antarctic H OFTHE IIUNITED U STATES

December 1983 National Science Foundation Volume XVIII—N umber 4

In this issue Hallett Station, Antarctica, 1956-1973 Geologic transect across the southernmost Chilean Andes: report of R/V Hero cruise 83-4 Maintenance of an observation hole through the McMurdo Ice Shelf for winter oceano- graphic studies ...... 12 Marine microfossils suggest new insights into antarctic glacial history ...... 14 Conference on the timing and mechanism of the last de- glaciation, Airlie House, Virginia, 2-6 May 1983 . 15 Bremerhaven seminar on the biology of krill 15 DPP advisory committee restructured 16 Brazil and India achieve con- sultative party status ...... 17 U. S. and Chile sign marine U. S. Navy photo (XAM-0306-L . 10-61) by B. M. Andersen. research agreement 17 Hallett Station, established at Cape Hallett in 1956 in preparation for the International Geo- Antarctic and arctic research physical Year (1957-1958), was a U. S.-New Zealand research station. This October 1961 assessed by scientists ...... 17 photograph overlooks the stations main street. The sea ice of Edisto Inlet surrounds the spit Antarctic Bibliography, of land (Seabee Hook) on which the station was built; in the background are the Admiralty Volume 12 published...... 20 Mountains. From 1957 to 1964, the station was used year-round and had an average winter Former NSF program manager population of 16 scientists and support personnel. dies 20 Staff changes at DPP 20 Correction...... 20 Foundation awards of funds Hallett Station, Antarctica, 1956-1973 for antarctic projects, 1 July to 30 September 1983 20 When Thomas Henderson visited Hal- States and New Zealand scientists shared Weather at U.S. stations 23 lett Station, Antarctica, 6-12 December use of the station in what the Prime Minis- 1981, he entered a ghost town. "Several ter of New Zealand called "one of the most calendars remained," he wrote later, "each unusual but successful experiments in inter- national cooperation in the Antarctic" one with a big circle around 19 February This is a brief history of Hallett Station (Dater, 1965). 1973, the date of the final station evacua- and the research accomplished there dur- tion" (Henderson, 1982). Antarctic research stations come and go. ing its 8 years of year-round and 8 years The U. S. Navy established and oper- The United States built seven for the of summer-only occupation. ated Hallett Station from December 1956 1957-1958 International Geophysical Year until the station was closed on that circled (ICY). All but two (McMurdo and Amund- Site selection date in 1973. It was the first human occu- sen-Scott South Pole) have been closed. In 1954 the United States had planned pation of the Cape Hallett area. United Of the other five, Hallett lasted the longest. to build three antarctic stations for the ICY—at Little America (on the Ross Ice September 1955, the United States and Cove, which had sufficient ice cover Shelf), in Marie Byrd Land, and at the New Zealand agreed to study the possibility for small plane landings. There was geographic South Pole. The Comité Spé- of joint occupation of a station at Cape less surf than at any other place vis- cia! de 1Ann6e Géophysique Internationale, Adare. In May 1956 the two nations an- ited in the area, and it seemed possi- of the International Council of Scientific nounced they would establish such a sta- ble that water could be obtained by Unions, reviewed the proposals of all tion for research on auroras and airglow, gravity from the precipitous slopes nations interested in Antarctica and sug- ionospheric physics, geomagnetism, seis- of Cape Hallett. These same slopes, gested filling in some gaps. One of the mology, and meteorology. The station also however, had their disadvantages. If gaps was on the coast of northern Victo- would serve a practical function: Cape a north-south homing device were ria Land, and the Comité Special invited Adare lies along the air and sea transport required, it would probably have to the attention of " the New Zealand govern- route between New Zealand and the U.S. be located on the headland, and, as ment to the very great desirability of a station planned for McMurdo Sound, and a the report said, getting equipment up station at Ross Island or at a suitable site station there would be useful for weather the slope might be difficult. The slope between Ross Island and Cape Adare." reports and communications and perhaps also limited the perspective, thus re- as an emergency landing field (Dater, 1965). ducing the desirability of the spit for By 1955 the United States had decided meteorological observations. The mete- to fill in two other gaps identified by the The actual site for the station was selected orologists on board, while admitting committee (on the shore of the Weddell in February 1956. A survey team assem- that the location was not ideal, believed Sea and on the Knox Coast) and to set up bled aboard the U.S. Navy icebreaker Edisto it to be acceptable. The construction a logistics base at McMurdo Sound for and went to Ridley Beach, Cape Adare, people even thought that a 2,000-foot support of the inland station at the South which was the natural place to investigate runway for wheeled aircraft might be Pole. At a planning session in Brussels in first. Carsten E. Borchgrevink, a Norwe- laid out on the ground. gian heading a British expedition, had It was the best location the survey wintered there in 1899 with nine compan- party had seen, and while they were ions, and Robert F. Scott (British) wintered there, the Seabees carefully mapped a team there in 1911 while he was at it. A cache containing 1,650 gallons McMurdo Sound preparing for his trek of aviation gasoline, emergency ra- to the South Pole. tions, and survival gear was also The Cape Adare site was rejected. A established. While a few persons were station and a small airstrip could have been engaged in these activities, most of established, but winds in the area were the rest of Edistos crew made it ashore known to be high. A penguin rookery, to stretch their legs for the First time the largest known Adélie rookery with an since leaving New Zealand 2 months estimated three-quarters of a million pen- before. The ships commanding offi- guins, contaminated snow on nearby slopes, cer claimed the spit for a subdivision making it difficult to get clean water. Scotts and distributed the lots among all party had not trusted the bay ice for travel present. The penguins thoughts, if Editor: Winifred Reuning by foot, so airplane landings would have they understood what was being con- been dangerous. templated for their ancestral home, Antarctic Journal of the United States, are not recorded (Dater, 1965). established in 1966, reports on U.S. Edisto went south along the Victoria Land activities in Antarctica and related activi- coast. Ice kept the ship away from Cape The members of the survey party agreed ties elsewhere, and on trends in the McCormack, and high surf made a land- that the Cape Hallett site was the most U.S. Antarctic Research Program. It is ing impossible on Possession Islands. Edisto favorable location found. Navy aviators, published quarterly (March, June, Sep- who had flown over the area earlier in the tember, and December) with a fifth an- found and entered an embayment now nual review issue by the Division called Edisto Inlet, at the southern end of season, said they thought heavy airplanes of Polar Programs, National Science Moubray Bay. In the northeastern corner could land on the ice cover of Edisto Inlet Foundation, Washington, D.C. 20550. of the embayment, at the foot of Cape each year at least through October. Cap- Telephone: 202/357-7817. Hallett, was a spit of land, later named tain Charles W. Thomas, the U. S. Coast Seabee Hook. Several thousand Adélie pen- Guard commander of the task unit that Subscription rates are $11.00 per five guins occupied the spit. The icebreaker operated the ship, recommended that the issues, domestic, and $13.75 per five proposed station be established at Cape issues, foreign; single copies are $2.25 next went farther south to Cape Jones, on ($2.85 foreign) except for the annual the mainland just north of Coulman Island, Hallett. review issue, which is $7.00 ($8.75 but this place was rejected because there foreign). Address changes and sub- was no bay ice, the surrounding slopes Establishment and early operation scription matters should be sent to the were precipitous, and a nearby ice shelf The Navys Bureau of Yards and Docks Superintendent of Documents, U.S. was unfit for airplane landings because it planned a station for four scientists and Government Printing Office, Washing- was crevassed and disintegrating. ton, D.C. 20402. 10 support personnel using buildings and Henry M. Dater, historian of the U.S. equipment standard at U.S. antarctic sta- The Director of the National Science Naval Support Force Antarctica, wrote in tions. The Navy transport Arneb and the Foundation has determined that the Coast Guard icebreaker Northwind arrived publication of this periodical is neces- 1965: sary in the transaction of the public at Hallett on 29 December 1956 with two business required by law of this agency. The ship turned back and, finding Seabee (Navy construction battalion) units, Use of funds for printing this periodical nothing between Cape Jones and Cape a boat group for transport between ships has been approved by the director of Hallett, stopped on 12 February for a and shore, cargo, fuel, prefabricated build- the Office of Management and Budget detailed examination of the inlet dis- ings, and the prospective wintering crew. through 31 March 1984. covered earlier. The spit proved to be Also aboard were similar materials and peo- triangular in shape, about 1,500 feet ple for the Knox Coast station, to be built on each side. At the back of the spit upon completion of the Hallett work. Dater was a small lagoon, later named Willett (1965) reports that a helicopter reconnais-

Antarctic Journal Lt. Juan J. Tun, U. S. Navy, assumed sance confirmed the recommendation of struction of the four T-5 prefabricated the position of officer-in-charge, and Dr. the previous years party that the spit at buildings that were to comprise the main James A. Shear, a meteorologist from the the foot of the cape was the most suitable part of the station. University of Kentucky, was station sci- spot for the station. The Army had developed these build- ence leader. Throughout its 8-year life as One of the first tasks was to remove ings especially for polar use. They are 28 a year-round station, Hallett had a win- penguins from the station site. Dater (1965) feet wide, have a 9-foot ceiling, and can tering population much like its first winter: states: be built in any length that is a multiple of 4 feet. The prototype, 56 feet long, became 1 officer-in-charge (USN), a medical Under the direction of Mr. Carl the Hallett Station sleeping quarters and doctor Eklund, an ornithologist and prospec- sick bay, where it performed suitably 1 station science leader tive scientific leader of the Knox Coast (Sherwood, 1964). The other three T-5s 2 scientific technicians station, thousands of the protesting contained mess hall, communications, and 1 electronics technician birds with their half-grown chicks meteorology; science spaces; and garage 3 aerographers (USN) were removed a safe distance. A net and diesel-electric generators. Smaller T-5s 2 radiomen (USN) was then erected against their return. included a refrigerator, a spare power plant, 1 electrician (USN) the radio homer, a laboratory, and a dark- 1 mechanic (USN) room. Outlying structures included a bal- The area cleared was precisely measured 1 utilitiesman (USN) loon-inflation building, a seismometer hut, at 2.06 acres, or 3.75 percent of the rookery, 1 commissaryman (USN) which Eklund calculated to have an area two nonferrous huts for geomagnetic mea- of 55 acres (Reid, 1964). Eklund (1961) surements, and a tower for aurora obser- said 3,318 juveniles and at least 4,900 adults vations. (Use of the suffix "-man" is accurate; Hallett flourished before women were were moved—a total of 8,218 birds. A gla- The 32 Seabees left on USS Atka on 12 ciologist who participated in the penguin included in wintering populations at U.S. February 1957, having finished everything antarctic stations.) operation stated that "over 6,000 penguins" but the radio tower. After a final call by the were moved (Cameron, 1957). icebreaker Northwind on 13 March, the By 9 January 1957 the cargo was ashore 14 winterers were on their own. They had The job of station science leader rotated and construction had begun. Thirty-two 15 weeks in which to get ready for the 1 Seabees set up six Jamesway huts for July commencement of the International between U.S. and N.Z. scientists: temporary quarters, then turned to con- Geophysical Year.

A 1967 aerial view of Hallett Station taken from 500 feet looking west.

U. S. Navy photo (XAM-80030-10-67) by Donald C Peterson.

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3 December 1983 1957—Dr. J. A. Shear, United States Table 1. Table 2. 1958—K. J. Salmon, New Zealand Hallett Station winter populations Hallett Station summer populations 1959—C. L. Roberts, Jr., United States 1960—R. B. Thomson, New Zealand Year Support Science I Total Summer Support Science Total 1961—R. Titus, United States 1957 7 7 14 1964-1965 19 6 25 1962—C. B. Taylor, New Zealand 1958 8 7 15 1965-1966 21 5 26 1963—H. Freimanis, United States 1959 9 7 16 1966-1967 17 5 22 1964—N. M. Ridgeway, New Zealand 1960 8 9 17 1967-1968 16 2 20 1961 8 10 18 1968-1969 15 4 19 Table 1 shows the winter populations 1962 9 10 19 1969-1970 12 4 16 of the station. In addition to the winterers, 1963 6 12 18 1970-1971 14 9 23 several scientists and support personnel 1964 8 5 13 1971-1972 13 2 15 1972-1973 14 2 16 spent each austral summer at Hallett Sta- Included 3 Navy aerographers, 1957-1962. tion operation through 1973. Following the ICY, which ended 31 water storage tanks were added, and the structures; during a storm in May 1960 December 1958, the United States reduced waste water system was extended to pre- even the wind recorder was blown away its antarctic stations from seven to four, vent sewage outfall in low-lying areas. To as it registered 97 knots. In December 1962 retaining Hallett as a joint operation with minimize impact on the penguin rookery, fire destroyed a Jamesway hut that housed New Zealand. It was decided to add other refuse was collected and pushed on to the scientific specimens and a woodworking scientific disciplines, particularly biology. sea ice by bulldozers. Local travel routes shop. A more serious fire on 6 March 1964 The station facilities were enlarged and were laid out to avoid nest sites as much destroyed the original science building and improved to accommodate a summer com- as possible, and trucks were operated the adjacent aurora tower and brought plement and to withstand more perma- slowly. Penguins reoccupied some sites. attention to the question of Halletts future. nent occupation than envisioned when the Air transport of relief crews was intro- It was decided that the cost to reequip the station facilities were planned for the ICY. duced so that a new wintering crew could station would be too great for the added overlap several weeks with the old. The Various improvements were made to the scientific contribution that could be ex- first landing of an LC-130 on the sea ice utility systems after the 1958 winter. Two pected from future year-round operation, near Hallett took place on 30 October 1961. new 75-kilowatt diesel generators were and the station was converted to summer- installed, as was a new communications only operations after the 1964 winter. Over the years storms had caused sig- (Table 2 shows summer populations.) building and a rhombic antenna. Fuel and nificant but repairable damage to station Summer-only operation continued until a series of major biological investigations was completed at the end of the 1972-1973 summer.

