the sequence is the Estheria Band; this hasbeen consistently recorded in opencast prospecting boreholesand is normally less than 1.50 m thick. Above theEstheria Band is a sandstoneup to 5.50 m thick, whichforms a pronouncedlinear ridge north-east of Warmfield.
Shafton Coal
The seam is normallyrepresented by a singleleaf up to 1.35 m thick withan average thickness of 1 .13 m. Locallythe seam is splitinto two leaves by a dirt parting about 0.15 m thick,Opencast prospecting boreholes suggestthat it hasbeen locally worked closeto crop but no abandonment plansof these disused workings exist,
Measuresabove the Shafton Coal
A pronouncedfeature aligned across Woodhouse Common [3820 21141 and to Woodhouse Grange [ 3774 21521 is formedby a substantialbut un-named sandstone up to 24.70 m thick. It thinsappreciably towards New Sharlston where is is onlyabout 10 m thick, The sandstone is separatedfrom the underlyingShafton Coal by as little as 2.50 m ofmudstone. Above the sandstone is a sequenceof mudstones which contain the 0.70 m thickShafton Marine Band lying about 31.00 m abovethe shafton, 3 STRUCTURE
The dipof the beds is generally less thanfive degrees though local flexuresnearfaults to noticeably steepen thedip. There is no consistentdirection of dip across the district since the direction varies from fault-blockfault-block.to The direction of dipalso changes verticallythrough the sequence where thedip is lowand theeffects of differentialcompaction of the sediments becomes significant.
The majorNE-trending faults of the Oulton area (Giles andWilliamson 1985) continueinto the northof the present district (figure 14) , The main normalfaults, such as theMethley Junction Fault, have throws of up to 105 me A second set ofnormal faults, with trends between E and ESE, has smaller throws
The centreof the district is structurally more complex, Faulting is again theprincipal feature. The Morley-Campsall Fault Belt is ofconsiderable complexityand much ofthe detail is deducedfrom archival data, some of which is open to severalinterpretations. Within the Fault Belt, dipsand strike are highlyvariable and there are numerous crossfaults. Former surveys suggested that the structure was a down-faultedtrough but this has proved to bean oversimplification of the available data. The throws of theboundary faults are veryvariable, and are takenmainly from mine- plans,supplemented by data from opencast exploration; along most of its length the Belt probablyhas an overall throw down to the Southe
On thenorth side of the Fault Belt, major faultbranches have variable throws;for example, the Normanton StationFault throws about 75 m near Normanton Stationbut only 5 m at NormantonGolf Course, where it is terminatesagainst a crossfault. Other faults behave similarly, showing an initialbranch with large throws away from theFault Belt followedby a change intrend to become sub-parallelto the Fault Belt, wichcoincides with a progressivedecrease in throw,
Southof the Morley-Campsall Fault Belt, thepattern of majorNE-trending normalfaults is re-established,together with a minor set ofNW-trending normalfaults. 20 35 40
LFault at surface; crossmark indicates downthrow side
Figure14 Sketch map of the major faults Folding is usuallyin the formof broad open structures. For example, in thefault-bounded block north of the Morley-Campsall Fault Belt and east of theMethley Junction Fault, a broad,gentle anticline is developed. It can be particularly well seenon the Beeston Seam mine plans. A broad, open andplunging anticline can be detected on theStanley Main plansbetween theMorley-Campsall Fault Belt andthe Oakenshaw Fault.
Jointplanes are common and are best seenin the thicker sandstones. They are mostlyvery steep orvertical, and generally comprise two conjugate sets. Regionally,however, they vary considerably in trend and no general patterncan be discernedfrom the sparse data available. The jointsnear thesurface may openwhere undermined, causing noticeable fissures. This hasbeen noted when sites havebeen been cleared of topsoil prior to development.
Cambering of limited extenthas been recorded at some localities where sandstones cap hills or formpronounced breaks in slopes. 4. DRIFT GEOLOGY
The Quaternarydrift deposits comprise Till, River Terrace Deposits, Alluvium, Peat, Head and Blown Sand.About 20 to 25% ofthe area is coveredby mappable driftdeposits, mainly located in the Calder valley. Scattered,isolated patches of till, alluviumand head are spreadover the rest thedistrict.of Thematic Geological Map (TGM) 1 shows the distribution of the drift deposits.
