Archival Sources

Primary Sources

Offcial State Papers

The National Archives (TNA), Kew Admiralty Papers (ADM) Cabinet Papers (CAB) Colonial Offce Papers (CO) Committee of Imperial Defence Papers (CAB) Foreign Offce Papers (FO) Ministry of Transport Papers (MT) Ministry of Supply Papers (SUPP) Treasury Papers (T) War Offce Papers (WO) The Brass Foundry, National Maritime Museum (NMM BF) Ships’ Covers (Royal Navy Controller’s Department Papers) (SC) The United States National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Washington DC General Records of the Department of the Navy (Record Group 80) United States Naval War College (NWC) Intelligence and Technical Archives (Record Group 8)

United Kingdom Hydrographic Offce, Taunton Admiralty Hydrographic Department Minute Books Admiralty Hydrographic Department Special Minute Books Original Documents (OD Series)

Private Papers Bodleian Library, Oxford Herbert Asquith Papers Eyre Crowe Papers Lewis Harcourt Papers William Palmer, Second Earl of Selborne Papers British Library (BL) Hugh Oakeley Arnold-Forster Papers Arthur J. Balfour Papers Henry Campbell-Bannerman Papers George Sydenham Clarke Papers John R. Jellicoe Papers Charles Hobhouse Papers Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham (CRL) Austen Chamberlain Papers Churchill College Archives Centre (CAC) Winston Churchill (Chartwell) Papers Reginald Brett, Second Viscount Esher Papers John Fisher Papers Courtauld Book Library (CBL) Arthur Lee (Lee of Fareham) Papers Guildhall Library (GL) Lloyds of London Papers Imperial War Museum Prince Louis of Battenberg Papers Dudley de Chair Papers Erskine Childers Papers Philip Dumas Papers Liddell-Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, London (LHCMA) Julian Corbett Papers The National Archives, Kew Edward Grey Papers (FO 800) Archival Sources 307

Frank Lascelles Papers (FO 800) William Malkin Papers (FO 800) Ernest Satow Papers (PRO 30/33) National Maritime Museum (NMM) George Ballard Papers Julian Corbett Papers Bernard Currey Papers Tristan Dannreuther Papers William May Papers Gerard Noel Papers Henry Oliver Papers William Pakenham Papers Herbert Richmond Papers Edmond Slade Papers National Museum of the Royal Navy (NMRN) Thomas Crease Papers John Fisher Papers Edward Marjoribanks, Second Baron Tweedmouth Papers National Museum of the Royal Navy, Submarine Museum (NMRN SM) Forster Arnold Forster Papers School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) China Association Papers United States Library of Congress, Washington DC Charles S. Sperry Papers Index

A Balfour, Arthur, 38, 61, 81, 99–104, Amphion, 228, 267–268 151–154, 157, 174, 243, 247, Andromache, 177, 179, 198 262, 287–288, 297, 302 Angora, 245 Ballard committee, 171–174, 176–178 Antwerp, 230, 234, 276 Ballard, Rear-Admiral Sir George, Apollo, 177, 179, 198 135, 155, 170, 173, 202–206, Arnold-Forster, Commander Forster 208–212, 217, 225, 233–234. Delafeld, 227, 245–246, 250, See also Ballard committee 252 Baltic, 9, 133, 136–138, 158, 172, Asahi, 54 173, 178, 186, 209, 214, Asquith, Herbert, 206–207, 228, 239–241, 243–245, 247–248, 230–233, 236–237, 238, 240, 277, 299 243, 247, 276, 277–278, 284 Baltic Project (Fisher’s, 1914–15), Assistant Director of Torpedoes 241, 244–245, 247–248, 257, (ADT), 31, 56–57, 74, 113, 119, 299 142, 143, 144–145, 213, 217, Barclay, Colville, 270–271 233 Barclay, Sir Thomas, 83, 105 Audacious, 2, 241, 278, 284, 289 Battenberg, Admiral of the Fleet Prince Louis of, 40, 46, 64–65, 99–101, 109, 183, 208, 209, B 212, 226, 233, 238, 242, 270, Bacon, Admiral Sir Reginald, 27, 36, 278 38–39, 146, 155 Bayly, Vice-Admiral Sir Lewis, 239 Baddeley, Vincent, 181 Beatty, Vice-Admiral Sir David, 239