A communications antenna stands in a penguin rookery outside of Hallett Station. In the early years of the stations existence, it was an important communications link for airplanes flying between Christchurch, New Zealand, and McMurdo Station on Ross Island. This photograph was taken in October 1967.

U. 5. Navy photo )xAM-8081 -A-i 0-67) by Lonnie N. Mackay Research programs Science at Hallett began in 1957 with upper atmosphere physics, meteorology, seismology, and other geophysical obser- vations—a suite well integrated with the objectives of the International Geophysi- cal Year. By the 1960s the number of biol- ogy projects was rising, and biology became the biggest effort after the winter opera- tions were terminated at the end of 1964. For the period 1951-1982, the number of published papers cited in the Antarctic Bibliography under the headings Cape Hallett, Hallett Peninsula, and Hallett Sta- tion was 159, in the following categories: Medical sciences ...... 1 Ice and snow ...... 1 Geological sciences ...... 5 Terrestrial physics ...... 7 General ...... 8 Logistics, equipment, and supplies ...... 8 Meteorology ...... 18 Atmospheric physics ...... 41 Biological sciences ...... 70 Medical sciences W. J. L. Sladen, Johns Hopkins Univer- sity, studied the persistence and exchange of microorganisms of the human upper

Antarctic Journal

respiratory tract. He found a decrease in Table 3. carrier rates during the 12 months of Surface temperatures: maximum, minimum, and average, isolation, but the men kept their own strains 1 February 1957 to 31 December 1963 of staph germs despite living in close contact. He suggested that absence of upper Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ANN 352 41 respiratory infections was due to absence Max,°F 42 41 301 25 20 25 21 18 19 24 42 of bacterial or viral agents but felt more Day 7 2 3 12 12 6 6 15 19 29 26 27 7 work was required to confirm this (Sladen, Year 1959 1961 1958 1963 1962 1957 1961 1960 1958 1957 1961 1963 1959 344 -41 1965). Min,°F 16 16 -9 -27 -31 -54 -40 -35 -12 116 54 Day 27 21 29 28 17 8 9 22 18 13 3 6 22 Ice and snow Year 1962 1963 1962 1963 1962 1957 1958 1959 1962 1959 1958 1959 1959 George Hendrickson and Robert Row- 47 -16 -16 -12 -2 17 28 land (1965), Army Cold Regions Research Aver,°F 30 26 13 0 -9 -9 and Engineering Laboratory, spent a sea- Also on 3 March 1962. son studying sea-ice strength. They made 2 Also on 30 November 1957. tensile tests and salinity profiles of core Also on 19 May 1959. Also on 25 June 1963. samples; their findings agreed with val- Also on 19 July 1962. ues obtained previously for arctic ice. Also on 2 December 1961. Calculated from monthly averages. Geological sciences B. L. Wood (1963), N. Z. Geological Survey, mapped the Cape Hallett-Tucker Glacier district and described its geology. He noted the Alpine-like ranges to the Table 4. west, the coastal volcanic mountains, and Surface winds, peak and average (in knots), stratigraphic sequences. Vague accordance recorded between 1957 and 1963 of summits of the interior mountains sug- gested that they were cut from a mature Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ANN land surface. I. B. Campbell, also a New Peak 63 80 77 76 79 80 80 78 90 99 84 54 99 Zealander, found evidence of three former Ave. 6.4 8.8 9.5 7.1 7.2 8.7 6.7 6.4 5.5 6.4 5.8 5.8 7.0 sea levels-a fan and two raised beaches. The deposits contained no fossils and could not be dated, but the upper surfaces ap- peared to be from a previous interglacial age. Other investigators made paleomag- netic measurements and studied marine sands to determine geologic origin. Table 5. Average number of days in month with snow; Terrestrial physics average monthly snowfall (inches), A seismograph was operated year-round 1 February 1957 to 31 December 1963 between 1957 and 1964. Its data were used to help determine thickness of the earths Jan Feb Mar Apr .May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ANN crust in Antarctica and under the surround- Days 9.1 16.8 22.7 17.7 13.6 13.1 4.0 11.6 12.1 15.6 11.1 13.0 160.4 ing ocean, earthquake-wave dispersal pat- Snow- 69.1 terns, seismic surface waves, and periods fall 6.5 9.5 13.2 9.3 2.3 2.0 8.9 5.6 3.1 2.2 1.7 4.8 of oscillation of the earth.

General Papers cited in this category provided general descriptions of science and related activities. transport people and things over the rook- provide averages of data published by the ery rather than through it. Risebrough pre- U. S. Weather Bureau in its annual Cli- Logistics, equipment, and supplies sented his plan in 1971, a year before the matological Data for Antarctic Stations The Navys Civil Engineering Labora- station was closed (Risebrough, 1972). series, nos. 1 through 6, for the period 1 tory and the Office of Naval Research per- February 1957 through 31 December 1963 formed research and testing on prefabri- (example: U. S. Weather Bureau, 1965). Meteorology cated barracks, water supply and waste Navy aerographers at Hallett made and Studies of Halletts meteorology data, disposal, and viability of coliform bacte- reported year-round meteorological obser- and additional on-site investigations, in- ria in polar habitats. The Naval Support vations from 1957 through 1963. Some cluded albedo; temperature determinations Force Antarctica reported on operations summer data were collected after 1963. in the free atmosphere .; mean fields of throughout the life of the station and on a Data included 3-hourly surface tempera- height, temperature, and wind; surface station cleanup during its last 2 years. ture, wind speed and direction, ceiling ozone, vertical distribution of ozone, and Robert W. Risebrough, Bodega Marine visibility, number of days with snow or total ozone; nacreous clouds; atmospheric Laboratory, proposed using the Hallett site rain (it rained once, a trace, in January density; surface and upper air thermal for construction of a model antarctic sta- 1962), inches of rain and snowfall, num- radiation; and zonal wind components. tion that would be compatible with mans bers of observations of snow or sleet, fog Both N. Z. and U. S. investigators per- long-term existence in the Antarctic and or ice fog, and blowing or drifting snow, formed this work. with local ecosystems. The paper mainly conventional upper air observations, and considered building design and waste raw radiosonde data. The accompanying Atmospheric physics disposal, but also included a monorail to tables (tables 3-5) prepared for this paper, During Halletts year-round operation

December 1983 (1957-1964) a variety of studies were made The mold causes aspergillosis (a respira- tion and behavior. Reid (1964) identified of the upper atmosphere. Halletts high tory disease) in captive penguins; Wick- four general factors influencing popula- geomagnetic latitude made it useful for lows report was the first evidence of its tion—breeding experience, adult mortality, ionospheric measurements; some studies presence in antarctic materials. Samples sea conditions, and weather conditions— were performed in conjunction with its from isolated rookeries on nearby Foyn and nine specific habitat factors—pebble geomagnetic conjugate in the northern and Possession Islands did not contain A. supply, slope, pair density, trespassers hemisphere: Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. furnigatus. Wicklow suggested that its pres- (other birds, not humans), nonbreeders, ence at Hallett may be the result of human flooding, snow drifts, skuas, and man. The University of Maryland operated a contamination (Wicklow, 1968). R. D. Dil- "Whereas the general factors can be re- large scintillator from 1960 to 1964 for lon and others of the University of South garded as a general breeding handicap cosmic ray research. Theoretical research Dakota examined the ecosystem of proto- imposed on the entire population, the habi- focused on interplanetary modulation of zoan ponds in 1968-1969, giving atten- tat factors amount to a second handicap cosmic rays. Airgiow measurements con- tion to differences between clear and guano- which penalizes certain groups more heav- tinued during and after the IGY; 67 days laden waters. ily and therefore lowers their productiv- of data were taken on an intensive 6-minute ity of fledglings per pair." Reid estimated time scale during 1961. Auroral studies Plants were collected by J. Murray dur- in 1964 that the general and specific fac- included all sky photography; the 1958 ing the 1957-1958 summer; Murray iden- tors caused the loss of 39 percent of all winter yielded particularly good observa- tified 30 lichens and four mosses. E. D. the eggs and chicks during the 1960-1961 tions that showed a close association of Rudolph of Ohio State University spent season. Later Reid reconsidered a by then auroral luminosity and ionization in the several summers in the early 1960s study- larger body of data and concluded that E-region of the upper atmosphere. The ing lichen ecology and microclimate. Later mean mortality during 6 years was about diurnal variation of magnetic activity was Rudolph and his associates noted the 14 percent annually and that 67 percent recorded from 1957 to 1962 and comple- extraordinarily high frost resistance and of the chicks still alive at 4 weeks must mented similar data collected over an entire photosynthesis during wet periods of these die before the age of 4 years. He con- sunspot cycle at New Zealands Scott Base, plants (Rudolph, 1966). cluded that the Adélie population at Hallett Antarctica. New Zealands Christchurch was relatively stable (Reid, 1968). He never- Geophysical Observatory recorded and Several species of mites were found to live among the flora around Hallett. Dur- theless stated that by 1962-1963 only 9 of published Halletts ionospheric data in a the 83 Adélie penguin colonies at Hallett series extending throughout the 1957-1963 ing early 1960s work, Madison E. Pryor identified four species each of Acarina and were in areas of the rookery still unal- period (example: New Zealand Department tered or undisturbed by human interfer- of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1965). Collevnbola, some of which hibernate dur- ing the cold months. The mites had adapted ence. Reid (1964) estimated that mans to low temperatures, but periodic dessica- activities accounted for just under 3.5 per- cent of the total recruitment mortality in Biology tion was a serious adverse factor. In the 1960-1961. Cape Hallett harbors many antarctic ani- mid-1960s E. E. Gless spent three sum- mals and plants. In summer the average mers studying the life cycle of the mites; Human interference, though widespread daily maximum temperature is above freez- the work included rearing of specimens in at Hallett, seemed a minor factor in total ing. Nearby glaciers provide plenty of the stationss biological laboratory. In the mortality. Whatever caused it, ornitholo- water. The bird colonies import large last summer Gless expanded his work to gists agreed that the penguin population amounts of nutrients from the sea, and terrestrial ecology. K. A. J. Wise measured declined at Hallett until 1973, when the there is an abundant flora. As explained population growth of the various species station was abandoned. Reid (1968) blamed above, Hallett Station sits in the middle of during the early part of the 1964-1965 his own studies for part of the loss, saying all this life. season. Frank E. Strong and others of the that banding and close observation dur- University of California, Davis, studied ing seven summers caused the breeding From the beginning, biologists were both low-temperature physiology of collembola population at six of Halletts 83 colonies attracted to Hallett as a superb study site during the 1969-1970 season and docu- to decrease by more than 90 percent. Choate and concerned about the impact of the mented the animals relatively high respi- (1967) gave a decline of 16.8 percent in 4 station and its inhabitants on the local ration rates at low temperatures—an adap- years. John R. Baker of Iowa State Univer- ecosystem. The subject has been studied tive strategy. sity, who conducted a six-summer study and reported thoroughly, and Halletts of penguins and skuas at Hallett conclud- major contribution to antarctic biology may Little work was done on mammals. Just ing in 1972-1973, said the populations of be its documentation of the effect of human after the IGY, R. H. McBee briefly stud- both species had been in continuous decline settlement on a natural ecosystem. ied their intestinal flora. D. Müller-Sch- warze observed over 300 Weddell seals since the station was founded (Baker, 1973). All components of the land ecosystem (the peak number for the season) resting Not all researchers reported declines. and its summer inhabitants (birds) were on sea ice on 26 December 1964. The times Trillmich (1972) found no decrease in the studied, from soils to mammals. of day that seals moved out of the water on- skua population over 3 years (1968-1969 to the sea ice were recorded daily through- The first soil studies were in 1958, when to 1971-1972) and found no correlation out November and December. Norman S. Benes examined soil tempera- between frequency of human disturbance tures. James T. Staley followed with a study Birds were the subject of most biologi- and hatching success among four groups of soil microorganisms during the 1962- cal work at Hallett. The large Adélie pen- of Adélies studied. 1963 summer. He enumerated bacteria in guin colony surrounded the station; skuas samples from an Adélie penguin rookery and other flying birds nested nearby. Orni- Conclusion and from areas rich in lichens. Staley found thologists were there every summer (and The establishment of Hallett Station in that various fertilizers stimulated bacte- one winter) studying physiology, behavior, late 1956 was the first human occupation rial growth. Viability studies demonstrated and population dynamics. of that site. The station was established that significant changes in the soil micro- for geophysical research, with no immediate flora may occur as man assumes a greater Brian E. Reid and colleagues of New plans for the life sciences. Much of the role. Later, D. T. Wicklow isolated many Zealands Wildlife Service spent seven sum- geophysical work was sophisticated and occurrences of Aspergillus furnigatus from mers beginning 1958-1959 and one win- was coordinated with similar observations soil composed largely of bird droppings. ter (1959) focusing on penguin popula- at other locations in Antarctica and else-