4.1 REGIONAL SETTING
Duringthe Quaternary times, West Yorkshire was affectedby several cold episodes.Prior to the Ipswichian the region was coveredby ice on at least oneoccasion. Deposits relating to pre-Ipswichian glaciation show no constructionalfeatures and are usuallyextensively weathered and decalcified. They are preserved as erodedremnants on theinterfluves.
Ipswichiandeposits dating from the last interglacial are poorlyrecorded. Bones oftwo adultsand one juvenile Hippopotamus were found in the Terrace Deposits of theRiver Aire (Denny1854) although the precise locationof these finds is not accurately known.
Inthe most recent glaciation, during the Dimlington Stadia1 (Rose 1985), ice advanced down the Vale ofYork, briefly as farsouth as Doncasterbut the more northerlymoraines at York andEscrick represent a more persistent southern limit tothe advance. Ice alsoaccumulated on thePennines producingsubstantial valley glaciers whichflowed down the mainPennine dales.
It is probablethat the Normanton district was free of ice for much ofthe Devensian, as themajor ice-sheets terminated to the north and west ofthe district.Fluvio-glacial deposits were laid down underperi-glacial conditionsin the major dales during the advance andsubsequent retreat of the ice. At the time of maximum glaciationand for a periodduring the retreat, a substantialpro-glacial lake, Lake Humber, covered much ofthe Vale of York. Its initiallevel was at about 30 m A.O.D. (Edwards 1936) , and this is marked byisolated patches of shore-line gravels along the edge ofthe Pennines and along the York-Escrick Moraine. The level of Lake Humber subsequentlydropped to between 7 and 8m A.O.D. Followingthe climatic amelioration at theend ofthe Devensian, Lake Humber was drained and meanderingriver systems developed in the major dales,re-sorting andre-depositing the fluvio-glacial deposits.
Till is confinedto isolated thin patches in the east ofthe district. NO good sections of the till havebeen observed during the resurvey, so it is difficultto identify with certainty. Near Ashfield[3870 23291, a stoney clay was ploughed inthe fields, On NormantonGolf Course [3960 22331, the bedrockfeatures are maskedby a driftdeposit, shown inshallow drainage ditchesto be stony, In conjunctionwith its topographicalposition, this evidencesuggests that it is till.
4.3 RIVER TERRACE DEPOSITS
TWO terraces fringethe alluvium of the River Calder and are equivalentto thoseoriginally recognised by Green and others (1878) and Edwardsand others ( 1940). They were laid down in complex fluvial and fluvial-lacustrineenvironments and therefore show rapidlithological variationboth vertically and horizontally,ranging fromlaminated clays through silts andsands to coarse gravel.
SecondRiver Terrace Deposits
Only smallisolated areas of thisdeposit are preserved. The most widespread is northof Altofts around [ 3700 24001 where a rolling terrace featurewith sandy to pebbly soil is preserved,Ditches across the terrace suggestthat it is here less than 7 m thick. A similar terrace feature is developed west ofLady Gordon's Bridge [3676 21381. Here, a dissectedand undulating terrace has a sandysoil with sporadic pebbles which contrasts markedlywith the heavy, mudstone-derived soils of thesurrounding fields.
First River Terrace Deposit
This terrace forms a broadfeature [355 2201 tothe east ofthe former Park Hill Colliery. Most ofthe thicker parts of the deposit have been exploitedfor sand and gravel and the resulting pits backfilled or left derelict.Prospecting boreholes, drilled prior to the extraction of the sandand gravel, indicated that it was up to 9.8 m thick. The deposit is dominantlysandy gravel but with varyingproportions of sand and gravel. It is normallyclean but sporadically 'clayey'. Thin, discontinuous bands of clayand silt were also recorded.
A thinribbon of the First Terrace Deposit is alsopreserved north of
. .. . AI tOf tS Little is known aboutthe terrace hereexcept that Fox pit records 5.4 m of"sand" at thetop of the shaft.
