os C e 8 Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy OSCE Yearbook at the University of Hamburg / IFSH (Ed.) • OSCE Yearbook 2002 Yearbook on the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy Hamburg (Ed.) os Ce 2002 Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft Baden-Baden Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de. ISBN 3-8329-0223-6 1. Auflage 2003 © Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2003. Printed in Germany. Alle Rechte, auch die des Nachdrucks von Auszügen, der photomechanischen Wiedergabe und der Übersetzung, vorbehalten. Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illus- trations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use a fee is payable to »Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort«, Munich. Contents António Martins da Cruz Preface 11 Kurt P. Tudyka Foreword 13 I. The Situation OSCE: Developments and Prospects Mircea Dan Geoană The OSCE under the Romanian Chairmanship - A Retrospective View 21 Kirsten Biering Efforts and Possibilities of the OSCE in Combating Terrorism 31 Reinhard Bettzuege The OSCE of the 21st Century - A Departure for New Horizons? 39 The Interests and the Commitment of the OSCE States Eric Mlyn The United States, Russia and the OSCE in 21st Century European Security 49 Ekaterina Stepanova The OSCE and US-Russian Co-operation in the Fight against Terrorism 59 Joaquín Pérez Gómez Spain and the OSCE 73 5 Anara Tabyshalieva Political Islam in Kyrgyzstan 83 Irina Zviagelskaya The Islamic Factor in the Security Policy of the Russian Federation 93 Ravshan M. Alimov Uzbekistan’s Strategic Approach to Ensuring Security and Stability in Central Asia 103 II. Responsibilities, Instruments, Mechanisms and Procedures Conflict Prevention and Settlement of Disputes Stefano Sannino The OSCE Mission to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 119 Bernhard Knoll/Kara Johnston Molina A Rocky Path: Kosovo’s Transition to Provisional Self-Government 131 Maria Prsa The OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina 151 Harald Schenker The OSCE Mission to Skopje - A Changing Field Mission in a Changing Environment 167 Max van der Stoel The South East European University in Macedonia 181 Michael Merlingen/Zenet Mujic The OSCE Mission to Croatia: The View from Zagreb 187 6 Erhard Busek The Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe: Achievements and Future Challenges 199 Sabine Machl The OSCE Missions to the Baltic States 209 Hans-Georg Wieck Democratic Civil Society - An Alternative to the Autocratic Lukashenko Regime in Belarus 219 Lena Jonson The OSCE Long-Term Mission to Tajikistan 237 Roy Reeve The OSCE Office in Yerevan - Two Years of Operation 247 The Human Dimension and the Development of Democracy Angelika Kartusch Trafficking in Human Beings - A Human Rights Challenge for the OSCE 259 The Building of Co-operative Security Ernst-Otto Czempiel Ten Years of Verification - Developments and Perspectives 275 Pál Dunay The Treaty on Open Skies in Force: European Security Unaffected 289 7 III. Organizational Aspects OSCE Institutions and Structures Heinz Vetschera The Bucharest Ministerial Council 315 Victor-Yves Ghebali The Reform Process of the OSCE since the 2001 Bucharest Ministerial Decisions 329 Jutta Stefan-Bastl The Importance of the OSCE Permanent Council 337 Richard Müller Interpretative Statements at the Permanent Council: A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis 347 Thomas Kurz The Forum for Security Co-operation 361 External Relations and Influences Philip O’Brien Caught in the Crossfire: Children and Armed Conflict in Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States 373 8 Annex Ninth Meeting of the Ministerial Council, Bucharest, 3 and 4 December 2001 391 - Bucharest Ministerial Declaration 392 - Decision on Combating Terrorism and the Bucharest Plan of Action for Combating Terrorism 393 - Statements by the Ministerial Council 402 - Decisions of the Bucharest Ministerial Council Meeting 408 Forms and Fora of Co-operation in the OSCE Area 419 The 55 OSCE Participating States - Facts and Figures 421 OSCE Conferences, Meetings and Events 2001/2002 437 OSCE Selected Bibliography 2001/2002 443 Acronyms 457 Contributors 463 9 António Martins da Cruz Preface The Chairmanship of the OSCE is a challenging endeavour. Beyond the op- erational responsibility of co-ordinating the activities of the OSCE, the Chairmanship is expected to provide political guidance for the work of the OSCE, in consultation with all participating States. This role as political driving force is a demanding task which requires a continuous negotiation process with a view to attaining the consensus of the 55 participating States of the Organization. Our guiding principle as Chairmanship is the objective of