Antarctic Journal where. When initial reports of the stations setting became available, biologists turned their interest to the site. Their work quickly moved from the initial descriptive phase to more sophisticated studies. The 16-year occupation of the site provided enough time to establish baseline values, giving proper perspective to the large year-to- year fluctuations in measured quantities. Over the years the operational require- ment for a station at Cape Hallett declined because the baseline meteorological data had been acquired, communications and navigation for aircraft operations improved, and safer, longer-range airplanes that were less likely than earlier models to require an alternative landing site were acquired. Loss by fire of the biological laboratory in 1964 contributed to the decision to con- vert the station to summer-only operation, and conclusion of a major 6-summer study led to the stations abandonment in early 1973. Mans impact on the local environment at Hallett was greater than at most antarc- tic stations. Palmer Station, near the Ant- arctic Peninsula, has a human population about the same size as Hallett, but it has not displaced wildlife. McMurdo (the larg- NSF photo est antarctic station) could have been eco- logically disruptive, but it was built on Hallett Station, austral summer, 1982-1983. The stations human occupants are no longer mostly barren volcanic rock; a few lichens present, and Adélie penguins have begun to reclaim the area. In the background Mt. Herschel were lost. The inland stations are on an (72°12S 169-31 E) overlooks the rookery. almost sterile ice sheet, and their ecologi- cal impact is limited. Halletts most important contribution For that reason materials, equipment, and Cameron, Richard L. January 1957. Per- may indeed be a 16-year scientific docu- drummed fuel were left in place, and Hallett sonal communication to Albert Crary. mentation of mans interaction with a polar Station was later identified as an emer- Choate, Thomas S. 1967. Skua and pen- ecosystem. Geologist Thomas Henderson, gency refuge. guin research at Cape Hallett, 1966- the 1981 visitor who saw the circled dates Nature seems to be dismantling what 67. Antarctic (Wellington), 4(12): 637- on the calendars, added this statement to remains of Hallett Station. Jonathan Pascoe, 640. his report: a New Zealander, visited the site in January- Dater, Henry M. 1965. Hallett Station— February 1983, and he reported that the From idea through the ICY; Hallett Sta- "All seemed to be well in the Adélie station was generally in poor condition, tion—From ICY to summer station rookery. Practically all of the nesting sites as a result of snow and ice drift from doors status. Bulletin of the U. S. Antarctic were occupied and most contained one or left unsecured and water and ice damage Projects Officer, 6(5): 21-31 and 6(6): two eggs. There were no signs of abnor- through the floors. Fewer than half the 19-31. mal mortality. buildings appeared salvageable. Natural "The penguins have not, as yet, extended beach erosion had brought high tide within Eklund, C. R. 1961. Distribution and life the nesting area into the station proper. 3 feet of the buildings. studies of the south polar skua. Bird- Banding, 32(4): 187-233. We could see only two new nest mounds As for the future, two tasks appear to along this boundary. They have no qualms remain: clean-up and removal of mans Henderson, Thomas. 10 October 1982. about trafficking through it on the way to effects, particularly fuel, and a visit by Memorandum to the National Science the sea ice, however. ornithologists and perhaps scientists of Foundation Representative, McMurdo "We observed at least six nesting pairs other disciplines (in a camp as small as Station: Hallett Station visit, 6-12 De- of skua gulls, all with eggs. The nests were possible) to properly document environ- cember 1981. mental changes at Cape Hallett. on the east side of Willett Cove and on Hendrickson, George, and Robert Rowland. the southwest edge of Seabee Spit. —Guy G. Guthridge, Division of Polar 1965. Strength studies on antarctic sea "A pair of snow petrels were nesting in Programs, National Science Foundation. ice. U. S. Army Cold Regions Research the cliffs at the end of Cape Hallett. They and Engineering Laboratory, Techni- were a beautiful sight when they glided cal Report 157. over the base several times during our stay." New Zealand Department of Scientific and References When the station was left in 1973, it Industrial Research (Geophysics Divi- was in reasonably good condition. It was Baker, John R. 1973. Penguin and skua sion). 1965. Christchurch geophysical believed then, and the belief has persisted, studies at Hallett Station. Antarctic Jour- observatory ionospheric data. Part D. that Hallett Station might be used again. nalof U. S.,8(4): 200-201. Frequency Plots. Scott Base 1963. Cape

December 1983

Hallett 1963. Wellington: New Zealand Rudolph, Emanuel D. 1966. Terrestrial munities. Journal of Hygiene, 63(1): Government Printer. vegetation of Antarctica: past and pres- 105-116. ent studies. In J. C. F. Tedrow (ed.), Reid, Brian. 1968. An interpretation of Antarctic soils and soil forming pro- Trillmich, Fritz. 1972. Avian ecology stud- the age structure and breeding status cesses, Antarctic Research series, Vol. ies at Hallett Station. Antarctic Journal of an Adélie penguin population. No- 8. Washington, D. C.: American Geo- of U. S., 7(4): 76-77. fornis, 15(3): 193-197. physical Union. Wicklow, Donald T. Aspergillus fumigatus Reid, Brian E. 1964. The Cape Hallett fresenius isolated from ornithogenic soil Adélie penguin rookery—its size, com- collected at Hallett Station, Antarctica. position, and structure. Records of the Sherwood, C. E. 1964. Temporary polar Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Dominion Musuem, Wellington, New structures—modified T-5 barracks. U.S. 14(6): 717-719. Zealand, 5 (4): 11-37. Navy Civil Engineering Laboratory, Project Y-F015-11-01-149, Technical Wood, B. L. 1963. The geology of Cape Risebrough, R. W., and D. J. McLaughlin. Report R-308, Type C, Final Report, Hallett—Tucker Glacier District. Polar 1972. Proposal for the construction of 21 May 1964. Record, 11(75): 761-762. a model antarctic base. In B. C. Parker (ed.) Colloquium on Conservation Prob- U. S. Weather Bureau. 1965. Climatological data for antarctic stations, January- lems in Antarctica (meeting proceed- Sladen, W. J. L. 1965. Staphylococci in ings). Blacksburg, Virginia, 10-12 Sep- noses and streptococci in throats of iso- December 1963, number 6. Washington, tember 1971. lated and semi-isolated antarctic com- D. C.: U. S. Weather Bureau. Geologic transect across the southernmost Chilean Andes: report of RIV Hero Cruise 83-4

Cruise 83-4 of R/V Hero, which began and data reduction at later dates. This report Cordillera Darwin in Punta Arenas, Chile, on 1 June 1983 includes observations made during the Because Bryan Storey (British Antarc- and ended at the same port on 29 June cruise and comments on their significance. tic Survey), who has worked extensively 1983, involved a geologic transect of the Andean Cordillera in Chilean Tierra del Fuego from Seno Almirantazgo to the Diego Ramirez Islands, approximately 100 Figure 1. Tectonic sketch map of the Scotia arc showing locations of cruise area (hatched), the kilometers southwest of Cape Horn (figure Diego Ramirez Islands, the Elephant Island group, and Smith Island. 1). The objective was to further scientific understanding of the tectonic evolution 45w SOUTH AMERICAN PLATE of the southernmost part of the cordillera CR in relation to the rest of the Scotia Arc. ne We made geologic observations, collected Falkland Fracture samples for geochemical analysis and fis- 50- sion track dating, and made a gravimetric Falkland survey. Tierra del BSR 4l Fuego MTI co7" The participating scientists were: Scotia Ridge <_—South Georgia

• Ian Dalziel, Lamont-Doherty Geolo- -- Horn gical Observatory of Columbia Univer- Yc/lqcn Sos/n sity (senior scientist) SCOTIA PLATE SPJJ&SSA • Randall Forsythe, Rutgers University Elephant Island + ANTARCTIC PLATE Group • Bryan Storey, British Antarctic Survey GOS fScotio Ridge ..X) • Manuel Suarez, Servicio Nacional de ew •.- : ?Scuth Orkrte Geologia y Mineria, Chile -,- Powell jnJ • Juan-Carlos Parra, Servicio Nacional 7/ de Geologia y Mineria, Chile • Anne Grunow, Lamont-Doherty Geo- logical Observatory of Columbia Univer- ANTARCTIC PLATE sity. / BS Bransfield Strait yo BSR Black and Shag Rocks spreading center The cruise track and principal landing CR Chile Rise + sites are shown on a geologic map of south- HFZ Hero Fracture Zone -- transform fault ern Tierra del Fuego (figure 2); geologic MT Malvinas Trough SFZ Shackleton Fracture Zone Y subductan zone sections through the Cordillera are pre- SP Sandwich Plate sented in figure 3. U.S., Chilean, and British 7o SM Strait of Magellan A active volcano 70 South Sandwich Arc investigators are still analyzing much of cI SSTSSA South Shetland Trench the material and data collected and will present the results of laboratory studies

8 Antarctic Journal by mafic dikes, is virtually unaffected by CORDILLERA DARWIN Andean tectonism (Storey eta)., 1977). Another significant observation emerged I I: v from our work in Cordillera Darwin. vil Volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks (figure 6) mapped as belonging to the Tobif era For- mation (Upper Jurassic) in Bahia Brookes 1.—cs C. are remarkably similar to the rocks of the Sandebugten Formation (Upper Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous) in South Georgia ,P-- IHTT.. IN...... BC (Dalziel et al., 1974; Tanner, 1982). Geolo- —+ gists have recognized for a long time that the Sandebugten sedimentary strata was derived from a siliceous volcanic source, iTortuga Complex probably the Tobifera Formation (Dalziel et al., 1974). Therefore, it is logical that part of what has been mapped in South America as the Tobifera Formation may represent the Sandebugten Formation of

NC South Georgia. II LF Two outstanding structural problems in Cape Horn Cordillera Darwin must be considered: how I-4 line of sections well can pre-Andean deformation still be recognized in the pre-Tobifera basement 0 50 100 and how much of the volcanic rock in the kilometers Diego Ramirez Is. basement may represent the Tobifera cover k (.-.25 km) rocks emplaced as tectonic slices or fold Figure 2. Geologic map of southern Tierra del Fuego showing track (dashed lines) and princi- cores. Cruise 83-4. For explanation see Table. Solid lines show pal landing sites (dots) of A/V Hero Canal Beagle location of sections. BB-Bahia Brookes, BC-Beagle Channel, IN-Isla Navarino, SA-Seno Almiran- For some years now geologists have tazgo, SAl-Sierra Alvear, SG-Seno Garibaldi, lH-Isla Haste. pointed out that field evidence and radio- metric data from the southernmost Andes indicate that the main deformation in the

RECENTLY ACTIVE VOLCANO CENOZOIC Cordillera itself took place during the mid- Cretaceous. Subsequent folding would have

UNDEFORMED GRANITIC ROCK UPPER JURASSIC TO TERTIARY been confined to the foothills on the Atlan- tic side (Dalziel and Palmer, 1979; Winslow, 1982). Recently, however, Manuel Suarez METASEDIMENTARY ROCK - discovered evidence suggesting that defor- volcaniclasfic mation in the Cordillera continued into argillaceous the Late Cretaceous.