4.4 ALLUVIUM
The alluvium is the most extensive of the drift deposits andforms a broad spreadup, to 1 a4 km wide, inthe valley of the River Calder. The deposit was formedcomparatively' recently byprogressive deposition from the meanderingriver. No sectionsthrough the alluvium were availablefor examinationduring there-survey but numerous prospectingand site investigationboreholes show thatthe deposit is up to 12.2 m thick. At thesurface, the deposits are varied,ranging from gravel to fine silts and clays At depth,they are more consistentlygravel with cobbles and sporadicboulders up to 0.7 m in diameter.
Parts ofthe river may havebeen artifically straightened and constrained by artificial banksand the construction of the railway near Kirkthorpe truncated a meanderwhich is now partly silted.
Small strips ofalluvium occur along Choke Churl Beck ( 39532465) andan unnamed stream [ 38021 61 north of Woodhouse Grange.
An area of wet low-lyingalluvium north of Park Hill Colliery is coveredby
thinpeat as is a smallerarea ofalluvium east ofBirkwood Bridge E3589 23951. No data is available on thethickness of these deposits. 4. 6 HEAD
Head is theterm applied to deposits formed initially by the slow downslope movement of material under periglacial conditions of alternate freezing and thawing. Some of thesedeposits are probably still moving todayunder the actionof present-day weathering and plant growth. Many ofthe deposits in thelocal valleys come underthis heading and comprise mixtures of soft clay,sands and angular rock fragments, including all rocktypes in the substratum. Head may bepresent over much of theground and commonly is a yellow,sandy clay lacking incohesion and stability. It tendsto be thickerin hollows and to haveaccumulated against obstructions on slopes. A substantialpolymict deposit thought to be mainly head has been mapped [ 388 2351 nearAshfield. The head is generally less than 2 m thick,but may exceedthis in some ofthe main valleys. It is notpossible to indicate its completedistribution due to its thinness and its lack of distinguishingcharacteristics. It should be assumed to presentbe everywhereunless proved otherwise during site investigation.
4. 7 BLOWN SAND
A small area ofrecent blown sandhas been deposited E3553 20701 where sand,derived from power station waste deposits,has been blown against a pre-exis ting embankment. 5. MADE GROUND
Made Ground, constructed from a variety ofsources and materials, covers a considerablepart of the area. Due tothe inherent variability ofsuch deposits,detailed and careful site investigations are necessarywhere they are to be built on so as todetermine their thickness, compressibility andchemical content. Six main categories are distinguished below; recordedthicknesses are extremelyvariable.
5.1 LANDSCAPED GROUND
Thiscategory covers the ground beneath recent housing developments, schools,industrial estates andrecreational areas where theoriginal groundsurface is likelyto have been modified by earth moving operations. Such areas may or may not be coveredby Made Groundmore than 1.5 m thick, which hasbeen taken as thearbitrary limit for mapped deposits,and it is virtually impossible to determine accurately the thickness of such deposits present without a comprehensive investigation .
5.2 MADE GROUND,UNDIFFERENTIATED
Thiscategory includes major road and motorwayembankments, railway embankmentsand othergeneral constructional areas. Therethickness is generally more easily estimated and within a development area, such depositscan be widespread.
So3 BACK-FILLEDQUARRIES
Excavationsof sandstone, of clays for brickmaking and of sand and gravel are scattered across the area. Many havebeen back-filled so that commonly there is little surfaceindication of theirformer extent. In most instances,archival records have supplied the details of the former pit or quarrybut there is generally little information on thenature or state of compactionof the fill. 5.4 BACK-FILLED OPENCAST COAL SITES
There are numerousformer opencast coal sites inthe district, as shown on theaccompanying Thematic map. Such sites are effectivelylandscaped and restored.
5.5 COLLIERY WASTE TIPS
These tips are a conspicuousfeature of parts of thedistrict especially alongthe Calder valley. They generallyconsist of pyrite mudstoneand sandstone but there may also be a considrable proportion of coal.
