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IMPACT of SPECIFIC ACID MINE DRAINAGE CONTAMINANTS on MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES in SOUTHEASTERN OHIO STREAMS a Thesis Presen

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IMPACT of SPECIFIC ACID MINE DRAINAGE CONTAMINANTS on MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES in SOUTHEASTERN OHIO STREAMS a Thesis Presen IMPACT OF SPECIFIC ACID MINE DRAINAGE CONTAMINANTS ON MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES IN SOUTHEASTERN OHIO STREAMS A Thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Jennifer L. Last November 2001 This thesis entitled IMPACT OF SPECIFIC ACID MINE DRAINAGE CONTAMINANTS ON MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES IN SOUTHEASTERN OHIO STREAMS BY JENNIFER L. LAST has been approved for the Program of Environmental Studies and College of Arts and Sciences by Kelly S. Johnson Assistant Professor of Biological Sciences Leslie A. Flemming Dean, College of Arts and Sciences LAST, JENNIFER L. M.S. November 2001. Ecology Impact of Specific Acid Mine Drainage Contaminants on Macroinvertebrate Communities in Southeastern Ohio Streams (97 pp.) Director of Thesis: Kelly Johnson Streams that are heavily impacted by acid mine drainage typically exhibit low diversity of macroinvertebrates and fish. The overall goal of this thesis was to analyze the relationship between benthic macroinvertebrate community parameters and water chemistry from sites in southeastern Ohio. Three studies were completed to accomplish this goal: field sampling of macroinvertebrates, metal and pH laboratory bioassays performed on Sialis sp., and a colonization study using AMD contaminated substrate. The results of the laboratory bioassays showed that Sialis are highly tolerant of low pH and high amounts of metals. The uniformity and mechanism of their tolerance may help understand how AMD affects more sensitive macroinvertebrates. The field sampling revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) between AMD impact groups for three out of four macroinvertebrate community parameters. The significant differences observed in the community measures in this study supports their use in differentiating AMD impact. Stepwise regression results showed that water chemistry variables, particularly specific conductivity, explained much of the variation for macroinvertebrate community variables. This suggests a complex and possibly synergistic relationship between the water quality variables that cause conductivity and macroinvertebrate communities in AMD waters. The results of our substrate tray experiment did not show any residual effects of metal contaminated substrates on macroinvertebrate colonization. The significant effect of “placement” on macroinvertebrate colonization is consistent with colonization patterns seen on the natural substratum. These results suggest that while metals in the water column may be important in structuring communities, recolonization of metal impacted substrates may be possible once water quality is improved. Approved: Kelly Johnson Assistant Professor Biological Science Acknowledgments This work was supported by Ohio Department of Natural Resources, the Institute for Local Government Administration and Rural Development (of Ohio University), Ohio University Masters of Science Environmental Studies Program, and a Foundation for Science and Disability Grant (USDA). First and foremost I would like to thank my advisor Kelly Johnson for her continuing advice, support and encouragement. Melanie Hill helped with many aspects of this project and her input has been invaluable. I wish her the best of luck. Dina Lopez and Matt White also provided a great deal of support and advice. I would also like to thank the following people for their assistance and technical advice: Mitch Farley, Rachael Hoy, JB Hoy, Chip Rice, Mary Stoertz, and Scott Miller. Some macroinvertebrate identification was provided by EcoAnalysts, of Moscow, Idaho. Kasey Snyder and Brian Kleinman spent many hours sorting and identifying samples in the lab. The employees at Zaleski State Forest and Waterloo Wildlife management area helped provide access to their land and facilities. Cambridge labs (ODNR) processed water quality samples. Dr. Elwin Evans, Department of Entomology, Michigan State University helped with the identification of Sialis larvae. Gabriel Herrick helped with the collection of Sialis larvae and did much of the laboratory work for that part of the project. I would not have made it this far without the support of my parents. A special thanks to Jason for his continuing support and understanding. 