MAFIC IGNEOUS ROCK During the cruise we observed consider- able evidence for this hypothesis. The evi- METAVOLCANIC ROCK dence included not only deformed granitic UPPER JURASSIC TO LOWER CRETACEOUS mainly siliceous rocks (figure 5) but also highly foliated mainly intermediate contacts with the country rocks. coarse intermediate breccia Horn Island UNDIFFERENTIATED INTERMEDIATE TO The most significant observation was rM MAFIC IGNEOUS ROCK that the rocks on the west coast of Horn DEFORMED GRANITIC ROCK - Island, previously mapped on a reconnais- sance basis as gneisses (Suarez, 1979), are BASEMENT COMPLEX PRE-UPPER JURASSIC flow-banded rhyolites. Presumably, they EM are part of the Hardy Formation (Lower (1976). Blank areas in Andean Cordillera unmapped Ice covered Cretaceous) of Suarez and Pettigrew Table. Principal geologic units of southern Tierra del Fuego. Diego Ramirez Islands Before R/V Hero cruise 83-4, geologic observations of the Diego Ramirez Islands, located approximately 100 kilometers south- on South Georgia, participated in this ence lies in the extent of the Andean (middle west of Cape Horn, had been limited to investigation, we were able to compare the to Late Cretaceous) deformation. In Cor- the small area around a Chilean navy obser- geology of Tierra del Fuego and of South dillera Darwin the pre-Late Jurassic base- vation post. These observations, which Georgia island while we were in the field ment has been extensively re-tectonized, have not been published, were made by (figure 1). Previous general correlations and the basement (Gondwanide) structures Chilean geologists on their way to Antarc- were confirmed as a result of these discus- almost entirely obliterated (Nelson et al., tica. During the Hero cruise, we were able sions (Katz and Watters, 1966; Daiziel et 1980). By contrast South Georgias Dry- to land throughout the islands and to study al., 1974; Tanner, 1982). A major differ- galski Fjord complex, although intruded the rocks in some detail. Most of the islands

December 1983 9

Beagle Channel Seno Garibaldi Cordillera Darwin Bahia Brooks Seno Almirantozgo

3 / 3 2 -".. 2 km - S + + - S km / 0

tectonic F2 slide Tortuga Complex Isla Navarino Beagle Channel Sierra Alvear Logo Fagnano

F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 kilometers

Figure 3. Geologic cross-sections through the Andean Cordillera in Tierra del Fuego. For locations see figure 2; for explanation, see Table. p

I igure D. aeaved voIuallluldstiu strata ot the Tobifera Formation, Bahia Brookes, Cordil- Figure 4. Tightly folded mafic dike, north shore of Beagle Channel, Tierra del Fuego. lera Darwin.

consist of undeformed mafic pillow lavas Figure 6. Two generations of granitic intrusions in the basement rocks of Cordillera Darwin. tilted gently to the northeast (figure 7). There are local intercalations of chert and black argillite; numerous small faults are present. On the southwesternmost island black phyllites and highly deformed silicic vol- canics occur near the Chilean observation post. These rocks (figure 8) have suffered multiple-phase folding and, in the field at least, are virtually identical to the rocks forming the southwestern point of Clar- ence Island in the South Shetland Islands (figure 1. The rreuI1c of the io Ls preent two interesting and potentially important points. First, the Diego Ramirez lsland and Clarence Island are at opposite end, of the same transform fault—the Shackletot fracture zone, which forms the boundary between the Scotia and Antarctic plate (figure 1). This may have no more signifi cance than to indicate a similar tectoni setting at opposite ends of the transforn

10 Antarctic Journal WAA

•ii Figure 7. Pillow lava, Diego Ramirez Islands.

Figure 8. Black phyllite and white deformed volcanic rock, Diego Ramirez Islands.

out in other parts of the world and remains Dalziel, I.W.D. and K.F. Palmer. 1979. unexplained. Progressive deformation and orogenic uplift at the southern end of the Andes. Peninsula Hardy and western Geological Society of America Bulle- q4$ j 1 6q Isla Navarino tin, 90: 259-280. The facies relationships of volcanic and deWitt, sedimentary rocks of the Hardy and Yah- Dott, R.H. Jr., R.D. Wnn, Jr., M.J. 1977. Tectonic and gan Formations along Peninsula Hardy and and R.L. Bruhn. sedimentary significance of Cretaceous western Isla Navarino (figures 9 and 10) are exceedingly complex and have led to Tekenika Beds of Tierra del Fuego. long debates about their paleogeographic Nature, 266: 620-622. significance. Clearly proximal (debris flow) Katz, H.R. and W.A. Watters. 1966. Geo- facies are present (figure 10), but there logical investigation of the Yahgan For- seems to be no simple geometry for the mation (Upper Mesozoic) and associ- Pacific edge of the Early Cretaceous "Rocas Verdes" marginal basin (Suarez and Petti- grew, 1976). Indeed the widespread extent Figure 10. Proximal volcaniclastic breccias, of near-shore proximal facies such as those Hardy Formation Ida Hocte shown in figure 10 calls to question the Figure 9. Pyroclastic rocks, Hardy Forma- unique significance of the so-called Teke- tion, Isla Hoste. nika Beds (Dottetal., 1977).

Isla Packsaddle -ti We collected from the young columnar- fault. However, the second point appears jointed alkali-basalt flow on this island. to be more important. At the three places The flow appears to represent the south- where the terminations of the Shackleton ernmost exposure of the Patagonian basalt and Hero fracture zones intersect, the con- field that extends northwards past the east- vergent margins of South America and ern end of the Strait of Magellan, eventu- the Antarctic Peninsula have experienced ally to southern Bolivia. significant uplift. For the Diego Ramirez Islands this may not be substantial, because —Ian W. D. Dalziel, Lamont-Doherty the rocks do not appear to have been highly Geological Observatory of Columbia Uni- metamorphosed. The rocks of the north- versity, Palisades, New York. ern Elephant Island group (including Clar- ence Island) and of Smith Island (figure References 1), however, reflect uplift of at least 20 kilometers along the Antarctic Peninsula Dalziel, I.W.D., R.H. Dott, Jr., R.L. Winn, margin (Dalziel, 1982; Tanner et al, 1982). Jr., and R.L. Bruhn. 1974. Tectonic rela- To the best of my knowledge, this rela- tions of South Georgia Island to the tionship between fracture zones and con- southernmost Andes. Geological Soci- vergent margins has not yet been pointed ety of America Bulletin, 86: 1034-1040.

December 1983 An active tidal crack along the western shore of White Island marks the transi- tion from shelf ice to shore ice. Because our camp would eventually be built around the ice hole, we wanted to remain a safe distance from the tidal crack yet find an area where the ice was no more than 20 meters thick. Eleven test holes, 20 to 50 meters offshore, were drilled with a 10- centimeter auger through the shelf ice cov- ered with 2 to 3 meters of compacted firn. In most of the test holes the ice was granular and impregnated with brine. A site was chosen 50 meters offshore with 2 meters of snow covering 4.5-meter-thick hard ice, which was dry on the surface. Below the hard ice was another 7 to 9 meters of platelet ice. A 2-meter-diameter hole was melted through the hard ice with a closed-circuit automotive steam cleaner (manufactured by Alkota of South Dakota) filled with glycol. Other investigators have used this Figure 11. Columnar jointed alkali basalt, Packsaddle Island. system successfully to melt holes in Mc- Murdo Sound sea ice and lake ice in south- ern Victoria Lands ice-free valleys. The glycol was heated to 100°C by a kerosene ated igneous rocks of Navarino Island, Maintenance of an burner and circulated through two 15- southern Chile. New Zealand Journal meter-long rubber hoses connected to a of Geology and Geophysics, 9: 323-359. observation hole through 1.2-meter-diameter copper coil. A 5-kilo- Nelson, E.P., I.W.D. Dalziel, and A.G. the McMurdo Ice Shelf watt generator provided power for the Mimes. 1980. Structural geology of the steam cleaner. Cordillera Darwin—collisional style for winter oceanography orogenesis in the southernmost Chilean After digging a 3-meter-square snow Andes. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, At the northwest end of White Island trench, we laid the heated coil, which was 73: 727-751. (78 0 10S 167 0 30E) we maintained a 1.2- weighted and tethered, on the ice surface. meter-diameter and 16-meter-deep hole It melted through the ice at a rate of about Storey, B.C., B.F. Mair, and C.M. Bell. through the McMurdo Ice Shelf (78°S 15 centimeters per hour. Melt water was 1977. The occurrence of Mesozoic oce- 110°31E) from February to December 1981 pumped out of the hole with a small sub- anic floor and ancient continental crust as part of a Weddell seal study. This site mersible pump. If the warm melt water on South Georgia. Geological Maga- enabled us not only to observe the seals had not been removed, the hole would zine, 114: 203-208. winter activities but also to lower traps have enlarged to over 2 meters in diameter. When the hole was 2.5 meters deep, sea Suarez, M. 1979. A late Mesozoic island and bottom grabs, photograph the ben- water seeped in and filled it to the level of arc in the southern Andes, Chile. Geo- thos with a deep submersible camera, mea- the hard ice. Melting continued for 32 hours logical Magazine, 116: 181-190. sure water temperatures, collect water sam- ples to a depth of 80 meters, and directly until the hard ice was penetrated. The lat- Suarez, M. and R.H. Pettigrew. 1976. An observe ice conditions beneath the shelf eral dissipation of heat enlarged the hole upper Mesozoic island arc-back arc using diving equipment. To protect us from rather than making it deeper and made basin system in the Southern Andes the harsh winter environment, we posi- further melting in the platelet ice imprac- and South Georgia. Geological Maga- tioned a portable hut with a trap door over tical. We removed the coil and broke loose zine, 133: 305-328. the hole. Because this procedure has great the platelet ice with a weighted line. As the platelet ice floated to the surface, we Tanner, P.W.G. 1982. Geologic evolution potential for studies of seasonal changes environment beneath used dip nets to remove it from the hole. of South Georgia. In C. Craddock (ed.), in the ice and marine the ice shelf, we describe below how we Clearing the remaining 9 meters of plate- Antarctic Geoscience. Madison: Uni- drilled and maintained the observation hole let ice this way was difficult and time- versity of Wisconsin Press. for one year. consuming. Tanner, P.W.G., Pankhurst, and G. R.J. White Island, located 26 kilometers south After removing 60 to 70 percent of the Hyden. 1982. Radiometric evidence for ice, two divers descended into the hole the age of the subduction complex in of Ross Island, is bounded on the south and cleared away the final platelet ice with the South Orkney and South Shetland and east by the Ross Ice Shelf and on the west by the McMurdo Ice Shelf. We select- small scrapers. Small volcanic stones cov- Islands, West Antarctica. Journal of the ed a site for the oceanographic hole at the ered with bryozoans and a starfish were Geological Society of London, 139: northwest end of the island near an area found embedded in the platelet ice and 683-690. where Weddell seals regularly haul out presumably had been lifted from the sea- Winslow, M.A. 1982. The structural evo- along the tidal cracks and pup in Novem- bed by anchor ice. With the aid of a lution of the Magallanes Basin and ber. We knew the ice could be penetrated 1,000-watt underwater light, we examined Neotectonics in the southernmost An- here because a New Zealand scientific team the bottom of the ice, which was 16 meters des. In C. Craddock (ed.), Antarctic Geo- had maintained an oceanographic hole in below the surface. The platelet ice was science. Madison: University of Wis- this area during the 1978-1979 austral composed of large, loosely packed crys- consin Press. summer. tals with a random orientation. Although

12 Antarctic Journal the water was very clear, the extreme dark- Each tube was slightly tapered at the top the ice hole and was attached by eight ness limited visibility to about 10 meters so that the bottom of the next section could ropes to the bottom of the hut. be slipped on and riveted. During assembly, with the light. The underice surface was Even though the hut was heated, the air flat with no ice chandeliers. the tube was supported over the hole by temperature directly above the ice hole was inserting a 2-meter steel pipe through frequently below the freezing point, and A 4.5- by 6-meter portable hut with a opposing 3-centimeter predrilled holes in 1.3-meter-square trap door in the floor a crust of ice usually formed on the sur- each section of tube. The ends of the steel face of the water. We chipped this ice out was positioned over the hole. Because the pipe extended beyond the sides of the tube daily. Platelet ice never formed inside the hut sat on the existing snow level, the and rested on opposing edges of the trap tube to any appreciable extent through- water level in the hole was 2 meters below door in the floor of the hut. When a new out the year. Water temperatures measured the floor. The ice hole was lined with an section of tube was attached, the support- inside the tube at 5 meters were always aluminum tube 1.2 meters in diameter and ing pipe was removed, and the tube was 0.05 to 0.1°C higher than the temperature 16 meters long. By extending below the lowered by hand to the level of a second outside the tube at a depth of 20 meters. level of the underice surface, the tube pre- pipe inserted through the new section. vented platelet ice from breaking loose and Why the water warms inside the tube is filling the hole. uncertain, but it prevented ice formation In this manner, three people assembled in the tube below the surface throughout The tube was a modular design con- a 16-meter tube composed of 13 sections the winter. Ice began to form directly below structed from aluminum sheets (1/2 hard, and lowered it into the ice hole from inside the tube in July; by late August it extended 5052) 1.6-millimeters thick, 3.7-meters long, of the hut in 8 hours. The tube weighed 1 to 2 meters below the bottom of the and 1.2-meters wide. Each section of tube only 118 kilograms, but its cylindrical struc- tube. The hole at the bottom was kept was formed by wrapping the sheet along ture gave it strength against lateral com- open by lowering an iron ring 1 meter in its length and pop-riveting the seam to pression. Two iron hoops with rope attach- diameter to break away the platelet ice. create a tube 1.2 meters in diameter and ments were bolted to the top and bottom 1.2 meters high. The aluminum sheets were sections to add strength to the ends. When On 15 August, two dives were made to predrilled for easy assembly in the field. completed, the tube hung freely inside of examine ice conditions at the bottom of

This cross-sectional diagram of the McMurdo Ice Shelf adjacent to the northwest end of White Island shows the hut over the ice hole. The 20 to 30 Weddell seals, which reside permanently at White Island, haulout and pup along the tidal crack in November. During the winter, the seals maintain breathing holes along the tidal crack but may not haulout for 4 to 5 months.