5.6 GENERAL REFUSE TIPS
Domesticand industrial refuse contains a wideadmixture of materials which may, upon burial,produce problems of instability and thepossible emission of methane.Archival data have proved inadequate inindicating the positions of all waste-tips and it is likelythat not all havebeen located . 6 0 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
60 1 COAL
Coal is still raised inthe district at New SharlstonColliery. No opencastcoal production is currentlyactive but several sites havebeen prospectedfor possible future production. Almost the entire district has been subject to undergroundmining for coal, exceptfor pillars protecting settlements,canals, rivers andshafts, Numerous shafts,backfilled opencast coal sites, shallowmines, deep minesand several large waste tips are a legacythat the coal industry has bequeathed tothe district. Opencastmining has been extensive thein past. Many of the sites exploitedthe Sharlston coals; prospectingofthis group ofcoals is continuingand further production from them cannot be excluded,Recent improvements in methodsof excavation has lead tothe prospecting of deeper coalswhich it is now feasible to work,
6 0 2 MINESTONE
Extensive areas of colliery spoil lie adjacent to the sites ofseveral former collieries. Some ofthis spoil is now regarded as a resourceof 'minestone',which can be processedto meet specificationsfor a wide varietyof uses such as fillfor embankments or river and sea defences, landreclamation and brick-making. Minestone was extractedfrom West RidingColliery Tip [3933 24721 inthe financial year 1983/84, butsince transportcosts constitute so large a proportion of thetotal costs, the market is dependant upon local demand.
60 3 FIRECLAY
Some mudstone-seatearths are exploited for fireclay.In particular, the seatearthof the Better Bed Coal was extensively worked to thesouth-east of Leeds. However, it hasbeen proved at onlyone shaft in this district, andhas not been worked, The mudstone-seatearth of theSwinton pottery Coalhas been worked for refractory clay at St John's Field [372522521, 6 4 IRONSTONE
Many sectionsshaftsin andboreholes record bands andlenses of ironstone. Collieries tothe south of Leeds which worked theBlack Bed Coal commonly alsoextracted the overlying ironstone-rich strata. Inthis district little Black Bed Coal was worked,and apparently noneof the overlyingironstones, Thick bands ironstoneof are known abovethe Middleton Main andFlockton Thick, but again there is noevidence of their havingbeen worked.
6.5 MUDSTONE AND CLAYSTONE
The mudstonesand claystones ofthe Coal Measures have very variable physicalproperties. However, severalhorizons have been worked as brick- clays.For example, several pits haveworked the strata aboveand below theSwinton Pottery Coal formost ofthis century. Several smaller brick-pitshave been opened in the strata abovethe Sharlston Top, but none ofthese is currently active.
6 6 SANDSTONE
No economicallyimportant sandstone crops out in the area. Most ofthe sandstones of anythickness have been exploited in the past forbuilding stone. Most ofthese pits are small and thestone is inferior. For example, a minorquarry in the Warmfield Rock [3725 21223 seems tohave supplied stone for local walls andfarm buildings.
6.7 SAND AND GRAVEL
Much theofpotentially workable sand and gravel has already been extracted.This was inthe first Terrace Deposits ofthe Calder and their extensionbeneath alluvium. The little thatremains is mainlycovered by colliery spoil tips.
6 8 HYDROCARBONS
Speculativestructure contour maps basedon shaft, borehole and mine-plan data indicateseveral anticlinal closures in the district. To the east, stratigraphicallybelow the Productive Coal Measures, some Westphalianand Namuriansandstones are known reservoirrocks. 7. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GEOLOGY AND LAND-USE PLANNING
The two principalgeological factors whichhave implications for land-use planning are subsidence(mainly related to shallowmining) and the extent ofmineral resources. To illustratethe controlling factors, TGM 1,2 and 4 show the distribution of drift deposits, made groundand underground mining respectivelyand Figure 14 shows theposition of themajor faults.
7 1 SUBSIDENCE
New SharlstonColliery is the last workingcolliery in the district but in
therecent past, mines were much more numerous. Much of tile districthas beenmined at depth,the principal seams beingthe Beeston, Middleton ElevenYard, Middleton Main, Flockton,Haigh Moor, WarrenHouse, Kent's Thick,Stanley Main, Abdy, HoughtonThin, Sharlston and Shafton.