Beresford, Admiral Lord Charles, 15, Charlton, Rear-Admiral Edward, 198, 29, 61, 66, 173, 175–176, 178, 237 183–186 Chatterton (Orpen), Captain Herbert. Berlin, 278 See Orpen, Captain Herbert Bernstorff, Johan von, 285 Chief of the (Admiralty) War Staff, Bethell, Admiral Sir Alexander, 27, 65, 209–210, 213–214, 225–226, 144, 145, 155 239–240 Biarritz, 245, 252 China Association, 87–90 Board of Trade, 86, 89–90, 105 China Merchants’ Steam Navigation Bonham, Captain Thomas, 210, 219 Co., 89–90 Borkum, 239, 248, 253, 255 Chinese Engineering and Mining Co., Bridge, Admiral Sir Cyprian, 32, 80 86–87 Bridgeman, Admiral Sir Francis, Choate, Joseph, 123 183–184 Churchill, Winston, 15, 205, 207, Briggs, Admiral Charles, 37, 144–145, 209, 212, 217, 226–227, 155 228–229, 230–269, 265, 267– Brock, Rear-Admiral Osmond de, 185 268, 269, 271–272, 274–275, Bryan, William, 229, 270, 280, 276–277, 279, 299 285–286 Clarke, Sir George, 102, 103–105, Bülow, Prince Bernhard von, 133 107–108, 137, 139 Butterfeld & Swire, 87, 89 Clerk, George, 270 Cobbe, Captain Mervyn, 214–215, 218–220, 225–226, 252, 256 C Collier’s Weekly, 77 Cabinet (British), 5, 109, 196–197, Commander, Offensive Mining 228–233, 235–238, 247, Service. See Captain in Charge of 270–271, 274–275, 276–277, Minelayers 277–278, 279, 281–282, 285, Committee of Enquiry into Breaches 300–301 of the Law of War, 288 Callaghan, Admiral Sir George, Committee of Imperial Defence 185–186, 201–202, 204–205, (C.I.D.), 65, 98, 101–103, 209–210 106, 137, 139, 141–142, 153, Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, 77, 206–207, 247–248 111, 120, 174–175 Committee on Designs, 54 Campbell, Sir Francis, 86, 118 Corbett, Sir Julian, 12, 58, 62, 135, Captain in Charge of Minelayers, 153– 149, 244 154, 176–177, 187–188, 199, Crease, Captain Thomas, 155, 246 209–210, 213–214, 217–220 Crowe, Sir Eyre, 105–107, 107–108, Cawdor, 3rd Earl (Frederick 111, 119–120, 196, 197, 275, Campbell), 102–103 279–282 Chamberlain, Austen, 98, 142–144 Currey, Vice-Admiral Bernard, 176, Channel Fleet, 134–135, 148, 185 154–155, 168, 178, 183 Custance, Admiral Sir Reginald, 33–34 Index 311

D English Channel, 63, 81, 106, Daily Chronicle, 75–76, 84 140, 171, 214, 218, 226, 231, Daily Express, 79, 84 232–233, 250, 252, 270, 277, Daily Telegraph, 74, 76–77 279, 281 Dalny, 97 Esher, 2nd Viscount (Reginald Brett), Dannreuther, Captain Tristan, 199, 213 107, 108 Davidson, Sir (William) Edward, 98, Excellent, 154 105, 107, 282 Eyres, Admiral Cresswell, 46 Davis, Colonel Francis, 105 De Chair, Admiral Dudley, 185 Declaration of London, 231. See also F London Naval Conference Fauchille, Paul, 195 British adherence to, 114, 268–269 Findlay, Mansfedlt, 196 Defance, 154 Finlay, Sir Robert, 98 Denmark, 149, 167, 209, 243, 245 Fisher, Admiral of the Fleet, 1st Baron Desart Committee. See Trading (John), 26, 34, 38–39, 65–66, with the Enemy (Desart) 98–99, 102–103, 137, 139–142, Sub-Committee 144–148, 154, 156–158, 166, Desart, 5th Earl (Hamilton Cuffe), 173, 175, 177, 178, 183, 185– 105, 120, 206 188, 212, 219, 234, 238–242, Director of Intelligence Division 244, 278, 302 (DID), 226 early interest in mining, 26–27, 29, Director of Naval Intelligence (DNI), 31 1, 32, 35, 40, 46, 64–65, 99, position at First Hague Conference, 101–102, 107, 135, 137, 139, 34–35 145, 147, 151, 169, 176, 184 strategic ideas, 1904–1910, Director of Naval Ordnance (DNO), 139–142, 151–154, 157–158, 25, 30, 31, 35, 64, 144–145, 169–171, 187, 198 169, 187 strategic ideas, 1914–1915, Director of Operations Division 240–241, 244–245, 246–248, (DOD), 202–203, 208, 225, 227, 250–252, 253–258, 278, 279, 272 299 Dogger Bank, Battle of, 251 support for mining, 1914–1915, Dogger Bank Incident, 15, 62, 136 241, 244–250, 252–256 Drury, Admiral Sir Charles, 154 views on Second Hague Conference Dublin Evening Telegraph, 78 and international law, 98–99, Dumas, Captain Philip, 217, 226, 102–103, 108–109, 123, 174 233–234, 237–238, 245, 252 Foreign Offce, 196, 268, 284 attitude towards international law, 107, 280–283 E attitude towards War Zones and Elbe, 136, 137, 146, 148–150, 172, Military Areas (1914–1915), 178, 227, 243 276, 279–283 312 Index