Hut Firn Tidal Crack Icefoot 4.5 m Infiltration Ice (White Island)

Aluminum Tube 1k 9m Platelet Ice I

December 1983 13 the tube. The platelet ice had encased the a rich sponge spicule mat supporting a sediments along, and deposited part of the tube and now extended 2 meters below diverse invertebrate community. fossiliferous sediments on the crest of the the bottom like an inverted volcano. It mountains. was difficult to determine whether the entire The marine biologic, oceanographic, and Drs. Webb and Mercer and their associ- underice surface had increased in thickness, ice observations afforded by this hole made ates favor the third theory. For the first but if it had, it was by less than 1 meter. us realize its great potential for more theory to be acceptable, the Transantarctic Most of the new ice appeared to have detailed work beneath the ice shelf. We Mountains would have to have undergone a formed around the bottom of the tube. believe that even deeper holes, perhaps major tectonic uplift of 1 kilometer every The loosely packed ice crystals around the up to 30 meters, can be maintained dur- ing the winter if the platelet ice can be million years for the past 3 million years. tube were 5 to 10 centimeters in diameter No other data from Antarctica can sub- and randomly oriented. penetrated initially. Such a hole would pro- vide a unique opportunity to study the stantiate this rapid uplift. The second the- Aside from the daily chore of dislodg- glaciology, oceanography, and biology ory requires that the west antarctic ice sheet ing platelet ice from the bottom of the beneath the ice shelf. move in opposition to the eastern ice flow tube and removing it with dip nets, little of the east antarctic ice sheet. —R. W. Davis, M. A. Castellini, M. further work was required to keep the hole Although many aspects of this discov- Horning, and M. P. Davis, Physiology serviceable throughout the winter. Because ery remain unanswered, the fossils do pro- Research Laboratory, Scripps Institution the ice shelf moved away from the shore vide new data on the occurrence and of Oceanography, University of California, of White Island at a rate of 12 centime- approximate age of previously unknown Lajolla, California 92093. The authors were ters per day, the water beneath the hole marine basins beneath the thick ice of East members of the 1981-1982 scientific team increased in depth from 80 meters in Feb- Antarctica. Studies of these collections will for Dr. Gerald Kooymans investigation ruary to 86 meters in November. Bottom help determine the size and frequency of of the winter ecology of Weddell seals grabs made in April revealed a volcanic ice sheet fluctuations during the Cenozoic (National Science Foundation grant DPP rubble bottom supporting bryzoans and era, about 65 million years ago. From these sponges. By August, we had moved over 79-23623). new data the scientists hope to learn more about world climate over the past 65 mil- lion years and about global fluctuation of sea level during that time. The findings also can help explain north- Marine microfossils suggest new ward movement of very cold marine waters and southward movement of relatively insights into antarctic glacial warm waters during the many glacial- history interglacial periods. Interplay of waters with contrasting physical and chemical charac- Over 15 years ago John H. Mercer of of the east antarctic ice sheet, marine inva- teristics has a strong bearing on biological Ohio State University collected glacial drift sion of the Wilkes and other subglacial productivity and deposition of organic samples in the Transantarctic Mountains basins, and final re-establishment of the material. near the Reedy Glacier (85°2S 134°W), east antarctic ice sheet sometime in the Beardmore Glacier (83 0 45S 171°E), and last 3 million years" (Webb et al, in press). Quoting Dr. Webb, "We will now be Mount Feather (77°57S 160°19E). At the Over millions of years large areas of the able to better delineate the distribution of time he did not know that these samples, ice sheet could have expanded across East major sedimentary basins and former sea- collected 2,500 meters above sea level, con- Antarctica, overlapped major mountain ways in Antarctica. It seems apparent that tained marine microfossils between 2 mil- chains, and extended across the continen- seaways crossed Antarctica at various times lion and 70 million years old. tal shelves. After this expansion a major in the past 60 million years, connecting recession may have occurred, and shallow the southern Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Because Dr. Mercers samples were continental seas could have flooded across Oceans, thereby providing important ma- archived, they were available for future Antarctica towards the South Pole. The rine migration routes." studies. When Peter N. Webb, a paleontolo- most recent major retreat of the east ant- During the 1983-1984 austral summer, gist at Ohio State University, began check- arctic ice sheet and accompanying inva- ing these samples in 1983 for microfossils, glacial geologists will work in the region sion of marine waters occurred probably where the fossils were discovered. Besides he discovered the ancient marine fossils. about 2 to 3 million years ago. This finding may change many concepts searching for fossils and outcrops of the about the glacial history of Antarctica. marine sediments, they will document in How the fossils were emplaced 2,500 detail the regions glacial history. Dr. Webb and his colleagues were able meters above sea level still puzzles the scientists. Three theories (Webb et al, in to identify microfossils in 9 of the 15 References samples. The microfossils included deli- press) are suggested: Harwood, David M. In press. Diatoms from cately preserved diatoms, radiolaria, sili- • The fossils could have been depos- the Sirius Formation, Transantarctic coflagellates, calcareous nannoplankton, ited when parts of the Transantarctic Antarctic Journal of the ostracodes, sponge spicules, and pollen. Mountains were below sea level. Mountains. Three samples from the Reedy Glacier area U.S., 18(5). • An extremely thick, expanded west contained microfossil assemblages that are Webb, Peter N., David M. Harwood, Bar- antarctic ice sheet could have picked up the southernmost Cenozoic faunas and flo- rie C. McKelvey, John H. Mercer, and ras documented to date (Harwood, in press). older marine sediments from the Ross Sea Basin and carried them westward as the Lowell D. Stott. In press. Late Neogene and older Cenozoic microfossils in high The discovery of these fossils at the top ice sheet overrode the mountains. of the Transantarctic Mountains raises new elevation deposits of the Transantarctic questions about fluctuations of the east • Thick ice from the Wilkes-Filcher- Mountains: Evidence for marine sedi- antarctic ice sheet. The scientists suggest Coats basins, near the eastern side of the mentation and ice volume variation of that the fossils record "one or more phases Transantarctic Mountains, could have over- the east antarctic craton. Antarctic Jour- of deglaciation of marine-based portions ridden the mountains, carried the marine nal of the U. 5,18(5).

14 Antarctic Journal Conference on the timing and mechanism nent. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclirnatol- of the last deglaciation, Airlie House, ogy, Paleoecology, 35: 121-144. Hays, J., D. J. Imbrie, and N. J. Shackleton. Virginia, 2-6 May 1983 1976. Variations in the Earths orbit: 194: In 1981 French researchers at the Na- marine west antarctic ice sheet (Mercer, Pacemaker of the Ice Ages. Science, tional Center for Scientific Research (Du- 1970). He believes that Younger Dryas 1121-1132. plessy et a!, 1981) and U. S. researchers at cooling may have been caused by a great Mercer, J . H. 1969. The Allerod oscillation: Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory influx of icebergs into the North Atlantic A European climatic anomaly? Arctic (Ruddiman and McIntyre, 1981) presented when these ice sheets disintegrated (Mercer, and Alpine Research, 1: 227-234. evidence that the late Wisconsin/Weich- 1969). Most recently Denton and Hughes selian deglaciation in the Northern Hemi- (1981) have developed this view and claim Mercer, J. H. 1970. A former ice sheet in sphere had a rapid phase from 16,000 to that arctic and antarctic marine ice sheets the Arctic Ocean? PalaeogeograpJiy, 13,000 years ago; this was followed by a on continental shelves are uniquely vul- Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 8: pause and a second rapid phase from 10,000 nerable to instabilities at the grounding 19-27. to 6,000 years ago, when deglaciation vir- lines of large ice streams that link the Ruddiman, W. F., and A. McIntyre. 1981. tually was complete. Their findings were grounded and floating components of The North Atlantic Ocean during the based on oxygen-isotope ratios in sea-floor marine ice sheets. In the Antarctic, the last deglaciation. Palaeogeography, Pa- floating components of the west antarctic sediments from the Bay of Biscay and the laeoclirnatology, Palaeoecology, 35: 145- ice sheet are the Ross Ice Shelf and the disappearance of foraminif era from sur- 214. face waters in the North Atlantic Ocean. Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf. Field studies by Denton, Kellogg, and Borns have demon- This evidence departed radically from strated that the Ross Ice Shelf is a col- conventional views of deglaciation. The lapsed remnant of an expanded west ant- accepted theory, first proposed by M. arctic ice sheet that was grounded over Bremerhaven seminar Milankovitch in 1941 and successfully the entire Ross Sea 17,000 years ago. demonstrated by Hayes and others (1976), on the biology of krill Additional glaciological insights were holds that deglaciation marched in lock- A series of invited seminars and a work- step with the increase in solar insolation provided by Charles R. Bentley and Craig shop on aspects of krill (Euphausia superba) S. Lingle of the Geophysical and Polar during the summers in mid-to-high lati- biology took place in Bremerhaven, Fed- Research Center (University of Wisconsin), tudes of the Northern Hemisphere in eral Republic of Germany, from 16 to 20 Richard Peltier (University of Montreal), response to orbital variations of the Earth. May 1983. Thirty-two scientists, represent- and James Clark (Calvin College). Bent- ing 12 countries (Australia, Argentina, These new results prompted Jean-Claude ley reported results from his Ross Ice Shelf Chile, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Duplessy and William F. Ruddiman to con- Geophysical and Glaciological Survey that Japan, Poland, South Africa, Soviet Union, vene a conference on the timing and mecha- emphasized the dynamic nature of the Ross Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United nism of the last deglaciation at Airlie House, Ice Shelf. Lingle showed results from States), participated. The conference, chair- Virginia, from 2-6 May 1983, sponsored numerical modeling of grounding-line ed by Professor Gothilf Hempel, was held by NATO. The timing of the two-phase retreat for a major west antarctic ice stream at the Alfred Wegner Institute for Polar Re- deglaciation was confirmed by conference supplying the ice shelf, beginning 17,000 participants who reported on the Youn- years ago. Peltier and Clark presented search. ger Dryas cold period in Europe from results from their modeling study of world- In his introduction, Professor Hempel ex- 11,000 to 10,000 years ago. However, Alan wide glacio-isostatic rebound over the past plained the need for formulating special Mix and William Ruddiman presented new 17,000 years. Their report included new recommendations for the Second Interna- studies of equatorial Atlantic sediments inverse-model results that use rebound data tional Biological Investigations of Marine that put the first phase of deglaciation in an attempt to reconstruct the extent of Antarctic Systems and Stocks (BIOMASS) between 13,000 and 10,000 years ago. North American maximum glaciation. Experiment (SIBEX). He suggested that Despite differences in timing, recorded at Significantly, a substantial marine ice sheet these recommendations should be based different places in the Atlantic, studies pre- over the Queen Elizabeth Islands (off the on data from the First International BIO- sented at the meeting left participants with a northern coast of Canada) was necessary MASS Experiment (FIBEX), as well as new general sense that deglaciation did indeed for the inverse-model to satisfy the rebound information on krill biology presented at occur in two phases. This required a re- data. the first International Krill Symposium thinking of the conventional view that the held at Wilmington, North Carolina, in disappearance of Northern Hemisphere ice October 1982. In the opening talk on 16 sheets could be adequately explained by —Terence J. Hughes, Department of September, Robert George of the Univer- melting along their terrestrial margins. Geological Sciences, University of Maine sity of North Carolina at Wilmington sum- at Orono. The chief proponents of the conven- marized the results of the Wilmington sym- tional view of deglaciation were John T. posium with emphasis on the most recent Andrews and Gifford H. Miller of the Insti- research findings in krill-swarm patterns, tute of Arctic and Alpine Research (Uni- growth strategy, age, feeding behavior, and versity of Colorado) and Canadian geolo- References physiology. gists V. K. Prest and Douglas Grant. Chal- The plenary session on 17 May consisted lenging this view were John Mercer of the Denton, G. H., and T. J. Hughes (eds). of three invited papers on krill distribu- Institute of Polar Studies (Ohio State 1981. The Last Great Ice Sheets. New tion, field sampling, population dynamics University) and George Denton, Terence York: Wiley- Interscience. models, and microstructures of water mass- Hughes, James Fastook, Harold Borns, Jr., es. The days discussions centered on field and Thomas Kellogg of the Institute for Duplessy, J-C., G. Delibrias, J. L. Turon, C. Piyol, and Duprat. 1981. Deglacial studies of krill ecology. I. Everson of the Quaternary Studies (University of Maine). J. warming of the northeastern Atlantic British Antarctic Survey summarized pres- Mercer elaborated upon his concept of Ocean: Correlation with the paleocli- ent methods for estimating krill abundance arctic marine ice sheets, analogous to the ma tic evolution of the European conti- with acoustic systems and trawling. T.

