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Iran Und Die Neuen Medien - Herausforderungen Für Den Auslandsrundfunk www.ssoar.info Iran und die Neuen Medien - Herausforderungen für den Auslandsrundfunk Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Sammelwerk / collection Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: ifa (Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen). (2011). Iran und die Neuen Medien - Herausforderungen für den Auslandsrundfunk (ifa-Edition Kultur und Außenpolitik). Stuttgart. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168- ssoar-51134-5 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence (Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung) zur (Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives). For more Information Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de Iran und die Neuen Medien / Iran and the New Media ifa-Edition Kultur und Außenpolitik Iran und die Neuen Medien – Charlottenplatz 17 Postfach 10 24 63 D-70173 Stuttgart D-70020 Stuttgart Herausforderungen für den Tel. +49/711 2225-0 Fax +49/711 2 26 43 46 Auslandsrundfunk www.ifa.de [email protected] / Iran and the New Media — Challenges for International Broadcasters Edition Kultur und Außenpolitik und Kultur Edition ifa-Edition Kultur und Außenpolitik Iran und die Neuen Medien – Herausforderungen für den Auslandsrundfunk / Iran and the New Media — Challenges for International Broadcasters Impressum Die Publikation ist entstanden im Rahmen des ifa-Forschungsprogramms „Kultur und Außenpolitik“ und erscheint in der ifa-Edition Kultur und Außenpolitik. Herausgeber Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen e. V. (ifa), Stuttgart Redaktion und Lektorat deutsch Mona-Maryam Emamzadeh Dr. Mirjam Schneider Dr. Joachim Staron Dorothea Grassmann Redaktion und Lektorat englisch Geoffrey Rodoreda Satz und Gestaltung Andreas Mayer, Stuttgart Bildnachweis ifa Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen e. V. Charlottenplatz 17 70173 Stuttgart Postfach 10 24 63 D-70020 Stuttgart [email protected] www.ifa.de © ifa 2011 ISBN 978-3-921970-93-5 3 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS/CONTENTS Grußwort von / A Word of Welcome by Cornelia Pieper 6 Vorwort von / Foreword by Adelheid Feilcke, Deutsche Welle 9 Vorwort von / Foreword by Sebastian Körber, Institut für Auslands - 11 beziehungen e. V. EINLEITUNG / INTRODUCTION Die Neuen Medien, die iranische Gesellschaft und der Auslandsrundfunk – eine Einführung / The new media, Iranian society and International Broadcasters — an introduction by Mona-Maryam Emamzadeh 15 1. DIE NEUEN MEDIEN UND DIE IRANISCHE GESELLSCHAFT / THE NEW MEDIA AND IRANIAN SOCIETY The defiance of Iran’s bloggers by Mehdi Mohseni 29 A brief history of the Iranian internet by Cyrus Farivar 36 Media in Iran: state, social, other by Gholam Khiabany 44 The internet and protests in Iran by Mehdi Yahyanejad 49 Ein Land im Cyber-Krieg / A land in cyber-war by Omid Nouripour 56 The Iranian women’s movement and cyber resistance 58 by Mahboubeh Abbasgholizadeh A virtual reality: the Women’s Museum of Iran 64 by Mansoureh Shojaee 2. DIE NEUEN MEDIEN UND DER AUSLANDSRUNDFUNK / NEW MEDIA AND INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTERS On fusing the social media with journalism 71 by Katarina Stanoevska-Slabeva Die Deutsche Welle: Vom Sender zum Dialogpartner / Deutsche Welle: from broadcaster to dialogue partner by Julia Hildebrand 80 „Von Angesicht zu Angesicht“: interaktive Plattform für den Iran in Deutschland / “From face to face” – an interactive platform for Iran in Germany by Azin Heidarinejad 84 4 Voice of America (VOA): chances and risks of social media by Alex Belida 88 BBC: Social Media and citizen journalism by Rozita Lotfi 92 RFI: Vom „Beobachter“ zum Journalisten: Soziale Netzwerke und Bürgerjournalismus / RFI: From ‘observer’ to journalist: social net - works and citizen journalism by Bärbel Moser 94 Reporters Without Borders: shoulder to shoulder for free speech by Lucie Morillon 98 Radio Zamaneh’s approach to news-making by Farid Haerinejad 101 Alternative media, supplementing the mainstream 103 by Fred Andon Petrossians 3. DIE NEUEN MEDIEN UND DER POLITISCHE DIALOG / NEW MEDIA AND POLITICAL DIALOGUE Über Kommunikation zum Wandel? / Change through communication? by Markus Michaelsen 109 Digital media and democratic change by Olaf Böhnke 115 Iran, die Neuen Medien und die Grenzen der Auswärtigen Kulturpolitik / Iran, the new media and the limits of foreign cultural policy by Rolf Mützenich 122 5 Grusswort A Word of Welcome Cornelia Pieper, Staatsministerin im Auswärtigen Amt 6 Grußwort/A word of welcome Soziale Medien als Kommunikationsräume sind Dabei ist das Beispiel Iran ausgezeichnet gewählt. eine Herausforderung. Etabliertes Rezeptionsver- Schließlich haben die Ereignisse vom Juni 2009 in halten wird in Frage