First Hague Conference, 34 Greene, Sir Graham, 196, 269, 273, response to German mining (1914– 274, 276 1915), 268–271, 273–275, Grey, Sir Edward, 107, 110, 111, 114, 286–288 117, 119–121, 196, 229, 268, Russo-Japanese War, 56, 84–86, 269, 271, 274, 275, 279, 282, 88–90, 97 285, 288 Second Hague Conference, 98, 104–105, 107, 109–110, 118 Third Hague Conference, 196–197 H France, 25, 34, 45, 62, 63, 80, 82, Hague, First Peace Conference 106, 114, 121, 133–135, 145, (1899), 3, 33 146, 148, 149, 155, 157, 158, Hague, Second Peace Conference 165, 167, 170, 172, 182, 207, (1907), 1, 3, 73, 82, 97, 131, 230, 287 132, 139, 153, 154, 157, 169, Fry, Sir Edward, 105, 107, 110–111, 175–177, 182, 193–195, 197, 113–115, 117, 119, 121 203, 206, 209–211, 228, 229, 232, 253, 270, 271, 273, 275, 280, 286, 289, 297, 300 G British delegation, 107–108, Gamble, Admiral Douglas, 34, 110–111 184–185 British planning for, 103–111 George, David Lloyd, 90, 207 calling of, 101, 103 Gerard, James, 286, 287 discussion of mining at, 112–119 German Fleet, 133, 136–137, 148, reaction to, 118, 121–124 178, 179, 181, 182, 201, 204, Hague, Third Peace Conference 235, 239, 243, 247, 254, 257 (1915), 195–197 Germany, 13, 45, 62, 82, 106, Hall, Captain William H., 14, 30–32 132–137, 139–141, 145–149, Halsbury, 1st Earl (Hardinge Stanley 155, 157, 165, 167, 170–172, Giffard), 98 178, 179, 181, 182, 200–204, Hamburg, 203, 229, 276 206–211, 217, 219, 225–230, Hankey, Colonel Maurice, 170, 239, 243, 244, 248, 253, 254, 247–248, 286 257, 269, 272, 275–277, 280, Harcourt, Lewis, 228, 230, 235, 274 283–286, 288, 298–300 Hardinge, 1st Baron (Charles), 118 laying of mines (1914–1915), 229, Harwich Force, 254 230, 233, 244, 268–273, Hatsuse, 51–55, 58, 60, 61, 63, 275–277, 278, 279, 281–289 76–77, 78–79 position at Second Hague Heligoland, 242, 249 Conference, 110, 112–121, Heligoland Bight, 137, 147, 152, 167, 123, 124, 193 174, 178, 179, 205, 226–228, Goeben, 238 232, 235–237, 241, 243, 247, Grand Fleet, 227, 230, 237, 243, 245, 248, 250, 251, 253–256, 273, 252, 254, 278 298, 299 Index 313