Shallowmining and crop workings are known fromseveral parts of the district,such as at Altofts where theStanley Main was worked,and at Warmfield Common where theSharlston coals were exploited. Many ofthe opencast sites andprospects recorded evidence of shallow much earlier miningin the Stanley Main, Sharlston andShafton coals. On thisbasis, shallowmining is likelyto have occurred wherever these seams lie within 30 m of thesurface. Where mininghas taken place, subsidence is likely for some time after thedate of mining, depending upon thedepth of the workings,type of extraction pattern, the geological conditions and the ageofmining; it cannot.be assumed that all settlementhas ceased, particularly where pillar-and-stallworkings are involved.Within the areas whereshallow mining is likely, detailed site investigations are necessary prior to any development.
Numerous abandonedshafts are recordedin the district, but there may also be many unrecordedones. In some cases, severalshafts are shown closely groupedon the geological map. Suchoccurences may representthe same shaftdifferently locating ontwo or more archival documents.The exact locationshaftsof should given be high priority during site investigations,since some may onlybe capped; others may havebeen filled, butcompaction of thefill has left a voidbeneath a surfacecapping. In each case there is a potentialhazard to construction. The possibilityof localized subsidence along faults which intercept a mining wave should also be bornein mind. Natural movement alongfaults cancause subsidence but such movements are extremely rare. It is much more common forsubsidence to.be concentrated along a fault when coal extractionhas occurred onone sideof it. Such,subsidence tends to be most intense when workingsapproach the fault from the upthrow side. A good exampleof thistype of subsidence can be seen south of NormantonGolf Course 13960 22331. These effects mustbe considered when developments are planned in faulted areas-where mining is active.
Differentialcompaction may occurwhere different parts of a site are underlaindifferen-tby rocks. This can arise from theoriginal sequenceof the rocks or where differing lithologies are throwntogether by faults. The hazard may also arise when part ofthe site rests onbedrock andthe remainder lies onpoorly compacted fill.
7,2 MINERAL RESOURCES
Inplanning the development of a district, considerationshould begiven to sitingmajor constructions where they will notprohibit the future exploitationof mineral resources, if possible,workable minerals should be extractedin advance of development.
Some parts ofthe present district are underlainby coal at shallow depth, themost important seams -beingthe Warren.House, Houghton Thin, Sharlston andShafton, . Few recordsexist of theextent offormer mining inthese seams. Throughout much ofthe district, they are regarded as prime targets forextraction by opencast methods.Currently, opencast coal prospecting is takingplace and it is likely-that new opencast sites may beproposed.
7.3 OTHER CONSTRAINTS ON LAND-USE PLANNING.
Slope movements cancause foundation problems. Certain slopes show evidenceofcambering, especially where a competentsandstone forms a distinctbreak in slope on a hillsideotherwise underlain by mudstone. In thesecircumstances, blocks of thecoherent rock can become detached from theoutcrop and slide down theslope. Similar cambering of bothsolid and superficialdeposits canoccur when slopesare cut into or artifically over-steepened; in extreme cases, massmovement of rockcan occur.
A smallnatural landslip is recordedwest of Gled Hill [3634 20501, butlocal experience suggests that most landslipsoccur within made ground deposits . 8. THEMATIC GEOLOGY MAPS
Fourthematic geology maps havebeen produced to illustrate various aspects ofthe geology in a readilyassessable form for use inpresent and future planningand development.
MAP 1 DISTRIBUTION OF DRIFT DEPOSITS
Fluvialand Glacial deposits shown. Head and downwash are alsowidespread, mantling much ofthe solid rocks, but because the occurences are thinand lackingin distinguishing characteristics, it is notpossible to delimit them accuratelyand few are shownon the map. The deposits are discussed in more detail in Section 4 of this report.
MAP 2 DISTRIBUTION OF MADE GROUND
Sixcategories of Made Ground are distinguished. The categories are (i) LandscapedGround (ii) Made Ground, undifferentiated (iii) Back-filled Quarries(iv) Back-filled Opencast Coal Workings (v) Colliery Waste Tips (vi)General Refuse Tips. They are discussedin Section 5.