December 1983 15 Nemoto (University of Tokyo, Japan) tained on krill spawning locations, bio- DPP advisory committee addressed the question of krill distribution, chemical studies be performed on embry- which he is evaluating by analyzing the ological and larval stages (to explain the restructured feeding preferences of larger predators. J. buoyancy mechanisms operating in the On 15 and 16 September 1983, the Di- developmental ascent), and eggs and em- R. Beddington (International Institute for vision of Polar Programs Advisory Commit- bryos be collected from deep waters with the Environment and Development, Lon- tee met at the National Science Founda- devices similar to sediment traps. The pos- don), discussed modeling population dy- tion in Washington, D. C. This was the sible uptake of dissolved organic substances namics of krill. first meeting of the newly restructured by non-feeding stages should be investi- committee. The advisory committee, which The participants met subsequently in gated, as well as the sensory physiology the Foundation established on 1 October three working groups—early life cycles and moulting metamorphosis of these stag- 1977, provides "advice, recommendations, (chaired by Robert George); physiology es. and biochemistry (chaired by S. Rakusa- and oversight concerning support for Suszcewski, Department of Polar Research, research and research-related activities in • Working group on physiology and the polar regions area." Poland); and distribution, stock identity, biochemistry. This groups discussions and popujation models (chaired by I. emphasized energy budgets, specific adap- Everson). The objectives of the three group Previously, the committee had comprised tations of krill, and the relationship between six subcommittees that focused on specific discussions were to summarize present energy flow and matter circulation in ant- knowledge and make recommendations for science disciplines and logistics. The present arctic ecosystems. It recommended further 12-member committee is an interdisci- studies during and after the SIBEX pro- studies of age determination, routine and gram. plinary group with one to three members active metabolism, growth, assimilation from each of the five scientific disciplines During the third day of the symposium, efficiency, filtration or clearance rates, and in which the Division supports research. the plenary session focused on physiology respiration. These are biology and medicine, ocean sci- and biochemistry and included three invited ences, earth sciences, atmospheric scienc- presentations. M. C. McDonald (Antarc- • Working group on distribution, stock es, and glaciology. This group will be tic Division, Australia) presented the first identity, and population models. This group expanded to include three specialists in paper on krill stock separation. By using addressed the following four questions: polar logistics and other related areas. results from electrophoretic studies of (1) large-scale geographic distribution of enzymes, he described the genetic aspects krill; (2) small-scale distribution of krill; The committee will provide oversight of geographic locations of krill populations. (3) predator-prey interactions; and (4) pop- of management and program balance for In his opinion krill should be viewed as a ulation models. The group recommended the Divisions arctic and antarctic programs. single reproducing population, as opposed detailed studies in mixing zones (such as Relevant committee members also will to different populations with no gene-flow the Bransfield Strait), ice-edge zones, and review in depth each disciplinary program between oceans. U. Kils (Kiel University, the Scotia Sea/Weddell Sea region, as well at least once every 3 years; two or three Germany) described feeding mechanics and as Prydz Bay (66°S 75°E). With reference other scientists who are experts in the disci- energetics. F. Bucholtz (Kiel University, to small-scale distribution it pointed to the pline under review will help the commit- Germany) dealt with moulting and moult need to understand swimming and verti- tee members with these reviews. physiology. cal migration of krill. A recommendation also was made that data on krill in the The committee will meet two or three The plenary session included brief pre- stomachs of whales should be collected times each year, and members will serve sentations on swimming patterns, diurnal from various investigators, particularly 3-year terms. migration, vision, in-situ observations, and from Japanese scientists working in the growth models. Pacific sector during SIBEX. The current members are

On the workshops fourth day, partici- In the final session of the meeting, the • Ian Daiziel, Lamont-Doherty Geolo- pants met for a plenary session in the morn- SIBEX program was outlined and discussed. gical Observatory, Columbia University ing to hear five papers on the early life This discussion related specifically to plans • James R. Heirtzler, Department of history of krill. These papers covered such for studies in the Southwest Atlantic sec- Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole topics as the influence of pressure on egg tor. In his concluding remarks, Professor Oceanographic Institution development, the distribution pattern of Hempel discussed the German antarctic larvae, the behavior in the laboratory of program and pointed out the major devel- • William W. Kellogg, National Center newly hatched nauplius larvae, and the opments in German polar research, par- for Atmospheric Research density distribution of krill larvae in neritic ticularly the construction of the new insti- • Louis J. Lanzerotti, Bell Laboratories and oceanic waters. tute in Bremerhaven, the research station near Atka Bay in Antarctica, and planned • Ursula B. Marvin, Smithsonian Astro- The afternoon session and the final days operations of the German R/V Polarstern physical Observatory deliberations drew on the three subgroup in the southern ocean. He also emphasized discussions. The chairman of each sub- the need for continued international cooper- • James McCarthy, Department of Biol- group summarized its discussions; the sum- ation in antarctic research. ogy, Harvard University maries were followed by a plenary discus- • Gifford H. Miller, Institute for Arc- sion of the recommendations. Some of the The proceedings of the krill workshop tic and Alpine Research recommendations developed by each sub- were published during the fall of 1983 as group follow: a special report of Berichte zur Polarfor- • Christopher N. K. Mooers, Depart- • Working group on early life history. schung (Reports on Polar Research) of the ment of Oceanography, Naval Postgrad- This group divided the early life cycle into Alfred Wegener Institut fur Polarfor- uate School sc hung. three discrete phases: (1) spawning to • Ellen S. Mosley-Thompson, Institute hatching, (2) non-feeding larval stages, of Polar Studies, Ohio State University nauplius I to metanauplius, and (3) feed- —Robert Y. George, Institute of Marine ing larval stages, furcilia 1-6. The scien- Biomedical Research, University of North • Stephen C. Porter, Department of Geo- tists recommended that new data be ob- Carolina at Wilmington. logical Sciences, University of Washington

16 Antarctic Journal • Elmer Robinson, Department of Half of these original members will serve • All data and specimens, including film, Chemical Engineering, Washington State 2 years rather than 3 to establish an orderly fossils, minerals, and published materials, University rotation of the committees membership. collected in Chilean waters must be shared The next meeting is planned for late Feb- between NSF and IHA. Data may be • Clayton White, Department of Zool- ruary or early March 1984. removed from Chile if IHA authorization ogy, Brigham Young University. has been obtained before the cruise. • Whenever possible, NSF will include two Chilean scientists in the research party, in addition to the pilots or observers required by Chilean law. • The chief scientist of each expedition must submit a preliminary report to IHA Brazil and India achieve consultative party status at the end of the cruise and a final report in Antarctic Treaty of conducted research within 10 months of the expeditions departure from Chile. At the fifth Special Consultative Meet- ond expedition was carried out during the ing on 12 September 1983 representatives 1982-1983 austral summer, and a summer To fulfill the last requirement, NSF will of the 14 Consultative Parties to the Ant- camp was established at the ice edge near publish final cruise reports in the Antarc- arctic Treaty admitted India and the Fed- the first temporary camp. India plans a tic Journal. The first of these reports erative Republic of Brazil to consultative year-round station and purchase of aircraft. appears in this issue on pages 8-12. party status. The meeting, held in Can- berra, Australia, preceded the 12th Con- The other 14 Antarctic Treaty consul- sultative Meeting of the Antarctic Treaty. tative nations are Argentina, Australia, Bel- Both Brazil and India were invited to attend gium, Chile, France, the Federal Republic the meeting that began on 13 September. of Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Nor- way, Poland, South Africa, the Soviet These two countries are the third and Union, the United Kingdom, and the United fourth countries to gain consultative sta- States. Antarctic and arctic tus since the Treaty was signed by 12 research assessed by nations on 1 December 1959. Brazil acceded to the Treaty in May 1975 and India in scientists August 1983. To achieve consultative status each of these countries has "demonstrated The Polar Research Board of the Na- its interest in Antarctica by conducting tional Academy of Sciences (NAS) recently substantial scientific research there, such completed three reports that assess aspects as the establishment of a scientific station of antarctic and arctic research. The first or dispatch of a scientific expedition" (Ant- report is directed to the U. S. Antarctic arctic Treaty, Article XI, paragraph 2). Both U.S. and Chile sign Research Program; the other two are part countries now can participate in the deliber- marine research of the groups continuing effort to iden- ations, recommendations, and decisions of tify needs and develop strategies for polar the Antarctic Treaty consultative meetings. agreement research. Copies of all three are available in limited quantities from the Polar Re- Accession to the treaty is open to "any In June 1983 representatives of the U.S. search Board, 2101 Constitution Avenue, State which is a member of the United and Chilean governments signed an agree- N. W., Washington, D. C. 20418. Brief Nations, or any other state which may be ment that will affect research conducted descriptions of these reports follow. invited to accede to the Treaty with con- in Chiles 200-nautical-mile zone aboard sent of all Contracting Parties." (Antarc- the R/V Hero. The 2-year agreement, which The recommendations outlined in these tic Treaty, Article XII, paragraph 1). The entered into force on 1 June 1983, out- reports will help guide polar research until 13 nations that have acceded to the treaty lines a plan for cooperation between the 2000. When planning research, the Na- agree to abide by the treaty but do not National Science Foundation (NSF) and tional Science Foundation considers the participate in its operation. Chiles Hydrographic Institute of the Navy identified priorities among and between (IHA). However, it does not alter U. S. or disciplines and the recommended mix of In 1981 Brazil purchased the Danish Chilean obligations under other interna- disciplines for a balanced polar research supply ship Thala Dan, which previously tional agreements and the Antarctic Treaty program. had been used to resupply Australias sta- or their views of the Law of the Sea treaty. tions and the French station Dumont Hero operates in South American waters U. S. antarctic research dUrville. During the 1982-1983 austral during winter, when ice limits operations Research emphases for the U. S. Ant- summer, the Thala Dan, renamed Barao in antarctic waters. arctic Program responds to National Sci- de Teffe, and another ship, Prof. Besnard, ence Foundation request for a review syn- were used in the southern ocean to con- U. S. scientists considering research pro- thesizing trends in and status of U. S. ant- duct marine research. The expanded Bra- jects aboard Hero in Chilean offshore arctic research. The 48-page report iden- zilian program also includes the possibil- waters or the inshore canals should be tifies important scientific questions, rec- ity of building a station in the Antarctic aware of the following requirements: ommends priorities among these questions Peninsula area to accommodate 15 people. as a guide to program planning, and sug- • NSF must notify IHA 6 months before gests various large-scale integrated research The Indian government began its ant- the date planned for a research cruise. IHA projects as well as smaller projects to arctic program in January 1982 when a will forward the request for review to the address selected questions or groups of 20-member team used the chartered ship Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Navy, questions. Polarsirkel to land near the east antarctic who will notify NSF as to whether the coast on the sea ice. A temporary camp cruise has been approved, modified, or In preparing this report, the scientists was established at 70°35 41°2E. A sec- disapproved. recognized that "much of antarctic research

December 1983 17 rological and oceanographic observations to be used in global circulation models, seismograph and earth-tide recordings at the South Pole, meteorite collections, and map production. They encourage the Unit- ed States Antarctic Research Program to continue international cooperation. While reviewing the science programs, the scientists addressed field support. They suggest that ways be found to increase the length of the antarctic operating sea- ,, son and to reach more remote geographic areas. Other support considered includes greater use of balloons, rockets, automatic L g- station arrays and satellites; improved data reduction, analysis, and archiving; and timely publication of results. They emphasize that the selected scien- tific questions will continue to be impor- tant for understanding Antarctica and its relationship to global processes and envi- ronments but that the U. S. program should be flexible enough to accommodate signifi- cant changes in science and technology as they occur. Such new directions and oppor- tunities may lead to different research U.S. Navy photo {XAM-9014-10-78) by Frank A. Bair, Jr emphases. Some examples of these changes include direct application of resource man- Darwin Glacier field camp was under construction when this photograph was taken in 1978. agement, new research methods that would The camp, which supported 50 scientists, served as a base for 12 geologic, glaciologic, and link broad areas of science previously in geophysical projects during the 1978-1979 austral summer. Large field camps such as this one enable scientists to study remote areas of Antarctica. separate categories, and behavioral and social science investigations.