Heneage, Captain Algernon, 168, Izvolsky, Alexander, 123 187, 199–201, 213–215 High Seas Fleet. See German Fleet Hobhouse, Sir Charles, 235 –236, 274 J Hogue, 89 Jackson, Admiral Sir Henry, 27, 31, Holland, Erskine, 80, 195 34–39, 145, 154, 168, 209–210, Holstein, Friedrich von, 133 217, 225, 258 Home Fleet, 176, 178, 183, 185, 198, Jackson, Captain Thomas, 47, 53, 63 201, 213–214 Jade, 137, 146 Hood, Admiral, 1st Baron (Arthur), Japan, 40, 45–66, 73–85, 89, 90, 107, 28 113–114, 137 Hood, Rear-Admiral Horace, 253 Japanese Fleet, 45–66, 100, 150 Hopkins, L.C., 87 Jardine Matheson & Co., 87 Horsey, Admiral Algernon de, 79–80 Jellicoe, Admiral Sir John, 169, 187, Hoskins, Admiral Sir Anthony, 29–30 227, 230, 232, 238, 240–241, House of Commons, 81, 267 246, 249–255, 257, 279 Howard, Sir Henry, 107 Howell, W.J., 105 Hozier, Henry, 84 K Hsieh-Ho, 90 Kane, Admiral Henry, 31 Hurst, Cecil, 105, 196, 274, 275, Kashing, 86 286–287 Kebedgy, Michel, 82, 194 Hutchison, Rear-Admiral John, 47, 53 Kerr, Admiral of the Fleet Lord Walter, Hydrographer, 136, 172–173, 178, 29, 35, 38, 40, 46, 56, 62, 65, 210, 244, 279 97–98, 136–137 Keyes, Commodore Roger, 15, 258 Kiel Canal, 133, 136–138, 157, 172– I 173, 178, 181, 239, 243–244, Inglefeld, Admiral Frederick, 155 247, 251 Inglefeld, Captain Edward, 181 King Institut de Droit International, 82, Edward VII, 62, 109, 123 197 George V, 230, 238 initial discussions on mining, 82–83 King-Hall, Admiral Herbert, 180, 181 Oxford Manual of Naval War, Kitchener, Field Marshal, 1st Earl 195–196 (Horatio), 2, 230, 235–237 reaction to the Second Hague Königin Luise, 228, 267 Conference, 193–195 Inter-Departmental Committee on the Hague Conference, 105–108, L 120–121 Langley, Walter, 86 International Law Association, 82–83 Lansdowne, 5th Marquess (Henry Invincible, 54, 273 Petty-Fitzmaurice), 98 Iphigenia, 168–169, 179, 185 Latona, 169, 179, 180 314 Index

Lawrence, Reverend Thomas J, 63, fring pistol, Hertz horn, 50, 215– 70, 122–123 216. See also Mine, Carbonit Lee, Arthur, 109, 183 fring pistol, Quicke-Scarff, 140, Leval, Gaston de, 82 214, 215–216 Leveson, Rear-Admiral Arthur, 225, Mine carriers, 167–170, 179–180, 188 227, 272 Minefelds. Little, Henry, 85 See also Operations Q, AZ, BY and Lloyd-George, David, 90, 207 CY Lloyds of London, 84–85, 91, 181, Amrum Bank, 249 271 English Channel, 232–233, 250, Loch Ewe Conference (1914), 253 227–228, 239, 242 Heligoland Bight, 226–228, 232, London Naval Conference, 193, 195, 235–237, 241, 243, 248, 268 253–256 Minefelds, proposed pre war English Channel, 208–209, 218 M Heligoland Bight, 138 MacDonald, Sir Claude, 47, 54, 85 Minelayers, 38, 50, 145, 151, 156, Macdonnell, Sir John, 105 166–169, 171, 175–177, 179– Mahan, Admiral Alfred, 77 181, 183, 185–188, 198–200, Maiko Maru, 89 202, 204, 208–210, 213, 216– Mainz, 273 217, 220, 228, 235, 245, 246, Makarov, Vice-Admiral Stepan, 50–51, 248–249, 251, 254–257, 297 75–76 pre-war conversion of, 155–156, Malkin, William, 286 168–170, 176–177 Manchester Guardian, 78–80, 122 wartime conversions, 245–246, 251, Marschall von Bieberstein, Adolf, 117, 255–257 119, 123 Minelaying Martitz, Professor Ferdinand von, 83 German, 13, 258, 271, 274, 275, Maxse, Ernest, 272 277, 284, 289, 301, 302 May, Admiral of the Fleet Sir William, Mines, controlled, 24–26, 32, 52, 26, 31–32, 40, 106, 108–109, 144, 194, 212 178, 198 Mines, countermining, 25–26, 30–31, Maycock, Willoughby, 104, 108 37, 65 Mediterranean Fleet, 34, 38 Mines, cultural objections to, 14–18, Mine 25, 30–33, 59–64, 99–101, 182, Carbonit, 216–217, 219, 234 225–228, 231, 233, 235–236, design of, 36–37, 140–141, 144, 241, 250–252, 258 213–220, 252–253 Mines, legality of use of, 62–63, Elia, 36, 38, 215, 234, 252 79–82, 84, 97–124, 137–139, fring pistol, Heneage, 215–220, 151–153, 167, 173–174, 252, 256 Index 315