MAP 3 BOREHOLE LOCATIONS
The locationsof all known boreholesand ofthose areas whereshallow drillinghas been particularly intensive are shown; therecords of the holesform part of theBritish Geological Survey's archives. However, it is recognised that not all past boreholeshave been recorded.
MAP 4 UNDERGROUND AND OPENCAST MINING
Coalhas been extracted in this area since at least, the late eighteenth century.Records and large-scale plans of abandoned mines held by British Coalhave been examined and provide much information on theextent of disusedworkings. However, many of theolder workings, comprising numerous bell-pitsand pillar-and-stall workings, have no known plans.Their presencecan be inferred only from boreholes, old shafts and tips, andfrom archivalinformation. Disused coal workings are present at depthsranging fromimmediately subsurface to over 600 m. An arbitarydepth of 30 m has beenchosen to separate shallow and deep workings.
Fourcategories of ground are shown on Map 4. (i)areas where coal is known orinferred to have been worked less than 30 m belowrockhead; (ii)areas where coal is known orinferred to havebeen worked at depthsgreater than 30 m belowrockhead; (iii)areas where coalhas been workedby theopencast methodand (iv) areas wherenoworkings are known. Particular care is required when developments are planned in areas where thethicker coals (Haigh Moor, WarrenHouse, Methley Park, Stanley Main) are close tothe surface, as oldpillar-and-stall workings may standfor many years, possiblycollapsing only after changes in groundwater conditions or after loading at critical pointssuch as undergroundroadway intersections.
The map also shows thepositions of mineshafts, though it is unlikelythat all havebeen located. Both former and active opencast sites are shown, buttheinformation given on ‘;he map is generalised. For detailed informationon former shafts and mining subsidence problems, reference shouldbe made to British Coal. REFERENCES
Anderton, Rm, Bridges, PoHm, Leeder, MmRm andSellwood, BOW. 1979. A Dynamic Stratigraphyof the British Isles. (London,George
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Broadhurst, F.M., Simpson, 1.M. andHardy, P.G. 1980,Seasonal sedimentationin the Upper Carboniferous of England. J. Geol, VO1.88, pp 639-651
Buringh, Pm 1970. Introductionto the study of soils intropical andsubtropical regions. Wageningen Centrefor Agricultural Publishingand Documentation, Netherlands.
Calver, MOA. 1968a.Distribution of WestphalianMarine Faunas in NorthernEngland and adjoining areas. Proc.Yorks Geol. Socm VOlm 37, pp 1-72.
Calver, MOA. 196833. CoalMeasures Invertebrate Faunas in Murchison DOG. andWestoll TmSo (Editors).Coal and coal bearing strata, Oliverand Boyd, Edinburgh.
Calver, MmAm 1969.Westphalian of Britain. CmRm 6me Cong. Inst. Strat. Geol.Carb., Sheffield 1967, 1, 233-54.
Coleman, JmMo 1969. BrahmaputraRiver: Channel Processes and
Sedimentation, Sediment.Geol., VOlm 3, pp 129-239.
Coleman, JmMm andPrior, D.B. 1980. Deltaic SandBodies. Am. Ass.
Petrol. Geol. ShortCourse Notes. NO. 15, 171 pp.
Dean, T, 1935. Some ooliticironstones from the Coal Measures of Yorkshire.Trans. Leeds Geol. Ass. VOlm 5, pp.161-187. Denny, Ha 1854. On thediscovery of hippopotamic and other remains inthe neighbourhood of Leeds. Proc. Yorkshire Polytech. Geol. SOCo Vola 3,pp 321-3260
Duff, Pa MCLm Dm andWalton, EmKa 1962. Statisticalbasis for cyclothems: A quantitativestudy of the sedimentary succession inthe east Penninecoalfield. Sedimentology, Vol 1, pp 235-255.
Duff, Pa McL. D., Hallam, Am , andWalton, EmKm 1967. Cyclic Sedimentation. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Eager, RmMmCm 1962. New Upper Carboniferousnon-marine lamellibranchs. Palaeontology. Vola 5, pp307-339.