U.S. glaciology programs requires approaches that are more widely • adaptive mechanisms of biota Snow and ice research: an assessment based than the usual scientific disciplines considers studies of snow and ice on or • krill swarming behavior From four research categories (bio- above the Earths surface in not only polar logical systems, climatic variability, geo- • biogeochemical pathways regions but also other areas of the world dynamic, stratigraphic and glacial history, where snow and ice occur. In this 126-page and upper atmosphere and near-earth • energy flow and conversion along report the NAS committee on glaciology space), they identified 17 questions that magnetic field lines reviews the changes in glaciology since have outstanding importance for antarc- • oceanic and atmospheric heat transfers 1970 and recommends future research by tic research in the next decade ...... The focusing on two themes. two questions with the highest priority • the geological relationship between West and East Antarctica. Snow and ice and their interactions with are: the ocean, climate, and soil influence the • "What is the record of climatic and The scientists saw a need for more large- world climate system. The report notes, environmental conditions during the last scale projects, similar to the Dry Valley "Because snow reflects about 80 percent several hundred thousand years as is pre- Drilling Project, upper-atmosphere research of the suns radiation, whereas soil and served in the antarctic ice sheet?" at Siple Station, and coordinated earth sci- sea water absorb 80 percent or more, the ence projects in the Ellsworth Mountains, extent of snow cover critically affects the • "How do the structure and function northern Victoria Land, and the Darwin earths radiation balance, thus the global of marine biological communities vary in Glacier. Projects like these maximize the climate system. In the Southern Hemi- time and space with regard to physical use of support facilities and enable many sphere . . . the great seasonal variation in discontinuities, especially in relation to the scientists to reach remote areas of Antarc- the extent of sea ice affects global climate ice-edge zone?" tica. Suggested large-scale projects are shal- in much the same way as do snow varia- Other suggested research includes study low, intermediate, and deep ice-coring cou- lions in the North ...... As part of the climate system, glaciers and ice sheets can of pled with other glacial studies and marine ecosystems investigations of the ice-edge both indicate climatic changes as they occur • the ionosphere, magnetospheric cusp, zone. Smaller projects conducted by a few and affect or interact with climate. and polar cap researchers might focus on such questions The committee found that glaciological as the life history and adaptations of biota, • geological and glacial history investigations over the last decade had heat-budget measurements near South Pole advanced scientific understanding of sea- Station, and biogeochemical processes in • the relationship of the ocean floor sur- ice dynamics and energy balance, snow the ecosystem. rounding the continent to antarctic climatic cover, processes coupling glaciers with their change and biotic evolution The group recommends that the United climatic environment, and climatic records • atmospheric processes that maintain States continue long-term upper-atmo- contained in ice cores. It recommends more the continents heat budget sphere monitoring, solar astronomy, meteo- long-term studies of the interactions among

18 Antarctic Journal snow, ice, and climate, use of various An understanding of the physics of gies and construction methods should be remote sensing equipment to augment transport processes in permafrost is criti- developed. The committee points to the ground-based measurements, and greater cal to understanding the impact of climat- need for low-cost, stable structural foun- worldwide coordination of data bases to ic, natural, and human disturbances on the dations and reliable, less costly infrastruc- develop models. Research projects are out- layer above the permafrost and the per- ture systems. Increased extraction of resour- lined in four chapters covering physical mafrost. Researchers need to develop and ces (particularly oil and gas) from land- properties of ice, seasonal snow, floating refine models to analyze how water (liq- based and subsea permafrost will encour- ice, and glaciers. Emphasis is given to how uid and vapor), gases, pollutants, and other age technological innovation, and these new glaciological data can be used to study the soluble materials are transported through techniques could be applied to construc- effects of a possible global warming induced the layer above the permafrost and in per- tion and maintenance in northern com- by carbon dioxide; in this area the history, mafrost. Better methods also are needed munities. status, and future of the west antarctic ice to predict how heat is transported within sheet receives special attention. permafrost and across its boundaries. Permafrost-related data, literature, and technology should be readily accessible to Many interactions between snow and To improve design procedures, scientists all interested groups. Scientists and engi- ice and climate have an immediate and and engineers should observe structures neers need to increase their exchange of direct effect on society. The committee does in permafrost regions. In permafrost regions information so that current and future data not emphasize problems in engineering and structural design can be improved in the can be used effectively. The committee resources development but recognizes that areas of cost and reliability by monitoring urges that "every effort be made to encour- the development of oil and gas resources prototype facilities. age joint and integrated scientific and engi- in Arctic regions, the flooding of rivers neering investigations and joint participa- due to ice-jam formation, avalanches, and A better understanding of the origins tion of scientists and engineers in meet- snowmelt forecasting all require intensi- of different kinds of ice in ice-rich perma- ings, symposia, and conferences." In addi- fied research into the physics of ice and frost will help solve serious engineering tion to scientists and engineers, the public snow." To learn more about the forma- problems. Engineers encounter serious envi- should be better informed about problems tion, physical and mechanical properties, ronmental problems when working with in permafrost environments. and structural interactions of ice forms, permafrost. An improved understanding the committee recommends field studies, of ice in ice-rich permafrost will help them U. S. scientists and engineers should observational programs, small-scale labo- to predict where ground ice occurs and take advantage of international coopera- ratory tests, and development of a prop- how it responds to natural and artificial tion in permafrost research. Almost 25 per- erly scaled model for ice cover. For ice- disturbances. cent of the worlds land surface is perma- bergs remote detection should continue as frost, thus many nations are confronted well as mapping their underwater shape A network needs to be established and by similar scientific and engineering prob- with acoustics, radar, and other instru- maintained for observing long-term chang- lems. Data exchange among nations and ments. With such data, scientists would es in the layer above the permafrost and cooperative research would be of mutual be able to devise better models to predict to monitor temperature changes in and benefit. natural iceberg drift. These predictions through permafrost. The ground layer above the permafrost seasonally thaws and The report recommends specific projects could help avert the hazards that icebergs for scientific and engineering research in pose to shipping lanes, drilling platforms, freezes; on land, vegetation interacts with the ground layer and the permafrost. Long- its seven chapters. Throughout these chap- and seabed pipelines. Other research on ters, the need for joint science and engi- ablation rates and how ablation affects the term, multidisciplinary monitoring of this interaction will provide a basis for analyzing neering projects is emphasized. It notes hydrodynamics and mechanical stability that there "is a clear relationship between of icebergs should be developed. changes induced by the climate and other factors. Temperature measurements on land the protection of permafrost environments The final chapter reviews instruments and offshore will help describe past cli- and the long-term performance of man- and techniques used for glaciology, sug- mates and geomorphic changes as well as made structures." Permafrost research also gests some improvements, discusses logis- establish geothermal regimes for different offers a unique opportunity for scientists tics requirements for research, and empha- regions. and engineers to work together in under- sizes the need for large-scale international standing processes and developing new programs. The physical, chemical, mechanical, technologies in these regions. thermal, and electrical properties of per- mafrost need continued study. The com- Although the committee focused its Permafrost research mittee suggests that on-site study is the review on permafrost in Alaska, many of The 103-page Permafrost research: an most effective method to determine the the discussions and the recommended assessment of future needs, prepared by nature of these properties. For engineer- research are applicable to other arctic and the NAS committee on permafrost, pres- ing applications the relationships among subarctic regions. The Antarctic is not con- ents nine major conclusions: stress, strain, time, and temperature of fro- sidered in this report, but technology and zen materials needs better definition. The research developed in the Arctic could be Methods for detecting ground ice and report stresses that "the need is particu- applied in Antarctica and other regions mapping critical permafrost parameters larly acute for special situations, includ- where the soil annually freezes and thaws should be improved. The degradation of ing saline permafrost .... permafrost con- or is frozen artificially for construction. ice-rich permafrost presents serious engi- taining gas hydrates; and permafrost ex- neering and environmental problems. Sci- posed to high pressures, vibratory loads, entists and engineers need to develop indi- extremely low temperatures, or very long rect geophysical methods for detecting and duration (20-50 years) of loading." It also determining the configuration of ground recommends that standard procedures be ice. The critical permafrost parameters developed for frozen laboratory and in situ include thickness and areal extent of land- soil tests. based and subsea permafrost, temperature distribution, ground-ice configuration, gas Because expanding human activities in hydrates, geomorphic features, and surf i- northern permafrost regions have ampli- cial deposits and bedrock. fied many existing problems, new technolo- Ii" December 1983 19 Antarctic Bibliography Mr. Heer, was program manager for polar In September 1983 Anton L. Inderbitzen atmospheric research in the National Sci- joined the divisions staff as associate chief Volume 12 published ence Foundations Division of Polar Pro- scientist. Prior to this Dr. Inderbitzen, a grains. marine geologist, was program manager The twelfth volume of the Antarctic for the Deep Sea Drilling Project in the Bibliography contains 2,3b8 abstracts of Before joining the National Science Office of Scientific Ocean Drilling at the the worlds current antarctic literature. Foundation, Mr. Heer worked for 8 years National Science Foundation. Recently released for sale by the Gov- as a civilian employee of what is now the ernment Printing Office, this volume is Air Force Office of Scientific Research in part of a continuing series of compilations Baltimore and later in Washington, D. C. and abstracts of antarctic literature pub- After his retirement from the federal gov- lished since 1951; these volumes include ernment he taught school in Marylands 31,225 citations. The Cold Regions Bibli- Anne Arundel County. He received his Correction bachelors degree from the University of ography Project of the Library of Congress In the March 1983 issue of the Antarc- Louisville in Louisville, Kentucky, and his Science Technology Division has compiled tic journal, Volume 18, number 1, a report masters degree from the University of Illi- these indexes and abstracts since 1965 with on the "International symposium on the support-from the National Science Foun- nois in Urbana, Illinois. biology of krill Euphauisa superba" by dation. The U. S. Advisory Committee on Ant- Robert George appeared. Inadvertently, Dr. The material contained in the 491-page, arctic Names recognized his contributions George misquoted Langdon Quetin and hard-bound book was compiled over 18 to the U. S. science program in Antarctica Robin Ross in citing the results of their months ending in June 1982. Current by naming a mountain in his honor. Mt. studies of krill reproduction. He stated "A abstracts are distributed as monthly bul- Heer (73 0 18S 62 058W), mapped by the female produces from as few as 3,000 eggs letins, entitled Current Antarctic Literature. U. S. Geological Survey from surveys and to as many as 25,800 eggs per brood." These bulletins are distributed to qualified U. S. Navy aerial photographs, is in Palmer Drs. Quetin and Ross actually found that scientists and institutions through the Polar Land on the south side of Haines Glacier a female produces from as few as 500 eggs Information Program, Division of Polar (73 0 21S 62 0 33W) and 3 miles north of to as many as 8,000 eggs per brood. Their Programs of the National Science Foun- Mt. Barkow (73 0 22S 62048W). research also indicates that a brood inter- dation. A computerized data base is used val is 0.5 days, the spawning season is 2 to generate the bulletins and the bibliog- months, and the average brood size is 2,500 raphys cumulated listings and indexes. eggs. Together this yields an annual egg production by Euphasia superba of 22,000 The bibliography is arranged in 13 sub- eggs per season for each female. ject categories: general; biological scienc- es; cartography; expeditions; geological sci- Staff changes at DPP ences; ice and snow; logistics, equipment and supplies; medical sciences; meteorol- George Stephens completed a 1-year as- ogy; oceanography; atmospheric phys- signment as program associate for earth ics; terrestrial physics; and political geog- sciences on 31 August 1983. Dr. Stephens raphy. In this volume the subject index has returned to George Washington Uni- does not contain the customary cross- versity where he is an associate professor references for reasons of economy and in of geology. anticipation of the planned publication of a cumulative index (covering Volumes 8 to 12). Abstracts in the bibliography are de- signed to be informative; no attempt is made to verify or critically evaluate the Foundation awards of funds for antarctic authors statements or conclusions. Foreign- language titles are given in English first, projects, 1 July to 30 September 1983 followed by the original title in brackets. 1 July Author, subject, geographic (place, station, Following is a list of National Science Foundation antarctic awards made from to 30 September 1982. Each item contains the name of the principal investigator or or geographic feature), and grantee (organi- project manager, his or her institution, a shortened title of the project, the award num- zation or institution performing NSF- ber, and the amount awarded. If an investigator received a joint award from more than supported work) indexes also are provided. one Foundation program, the antarctic program funds are listed first, and the total The Antarctic Bibliography, Volume 12, amount of the award is listed in parentheses. Award numbers for awards initiated by the is available for $17 from the Government Division of Polar Programs contain the prefix DPP, those initiated by the Division of Printing Office (GPO), Washington, D.C. Atmospheric Sciences have the prefix ATM, and those initiated by the Division of 20402. Cite GPO stock number 030- Ocean Sciences contain the prefix OCE. 018-00022-2 when ordering. Atmospheric sciences Biology and medicine Doupnik, Joe R. Utah State University, Costa, Daniel P. University of California, Logan, Utah. Digital ionosonde stud- Santa Cruz, California. Bioenergetics Former NSF program ies of the ionosphere. DPP 83-08044. of the antarctic fur seal. DPP 83-11799. manager dies $82,137. ($114,517). $72,029. Physicist Raymond R. Heer died on Pomerantz, Martin A. Franklin Institution, Dayton, Paul K. University of California, Tuesday, 16 August 1983, at Anne Arun- Newark, Delaware. Investigations of Lajolla, California. Ecology of marine del, (Maryland) General Hospital after a cosmic ray intensity variations. DPP communities under ice shelves. DPP sudden heart attack. From 1964 to 1976 83-00544. $225,971. 83-00189. $53,037.