4 Table of Contents Acknowledgments_______________________________________________________ 4 Table of Contents _______________________________________________________ 5 List of Tables___________________________________________________________ 7 List of Figures __________________________________________________________ 8 Chapter 1: Introduction __________________________________________________ 9 Objectives _________________________________________________________ 10 The Properties of Acid Mine Drainage __________________________________ 11 Acid Mine Drainage in Southeastern Ohio________________________________ 13 Environmental Impacts of Acid Mine Drainage____________________________ 15 Macroinvertebrate response to AMD ____________________________________ 16 Chapter 2: Impact of AMD on Macroinvertebrate communities in Raccoon Creek Headwaters and Monday Creek ___________________________________________ 18 Introduction _________________________________________________________ 18 Macroinvertebrate Community Response to AMD _________________________ 18 Materials and Methods_________________________________________________ 20 Description of Raccoon Creek _________________________________________ 20 Description of Monday Creek _________________________________________ 20 Site Selection ______________________________________________________ 20 Raccoon Creek site characteristics ______________________________________ 21 Macroinvertebrate Sampling Regime____________________________________ 21 Water Quality Analysis ______________________________________________ 23 Data Analysis ______________________________________________________ 23 Results _____________________________________________________________ 26 Water Quality ______________________________________________________ 26 Macroinvertebrate Community_________________________________________ 31 Effects of Water Chemistry on Macroinvertebrate Community _______________ 35 Discussion __________________________________________________________ 44 Chapter 3: Effects of Four Metals and Low pH on the Alderfly Larvae (Sialis sp: Megaloptera) __________________________________________________________ 51 Introduction _________________________________________________________ 51 Materials and Methods_________________________________________________ 52 Results and Discussion ________________________________________________ 54 Chapter 4: Residual Effects of AMD Contaminated Substrate on Macroinvertebrate Colonization __________________________________________________________ 61 Introduction _________________________________________________________ 61 Materials and Methods_________________________________________________ 63 Results _____________________________________________________________ 65 5 Discussion __________________________________________________________ 68 Chapter 5: Final Conclusions _____________________________________________ 72 References ____________________________________________________________ 74 Appendix 1. Map of macroinvertebrate sampling sites in Raccoon Creek __________ 87 Appendix 2. Map of macroinvertebrate sampling sites in Monday Creek.___________ 88 Appendix 3. Water quality values for Raccoon Creek and Monday Creek sites______ 89 Appendix 4. Comprehensive taxa list of all macroinvertebrates collected at Raccoon Creek and Monday Creek sites ____________________________________________ 91 6 List of Tables Table Page 1.1 The major effects of acid mine drainage on lotic systems…………… …… …..15 2.1 AMD impact groupings by site…………………….……………………… …...24 2.2 Water quality parameters that suggest AMD impact……………………………24 2.3 Summary of macroinvertebrate community measures for all sites………..…….34 2.4 Results of ANOVA for four community measures…………………...…………35 2.5 Results of stepwise regression analysis for all community parameters…………38 3.1 ANOVA results for pH and metal bioassays using Sialis sp…….……………...56 4.1 ANOVA results for colonization experiment………...…………………………66 4.2 Results of ANOVA for sediment metals……..………..………………………..67 4.3 Composition of metals digested from sediment……...…...….………………….67 7 List of Figures Figure Page 1.1 Equations for the formations of acid mine drainage………….……….………....11 2.1 Means for pH and conductivity at all field sites..……………………………..…28 2.2 Means for aluminum, manganese, and iron at all field sites………………….….29 2.3 Relative abundance of macroinvertebrates at highly impacted sites…..….…..…31 2.4 Relative abundance of macroinvertebrates at moderately impacted sites..….…..32 2.5 Relative abundance of macroinvertebrates at non-impacted sites…………….....32 2.6 Community level response (means) to three levels of AMD impact………….…36 2.7 Relationship between total taxa richness and conductivity………...… …..….…40 2.8 Relationship between EPT richness and conductivity…………………………...40 2.9 Relationship between Ephemeroptera richness and conductivity…….…….……41 2.10 Relationship between Plecoptera richness and net alkalinity..….……..…...…....41 2.11 Relationship between Ephemeroptera abundance and conductivity……..………42 2.12 Relationship between EPT abundance and conductivity……………………...…42 2.13 Relationship between total abundance and hardness……………………..……...43 3.1 Acute effects of metals and pH on survival of Sialis larvae………………..…....55
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