Eager, RmMmCm andRayner, DmHm 1952. A non-marine shellylimestone and otherfaunal horizons from thecoal measures near Wakefield,
Trans.Leeds Geol. ASS. Vol 6, pp 188-209.
Eames, TmDm 1975. Coalrank and gas source relationships: Rotliegendes reservoirs. In: Petroleumand the continental shelf of north-west Europe, AmWm Woodland (ea.), 191-204.London. AppliedScience Publishers.
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Fielding, C.R. 1984a.Upper deltaplain lacustrine and fluviolacustrine faciesfrom the Westphalian of the Durham coalfield, NE England. Sedimentology Vol 31,pp 547-567. Fielding, CmRm 1984bm A coaldepositional model forthe Durham Coal
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MINE ABONDONMENT PLANS EXAMINED IN THE PREPARATION OF THESE MAPS AND REPORT
A. OFFICIAL CATALOGUE
821 NE 109 NE 682 1621 NE 237 NE 682 1651 NE 265 NE 701 2080 NE 312 NE 726 341 0 NE 313 NE 727 41 50 NE 314 NE 728 4493 NE 317 NE 729 4521 NE 379 NE 730 47 24 NE 395 NE 731 4807 NE 403 NE 735 4821 NE 423 NE 736 551 3 NE 426 NE 795 5777 NE 436 NE 796 5936 NE 437 NE 833 71 64 NE 438 NE 834 7993 NE 468 NE 843 8483 NE 496 NE 859 9352 NE 571 NE 864 9850 NE 572 NE 867 10445 NE 623 NE 889 I 1998 NE 642 NE 913 12435 NE 644 NE 914 12436 NE 645 NE 923 13090 NE 678 NE 925 14277 NE 679 14369 NE 681 B PRIVATECATALOGUE
CT 17 FGB 802 M 483 CT 60 FGB 804 M 485 CT 61 FGB 811 CT 68 FGB 839 CT 69 FGB 841 FGB 73 FGB 905 FGB 118 FGB 906 FGB 126 FGB 907 FGB 129 FGB 927 FGB 130 FGB 928 FGB 212 FGB 968 FGB 253 GCR 37 FGB 254 GCR 44 FGB 255 GCR 45 FGB 286 GCR 46 FGB 299 GCR 48 FGB 300 GCR 70 FGB 301 GCR 71 FGB 304 GCR 73 FGB 305 GCR 74 FGB 322 GCR 80 FGB 323 GCR 86 FGB 324 GCR 84 FGB 401 GCR 90 FGB 440 GCR 93 FGB 444 GCR 130 FGB 477 M 251 FGB 478 M 261 FGB 611 M 265 FGB 719 M 279 FGB 720 M 297 FGB 761 M 31 1 762 M 313 b FGB FGB 765 M 384 FGB 780 M 385
All theabove plans may be examined by appointmentwith:-
Mines Recordsand Mines Drainage Office Westfield House Wes tf ieldRoad Rawmarsh Rotherham SouthYorkshire
Additionalinformation concerning mining and shaft locations is available from :-
British Coal NorthYorkshire Area HQ Allerton Bywater Castleford West Yorkshire APPEND I X B
BRITISH COAL OPENCASTRECORDS EXAMINED IN THE PREPARATION OF THESEMAPS Am REPORTS
No Site 092 Roman Station Farm* 201 Sharlston Common 205 Woodhouse 21 7 Snydale* 337 Red Lane* 338 Deanf ield 505 Danhead Wood withHuntwick & Victoria 695 Birkwood Clump 721 Gap Lane I and 11* 776 Willow Garth 872 Penbank 881 Loscoe 91 1 Wain 947 Pineapple 949 St John's 968 Rowley Unnumbered Altof ts Unnumbered Birkwood Common*
Unnumbered Hill Top Farm*
Copies of theserecords may beexamined at thediscretion of:- British Coal Opencast Executive Yorkshire Area HQ Rothwell Colliery Rothwell Leeds LS26 OJZ In additionthe completion plans ofthose sites markedby an asterisk can beexamined by appointment with:- Mines Recordsand Mines DrainageOffice Rawmarsh Rotherham
SouthYorkshire