193–198, 203–204, 210–212, North of England Protection and 228–232, 235, 244, 268–289 Indemnity Association, 90 Mines, morality of, 59–61, 74–76, North Sea, 133, 135–138, 147–148, 78–80, 101–102, 117–119, 157–158, 171, 173, 178–179, 121–123, 151–153, 173–174, 186, 201–202, 206–210, 214, 228, 267–268 225, 227, 229–230, 239–240, Mines, orders for, 141–144, 146–147, 244–245, 246–251, 253–257, 157, 176–177, 234 268–270 Mines, tactical use of, 38–39, 180, war zones and military areas, 182, 185–188, 199–200 273–276, 279–285 Mining Committee (1908), 185–187 Moore, Rear-Admiral Archibald (A.G.H.W.), 185–186 O Oliver, Rear-Admiral Sir Henry, 155, 156, 185–186, 226, 238, 246, N 249–250, 256 Naval Intelligence Department (NID), Ommanney, Rear-Admiral Robert, 46, 62, 136, 171–172, 173, 181 252 Naval strategy, blockade, 6, 25, Operation AZ, 256 133–139, 148–150, 154–159, Operation BY, 256 171–174, 178–179, 198–199, Operation CY, 256 201–212, 228–232, 239–241, Operation Q, 254–255 243–244, 246–252, 279 Oppenheimer, Sir Francis, 235 Naval stratgey, mine barrage, 28–29, Orpen (Chatterton), Captain Herbert, 35, 138–139, 146–147, 150– 154, 166–168, 170, 176, 180, 154, 157–159, 167, 173–174, 184, 185, 187, 213 203–206, 208–212, 226–227, Orpen Committee, 166–167 231–235, 240–241, 244–245, Orvieto, 245–246, 252, 255, 256 247–252, 254–257 Ottley Committee, 146–148, 157, Neutral trade, 1, 3, 12, 60, 79–87, 167 90–91, 97–107, 116–118, Ottley, Rear-Admiral Sir Charles, 120–121, 122, 135, 138–139, 170–171, 176, 235, 297 147–149, 152–154, 171–174, attitude towards international law, 194–195, 203, 206–208, 108–110 211–212, 225–226, 228–236, early involvement with mining, 240–241, 267–289 23–24, 26–32 New York Sun, 77 planning as DNI, 101–103, 105, New Zealand, 273 135, 137–155, 158, 173–174, Nicholson, Captain William, 106 298–299 Noel, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Gerard, work at the Hague Conference, 1, 32, 46–47, 62, 85, 87–88 106–118 316 Index