20 Antarctic Journal Dearborn, John H. University of Maine, Orono, Maine. Foods and feeding habits of asterozoan echinoderms. DPP 79- 21537. $9,999. , Dick, Elliot C. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Respiratory virus transmission among the personnel at McMurdo Station during the winter- fly-in isolation period. DPP 80-15486. $57,o46. English, T. S. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Antarctic marine eocsystem research at the ice-edge zone (AMERIEZ): acoustic assessment of nekton and micronekton. DPP 82- 18784. $$84,302. Erickson, Albert W. University of Wash- ington, Seattle, Washington. Censuses of seals in the eastern sector of antarc- tic pack ice. DPP 82-10588. $39,913. Friedmann, E. I. Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida. Ecology of endo- lithic microorganisms in southern Vic- toria Lands ice-free valleys. DPP 80- 17581. $55,835. Diego Ramirez Islands, June 1983. Fryxell, Greta A. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Antarctic marine ecosystem research at the ice-edge zone Growth and metabolism of marine crus- Parker, Bruce C. Virginja Polytechnic Insti- (AMERIEZ): microalgae of the sea ice tacea in relation to temperature and tute, Blacksburg, Virginia. Lake phys- and water column. DPP 82-18491. $53, pressure. DPP 80-26535. $10,000. iological adaptations. DPP 79-20805. 539. $9,989. Green, William J. Miami University, Ox- George, Robert Y. University of North ford, Ohio. Trace metal and nutrient Quetin, Langdon B. University of Califor- Carolina, Wilmington, North Carolina. dynamics in lakes of southern Victoria nia, Santa Barbara, California. Repro- Lands ice-free valleys. DPP 81-17644. duction, feeding and swimming ener- $63,907. getics, and egg and larval physiology An adult Weddell seal with its pup bask in Hamner, William M. University of Cali- of Euphausia superba. DPP 82-18356. the sun on the sea ice near Hutton Cliffs about fornia, Los Angeles, California. Be- $92,224. 17 kilometers from McMurdo Station. havioral ecology of Euphausia superba, (krill). DPP 83-02852. $89,941. Smith, Walker 0. University of Tennes- U. S. Navy photo (XAM-0049-1 1-79) by Thomas E. McCabe, Jr see, Knoxville, Tennessee. Phytoplank- Hopkins, Thomas L University of South ton dynamics of the ice-melt zone. DPP Florida, Tampa, Florida. Trophody- 81-19572. $74,385. namics of the mesopelagic fauna in the southern Drake Passage. DPP 81-07510. Stepien, Jeanne C. Columbia University, $10,000. Palisades, New York. Antarctic marine ecosystem research at the ice-edge zone Hunt, George L. University of California, (AMERIEZ): abundance and feeding Irvine, California. Marine bird distri- of krill in pack ice. DPP 82-19090. bution in relation to krill in the East $85,142. Wind Drift. DPP 82-06052. $10,286. Sullivan, Cornelius W. University of Komarkova, Vera. University of Colorado, Southern California, Los Angeles, Cali- Boulder, Colorado. Plant communities fornia. Antarctic marine ecosystem re- of the Antarctic Peninsula near Palmer search at the ice-edge zone (AMERIEZ): Station. DPP 82-01047. $44,477. sea ice microbial dynamics. DPP 82- Muchmore, Harold G. Oklahoma Medical 18752. $80,044. Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Virus shedding and im- Targett, Timothy E. Skidaway Institute munity during isolation. DPP 80-20092. of Oceanography, Savannah, Georgia. $18,400. Age and growth of fishes. DPP 82- 14492. $71,766. Nelson, David M. Oregon State Univer- sity, Corvallis, Oregon. Antarctic ma- Thomas, Jeanette A. Hubbs-Sea World rine ecosystem research at the ice-edge Research Institute, San Diego, Cali- zone (AMERIEZ): nutrient dynamics fornia. Circumpolar analysis of the and phytoplankton production. DPP marine mammal faunas of the pack ice. 82-18758. $165,000. DPP 82-05761. $9,984.

December 1983 21 Trivelpiece, Wayne Z. Point Reyes Bird Observatory, Stinson Beach, California. Comparative behavioral and ecological studies of pygoscelid penguins in Admi- ralty Bay. DPP 81-17205. $10,000. Trivelpiece, Wayne Z. Point Reyes Bird Observatory, Stinson Beach, California. Dynamis of pygoscelid penguin Popu- lations at King George Island. DPP 81-17205. $1,980.

Earth sciences Cassidy, William A. University of Pitts- burgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Search for meteorites. DPP 78-21104. $1,857. Elston, Donald P. U. S. Geological Sur- vey, Reston, Virginia. Magnetostrati- graphy and sedimentology of ice-free valleys and McMurdo Sound. DPP 81- 20877. $40,000. Kienle, Juergen. University of Alaska, Fair- banks, Alaska. Seismicity of Mt. Erebus and vicinity. DPP 83-00185. $13,471. Kyle, Philip R. New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico. Investigations of the McMurdo volcanic group and the associated ul- tramafic xenoliths. DPP 82-18493. $1, U.S. Navy photo )XAM-90338-1 2-78) by Helms. 596. University of Maine scientists set up equipment on Byrd Glacier during the 1978-1979 austral Webb, Peter N. Ohio State University, summer. Their research focused on the stability of the marine-based west antarctic ice sheet; during the 1983-1984 austral summer glaciotogists will continue to gather data on the structure Columbus, Ohio. Late Cretaceous- and dynamics of this region. Cenozoic biostratigraphy. DPP 82- 14174. $50,295.

Ocean sciences the United States Antarctic Research DPP 80-03801. Meteorology Program, 1983-1984. DeMaster, David J. North Carolina State $933,732. Fleming, Rex J. National Oceanic and University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Atmospheric Administration, Rockville, Chronometry and geochemistry of sili- DeVore, George W. Florida State Univer- Maryland. Support for argos data col- ceous sediments. DPP 81-17044. $43, sity, Tallahassee, Florida. Curatorship lection and location system. OCE 83- 439. of sediment collections. DPP 75-19723. $263,564. 41973. $13,000. ($53,000). Fisher, Robert L. University of California, Guthals, Paul R. Los Alamos Scientific Lab- Lajolla, California. Structural and pet- Landrum, Betty J. Smithsonian Institution, oratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico. rologic study of the antarctic plate Washington, D.C. Recording of data Tracer experiment. DPP 81-18562. $20, boundary in the southwestern Indian and sorting of biological collections from polar regions. DPP 74-13988. $20,073. 950. Ocean. DPP 81-17702. $31,271. Kelly, Thomas P. Department of Navy, Gordon, Arnold L. Columbia University, Shoemaker, Brian H. Department of De- Washington, D.C. Technical support Palisades, New York. Antarctic marine fense, Washington, D.C. Logistics for for polar research programs. DPP 78- ecosystem research at the ice-edge zone the U. S. program in Antarctica. DPP 76-10886. $800,000. 20114. $50,000. (AMERIEZ): physical oceanography. DPP 82-19088. $55,456. Shaw, Glenn E. University of Alaska, Fair- Spilhaus, A. F. American Geophysical banks, Alaska. Dynamics of the Aitken- Gordon, Louis I. Oregon State Universi- Union, Washington, D.C. Preparation DPP 80- particle-size spectrum for aerosols. DPP ty, Corvallis, Oregon. Winter nutrient of Antarctic Research Series. 19997. $40,000. 82-19625. $61,216. cycling in the Weddell Sea. DPP 82- 03529. $49,090. Stearns, Charles R. University of Wiscon- Thuronyi, Geza T. Library of Congress, sin, Madison, Wisconsin. Automatic Pillsbury, R. Dale. Oregon State Univer- Washington, D.C. Abstracting and weather stations: operation and data sity, Corvallis, Oregon. Ross Sea heat indexing service for Current Antarctic 70-01013. $47,998. analyses. DPP 83-06265. $246,578. flux experiment. DPP 81-20677. $218, Literature. DPP 847. I-lolzworth, Robert H. University of Wash- Varner, Sherrell E. Blue Pencil Group, Inc., Reston, Virginia. Editorial services for ington, Seattle, Washington. Electro- Support and services dynamics of the middle atmosphere: the annual review issue of the Antarc- DPP su perpressure balloon program. ATM Becker, Robert A. ITT Antarctic Services, tic Journal of the United States. 82-17792. $13,760. 82-12283. $10,000. ($77,800). Inc., Paramus, New Jersey. Support of

Antarctic Journal 22

Weather at U.S. stations

rD

August 1983 September 1983 October 1983

Feature McMurdo Palmer Siple South Pole McMurdo Palmer Siple South Pole McMurdo Palmer Siple South Pole

Average temperature (°C) -25.4 - 4.3 -33.9 -59.8 -24.5 - 4.1 -30.1 -58.9 -18.9 - 2.8 -27.1 -55.2

Temperature maximum (°C) -12.0 -29.6 - 6.1 5.6 -11.9 -44.7 (date) - 8.2 3.3 - 9.6 -45.8 -10.2 4.1 (25) (26) (21) (18) (15) (17) (10) (13) (25) (25) (10) (9) Temperature minimum (°C) 44.4 14.2 51.0 73.1 39.1 14.0 -43.6 75.7 378 15.4 47.0 71.1 (date) (12) (14) (10) (16) (30) (9) (30) (24) (3) (6) (5) (1) Average station pressure (mb) 978.9 987.0 850.4 675.6 984.9 I 989.7 858.2 674.7 970.9 981.0 850.5 672.0

Pressure maximum (mb) 1001.6 1025.3 879.2 693.9 1016.3 1013.2 884.2 694.7 998.61006.1 877.5 696.9 (date) (26) (21) (21) (24) (14) 1 (14) (13) (13) (17) (20) (17) Pressure minimum (mb) 965.7 953.3 820.9 658.5 953.9 956.9 833.1 651.5 949.9 946.0 825.1 647.5 (date) (13) (11) (3) (8) (11) (2) (6) (30) (9) (5) (1) Snowfall (mm) 304.8 480.1 177.8 Trace 124.5 568.9 76.2 Trace 137.2 500.4 88.9 Trace Prevailing wind direction 065° 3550 1800 0450 0600 355 0 200° 045 0 0900 0300 1800 360° Average wind (m/sec) 4.0 8.1 5.9 5.8 5.3 5.1 4. 5.6 7.1 7.3 5.1 4.9

Fastest wind 41.1 41.7 21.9 17.5 29.9 31.9 19.5 22.7 31.3 39.6 24.6 15.5 (m/sec) 170 0 0350 150 0 360 0 130 0 030° 160 0 045 0 1800 030 0 0700 360° (date) (22) (11) (1) (18) (12) (7) (22) (16) (21) (13) (11) (11)

Average sky cover 5.2 8.9/10 6 3.1 5.2 3.6/10 6 5.6 7. 8/10 6.3 Number clear days 12 0 11 21.8 8 .3 7.51 12.3 2 13.8 7.25 8.5 Number partly cloudy days 10 15.1 2 4.7 16 16.0 5.25 6.0 12 17.2 5.0 3.5 Number cloudy days 9 14.9 18 4.5 6 13.7 17.25 11.7 17 0 18.75 19.0 Number days with visibility 2.1 -- 13 3.75 1.2 -- 6.5 6.0 2.1 --- 6.5 1.0

Prepared from information received by teletype from the stations. Locations: McMurdo 77°51S 166°40E, Palmer 64°46S 64°3W, Siple 75 0 55S 83 055W, Amundsen-Scott South Pole 90°S. Elevations: McMurdo sea level, Palmer sea level, Siple 1054 meters, Amundsen- Scott South Pole 2835 meters. For prior data and daily logs, contact National Climate Center, Asheville, North Carolina 28801. National Science Foundation Washington, D.C. 20550 Postage and Fees Paid Official Business National Science Foundation r1 PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300 THIRD CLASS RETURN THIS COVER SHEET TO ROOM 233, IF YOU DO Bulk Rate NOT WISH TO RECEIVE THIS MATERIAL [1, OR IF CHANGE OF ADDRESS IS NEEDED E (INDICATE CHANGE, INCLUDING ZIP CODE).