ensuring that the OSCE maintains its important role in the international arena, both in its tra- ditional areas of preventive diplomacy and in new tasks resulting from the changing international security context. The fight against terrorism is a central priority of our tenure. We are con- vinced that the OSCE is in a position to bring a valuable contribution to the international strategy led by the United Nations. It is in this context that we organized in Lisbon the first Conference among the Secretaries General and High Representatives of the main international and regional organizations involved in the fight against terrorism on 12 June 2002. This Conference al- lowed the identification of concrete ways of enhancing collaboration and op- timize synergies. Our efforts are simultaneously centred on the elaboration of an OSCE Char- ter on Preventing and Combating Terrorism, which we expect to see adopted at December’s Ministerial Council. It will be a political document based on the OSCE’s norms, commitments and values, thus providing a conceptual framework for the operational documents adopted by the OSCE in December 2001 in Bucharest and Bishkek. The Charter will also provide for the adop- tion of new measures, particularly with regard to combating the financing of terrorism. The OSCE has proved itself, over the years, to be a flexible organization which has been able to adapt smoothly and efficiently to the evolving inter- national environment. It continues to do so today and is preparing a strategy to address the threats to security and stability in the 21st century. We are all aware of the new difficulties and perils facing our individual and collective security and which no organization is capable of tackling on its own. The reinforcement of the co-operation and co-ordination between the OSCE, the European Union, NATO and the Council of Europe is essential to avoid duplication and increase synergy. This is the spirit of the so-called Plat- form for Co-operative Security which, I am convinced, should be the guiding principle for shaping the future European security architecture. 11 When speaking about the evolution of the European security architecture, two determining factors appear at the forefront: the European Union and NATO. Their process of enlargement will influence decisively the shaping of the fu- ture regional organizations network in the Euro-Atlantic area. This does not mean, however, that the OSCE will not retain a significant role to play in the foreseeable future, particularly because the evolution of the European Union and NATO is not an over-night or a holistic process; we ought to preserve the arrangements which have contributed so far to consoli- dating ties of co-operation, not only among Europeans, but also with their neighbouring partners. The OSCE is and should remain an effective forum, a “common house” for dialogue and co-operation in a Europe without dividing lines. One of the key features and an “added-value” of the OSCE is indeed its broad membership, which makes it a unique regional forum: simultaneously Euro-Atlantic, pan- European and Eurasian. The relevance of the OSCE’s partnership with other regions, namely in Asia and in the Mediterranean area, is clear proof of the vitality of its unique model of security. Important attributes of the OSCE are its comprehensive approach to security, its proven ability to strengthen democratic institutions in societies undergoing transition and its capacity to respond rapidly to crises. The OSCE also draws its strength on its institutions and on its unique presence in the field through its 18 Missions, present in Eastern and South-eastern Europe, in the Caucasus and in Central Asia. An organization is only as successful as it is useful for its citizens. Security is not an objective which stands by itself, it should also entail the trust and con- fidence of our communities. The involvement of citizens is essential for the success of any organization: This is our objective and this is our mandate as OSCE Chairmanship! 12 Kurt P. Tudyka Foreword Two topics have determined OSCE events since 2001. The most important of these were the attacks on New York and Washington, which also placed de- mands on OSCE bodies and repressed or subordinated other problems. Indeed, terrorism had already been addressed in the 1975 Helsinki Final Act and there- after was also always cited as a threat to security in CSCE follow-up confer- ences. However, since the autumn of 2001, it has become the dominating topic of discussion.1 The Permanent Council, the Warsaw Human Dimension Implementation Meeting, the Bucharest Ministerial Council, the Prague Economic Forum and the Annual Session of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly in Berlin have dealt resolutely with combating terrorism.