Oxford Manual of Naval War, S 196–197 Schleswig-Holstein, 243, 254 Scottish Shipmaster’s Association, 85 Segrave, Captain John, 107, 118 P Selborne, 2nd Earl (William Palmer), Page, Walter, 268, 271, 285, 288 46–47, 63, 97 Pakenham, Admiral Sir William, 47, Shortland, Captain Edward, 89 49, 51–63 Siegel, Admiral Rudolf, 110, 114–118, Pall Mall Gazette, 74, 77, 81 120 Paris, 245, 252 Sir Ernest, Satow, 85, 87, 89, 107, Petropavlovsk, 51–52, 53–55, 58, 60, 109, 111, 116–118, 120, 123 63, 74–75, 77, 78–79 Slade, Admiral Sir Edmond, 27, 106, Pobyeda, 50, 53 120, 171, 176, 183–184, 273 Port Arthur, 45–46, 48–49, 50–52, Sobralense, 89 56, 58–59, 61, 64, 75, 86, 89, Sperry, Rear-Admiral Charles, 140, 150, 172, 240, 247 112–115, 117, 122 Pound, Captain Dudley, 252 Spithead Confernce (1914), 212, 227 Princess Irene, 245, 249, 252, Spring-Rice, Sir Cecil, 284–285, 286 255–256 Stanley, Venetia, 228, 230–232, 278 Princess Margaret, 245, 252, 255–256 Stead, William Thomas W.T., 109, 117, 122 Stewart, Walter, 280, 288 R St James’s Gazette, 74, 76, 79 Raids Stockton, Rear-Admiral Charles, 111, German, 230, 237, 241, 247, 248 193–194 Reay, 11th Lord (Donald James Sturdee, Vice-Admiral Sir (Frederick) Mackay), 107, 111, 120, 195 Doveton, 27, 212, 225–226, Rhine, 229, 230, 235, 270–271, 272 232–233, 236, 238, 270–272, Ricardo, Rear-Admiral Arthur, 46–47 278 Richmond, Captain Herbert, 37, 236 Submarines, 12–13, 16–17, 73, 179, Risley, J.S., 105 183, 198, 202, 203, 211, 214, Rolin, Edouard, 194–195 236 Rotterdam, 203, 206, 229, 230–231, and the Russo-Japanese War, 49, 235, 269, 270–272, 276–277 58, 75 Russia, 9, 14, 15, 25–26, 33–35, 38, early reaction to, 33–37 40, 45–66, 73–85, 90, 97, 114, German attack on trade, 267, 117, 121, 123, 133, 137, 138, 283–289 146, 149, 167, 207, 209, 215, threat posed by German, 231, 233, 239–240, 243, 247 236, 238, 240–242, 244, Russian Baltic Fleet, 48, 51, 62 248–253, 258, 277, 278, 282 Russian Pacifc Fleet, 46, 48–52 Sylt, 239, 242–243, 254 Index 317

T V Thetis, 168, 169, 179, 180, 198 Vernon, 23, 26–28, 30–32, 35–37, Tientsin, 87 66, 140, 144, 155, 184, 185, Times, The, 74, 77, 79–81, 109, 117, 214–216, 220, 234, 252 118, 121, 122, 268, 280 Vickers Ltd., 216, 226, 234, 246, 252 Tōgō, Admiral Marquis Heihachirō, Vitgeft, Admiral Wilgelm, 51, 58 50–52, 58, 59, 76, 236, 247 Vladivostok, 46, 48, 51, 86 Trading with the Enemy (Desart) Sub- Committee, 206–208 Troubridge, Admiral Sir Ernest, 46, W 47, 64 Walton Committee. See Inter- Tryon, Vice Admiral Sir George, Departmental Committee on the 28–30 Hague Conference Tsushima, Battle of, 48, 49, 57, 61 Walton, Sir John, 105, 120 Tudor, Rear-Admiral Frederick, 238, War Staff (Admiralty), 202, 205, 209, 250 218, 227, 239, 246, 277 Tweedmouth, 2nd Baron (Edward War zones. See war zones and military Marjoribanks), 106, 108, 111, areas 123 Warren, Sir Pelham, 87 Tyrwhitt, Commodore Reginald, 15, Washington Naval Conference, 297 258 Webb, Captain Richard, 272, 277, 281 Wei-Hai-Wei, 86, 88–90 Welch, Joseph, 88 U Wellesley, Victor, 280–282, 287 U-boats. See Submarines Weser, 137, 146, 150, 181, 227 Undaunted, 29 Whitelock, George, 83 United States, 9, 34, 77, 248, 267 Wilson, Admiral of the Fleet Sir attitude at the Second Hague Arthur, 26, 154, 168, 178, 238 Conference, 98, 102, 103, strategic ideas, 1905–1911, 111–118, 121, 123, 193 134–135, 148–151, 155–159, protests at British actions (1914– 172, 198, 200 1915), 230–232, 257, 276 strategic ideas, 1914–1915, 240, reaction to mining during the 242–243, 247, 249–254, 258 Russo-Japanese War, 79–80, 83, 90, 111 response to German mining (1914– Y 1915), 268–271, 283–289 Yashima, 51–55, 58, 60, 61, 63, 76 Yenesei, 56