gestellt, weil die Grenze zwi- Teheran fast paradigmatisch gezeigt, welche prak- schen Sender und Empfänger verwischt und weil tische politische Bedeutung den sozialen Medien es keinen einer Redaktion vergleichbaren Mecha- heute zukommt. Twitter und Facebook haben nismus gibt. Doch gerade deshalb bietet das inter- die Aufgabe in- und ausländischer traditioneller aktive Web 2.0 auch große Chancen für die Infor- Medien, die ja nur sehr eingeschränkt arbeiten mation der Bürger. Die Auswärtige Kultur- und Bil- konnten, übernommen und in der dezentralen dungspolitik, deren Inhalte ja nolens volens immer Struktur der „social media“ weiter geführt. Das auch Elemente einer werteorientierten „Außenpo- war für alle entscheidend wichtig, die sich auf litik der Gesellschaften“ (Ralf Dahrendorf) sind, diese Art informieren konnten und wollten, und findet darum natürlich auch im Web 2.0 statt. insgesamt ein Sieg der Informationsfreiheit über Die Akteure der Auswärtigen Kultur- und Bil- die staatliche Kontrolle. Inhalt sowie Art und dungspolitik – Deutsche Welle, Goethe-Institut, Weise der uns im Internet erreichenden Informati- Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst, die onen warfen manchmal aber auch Fragen nach der Deutsche UNESCO Kommission, die Zentrale für Objektivität der Berichterstattung und nach jour- das Auslandsschulwesen und natürlich das Institut nalistischen Standards auf. für Auslandsbeziehungen e.V. – haben eine Vielzahl erfolgreicher und spannender Internet-Präsenzen Das gemeinsame und diskursive Entdecken des erarbeitet. Das Auswärtige Amt bietet Webseiten Web 2.0 für die Auswärtige Kultur- und Bildungspo- wie www.entdecke-deutschland.diplo.de, www. litik in der vorliegenden Publikation greift mit dem magazine-deutschland.de, www.young-germany. Thema Iran aber nicht nur ein besonderes Beispiel de und www.deutschland.de an, die sich besonders auf, sondern illustriert auch die wichtigste „Arbeits- an junge Menschen richten. Die Initiative „Schu- methode“ in diesem Politikfeld. Auswärtige Kultur- len: Partner für die Zukunft“ oder das junge Aus- und Bildungspolitik ist auf Gegenseitigkeit angelegt, tauschprogramm „kulturweit“ setzen auf interak- auf Austausch und Kooperation – genau wie das Web tiven Austausch in ihren Internetpräsenzen. 2.0. Sie soll dazu beitragen, dass Menschen aus ver- Das Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen e.V. (ifa) schiedenen Kulturen mehr Verständnis und Respekt geht im Rahmen des ifa-Forschungsprogramms „Kul- für den jeweils anderen gewinnen. Auswärtige Kul- tur und Außenpolitik“ der Frage von „Social Media“ tur- und Bildungspolitik will Brücken bauen und auch theoretisch nach. Im Rahmen der Fachta- Menschen zusammenführen. gung „Challenges and Chances of Social Media for International Broadcasters – a Case Study: Iran“ in Der Brückenbau gelingt, wo Menschen frei Zusammenarbeit mit der Deutschen Welle (DW) 16. sind, an ihm teilzunehmen. Nur dort, wo univer- November 2010 betraten das ifa und die DW gemein- selle Werte geachtet werden, kann sich Kreativität sam das neue Terrain der „social media“. Die vorlie- und Kraft für die Gemeinschaft voll entfalten. Mit gende Publikation, in der die Ergebnisse der Fachta- der Auswärtigen Kultur- und Bildungspolitik öff- gung einfließen, dokumentiert in klassischer Buch- nen wir Räume, in denen weltweit Menschen an form, wie wir uns im Informationszeitalter Schritt der Freiheit teilhaben können. Das fördert auch für Schritt neue Wege erschließen. Einer dieser Kreativität und Leistungsbereitschaft des Einzel- Schritte ist diese Publikation selber. nen. Wo jedoch der kulturelle Schaffensprozess 7 Grußwort/A word of welcome unterdrückt und behindert wird, fehlt eine wich- systematisch ausgewertet und aufbereitet. Journa- tige Antriebsfeder für gesellschaftlichen und wirt- lismus geht hier neue Wege, indem die Professio- schaftlichen Fortschritt. nalität und das Augenmerk etablierter Medien mit den Äußerungen der Bürgerinnen und Bürger in Vor diesem Hintergrund ist es naheliegend, sozialen Netzwerken gepaart werden. Mit dieser dass sich die Bundesrepublik mit ihrer Auswärti- Plattform wird ein geschützter Kommunikations- gen Kultur- und Bildungspolitik insbesondere auch raum, ein Raum für Meinungsbildungsprozesse in Iran engagiert. geschaffen. Beide sind für die Interaktion von Mit mehr als 20 Millionen Nutzern hat das Menschen, die Bündelung von Interessen und die Internet dort ein beachtliches Potenzial. Insbeson- Identifikation von Interessengruppen von großer dere bei Jugendlichen genießt es große Beliebt- Bedeutung, gerade auch für Iran. heit. Nach Englisch und Mandarin ist Farsi die am meisten genutzte Blog-Sprache weltweit. Die sehr Das digitale Zeitalter macht keinen Halt vor junge iranische Gesellschaft – etwa Dreiviertel der Ländergrenzen. Es ermöglicht
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